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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gscT8LjPcHPWnRxv3Xw6BQH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000400604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00604</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250789</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Precis&#227;o e Progn&#243;stico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e Ecocardiogr&#225;fica em Adultos Brasileiros - Estudo ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Lillian Guimar&#227;es de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Clinicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Av. Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>antonio.Ribeiro@ebserh.gov.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250789</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), definida pelo aumento da massa ventricular esquerda, &#233; um preditor independente de mortalidade cardiovascular. Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a HVE identificada por eletrocardiograma (ECG) e ecocardiografia representa entidades distintas com implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas potencialmente diferentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) e avaliar seu valor preditivo para desfechos cardiovasculares fatais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Realizamos uma an&#225;lise transversal de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e um acompanhamento prospectivo no &#226;mbito do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto. A HVE no ECG foi definida pelos crit&#233;rios do C&#243;digo de Minnesota (CM), e a HVE no ETT pelo aumento da massa ventricular esquerda calculada. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi definido em 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre 2.849 participantes (43,6% homens), com mediana de idade de 62 anos, 12,5% tinham HVE definida por ETT e 5,9% por crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. A HVE definida por ECG apresentou, segundo diferentes crit&#233;rios, sensibilidade muito baixa (5&#8211;12%), mas alta especificidade (95&#8211;99%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ETT. Nas an&#225;lises progn&#243;sticas, a HVE definida por ETT se associou a eventos cardiovasculares adversos fatais (FMACE) significativos (HR 3,2; IC 95% 1,7&#8211;5,9). A HVE definida por ECG tamb&#233;m previu FMACE, com HR pr&#243;ximo a 3,5 considerando os diferentes crit&#233;rios do CM na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada. A capacidade preditiva se manteve significativa mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste adicional para hipertrofia definida por qualquer um dos m&#233;todos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Embora os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos tenham demonstrado baixa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica para HVE em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ETT, ambas as modalidades foram associadas independentemente a desfechos cardiovasculares adversos. Esses achados sugerem que a HVE definida por ECG e a definida por ETT fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas complementares e podem refletir processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos distintos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Precis&#227;o e Progn&#243;stico da Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda Eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e Ecocardiogr&#225;fica em Adultos Brasileiros - Estudo ELSA-Brasil</title>
              <p>Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para o tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito devido &#224; soma de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio fatal e acidente vascular cerebral (FMACE) com m&#233;tricas de concord&#226;ncia para cada crit&#233;rio eletrocardiogr&#225;fico em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ecocardiograma. S: sensibilidade; E: especificidade; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; RV+: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva; RV: raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa.</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gscT8LjPcHPWnRxv3Xw6BQH/431e52e05d22135fc63bc7d1aeb6ef1db9ad73b4.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/gscT8LjPcHPWnRxv3Xw6BQH/c60b95bff9c3b2067daf254dd0252525029647fd.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Longitudinais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rios da Sa&#250;de e da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060010.00RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rios da Sa&#250;de e da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060212.00BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rios da Sa&#250;de e da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060300.00ES,</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rios da Sa&#250;de e da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060278.00MG MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rios da Sa&#250;de e da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060115.00SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rios da Sa&#250;de e da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060071.00RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Financiamento: Os Minist&#233;rios da Sa&#250;de e da Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil apoiaram o estudo de base ELSA-Brasil (bolsas 01060010.00RS, 01060212.00BA, 01060300.00ES, 01060278.00MG MG, 01060115.00SP e 01060071.00RJ). O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia, FAPEMIG e CNPq.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>O que j&#225; se sabe sobre este tema</title>
      <p>Diversos par&#226;metros, incluindo ECG e exames de imagem card&#237;aca, podem diagnosticar a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE). Existe um importante debate sobre o significado cl&#237;nico da hipertrofia el&#233;trica versus a hipertrofia anat&#244;mica, e permanecem d&#250;vidas se ambas fazem parte do mesmo processo patol&#243;gico ou representam fen&#244;menos cl&#237;nicos distintos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>O que este estudo acrescenta</title>
      <p>Neste estudo com uma amostra de adultos brasileiros, demonstramos que h&#225; pouca sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos com HVE definida por eletrocardiografia e por ecocardiografia, e que ambas est&#227;o relacionadas a desfechos card&#237;acos adversos, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste m&#250;tuo em modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o multivariados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Como este estudo pode afetar a pesquisa, a pr&#225;tica ou as pol&#237;ticas</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo refor&#231;a a no&#231;&#227;o de que a hipertrofia el&#233;trica pode ser uma entidade cl&#237;nica distinta, em vez de simplesmente parte do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia anat&#244;mica. Esses achados ajudam os m&#233;dicos a compreender v&#225;rios aspectos do progn&#243;stico de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e demonstram a capacidade independente do ECG de fornecer um progn&#243;stico mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de hipertrofia anat&#244;mica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica persistente &#233; um dos principais determinantes da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE). Ela pode levar a adapta&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas e el&#233;tricas inadequadas. A primeira pode ser avaliada pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT), que estima a massa e a geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> o eletrocardiograma (ECG) mede a HVE por meio do registro da atividade el&#233;trica. Apesar de serem frequentemente consideradas equivalentes, essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ter origem em diferentes mecanismos adaptativos e resultar em manifesta&#231;&#245;es distintas e, possivelmente, em diferentes consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas. Tradicionalmente, a HVE pode ser reconhecida no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es por altera&#231;&#245;es caracter&#237;sticas no complexo QRS, segmento ST e ondas T. Numerosos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de HVE baseados nessas altera&#231;&#245;es foram desenvolvidos. A detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE pelo ECG pode ser importante para identificar les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo na hipertens&#227;o e tamb&#233;m por seu valor progn&#243;stico na predi&#231;&#227;o de futuras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os diferentes crit&#233;rios de HVE no ECG apresentam desempenho vari&#225;vel em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; acur&#225;cia, especificidade e sensibilidade, com a maioria dos estudos relatando baixa sensibilidade e maior especificidade quando comparados ao ETT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora a baixa sensibilidade limite o valor do ECG como m&#233;todo de triagem para HVE na popula&#231;&#227;o geral (ou hipertensa), sua especificidade e poss&#237;vel informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica podem ser valiosas para identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro aspecto da HVE detectada por ECG &#233; sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a hipertrofia anat&#244;mica detectada por exames de imagem, como o ETT. O conceito de hipertrofia el&#233;trica versus anat&#244;mica tem recebido crescente aten&#231;&#227;o e &#233; objeto de significativo debate, pois pode nos informar sobre diferentes processos patol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Assim, os achados do ECG podem potencialmente fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es independentes e talvez adicionais quando comparados a outras modalidades proped&#234;uticas cardiovasculares, refletindo outras anomalias celulares subjacentes que v&#227;o al&#233;m do diagn&#243;stico anat&#244;mico de HVE. Como as DCV s&#227;o a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, esse exame onipresente pode desempenhar um papel essencial na assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de e no acesso a ela. O Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) &#233; uma coorte ocupacional prospectiva que visa avaliar os determinantes de DCV e diabetes na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. O ECG e o ETT foram obtidos no in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
      <p>Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a HVE diagnosticada por ECG utilizando a defini&#231;&#227;o do C&#243;digo de Minnesota (CM) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus par&#226;metros diagn&#243;sticos [ou seja, sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo (VPP e VPN), raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva e negativa (RV+ e RV-)] quando comparada ao ETT nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, buscamos avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico de cada uma dessas duas ferramentas e se elas podem exercer essas capacidades preditivas independentemente uma da outra.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e participantes</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi concebido com duas abordagens complementares: um bra&#231;o longitudinal prospectivo e um bra&#231;o transversal de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. A amostra do estudo foi derivada da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil, uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica recrutada entre 2008 e 2010, composta por 15.105 funcion&#225;rios ativos e aposentados de seis universidades p&#250;blicas e institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa localizadas nas regi&#245;es Nordeste, Sul e Sudeste do Brasil, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos. O delineamento do estudo e as caracter&#237;sticas basais foram descritos anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Os participantes foram considerados eleg&#237;veis se tivessem tanto um ECG interpret&#225;vel quanto um ETT. O ETT foi oferecido a todos os participantes, e sua aquisi&#231;&#227;o e leitura foram realizadas priorizando, primeiramente, os indiv&#237;duos mais velhos (acima de 60 anos de idade) e tamb&#233;m uma subamostra aleat&#243;ria de 10% da popula&#231;&#227;o restante. Indiv&#237;duos com marca-passo card&#237;aco, s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) ou bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular completo (QRS &gt;120 ms) no ECG foram exclu&#237;dos. O fluxograma de exclus&#245;es est&#225; representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Entre os participantes da visita inicial do ELSA-Brasil que realizaram ETT e tinham dados dispon&#237;veis para avalia&#231;&#227;o de HVE por ecocardiografia e eletrocardiografia, 2.926 foram inicialmente selecionados para an&#225;lise. Quatro indiv&#237;duos com marca-passo, WPW ou bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular completo (QRS &gt;120 ms) no ECG foram exclu&#237;dos, restando 2.922 casos. Outros 73 participantes foram exclu&#237;dos devido a dados de ECG ausentes ou n&#227;o interpret&#225;veis (resultantes de ru&#237;do e artefatos). A amostra final do estudo foi composta por 2.849 participantes.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de exclus&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de ECG</title>
        <p>T&#233;cnicos treinados e certificados obtiveram ECGs padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Todos os participantes foram examinados em um ambiente confort&#225;vel, com prepara&#231;&#227;o da pele quando necess&#225;rio, e os eletrodos foram posicionados em locais anat&#244;micos padronizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os registros foram transmitidos e armazenados no centro de leitura de ECG da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, em Belo Horizonte, Brasil. Foi utilizado um dispositivo digital (Atria 6100, Burdick, Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothell, WA, EUA), que fornece medi&#231;&#245;es automatizadas da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dura&#231;&#227;o, amplitude e eixos das ondas P, QRS e T, bem como intervalos QT e QT corrigido (QTc) e dispers&#227;o do QT. Os ECGs foram transmitidos do Atria 6100 para um servidor dedicado no Centro de Leitura CL-ELSA/MG, onde foram arquivados para posterior an&#225;lise utilizando o sistema de gerenciamento de ECG Pyramis (vers&#227;o 6.2.b, Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothell, WA, EUA), permitindo edi&#231;&#227;o e medi&#231;&#245;es de intervalos batimento a batimento. Todos os ECGs foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise automatizada das amplitudes das ondas e codificados de acordo com o CM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os tra&#231;ados classificados como anormais por CM foram revisados manualmente. Dada a falta de superioridade inequ&#237;voca de qualquer crit&#233;rio isolado de ECG, este crit&#233;rio n&#227;o foi utilizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Adotamos os crit&#233;rios definidos por CM, visto que todos os tra&#231;ados foram codificados de acordo com eles. A HVE no ECG foi definida pela presen&#231;a dos c&#243;digos CM 3.1, 3.3 e sua combina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de ETT</title>
        <p>Ecocardiogramas foram realizados em 19% dos participantes do ELSA-Brasil. O ETT foi realizado em indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 60 anos e em uma subamostra aleat&#243;ria de 10% da coorte total. Todos os exames seguiram protocolos de pesquisa padronizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As imagens foram adquiridas utilizando um sistema Toshiba Aplio XG com um transdutor setorial de 2,5 MHz e transferidas para o Sistema de Arquivamento e Comunica&#231;&#227;o de Imagens (PACS) do ELSA. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no centro de leitura de ecocardiografia do ELSA-Brasil. As leituras inclu&#237;ram avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e medidas quantitativas da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do VE, geometria e dimens&#245;es do VE, tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo, anormalidades regionais da motilidade da parede e valvopatias. A massa do VE foi calculada utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Devereux: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>MVE</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>8</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>04</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>d</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo/><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PWTd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DIVd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>6</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, onde SIV &#233; a espessura do septo interventricular, DIVd &#233; o di&#226;metro interno do VE na di&#225;stole e PWTd &#233; a espessura da parede posterior na di&#225;stole. Neste estudo, a HVE foi definida como &#237;ndice de massa do VE &gt;115 g/m<sup>2</sup> em homens e &gt;95 g/m<sup>2</sup> em mulheres.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis preditivas</title>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, as vari&#225;veis preditivas foram categorizadas como HVE por ECG. A HVE no ETT foi representada pela vari&#225;vel HVE_ETT e considerada o padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de HVE. Organizamos a HVE no ECG em tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis, duas das quais representavam um &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de Minnesota: HVE_ECG1 (CM 3.1) e HVE_ECG2 (CM 3.3), e a terceira, a soma das duas, HVE_ECG3 (combina&#231;&#227;o de 3.1 + 3.3).</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise progn&#243;stica, para investigar o potencial valor preditivo incremental da combina&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es de ECG e ETT, criamos uma vari&#225;vel composta HVE_ECG+ETT, definida como a soma de HVE_ETT e HVE_ECG3. Nesta an&#225;lise, todos os outros preditores foram utilizados: HVE_ETT, HVE_ECG1, HVE_ECG2, HVE_ECG3 e HVE_ECG+ETT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Covari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>Nenhuma covari&#225;vel foi definida para as an&#225;lises de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. Para os modelos progn&#243;sticos, as seguintes covari&#225;veis foram inclu&#237;das: sexo (masculino, feminino); escolaridade (com ou sem ensino superior completo); faixa et&#225;ria (35&#8211;44, 45&#8211;54, 55&#8211;64, 65&#8211;74 anos); hipertens&#227;o (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805;140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805;90 mmHg, autodiagn&#243;stico ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva); PAS; PAD; diabetes mellitus (diagn&#243;stico definido, uso de medicamentos para o tratamento de diabetes, HbA1c &gt;6,5%, glicemia de jejum &gt;126 mg/dL ou glicemia p&#243;s-prandial &gt;200 mg/dL); Dislipidemia, definida nesta an&#225;lise como qualquer um dos seguintes: colesterol total &gt;240 mg/dL, LDL &gt;160 mg/dL, HDL &lt;40 mg/dL ou uso de terapia hipolipemiante; tabagismo (&#8805;100 cigarros ao longo da vida e tabagismo atual); e doen&#231;a cardiovascular autorrelatada (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a coronariana ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC)).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Para as an&#225;lises de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, as vari&#225;veis de desfecho inclu&#237;ram sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, VPN, RV+ e RV- em compara&#231;&#227;o com a detec&#231;&#227;o de HVE pelo ETT. Para as an&#225;lises progn&#243;sticas, utilizamos apenas os desfechos fatais, que eram os desfechos dispon&#237;veis no momento do nosso estudo (dezembro de 2013). Eles foram categorizados como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) fatal, AVC fatal e sua soma (FMACE). Os desfechos foram avaliados pelos investigadores do ELSA-Brasil de acordo com crit&#233;rios internacionalmente validados. O acompanhamento foi realizado por meio de entrevistas telef&#244;nicas anuais, complementadas, quando necess&#225;rio, por consultas cl&#237;nicas ou vincula&#231;&#227;o a bancos de dados nacionais de sa&#250;de, incluindo o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares (SIH) do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, VPN, RV+ e RV- foram calculados para cada crit&#233;rio. Para as an&#225;lises progn&#243;sticas, foram avaliadas as associa&#231;&#245;es basais entre HVE no ECG e HVE no ETT. As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log-rank foram utilizados para comparar a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa dos desfechos definidos entre os participantes com HVE definida por ECG e por ETT. Um modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi aplicado para estimar as <italic>Hazard ratios</italic> (HRs) e os intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs) de 95% para a associa&#231;&#227;o da HVE por ECG e ETT separadamente com o desfecho prim&#225;rio. Em seguida, um modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox hier&#225;rquico foi constru&#237;do, ajustando-se sequencialmente para sexo e idade (modelo 1), hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo, dislipidemia (modelo 2) e, finalmente, doen&#231;a cardiovascular autorrelatada (modelo 3). Como an&#225;lise de sensibilidade adicional, foi realizada regress&#227;o de Cox com ajuste m&#250;tuo: a HVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi inclu&#237;da como covari&#225;vel nos modelos em que ECG-HVE era o preditor, e vice-versa (modelo 4). As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra foram resumidas utilizando estat&#237;sticas descritivas. Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram inseridos em um banco de dados utilizando o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>), vers&#227;o 22.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como medianas e intervalos interquartis (Q1&#8211;Q3) e comparadas utilizando o teste de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o descritas em termos de frequ&#234;ncias e comparadas utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado. Um valor de alfa bicaudal &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era composta majoritariamente por mulheres, com idade mediana de 62 anos e alto n&#237;vel de escolaridade. Aproximadamente metade dos participantes apresentava hipertens&#227;o e a maioria, dislipidemia. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> resume as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas, e os principais achados est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Popula&#231;&#227;o geral (2848) </th>
                <th>HVE ETT</th>
                <th>HVE ECG1</th>
                <th>HVE ECG2</th>
                <th>HVE ECG3</th>
                <th>HVE ETT+ECG</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Participantes do sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46,3</td>
                <td align="center">41,7</td>
                <td align="center">58,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,9</td>
                <td align="center">46,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Faixa et&#225;ria (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>35 a 44 anos</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">17,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45 a 54 anos</td>
                <td align="center">16,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>55 a 64 anos</td>
                <td align="center">43,1</td>
                <td align="center">44,0</td>
                <td align="center">41,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,6</td>
                <td align="center">40,8</td>
                <td align="center">44,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>65 - 74 anos</td>
                <td align="center">33,9</td>
                <td align="center">50,7</td>
                <td align="center">44,8</td>
                <td align="center">39,6</td>
                <td align="center">43,2</td>
                <td align="center">46,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (56 &#8211; 66)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (61 &#8211; 69)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (60 &#8211; 67,8)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (59 &#8211; 69)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (60 &#8211; 68)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (61 - 68)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escolaridade</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">41,7</td>
                <td align="center">34,5</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">32,5</td>
                <td align="center">40,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49,8</td>
                <td align="center">77,0</td>
                <td align="center">72,4</td>
                <td align="center">62,3</td>
                <td align="center">69,2</td>
                <td align="center">73,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">123,5 (113 - 136)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (124 - 150)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (122 &#8211; 155)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (122 &#8211;153)</td>
                <td align="center">135 (122 - 154)</td>
                <td align="center">134 (122 - 150)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mediana)</td>
                <td align="center">75,5 (69 - 83)</td>
                <td align="center">78,5 (70 - 86)</td>
                <td align="center">79,3 (73- 88)</td>
                <td align="center">79,5 (71 - 88)</td>
                <td align="center">79,5 (72 - 88)</td>
                <td align="center">78,5 (71 - 87)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">26,2</td>
                <td align="center">43,3</td>
                <td align="center">37,1</td>
                <td align="center">24,5</td>
                <td align="center">33,1</td>
                <td align="center">40,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">56,0</td>
                <td align="center">60,4</td>
                <td align="center">53,4</td>
                <td align="center">62,3</td>
                <td align="center">56,2</td>
                <td align="center">58,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL baixo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24,1</td>
                <td align="center">30,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,4</td>
                <td align="center">20,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL alto (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36,0</td>
                <td align="center">39,9</td>
                <td align="center">31,9</td>
                <td align="center">39,6</td>
                <td align="center">34,3</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DCV (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">27,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,1</td>
                <td align="center">23,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; ECG: eletrocardiograma; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; DCV: doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dos 2.849 participantes, 12,5% apresentaram HVE &#224; ecocardiografia. A HVE identificada pela defini&#231;&#227;o HVE_ECG3 (soma de CM 3.1 + 3.3) foi a mais frequente, seguida por HVE_ECG1 e HVE_2. Essas frequ&#234;ncias est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A vari&#225;vel composta HVE_ECG+ETT (ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica) identificou HVE em 17% dos participantes. Indiv&#237;duos com HVE, detectada por qualquer uma das modalidades, apresentaram maior probabilidade de ter hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. O desempenho de cada crit&#233;rio de HVE tamb&#233;m est&#225; resumido na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Em geral, todos apresentaram baixa sensibilidade e alta especificidade, bem como menor VPP e maior VPN.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desempenho do eletrocardiograma para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ecocardiograma</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left">Anterior</th>
                <th align="left">S</th>
                <th align="left">E</th>
                <th align="left">VPP</th>
                <th align="left">VPN</th>
                <th align="left">RV+</th>
                <th align="left">RV -</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>ECG 1</td>
                <td>4,1%</td>
                <td>7%</td>
                <td>96,3%</td>
                <td>21,6</td>
                <td>87,9</td>
                <td>1,89</td>
                <td>0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECG 2</td>
                <td>1,9%</td>
                <td>5%</td>
                <td>98,6%</td>
                <td>32,1</td>
                <td>87,8</td>
                <td>3,57</td>
                <td>0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECG 3</td>
                <td>5,9%</td>
                <td>12%</td>
                <td>94,9%</td>
                <td>24,9</td>
                <td>88,2</td>
                <td>2,35</td>
                <td>0,93</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>S: sensibilidade; E: especificidade; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; RV +: raz&#227;o de verosimilhan&#231;a positiva; RV-: raz&#227;o de verosimilhan&#231;a negative; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, o HVE_ECG1 foi associado &#224;s maiores taxas de mortalidade por IAM, AVC e FMACE. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> mostra os modelos preditivos multivariados ajustados para sexo, idade, fatores de risco cardiovascular e HVE. Para a mortalidade por IAM isoladamente, nenhuma das vari&#225;veis permaneceu estatisticamente significativa no modelo final. No entanto, tanto o HVE_ECG1 quanto o HVE_ECG3 foram associados a um risco quase tr&#234;s vezes maior de mortalidade por AVC. Para o desfecho composto de mortalidade por IAM e AVC (FMACE), todas as vari&#225;veis, exceto o HVE_ECG2, foram associadas a um risco aumentado. As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier para IAM, AVC e eventos fatais combinados s&#227;o mostradas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">4</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncias dos desfechos na coorte geral e estratificadas por vari&#225;veis preditoras</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Taxa de mortalidade</th>
                <th>Todos</th>
                <th>HVE ETT</th>
                <th>HVE ECG 1</th>
                <th>HVE ECG 2</th>
                <th>HVEECG 3</th>
                <th>HVE ETT + ECG</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte por IAM</td>
                <td align="center">0,7%</td>
                <td align="center">1,7%</td>
                <td align="center">1,7%</td>
                <td align="center">1,9%</td>
                <td align="center">1,8%</td>
                <td align="center">1,2%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte por AVC</td>
                <td align="center">0,9%</td>
                <td align="center">2,2%</td>
                <td align="center">3,4%</td>
                <td align="center">1,9%</td>
                <td align="center">3,0%</td>
                <td align="center">2,1%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte combinada por AVC e IAM</td>
                <td align="center">1,6%</td>
                <td align="center">3,9%</td>
                <td align="center">5,2%</td>
                <td align="center">3,8%</td>
                <td align="center">4,7%</td>
                <td align="center">3,3%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; ETT: ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelos preditivos multivariados para os desfechos de morte por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e morte combinada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> Hazard ratio (HR) IC 95% </th>
                <th>HVE ETT</th>
                <th>HVE ECG 1</th>
                <th>HVE ECG 2</th>
                <th>HVE ECG 3</th>
                <th>HVE ETT +ECG</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HR IAM</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 1 ajustado por sexo e idade.</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 (1.2 &#8211; 8)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (0,6 &#8211; 11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (0,4 &#8211; 20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (0,8 &#8211; 9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (0,8 &#8211; 5,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 2 = modelo 1 + fatores de risco CV*</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (1,1 &#8211; 7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (0,5 &#8211; 9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (0,3 &#8211; 16)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 (0,6 &#8211; 7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (0,7 &#8211; 4,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 3 = modelo 2 + DCV prevalente</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (0,9 &#8211; 7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (0,5 &#8211; 9)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (0,3 &#8211; 15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2 (0,6 &#8211; 7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (0,6 &#8211; 4,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 4 = modelo 3 + HVE por ECG ou ETT</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (0,9 &#8211; 6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (0,4 &#8211; 8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (0,2 &#8211; 12,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (0,5 &#8211; 6,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HR AVC</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 1 ajustado por sexo e idade.</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 (1.3 &#8211; 7)</td>
                <td align="center">4.2 (1.4 &#8211; 12)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (0,3 &#8211; 15,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 (1,4 &#8211; 9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (1,3 &#8211; 6,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 2 = modelo 1 + fatores de risco CV*</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,2 &#8211; 6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 (1,2 &#8211; 10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (0,2 &#8211; 12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3.1 (1,2 &#8211; 8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,6 (1,2 &#8211; 5,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 3 = modelo 2 + DCV prevalente</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (0,8 &#8211; 4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (1,2 &#8211; 9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (0,2 &#8211; 13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,2 &#8211; 8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,9 &#8211; 4,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 4 = modelo 3 + HVE por ECG ou ETT</td>
                <td align="center">1,8 (0,7 &#8211; 4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">3.3 (1.1 &#8211; 9.5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,5 (0,2 &#8211; 11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (1,1 &#8211; 7,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HR IAM + AVC</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 1 ajustado por sexo e idade.</td>
                <td align="center">3,2 (1,7 &#8211; 5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 (1,5 &#8211; 8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,4 (0,6 &#8211; 10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3.4 (1,6 &#8211; 7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,5 &#8211; 4,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 2 = modelo 1 + fatores de risco CV*</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (1,5 &#8211; 5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,3 &#8211; 7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,5 &#8211; 8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,8 (1,3 &#8211; 6)</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 (1,3 &#8211; 4,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 3 = modelo 2 + DCV prevalente</td>
                <td align="center">2.3 (1.2 &#8211; 4.4)</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 (1,2 &#8211; 6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (0,5 &#8211; 8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1,3 &#8211; 5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1,9 (1,1 &#8211; 3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Modelo 4 = modelo 3 + HVE por ECG ou ETT</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (1.1 &#8211; 4.1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 (1, 1 &#8211; 6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (0,4 &#8211; 6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2.4 (1.1 &#8211; 5.3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; HVE: hipertrofia ventricular esquerda; ETT; ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico; ECG: eletrocardiograma; CV: cardiovascular; DCV: doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. *Os fatores de risco para ajuste foram hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo e dislipidemia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para o tempo at&#233; a morte devido a infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para o tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito por acidente vascular cerebral. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas de Kaplan-Meier para o tempo at&#233; a morte devido &#224; soma de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio fatal e acidente vascular cerebral (FMACE).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Nas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, ajustando os modelos ETT_HVE para ECG_HVE e vice-versa, a signific&#226;ncia preditiva para mortalidade por AVC de HVE_ECG1 e HVE_ECG3, conforme observado no modelo 3, permaneceu significativa. Da mesma forma, no modelo 4, as vari&#225;veis previamente associadas a FMACE no modelo 3 mantiveram a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE, quando comparados ao ETT como padr&#227;o ouro, demonstraram baixa acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, atribu&#237;da principalmente &#224; baix&#237;ssima sensibilidade. Al&#233;m disso, as raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a obtidas foram desfavor&#225;veis, com valores positivos abaixo de cinco e valores negativos pr&#243;ximos a 1,0. Como as raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a integram sensibilidade e especificidade, s&#227;o consideradas par&#226;metros superiores para avaliar a capacidade de um teste em influenciar corretamente o racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. A baixa concord&#226;ncia dos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE observada em nosso estudo &#233; consistente com evid&#234;ncias anteriores, incluindo uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica sobre crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos para HVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As sensibilidades medianas relatadas variaram de 10,5% para o &#237;ndice de Gubner a 21% para o &#237;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon, enquanto as especificidades medianas variaram de 89% (Sokolow-Lyon) a 99% (Romhilt-Estes, limiar de cinco pontos). Levy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> no <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>, avaliaram 4.684 participantes e relataram uma sensibilidade geral do ECG para HVE de 6,9% e uma especificidade de 98,8%. Da mesma forma, no estudo MESA, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de 13 crit&#233;rios de HVE baseados em ECG revelou sensibilidade consistentemente baixa (10&#8211;26%) e alta especificidade (88&#8211;99%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico com sensibilidade t&#227;o baixa (apesar da alta especificidade) provavelmente n&#227;o discriminar&#225; adequadamente entre pacientes afetados e indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, tendendo, em vez disso, a classificar a maioria como saud&#225;vel, limitando, assim, sua utilidade cl&#237;nica como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica. Portanto, apesar de ser barato, amplamente dispon&#237;vel e isento de efeitos adversos diretos, o ECG n&#227;o &#233; um m&#233;todo eficaz de triagem para HVE. Pelo menos, quando se utilizam os crit&#233;rios tradicionais de ECG para HVE e se toma a hipertrofia anat&#244;mica por ETT como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas, embora a HVE definida por ECG tenha apresentado fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com a HVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica, ela permaneceu significativamente associada a desfechos cardiovasculares fatais. Tanto o ETT quanto o ECG foram preditores robustos de morte por IAM ou AVC, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de risco cardiovascular convencionais e doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida. Nenhum dos m&#233;todos manteve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no modelo final para mortalidade por IAM, embora uma forte tend&#234;ncia tenha persistido para a HVE definida por ETT (HR 2,6, IC 95% 0,9&#8211;7,3). Esses achados podem ser parcialmente explicados pelo baixo n&#250;mero desses eventos e pela associa&#231;&#227;o mais estreita da HVE com a hipertens&#227;o e, portanto, pelas consequ&#234;ncias mais intimamente relacionadas &#224; hipertens&#227;o, particularmente o AVC.</p>
      <p>As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade refor&#231;aram o valor independente de cada modalidade: a HVE definida por ECG permaneceu um preditor significativo mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste adicional para HVE definida por ETT, e vice-versa. Al&#233;m disso, a vari&#225;vel combinada (HVE por ECG e ETT) n&#227;o apresentou associa&#231;&#245;es mais fortes com desfechos adversos do que as modalidades individuais, sugerindo complementaridade em vez de valor preditivo aditivo. Em conson&#226;ncia com nossos achados, Sundstr&#246;m et al. demonstraram que a HVE definida por ECG foi um forte preditor de mortalidade por todas as causas, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para HVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Leigh et al. relataram que a coexist&#234;ncia de HVE definida por ECG e ETT estava associada a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Ao mesmo tempo, Patel et al. descobriram que ambas as modalidades previam independentemente a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n&#227;o obstante os fatores de risco estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Notavelmente, a capacidade preditiva da HVE definida por ECG n&#227;o dependeu da presen&#231;a de HVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica, corroborando seu papel como marcador eletrofisiol&#243;gico de anormalidades card&#237;acas, independente da hipertrofia anat&#244;mica. Essa baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as duas modalidades, ao mesmo tempo que mant&#234;m informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas semelhantes, indica que, talvez, ambas as entidades representem um sinal real de anormalidades cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Em conjunto, esses achados corroboram a hip&#243;tese de que o ECG e o ETT podem captar aspectos distintos da patologia card&#237;aca, que poderiam ser descritos como sobrecarga el&#233;trica (definida pelo ECG) versus adapta&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica &#224; sobrecarga (definida pelo ETT). Vale ressaltar tamb&#233;m que o ETT identifica o aumento da massa do VE e n&#227;o a hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica em si, o que significa que outros processos de aumento de massa (como o que ocorre na amiloidose) tamb&#233;m levam a um aumento da massa do VE. Outra poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para essa discrep&#226;ncia &#233; que a HVE definida pelo ECG &#233; impulsionada principalmente por crit&#233;rios de voltagem (em nosso estudo), que podem ser influenciados por fatores externos (como formato do t&#243;rax ou outras comorbidades). A presen&#231;a de um sinal progn&#243;stico semelhante ao da HVE definida pelo ETT aponta para um fen&#244;meno card&#237;aco potencialmente intr&#237;nseco. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que as altera&#231;&#245;es do QRS na HVE definida pelo ECG representam uma combina&#231;&#227;o de remodelamento estrutural e el&#233;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em contraste, a HVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica &#233; quase inteiramente determinada pelo aumento da massa ventricular esquerda ou, ocasionalmente, como fator de confus&#227;o, pela representa&#231;&#227;o de aumento de massa n&#227;o relacionado &#224; hipertrofia verdadeira, como na amiloidose. Nesse contexto, o ECG n&#227;o deve ser visto meramente como um m&#233;todo menos sens&#237;vel para detectar HVE. Se assim fosse, nenhum valor progn&#243;stico adicional seria esperado quando a HVE definida por ECG &#233; considerada juntamente com a HVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Corroborando essa interpreta&#231;&#227;o, nosso estudo mostrou pouca sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre os participantes que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de HVE por ECG versus ETT e nenhuma for&#231;a preditiva incremental para doen&#231;a cardiovascular fatal quando uma vari&#225;vel combinada foi testada. Assim, apesar das potenciais diferen&#231;as na patologia subjacente, tanto a HVE definida por ECG quanto a definida por ETT forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas igualmente relevantes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de AVC. Isso refor&#231;a o valor cl&#237;nico do ECG, especialmente em locais com acesso limitado a diagn&#243;sticos cardiovasculares avan&#231;ados ou especialistas em cardiologia. Estudos prospectivos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer se a HVE definida por ECG reflete uma forma precoce de remodela&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica que precede as altera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas, ou se representa uma entidade patol&#243;gica distinta.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados devem ser interpretados considerando algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, analisamos apenas desfechos fatais, resultando em um n&#250;mero relativamente baixo de eventos e amplos intervalos de confian&#231;a para os efeitos estimados. Segundo, definimos a HVE baseada em ECG utilizando o CM, que, embora amplamente aplicado em estudos populacionais h&#225; d&#233;cadas, &#233; menos relevante para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina. Crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos comumente utilizados, como os de Cornell, Sokolow-Lyon ou Romhilt-Estes, poderiam ter produzido resultados mais diretamente aplic&#225;veis &#224; pr&#225;tica. No entanto, o uso do CM foi pragm&#225;tico, dada a sua aplica&#231;&#227;o consistente em nossa coorte. Da mesma forma, a HVE ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi definida como massa ventricular esquerda indexada &gt;115 g/m<sup>2</sup> para homens e &gt;95 g/m<sup>2</sup> para mulheres; a an&#225;lise dicot&#244;mica &#233; menos sens&#237;vel do que a cont&#237;nua. Por fim, a estrat&#233;gia de amostragem do ETT (10% de uma subamostra aleat&#243;ria da coorte mais os participantes com idade &gt;60 anos) pode ter introduzido vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, e nossa coorte, composta por servidores p&#250;blicos de universidades e institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa, pode n&#227;o ser totalmente representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em geral. Os pontos fortes do nosso estudo incluem o uso de desfechos objetivos e concretos, minimizando assim o vi&#233;s de mensura&#231;&#227;o, a padroniza&#231;&#227;o da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de ECG e ETT e a aplica&#231;&#227;o de modelos multivariados ajustados para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, melhorando a acur&#225;cia das estimativas de efeito.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A HVE definida por ECG apresentou menor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica na identifica&#231;&#227;o da HVE detectada por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT); contudo, ambas as modalidades foram associadas independentemente a desfechos cardiovasculares adversos, potencialmente de forma complementar. Mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para esclarecer o valor progn&#243;stico de diferentes marcadores de HVE e para melhor compreender a rela&#231;&#227;o &#8212; e poss&#237;vel sobreposi&#231;&#227;o &#8212; entre a hipertrofia el&#233;trica e anat&#244;mica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Accuracy and Prognosis of Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Brazilian Adults - ELSA-Brasil Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6646-1163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Lillian Guimar&#227;es de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Sandhi Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Av. Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: antonio.Ribeiro@ebserh.gov.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), defined by increased left ventricular mass, is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Evidence suggests that LVH identified by electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography represents distinct entities with potentially different prognostic implications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Assess the diagnostic accuracy of electrocardiographic criteria for LVH compared with transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and to evaluate their predictive value for fatal cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We conducted a cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy analysis and a prospective follow-up within the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. LVH on ECG was defined by Minnesota Code criteria, and LVH on TTE by increased calculated left ventricular mass. Significance level was defined at 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among 2,849 participants (43.6% male), median age 62 years, 12.5% had LVH by TTE and 5.9% by ECG criteria. ECG-defined LVH showed, from different criteria, very low sensitivity (5&#8211;12%) but high specificity (95&#8211;99%) compared with TTE. In prognostic analyses, TTE-defined LVH was associated with significant fatal adverse cardiovascular events (FMACE) (HR 3.2, 95% CI 1.7&#8211;5.9). ECG-defined LVH also predicted FMACE, with HR close to 3.5 across the different MC criteria in multivariate regression analysis. The predictive capacity remained significant after further adjustment for hypertrophy defined by either of the methods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Although electrocardiographic criteria demonstrated poor diagnostic accuracy for LVH compared with TTE, both modalities were independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. These findings suggest that ECG-defined and TTE-defined LVH provide complementary prognostic information and may reflect distinct pathophysiological processes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Accuracy and Prognosis of Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Brazilian Adults - ELSA-Brasil Study</title>
              <p>Kaplan-Meier curves for time until death due to the sum of fatal myocardial infarction and stroke (FMACE) with concordance metrics for each ECG criterion compared to the echocardiogram. S: sensitivity; E: specificity; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; LR +: positive likelihood ratio; LR -: negative likelihood ratio.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Longitudinal Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Brazilian Ministries of Health and of Science and Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060010.00RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Brazilian Ministries of Health and of Science and Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060212.00BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Brazilian Ministries of Health and of Science and Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060300.00ES,</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Brazilian Ministries of Health and of Science and Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060278.00MG MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Brazilian Ministries of Health and of Science and Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060115.00SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Brazilian Ministries of Health and of Science and Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>01060071.00RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Funding:</bold> The Brazilian Ministries of Health and of Science and Technology supported the ELSA-Brasil baseline study (grants 01060010.00RS, 01060212.00BA, 01060300.00ES, 01060278.00MG MG, 01060115.00SP, and 01060071.00RJ). This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia, FAPEMIG and CNPq.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>What is already known on this topic</title>
        <p>Multiple parameters, including ECG and cardiac imaging studies, can diagnose left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). There is an important debate regarding the clinical significance of electrical versus anatomical hypertrophy, and doubt remains as to whether these are part of the same pathological process or represent different clinical phenomena.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>What this study adds</title>
        <p>We demonstrate in this sample of Brazilian adults that there is little overlap between individuals with electrocardiographic and echocardiographic-defined LVH, and both are related to adverse cardiac outcomes even after mutual adjustment in multivariate prediction models.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>How this study might affect research, practice, or policy</title>
        <p>Our study reinforces the notion that electrical hypertrophy may be a distinct clinical entity rather than simply part of the remodeling process of anatomical hypertrophy. These findings help clinicians understand various aspects of prognosticating patients with hypertension and show the independent capacity of the ECG to provide a prognosis even in the absence of anatomical hypertrophy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Persistent hemodynamic overload is one of the main determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). It may lead to anatomical and electrical maladaptations. While the first can be assessed by the transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) that estimates left ventricle mass and geometry,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the latter by the registry of electrical activity. Despite being frequently considered equivalent, these may come from different adaptive mechanisms and may result in different manifestations and perhaps even different clinical consequences. Traditionally, LVH can be recognized in the 12-lead ECG by characteristic alterations in the QRS complex, ST segment, and T waves. Numerous ECG LVH diagnostic criteria have been developed based on these alterations. The detection of LVH by the ECG can be important for identifying target organ damage in hypertension and also for its prognostic value in predicting future cardiovascular disease (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The different LVH ECG criteria have varying performance regarding their accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity, with most studies reporting low sensitivity and higher specificity when compared to the TTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although the low sensitivity poses a limitation for the value of ECG as a triage method for LVH in the general (or hypertensive) population, its specificity and possible prognostic information can be valuable in targeting individuals with a higher risk for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another aspect of ECG-detected LVH is its relationship to anatomical hypertrophy detected by imaging studies, such as the TTE. The concept of electrical versus anatomical hypertrophy has gained increasing attention and is a matter of significant debate, as it can inform us about different pathological processes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Thus, the ECG findings can potentially provide independent and perhaps additional information when compared to other cardiovascular propaedeutic modalities, reflecting other subjacent cellular anomalies that go beyond anatomical diagnosis of LVH. Since CVD is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, this ubiquitous exam may play an essential role in healthcare and healthcare access. The Adult Longitudinal Health Study (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective occupational cohort that aims to evaluate determinants of CVD and diabetes in the Brazilian population. The ECG and TTE were obtained at study baseline.</p>
        <p>Our goal was to evaluate how LVH diagnosed by the ECG using the Minnesota code (MC) definition would perform regarding its diagnostic parameters [<italic>i.e,</italic> sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-)] when compared to the TTE in this population. Additionally, we aim to evaluate the prognostic value of each of these two tools and whether they can exert these predictive capabilities independently of each other.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and participants</title>
          <p>This study was designed with two complementary approaches: a prospective longitudinal arm and a cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy arm. The study sample was derived from the baseline of ELSA-Brasil, a multicenter cohort recruited between 2008 and 2010, comprising 15,105 active and retired employees from six public universities and research institutions located in the Northeast, South, and Southeast regions of Brazil, aged 35&#8211;74 years. The study design and baseline characteristics have been previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Participants were considered eligible if they had both an interpretable ECG and a TTE. The TTE was offered to all participants, and its acquisition and reading were performed prioritizing first older individuals (over 60 years of age) and also a random subsample of 10% of the remaining population. Individuals with cardiac pacemakers, Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, or complete intraventricular conduction block (QRS &gt;120 ms) on ECG were excluded. The flowchart of exclusions is represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref><italic>.</italic> Among participants from the baseline visit of ELSA-Brasil who had undergone TTE and had available data for both echocardiographic and electrocardiographic LVH assessment, 2,926 were initially selected for analysis. Four individuals with a pacemaker, WPW, or complete intraventricular conduction block (QRS &gt;120 ms) on ECG were excluded, leaving 2,922 cases. An additional 73 participants were excluded due to missing or uninterpretable ECG data (resulting from noise and artifacts). The final study sample comprised 2,849 participants.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Exclusion flowchart.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ECG acquisition</title>
          <p>Trained and certified technicians acquired standard 12-lead ECGs. All participants were examined in a comfortable environment, with skin preparation when necessary, and electrodes positioned at standardized anatomical sites.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Recordings were transmitted and stored at the ECG reading center of the <italic>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</italic> in Belo Horizonte/Brazil. A digital device (Atria 6100, Burdick, Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothell, WA, USA) was used, providing automated measurements of heart rate, duration, amplitude, and axes of P, QRS, and T waves, as well as QT and corrected QT intervals (QTc) and QT dispersion. ECGs were transmitted from the Atria 6100 to a dedicated server at the CL-ELSA/MG Reading Center, where they were archived for subsequent analysis using the Pyramis ECG management system (version 6.2.b, Cardiac Science Corporation, Bothell, WA, USA), allowing editing and interval measurements beat by beat. All ECGs underwent automated analysis for wave amplitudes and were coded according to the MC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Tracings classified as abnormal by MC were manually reviewed. Given the lack of unequivocal superiority of any single ECG criterion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> we adopted MC-defined criteria, as all tracings were coded accordingly. LVH on ECG was defined by the presence of MC codes 3.1, 3.3, and their combination.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TTE acquisition</title>
          <p>Echocardiograms were performed in 19% of ELSA-Brasil participants. TTE was conducted in individuals aged &gt;60 years and in a random 10% subsample of the entire cohort. All examinations followed standardized research protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Images were acquired using a Toshiba Aplio XG system with a 2.5-MHz sector transducer and transferred to the ELSA Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Analyses were performed at the ELSA-Brasil echocardiography reading center. Readings included qualitative assessment of echocardiographic findings and quantitative measurements of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, LV geometry and dimensions, left atrial size, regional wall motion abnormalities, and valvular disease. LV mass was calculated using the Devereux formula: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>LVM</mml:mi><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.04</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>IVS</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>LVIDd</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>PWTd</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo/></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo/><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext> LVIDd </mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.6</mml:mn><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula>, where IVS is interventricular septal thickness, LVIDd is LV internal diameter at diastole, and PWTd is posterior wall thickness at diastole. In this study, LVH was defined as LV mass index &gt;115 g/m<sup>2</sup> in men and &gt;95 g/m<sup>2</sup> in women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Predictive variables</title>
          <p>For diagnostic accuracy assessment, predictive variables were categorized as LVH by ECG. LVH on TTE was represented by the variable LVH_TTE and was considered the gold standard for diagnosing LVH. We organized LVH on ECG by three variables, two of which represented a single MC criterion: LVH_ECG1 (Minnesota Code 3.1) and LVH_ECG2 (Minnesota Code 3.3), and the third, the sum of the two, LVH_ECG3 (combined 3.1 + 3.3).</p>
          <p>Regarding the prognostic analysis, to investigate the potential incremental predictive value of combining ECG and TTE information, we created a composite variable LVH_ECG+TTE, defined as the sum of LVH_TTE and LVH_ECG3. In this analysis, all the other predictors were used: LVH_TTE, LVH_ECG1, LVH_ECG2, LVH_ECG3, and LVH_ECG+TTE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Covariables</title>
          <p>No covariates were defined for diagnostic accuracy analyses. For the prognostic models, the following covariates were included: sex (male, female); educational attainment (with or without completed higher education); age group (35&#8211;44, 45&#8211;54, 55&#8211;64, 65&#8211;74 years); hypertension (systolic BP &#8805;140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP &#8805;90 mmHg, self-reported diagnosis, or use of antihypertensive medication); systolic blood pressure (SBP); diastolic blood pressure (DBP); diabetes mellitus (defined diagnosis, use of drugs for the treatment of diabetes, HbA1c &gt;6.5%, fasting glucose &gt;126 mg/dL, or postprandial glucose &gt;200 mg/dL); dyslipidemia, defined in this analysis as any of the following: Total cholesterol &gt;240 mg/dL, LDL &gt;160 mg/dL, HDL &lt;40 mg/dL, or use of lipid-lowering therapy; smoking (&#8805;100 cigarettes lifetime and current smoking status); and self-reported CVD (heart failure, coronary heart disease, or stroke).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>For diagnostic accuracy analyses, outcome variables included sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR+, and LR- compared to the detection of LVH by the TTE. For prognostic analyses, we utilized only fatal outcomes, which were the outcomes available at the time of our study (December 2013). They were categorized as fatal myocardial infarction (AMI), fatal stroke, and their sum (FMACE). Outcomes were adjudicated by ELSA-Brasil investigators according to internationally validated criteria. Follow-up was conducted through annual telephone interviews, supplemented when necessary by clinical visits or linkage to national health databases, including the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Hospital Information System (SIH) of the Brazilian Ministry of Health.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, LR+, and LR- were calculated for each criterion. For prognostic analyses, baseline associations between LVH on ECG and LVH on TTE were evaluated. Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves and the log-rank test were used to compare the cumulative incidence of the defined outcomes between participants with LVH defined by ECG and by TTE. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of LVH by ECG and TTE separately with the primary outcome. A hierarchical Cox regression model was then constructed, adjusting sequentially for sex and age (model 1), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, dyslipidemia (model 2), and finally, self-reported CVD (model 3). As an additional sensitivity analysis, Cox regression was performed with mutual adjustment: echocardiographic LVH was included as a covariate in models where ECG-LVH was the predictor, and vice versa (model 4). Sample characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics. Clinical data were entered into a database using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22.0. Continuous variables were expressed as medians and interquartile ranges (Q1&#8211;Q3) and compared using the Mann-Whitney test. The categorical variables are described in terms of frequencies and compared using the chi-square test. A two-sided alpha &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study population consisted of a majority of women, with a median age of 62 years, and a high level of education. Approximately half of the participants had hypertension, and the majority had dyslipidemia. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes clinical and demographic characteristics, and the main findings are summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central figure</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> General population (2848) </th>
                  <th>TTE LVH</th>
                  <th>ECG1 LVH</th>
                  <th>ECG2 LVH</th>
                  <th>ECG3 LVH</th>
                  <th>TTE+ECG LVH</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVH (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male participants (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.3</td>
                  <td align="center">41.7</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6</td>
                  <td align="center">66.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.9</td>
                  <td align="center">46.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age group (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>35 - 44 years</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45 - 54 years</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55 - 64 years</td>
                  <td align="center">43.1</td>
                  <td align="center">44.0</td>
                  <td align="center">41.4</td>
                  <td align="center">39.6</td>
                  <td align="center">40.8</td>
                  <td align="center">44.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65 - 74years</td>
                  <td align="center">33.9</td>
                  <td align="center">50.7</td>
                  <td align="center">44.8</td>
                  <td align="center">39.6</td>
                  <td align="center">43.2</td>
                  <td align="center">46.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (median)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (56 &#8211; 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (61 &#8211; 69)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (60 &#8211; 67,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (59 &#8211; 69)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (60 &#8211; 68)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (61 - 68)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Scholarity</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Superior (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">41,7</td>
                  <td align="center">34,5</td>
                  <td align="center">28,3</td>
                  <td align="center">32,5</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.8</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0</td>
                  <td align="center">72.4</td>
                  <td align="center">62.3</td>
                  <td align="center">69.2</td>
                  <td align="center">73.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic arterial pressure (median)</td>
                  <td align="center">123.5 (113 - 136)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (124 - 150)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (122 &#8211; 155)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (122 &#8211;153)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (122 - 154)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (122 - 150)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic arterial pressure (median)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.5 (69 - 83)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.5 (70 - 86)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.3 (73- 88)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.5 (71 - 88)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.5 (72 - 88)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.5 (71 - 87)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.9</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.2</td>
                  <td align="center">43.3</td>
                  <td align="center">37.1</td>
                  <td align="center">24.5</td>
                  <td align="center">33.1</td>
                  <td align="center">40.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.0</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4</td>
                  <td align="center">53.4</td>
                  <td align="center">62.3</td>
                  <td align="center">56.2</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low HDL (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1</td>
                  <td align="center">30.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4</td>
                  <td align="center">20.7</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High LDL (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.0</td>
                  <td align="center">39.9</td>
                  <td align="center">31.9</td>
                  <td align="center">39.6</td>
                  <td align="center">34.3</td>
                  <td align="center">37.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CVD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">13.1</td>
                  <td align="center">23.4</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; ECG: electrocardiogram; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; CVD: cardiovascular diseases.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Of the 2,849 participants, 12.5% had LVH by echocardiography. LVH identified by the LVH_ECG3 definition (the sum of MC 3.1 + 3.3) was the most frequent, followed by LVH_ECG1 and LVH_2. These frequencies are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. The composite variable LVH_ECG+TTE identified LVH in 17% of participants. Individuals with LVH by either modality were more likely to have hypertension and dyslipidemia. The performance of each LVH criterion is also summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. In general, they all yielded a poor sensitivity and higher specificity, as well as poorer PPV and better NPV.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Performance of the electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy compared to the echocardiogram</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left">Prev.</th>
                  <th align="left">S</th>
                  <th align="left">E</th>
                  <th align="left">PPV</th>
                  <th align="left">NPV</th>
                  <th align="left">LR+</th>
                  <th align="left">LR -</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG 1</td>
                  <td>4,1%</td>
                  <td>7%</td>
                  <td>96,3%</td>
                  <td>21,6</td>
                  <td>87,9</td>
                  <td>1,89</td>
                  <td>0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG 2</td>
                  <td>1,9%</td>
                  <td>5%</td>
                  <td>98,6%</td>
                  <td>32,1</td>
                  <td>87,8</td>
                  <td>3,57</td>
                  <td>0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG 3</td>
                  <td>5,9%</td>
                  <td>12%</td>
                  <td>94,9%</td>
                  <td>24,9</td>
                  <td>88,2</td>
                  <td>2,35</td>
                  <td>0,93</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>S: sensitivity; E: specificity; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; LR +: positive likelihood ratio; LR -: negative likelihood ratio; ECG: electrocardiogram.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, LVH_ECG1 was associated with the highest event rates for mortality due to AMI, stroke, and FMACE. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows multivariate predictive models adjusted for sex, age, cardiovascular risk factors, and LVH. For AMI mortality alone, none of the variables remained statistically significant in the final model. However, both LVH_ECG1 and LVH_ECG3 were associated with a nearly threefold higher risk of stroke mortality. For the composite outcome of AMI and stroke mortality (FMACE), all variables except LVH_ECG2 were associated with increased risk. Kaplan&#8211;Meier survival curves for AMI, stroke, and combined fatal events are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figures two</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">three</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">four</xref>, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Outcome frequencies in the overall cohort and stratified by predictor variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Mortality rate</th>
                  <th>All</th>
                  <th>LVH TTE</th>
                  <th>LVH ECG 1</th>
                  <th>LVH ECG 2</th>
                  <th>LVH ECG 3</th>
                  <th>LVH TTE + ECG</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death due to MI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death due to stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4%</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Combined stroke and MI death</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>MI: myocardial infarction; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; TTE: transthoracic echocardiogram; ECG; eletrocardiogram.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate predictive models for the outcomes of death due to myocardial infarction, stroke, and combined</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> Hazard Ratio (HR) IC 95% </th>
                  <th>LVH TTE</th>
                  <th>LVH ECG 1</th>
                  <th>LVH ECG 2</th>
                  <th>LVH ECG 3</th>
                  <th>LVH TTE + ECG</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR MI</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 1 adjusted for sex and age</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 (1.2 &#8211; 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (0.6 &#8211; 11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (0.4 &#8211; 20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (0,8 &#8211; 9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (0.8 &#8211; 5.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 2 = model 1 + CV risk factors*</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 (1.1 &#8211; 7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (0.5 &#8211; 9.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (0.3 &#8211; 16)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 (0,6 &#8211; 7,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (0.7 &#8211; 4.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 3 = model 2 + prevalent CVD</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (0.9 &#8211; 7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (0.5 &#8211; 9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (0.3 &#8211; 15.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 (0.6 &#8211; 7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (0.6 &#8211; 4.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 4 = model 3 + LVH by ECG or TTE</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (0.9 &#8211; 6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (0.4 &#8211; 8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (0.2 &#8211; 12.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (0.5 &#8211; 6.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR stroke</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 1 adjusted for sex and age</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 (1.3 &#8211; 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2 (1.4 &#8211; 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (0.3 &#8211; 15.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 (1,4 &#8211; 9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 (1.3 &#8211; 6.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 2 = model 1 + CV risk factors*</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (1.2 &#8211; 6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 (1.2 &#8211; 10.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (0.2 &#8211; 12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 (1,2 &#8211; 8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (1.2 &#8211; 5.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 3 = model 2 + prevalent CVD</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (0.8 &#8211; 4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (1.2 &#8211; 9.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (0.2 &#8211; 13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.2 &#8211; 8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.9 &#8211; 4.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 4 = model 3 + LVH by ECG or TTE</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 (0.7 &#8211; 4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3 (1.1 &#8211; 9.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5 (0.2 &#8211; 11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (1.1 &#8211; 7.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR MI + stroke</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 1 adjusted for sex and age</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2 (1.7 &#8211; 5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 (1.5 &#8211; 8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4 (0.6 &#8211; 10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (1,6 &#8211; 7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (1.5 &#8211; 4.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 2 = model 1 + CV risk factors*</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (1.5 &#8211; 5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.3 &#8211; 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.5 &#8211; 8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 (1,3 &#8211; 6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3 (1.3 &#8211; 4.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 3 = model 2 + prevalent CVD</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3 (1.2 &#8211; 4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 (1.2 &#8211; 6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (0.5 &#8211; 8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (1.3 &#8211; 5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9 (1.1 &#8211; 3.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Model 4 = model 3 + LVH by ECG or TTE</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (1.1 &#8211; 4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 (1.1 &#8211; 6.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (0.4 &#8211; 6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4 (1.1 &#8211; 5.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>MI: myocardial infarction; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; TTE: Transthoracic echocardiogram; ECG: Eletrocardiogram; CV: cardiovascular; CDV: cardiovascular diseases. *Risk factors for adjustment were hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidemia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan Meier curves for time until death due to myocardial infarction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan Meier curves for time until death due to stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan Meier curves for time until death due to the sum of fatal myocardial infarction and stroke (FMACE).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250789-50789-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the sensitivity analyses, adjusting TTE_LVH models for ECG_LVH and vice versa, the predictive significance for stroke mortality of LVH_ECG1 and LVH_ECG3, as seen in model 3, remained significant. Similarly, in Model 4, variables previously associated with FMACE in Model 3 retained statistical significance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Electrocardiographic criteria for LVH, when compared with TTE as the gold standard, demonstrated low diagnostic accuracy, mainly attributable to very low sensitivity. In addition, the likelihood ratios obtained were unfavorable, with positive values below five and negative values close to 1.0. Because likelihood ratios integrate both sensitivity and specificity, they are considered superior parameters for assessing a test&#8217;s ability to correctly influence clinical reasoning regarding the presence or absence of disease. The low concordance of ECG criteria for LVH observed in our study is consistent with previous evidence, including a systematic review of diagnostic accuracy studies on ECG criteria for LVH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Reported median sensitivities ranged from 10.5% for the Gubner index to 21% for the Sokolow-Lyon index, while median specificities ranged from 89% (Sokolow-Lyon) to 99% (Romhilt-Estes, five-point threshold). Levy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in the Framingham Heart Study, evaluated 4,684 participants and reported an overall ECG sensitivity for LVH of 6.9% and a specificity of 98.8%. Similarly, in the MESA study, the assessment of 13 ECG-based LVH criteria revealed consistently low sensitivity (10&#8211;26%) and high specificity (88&#8211;99%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A diagnostic method with such low sensitivity (despite a high specificity) is unlikely to adequately discriminate between affected patients and healthy individuals, tending instead to classify the majority as healthy, thereby limiting its clinical usefulness as a diagnostic tool. Thus, despite being inexpensive, widely available, and free from direct adverse effects, the ECG is not an effective screening method for LVH. At least, when traditional LVH ECG criteria are used, and anatomical hypertrophy by TTE is taken as the reference standard.</p>
        <p>Regarding prognostic implications, although ECG-defined LVH showed weak correlation with echocardiographic LVH, it remained significantly associated with fatal cardiovascular outcomes. Both TTE and ECG were robust predictors of death from myocardial infarction or stroke, even after adjustment for conventional cardiovascular risk factors and established CVD. Neither method retained statistical significance in the final model for myocardial infarction mortality, although a strong trend persisted for TTE-defined LVH (HR 2.6, 95% CI 0.9&#8211;7.3). These findings may be partly explained by the low number of these events and by the closer association of LVH with hypertension and, therefore, by the consequences more intimately related to hypertension, particularly stroke.</p>
        <p>Sensitivity analyses reinforced the independent value of each modality: ECG-defined LVH remained a significant predictor even after additional adjustment for TTE-defined LVH, and vice versa. In addition, the combined variable (LVH by both ECG and TTE) did not show stronger associations with adverse outcomes than the individual modalities, suggesting complementarity rather than additive predictive value. Consistent with our findings, Sundstr&#246;m et al. demonstrated that ECG-defined LVH was a strong predictor of all-cause mortality, even after adjusting for echocardiographic LVH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Similarly, Leigh et al. reported that the coexistence of ECG- and TTE-defined LVH was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> At the same time, Patel et al. found that both modalities independently predicted incident atrial fibrillation, regardless of established risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Notably, the predictive capacity of ECG-defined LVH did not depend on the presence of echocardiographic LVH, supporting its role as an electrophysiological marker of cardiac abnormalities, independent of anatomical hypertrophy. Such low concordance between the two modalities while also maintaining similar prognostic information is a signal that, perhaps, both entities represent a real signal of cardiovascular abnormalities.</p>
        <p>Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that ECG and TTE may capture distinct aspects of cardiac pathology, which could be described as electrical overload (ECG-defined) versus anatomical adaptation to overload (TTE-defined). It is also worth mentioning that the TTE identifies the augmentation in LV mass and not the myocardial hypertrophy <italic>per se</italic>, which means that other processes of mass increase (such as what happens in amyloidosis) also lead to an increase in LV mass. Another potential explanation for this discrepancy is that ECG-defined LVH is mainly driven by voltage criteria (in our study), which can be influenced by external factors (such as thorax shape or other comorbidities). The presence of a similar prognostic signal to TTE-defined LVH points to a potentially intrinsic cardiac phenomenon. Previous studies have shown that QRS alterations in ECG-defined LVH represent a combination of structural and electrical remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In contrast, echocardiographic LVH is almost entirely determined by increased LV mass, or even, occasionally, as a confounder, representation of increased mass not related to true hypertrophy, such as in amyloidosis. In this context, ECG should not be viewed merely as a less sensitive method for detecting LVH. If that were the case, no additional prognostic value would be expected when ECG-defined LVH is considered alongside echocardiographic LVH. Supporting this interpretation, our study showed little overlap between participants meeting ECG versus TTE criteria for LVH and no incremental predictive strength for fatal CVD when a combined variable was tested. Thus, despite potential differences in underlying pathology, both ECG- and TTE-defined LVH provided equally relevant prognostic information regarding stroke risk. This reinforces the clinical value of ECG, especially in settings with limited access to advanced cardiovascular diagnostics or cardiology specialists. Future prospective studies are warranted to clarify whether ECG-defined LVH reflects an early form of electrical remodeling preceding anatomical changes, or whether it represents a distinct pathological entity.</p>
        <p>Our results should be interpreted in light of some limitations. First, only fatal outcomes were analyzed, resulting in a relatively low number of events and wide confidence intervals for the estimated effects. Second, we defined ECG-based LVH using the Minnesota Code, which, although widely applied in population-based studies for decades, is less relevant to routine clinical practice. Commonly used clinical criteria, such as Cornell, Sokolow-Lyon, or Romhilt-Estes, might have yielded results more directly applicable to practice. Nevertheless, the use of the Minnesota Code was pragmatic, given its consistent application in our cohort. Similarly, echocardiographic LVH was defined as indexed LV mass &gt;115 g/m<sup>2</sup> for men and &gt;95 g/m<sup>2</sup> for women; the dichotomous analysis is less sensitive than the continuous. Finally, the TTE sampling strategy (10% of a random subsample of the cohort plus the participants aged &gt;60 years) may have introduced selection bias, and our cohort, which consisted of civil servants from universities and research institutions, may not be fully representative of the general Brazilian population. Strengths of our study include the use of hard and objective outcomes, thereby minimizing measurement bias, the standardization of ECG and TTE acquisition, and the application of multivariate models adjusted for potential confounders, improving the accuracy of effect estimates.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>ECG-defined LVH showed lower diagnostic accuracy to identify TTE LVH; yet, both modalities were independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, potentially in a complementary manner. Further research is needed to clarify the prognostic value of different LVH markers and to better understand the relationship&#8212;and possible overlap&#8212;between electrical and anatomical hypertrophy.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Lillian Guimar&#227;es de Faria, from Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais under the protocol number ETIC/186/6. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Funding:</label>
          <p>The Brazilian Ministries of Health and of Science and Technology supported the ELSA-Brasil baseline study (grants 01060010.00RS, 01060212.00BA, 01060300.00ES, 01060278.00MG MG, 01060115.00SP, and 01060071.00RJ).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia, FAPEMIG and CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
