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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VyRLjxKkTFY6gshjjZv734n</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000400609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250743</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplica&#231;&#227;o da Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial para Detec&#231;&#227;o, Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Tric&#250;spide Grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6626-5157</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Luna Varela do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7180-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8994-8345</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Togna</surname>
            <given-names>Dorival Julio Della</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre de Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Luna Varela do Carmo</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luna.varelac@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250743</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (IT) &#233; prevalente e seu manejo permanece desafiador, com alta mortalidade na cirurgia isolada, indica&#231;&#227;o tardia &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o e recente expans&#227;o de terapias transcateter. No Brasil, h&#225; escassez de dados e de valida&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas progn&#243;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar e definir o perfil cl&#237;nico, laboratorial e ecocardiogr&#225;fico de pacientes com IT grave a partir de vari&#225;veis coletadas por meio do treinamento de um modelo de intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo observacional, unic&#234;ntrico, n&#227;o intervencionista, de coorte retrospectiva, baseado em 71.911 laudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados entre 2021 e 2024. Um modelo de processamento de linguagem natural (PLN) foi desenvolvido em Python para identificar casos de IT grave, extrair vari&#225;veis e realizar o c&#225;lculo automatizado dos escores TRI-SCORE e EuroSCORE II, posteriormente revisados. Considerou-se valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram identificados 803 pacientes com IT grave. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 68,8 &#177; 13,5 anos, e 64,1% eram mulheres. Hipertens&#227;o arterial (71,7%) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (69,4%) foram as comorbidades mais prevalentes. A etiologia secund&#225;ria predominou (96,8%), principalmente associada &#224; valvopatia mitral (68,5%). O risco cir&#250;rgico foi elevado (medianas: EuroSCORE II = 13,4%; TRI-SCORE = 7). A mortalidade foi de 17,1%. Na an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria de mortalidade, a regress&#227;o multivariada identificou preditores independentes, como TRI-SCORE em alto risco (relative risk [RR] 2,19; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] 1,14-4,21) e creatinina elevada (RR 3,13; IC 95% 1,91-5,14).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Na maior casu&#237;stica brasileira de IT grave, constru&#237;da com aux&#237;lio de IA, a doen&#231;a demonstrou elevada complexidade cl&#237;nica e progn&#243;stica. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de PLN a grandes bases ecocardiogr&#225;ficas mostrou-se eficiente, podendo subsidiar estudos multic&#234;ntricos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Tric&#250;spide</kwd>
        <kwd>Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250743-50743-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide (IT) &#233; uma das valvopatias mais frequentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> alcan&#231;ando uma preval&#234;ncia de 4% em indiv&#237;duos &gt; 75 anos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e sendo mais comum no sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em graus moderados a graves, a IT est&#225; associada a um pior progn&#243;stico, independentemente de comorbidades, n&#237;veis de press&#227;o pulmonar e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entre os fatores relacionados a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis na IT grave, destacam-se idade avan&#231;ada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> hipertens&#227;o pulmonar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> disfun&#231;&#227;o hepatorrenal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e classes funcionais III-IV da classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em um estudo recente com 13.615 pacientes portadores de valvopatias a&#243;rtica, mitral e tric&#250;spide, a mortalidade por todas as causas foi maior na presen&#231;a de IT (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> [HR] 2,74; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] 2,24-3,37), em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; valvopatia a&#243;rtica (HR 1,62; IC 95% 1,44-1,82) ou mitral (HR 1,25; IC 95% 1,09-1,44).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ademais, a IT significativa concomitante &#224; estenose a&#243;rtica associa-se &#224; mortalidade de 21,3% em 1 ano, independentemente do tratamento da estenose;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> no implante transcateter de valva a&#243;rtica, a presen&#231;a pr&#233;via de IT significativa relaciona-se &#224; maior mortalidade, e sua persist&#234;ncia ap&#243;s o procedimento associa-se &#224; pior sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, os escores tradicionais de risco cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o foram desenvolvidos para prever desfechos de interven&#231;&#227;o isolada da valva tric&#250;spide. O TRI-SCORE foi proposto frente &#224; expans&#227;o das terapias por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Postula-se que o TRI-SCORE apresente desempenho superior na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ap&#243;s reparo transcateter borda a borda da valva tric&#250;spide, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao EuroSCORE II e ao STS-Score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, persiste escassez de dados nacionais sobre preval&#234;ncia, gravidade e progn&#243;stico da IT. Em estudo transversal com 645 pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica, observou-se taxa de 96,6% de IT funcional associada, sendo 12,8% dos casos classificados como moderados ou graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Paralelamente, o avan&#231;o da ci&#234;ncia de dados tornou linguagens como Python amplamente utilizadas na medicina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> com destaque para o processamento de linguagem natural (PLN) na interpreta&#231;&#227;o automatizada de textos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Os objetivos deste estudo foram definir o perfil cl&#237;nico, laboratorial e ecocardiogr&#225;fico de pacientes com IT grave a partir de vari&#225;veis extra&#237;das por modelo de PLN, classificando-os segundo o EuroSCORE II e o TRI-SCORE e, adicionalmente, avaliar fatores associados &#224; mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional, unic&#234;ntrico, n&#227;o intervencionista, de coorte retrospectiva, incluindo pacientes com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de IT grave no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC), entre 2021 e 2024. Em 2025, foi realizada confer&#234;ncia retrospectiva dos registros institucionais para identifica&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bitos.</p>
        <p>O estudo n&#227;o teve como objetivo a estratifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica em grupos mutuamente exclusivos, incluindo pacientes com IT grave independentemente da etiologia, da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a valvar mitral e/ou a&#243;rtica concomitante ou de cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, sendo essas associa&#231;&#245;es descritas apenas para fins de caracteriza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o indiv&#237;duos com idade &gt; 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico de IT grave. Foram exclu&#237;dos laudos de ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico, exames transtor&#225;cicos referentes a cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas e estudos com finalidade diagn&#243;stica direcionada, que n&#227;o permitissem avalia&#231;&#227;o global padronizada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenvolvimento do modelo de processamento de linguagem natural</title>
        <p>Com base no modelo padronizado de laudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da institui&#231;&#227;o, foram definidas entidades nomeadas para identifica&#231;&#227;o automatizada dos casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>). A estrutura textual t&#237;pica dos laudos foi convertida em padr&#245;es operacionais para detec&#231;&#227;o, como no trecho "Valva tric&#250;spide: (&#8230;). Ao Doppler, exibe refluxo de grau importante&#8230;", que foi mapeado para a combina&#231;&#227;o dos termos "refluxo tri_entity" e "importante", permitindo a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos casos eleg&#237;veis.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recorte da plataforma Label Studio, com enfoque nos termos. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250743-50743-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recorte da plataforma Label Studio, com enfoque no corpo do laudo. FAC: <italic>fractional area change</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250743-50743-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O modelo foi treinado a partir de 56 laudos previamente anotados manualmente na plataforma Label Studio, utilizando <italic>pipeline</italic> baseado em reconhecimento de entidades nomeadas e segmenta&#231;&#227;o de senten&#231;as (spaCy/Python). Ap&#243;s o treinamento, o modelo apresentou acur&#225;cia de 86% e foi aplicado para sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e extra&#231;&#227;o automatizada das vari&#225;veis de interesse.</p>
        <p>Os termos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos utilizados no treinamento do modelo est&#227;o detalhados na <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Tabela B do Material Suplementar II</xref>. Abordagem semelhante foi empregada para extra&#231;&#227;o de dados laboratoriais, a partir da plataforma institucional, e de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, provenientes do prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e armazenamento de dados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com pelo menos um laudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico documentando IT grave no per&#237;odo estabelecido. Para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis de interesse (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">Tabela A, Material Suplementar I</xref>), considerou-se o exame mais recente dispon&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Todos os casos identificados pelo modelo de IA foram submetidos &#224; revis&#227;o manual, sendo confirmada a conformidade integral com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram armazenados na plataforma REDCap e posteriormente exportados para o Microsoft Excel para organiza&#231;&#227;o, visualiza&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo dos escores de risco</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios e a padroniza&#231;&#227;o utilizados para o c&#225;lculo automatizado dos escores EuroSCORE II e TRI-SCORE encontram-se descritos nas <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Tabelas D e E do Material Suplementar II</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o quando apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou como mediana e intervalo interquartil (Q1-Q3) quando n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das. Os valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo foram adicionalmente apresentados nas tabelas do <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">Material Suplementar I</xref>.</p>
        <p>Inicialmente, foram realizadas an&#225;lises univariadas para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos com e sem &#243;bito. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizou-se o teste <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney, e para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, o teste do qui-quadrado em tabelas de conting&#234;ncia ou, quando apropriado, o teste exato de Fisher em tabelas 2 &#215; 2 com frequ&#234;ncia esperada &lt; 5.</p>
        <p>Diante da indisponibilidade do tempo exato at&#233; o &#243;bito, o desfecho foi analisado em janela fixa. Foram estimados riscos relativos brutos e ajustados, com ICs 95%, por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. A sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis para o modelo multivariado seguiu estrat&#233;gia <italic>stepwise backward</italic>, com crit&#233;rio de perman&#234;ncia de 10% e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> Stata, vers&#227;o 19.</p>
        <p>Antes das an&#225;lises, valores extremos foram sistematicamente revisados com base nos laudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos originais. Valores confirmados como v&#225;lidos foram mantidos, enquanto dados implaus&#237;veis ou sem variabilidade foram corrigidos ou exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#176; 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do IDPC, por meio da Plataforma Brasil (CAAE 82634424.0.0000.5462; parecer n&#176; 7.866.969).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Constru&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
        <p>Entre 2021 e 2024, o instrumento identificou 71.911 laudos de ecocardiograma referentes a patologias adquiridas. Desses, 1.110 continham diagn&#243;stico de IT grave. O fluxo de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma de constru&#231;&#227;o da amostra. IA: intelig&#234;ncia artificial; IT: insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250743-50743-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e a revis&#227;o manual, 803 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final. Desses, 138 evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito na institui&#231;&#227;o, conforme verifica&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva dos prontu&#225;rios realizada em 2025.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o basal da amostra, incluindo vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, al&#233;m de an&#225;lises univariada e multivariada direcionadas ao desfecho de mortalidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o encontram-se detalhadas nas <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">Tabelas B, C e D do Material Suplementar I</xref>. A coorte incluiu 803 pacientes com IT grave, composta predominantemente por mulheres idosas, com idade m&#233;dia de 68,8 &#177; 13,5 anos, e ampla varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes referiu nunca ter fumado, e o etilismo foi relatado por uma minoria da amostra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o apresentou elevada carga de comorbidades, com destaque para hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A FA esteve presente em aproximadamente dois ter&#231;os da coorte.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais da amostra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Amostra total (n = 803)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dados demogr&#225;ficos</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Idade, anos<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68,8 &#177; 13,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">515 (64,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,7 &#177; 5,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>H&#225;bitos de vida, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o tabagista</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">512 (63,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ex-tabagista</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">251 (31,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (5,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Etilismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o etilista</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">688 (85,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Etilista</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115 (14,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Escores de risco</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>EuroSCORE II</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8225;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13,4 (8,1-21,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Baixo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (5,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intermedi&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">155 (19,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Alto, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">605 (75,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>TRI-SCORE odds</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8225;</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (6-9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Baixo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (6,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Intermedi&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">145 (18,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Alto, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">607 (75,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Classes III-IV da NYHA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">127 (15,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Edema</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">HAS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">576 (71,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DM em uso de insulina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (5,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">199 (24,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">FA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">509 (69,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">132 (16,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Valvopatia mitral</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">550 (68,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Valvopatia a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">183 (22,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Uso de iECA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">271 (33,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Uso de BRA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">274 (34,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Tratamento, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Uso de furosemida</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">610 (76,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dose &gt; 125 mg/dia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (8,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Uso de anticoagulantes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">512 (63,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">268 (33,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rivaroxabana</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">244 (30,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico cardiovascular, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">235 (29,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DCEI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (15,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Pr&#243;tese mitral</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">174 (21,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (13,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Plastia tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (4,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Valores expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Valores expressos em mediana (intervalo interquartil). BRA: bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina; DCEI: dispositivo card&#237;aco eletr&#244;nico implant&#225;vel; DM: diabetes mellitus; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; iECA: inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NYHA: New York Heart Association. Faixas do EuroSCORE II: baixo risco (&lt; 4%); risco intermedi&#225;rio (4%-8%); alto risco (&gt; 8%). Faixas do TRI-SCORE: baixo risco (&#8804; 3 pontos); risco intermedi&#225;rio (4-5 pontos); alto risco (&#8805; 6 pontos).</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foi observada na maioria dos pacientes avaliados, com propor&#231;&#227;o relevante apresentando n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP). Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, predominaram as classes funcionais I-II da classifica&#231;&#227;o da NYHA. Al&#233;m disso, parte dos pacientes apresentava dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis e sinais cl&#237;nicos de congest&#227;o perif&#233;rica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide</title>
        <p>A forma secund&#225;ria de IT foi predominante (777/803; 96,8%), em conson&#226;ncia com o fen&#243;tipo funcional da coorte, enquanto a forma prim&#225;ria foi identificada em 26 pacientes (3,2%).</p>
        <p>Entre os casos secund&#225;rios, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o frequente com valvopatias esquerdas, principalmente mitral (68,5%) e, em menor propor&#231;&#227;o, a&#243;rtica (22,8%). Nos casos prim&#225;rios com etiologia definida (n = 22), predominaram as etiologias reum&#225;ticas, seguidas por rotura de cordoalha, anomalia de Ebstein, <italic>cleft</italic> da valva e s&#237;ndrome carcinoide.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso</title>
        <p>Quanto ao tratamento medicamentoso, a maioria dos pacientes fazia uso de inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, com varfarina ou rivaroxabana, foi amplamente empregada, embora uma parcela menor da coorte n&#227;o tenha utilizado esse tipo de terapia.</p>
        <p>O uso de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a foi tamb&#233;m frequente, com predomin&#226;ncia de furosemida, incluindo uma fra&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em doses elevadas. Por outro lado, o uso de insulina foi pouco prevalente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos pr&#233;vios e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco</title>
        <p>Entre os 803 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, 235 (29,3%) apresentavam hist&#243;rico de cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, sendo mais frequente a presen&#231;a de pr&#243;tese mitral (biol&#243;gica ou mec&#226;nica), seguida por pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica e plastia tric&#250;spide pr&#233;via.</p>
        <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco evidenciou uma coorte predominantemente de alto risco cir&#250;rgico segundo o EuroSCORE II, com valores elevados na maioria dos pacientes e predomin&#226;ncia da categoria de alto risco. Resultados semelhantes foram observados com o TRI-SCORE, tanto na vers&#227;o simples quanto na forma padronizada por <italic>odds</italic>, ambas classificando aproximadamente tr&#234;s quartos da popula&#231;&#227;o como de alto risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Houve ampla variabilidade nos par&#226;metros laboratoriais, o que reflete diferentes graus de comprometimento sist&#234;mico na coorte (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis laboratoriais</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel (unidade)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Amostra</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemat&#243;crito, %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37,5 (33,1-41,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Leuc&#243;citos, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,8 (5,4-8,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Plaquetas, c&#233;lulas/&#956;<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">189.000 (147.000-236.000)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina, mg/dl<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,3 (1,0-1,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TFG, ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (35-72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP, pg/ml<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.517 (905-9.060)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bilirrubinas totais aumentadas, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">135 (17,3)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Valores expressos em mediana (intervalo interquartil). TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; NT-proBNP: fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os valores medianos de hemat&#243;crito, leuc&#243;citos, plaquetas, creatinina, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP). Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de bilirrubinas totais foram identificados em parte dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>O detalhamento completo encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Observou-se dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa do &#225;trio esquerdo, associada a remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e ampla variabilidade da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida em mais da metade da coorte.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Amostra</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Etiologia secund&#225;ria, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">777 (96,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VCI, mm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (20-27)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Colabamento &lt; 50%, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">536 (67,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Derrame peric&#225;rdico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">143 (17,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PSAP, mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (45-65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">436 (54,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FEVE, %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (31-58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do VE, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">188 (23,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE, mm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (48-60)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE, mm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (31-48)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Valores expressos em mediana (intervalo interquartil). FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; VCI: veia cava inferior; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD encontrava-se comprometida em propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante. A PSAP apresentou ampla varia&#231;&#227;o, com valores elevados na maioria dos pacientes (mediana de 53 mmHg), frequentemente acompanhados de dilata&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior (VCI) e redu&#231;&#227;o do colabamento inspirat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Derrame peric&#225;rdico foi identificado em parte dos casos. Do ponto de vista morfol&#243;gico, observou-se espessamento valvar frequente nas valvas tric&#250;spide, mitral e a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <p>No ecocardiograma mais recente dispon&#237;vel, a maioria dos pacientes manteve IT grave. Entre aqueles que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da gravidade, parte havia sido submetida a interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, incluindo plastia tric&#250;spide, transplante card&#237;aco ou cirurgia valvar esquerda, enquanto os demais permaneceram em tratamento conservador.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis identificadas na an&#225;lise univariada ou consideradas clinicamente relevantes foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada.</p>
        <p>No modelo final (n = 763), ajustado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>stepwise backward</italic>, permaneceram como preditores independentes de mortalidade: perfil de alto risco cir&#250;rgico pelo TRI-SCORE, altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais indicativas de disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica (hemat&#243;crito reduzido, leucocitose, plaquetopenia e creatinina elevada) e achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados &#224; congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica, como dilata&#231;&#227;o da VCI e derrame peric&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis estruturais, o espessamento valvar a&#243;rtico tamb&#233;m se manteve associado ao desfecho. Por outro lado, o uso de rivaroxabana apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o independente com menor probabilidade de mortalidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise multivariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Categoria</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">RR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">TRI-SCORE</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Baixo + intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alto</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,14-4,21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Anticoagulante</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Varfarina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,37-1,04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rivaroxabana</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,26-0,76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Hemat&#243;crito</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,32-4,01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,96-4,83</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Plaquetas</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,45-3,49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,91-5,14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Valva a&#243;rtica espessada</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,98</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,09-3,61</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Derrame peric&#225;rdico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03-2,82</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Veia cava inferior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alterado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,37-4,35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RR: <italic>relative risk</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados principais e compara&#231;&#227;o com a literatura</title>
        <p>A presente coorte, composta por 803 pacientes com IT grave, representa, at&#233; o momento, a maior casu&#237;stica nacional sobre o tema. A constru&#231;&#227;o da amostra foi viabilizada por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o de intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA), utilizando um modelo de PLN desenvolvido especificamente para este estudo. Esse modelo permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o automatizada e padronizada de laudos compat&#237;veis com IT grave em um universo superior a 70.000 exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados ao longo de 4 anos na institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Essa estrat&#233;gia possibilitou maior efici&#234;ncia na triagem dos casos, redu&#231;&#227;o de vieses associados &#224; extra&#231;&#227;o manual de dados e aumento da reprodutibilidade do processo, por meio da sele&#231;&#227;o sistematizada dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos. Todos os casos identificados pelo modelo como IT grave foram confirmados ap&#243;s revis&#227;o manual dos laudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, refor&#231;ando a acur&#225;cia da abordagem empregada.</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada caracterizou-se por idade avan&#231;ada (m&#233;dia de 68,8 &#177; 13,5 anos) e predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino (64,1%), perfil compat&#237;vel com registros internacionais, como o <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que demonstrou maior preval&#234;ncia de IT moderada a grave em mulheres idosas, principalmente na faixa et&#225;ria entre 70-83 anos. Observou-se elevada preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, incluindo hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, condi&#231;&#245;es frequentes nessa faixa et&#225;ria e associadas a maior risco cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>A FA esteve presente em 69,4% dos pacientes, enquanto aproximadamente 43% apresentaram PSAP &#8805; 55 mmHg. A coexist&#234;ncia desses achados reflete mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos relevantes na IT, incluindo dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial, hiperfluxo e desenvolvimento de IT funcional atrial, al&#233;m de poss&#237;veis manifesta&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;a em est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de FA observada foi inferior &#224; reportada em estudos cl&#237;nicos como TRILUMINATE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (90%) e TRISCEND II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (96,1%), por&#233;m semelhante &#224; descrita no TRIGISTRY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (66%). Cerca de 63% da popula&#231;&#227;o utilizava anticoagulantes orais, propor&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel com a preval&#234;ncia de FA na coorte.</p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em classes funcionais I-II da NYHA (84%), evidenciando dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre gravidade anat&#244;mica da IT e intensidade dos sintomas. Apesar disso, 76% faziam uso de diur&#233;ticos, refletindo manejo cl&#237;nico da congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais avan&#231;adas (p.ex., dispneia em classes III-IV [15,9%], uso de furosemida em doses superiores a 125 mg/dia [8,6%] e edema de membros inferiores [7,7%]) foram menos frequentes, caracter&#237;sticas que, em geral, orientam a indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Assim, em estudos contempor&#226;neos que comparam estrat&#233;gias de tratamento percut&#226;neo, os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o tendem a privilegiar pacientes com sintomatologia refrat&#225;ria, o que resulta em maior propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em classes funcionais mais avan&#231;adas. Como reflexo desse perfil, a taxa de uso de diur&#233;ticos em nossa coorte foi inferior &#224; observada em outras s&#233;ries com portadores de IT grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, n&#227;o se pode excluir a possibilidade de subvaloriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos sintomas ou de imprecis&#245;es nos registros m&#233;dicos, fatores que podem contribuir para a discrep&#226;ncia entre o estado funcional reportado e a gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.</p>
        <p>Cabe destacar que a an&#225;lise do tratamento medicamentoso teve como foco o uso de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a como marcador indireto de manejo da congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica, n&#227;o tendo sido objetivo do estudo a compara&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes classes de diur&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>A etiologia secund&#225;ria ou funcional da IT foi predominante nesta coorte (97%). A elevada preval&#234;ncia de valvopatias esquerdas significativas associadas, especialmente a doen&#231;a mitral (68,5%), est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com pesquisas anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que descrevem associa&#231;&#227;o frequente entre insufici&#234;ncia mitral grave e IT grave, acometendo cerca de 30%-50% desses pacientes.</p>
        <p>Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o da popula&#231;&#227;o j&#225; havia sido submetido &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, propor&#231;&#227;o discretamente inferior &#224; relatada em outras s&#233;ries<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> (29,3% vs 37% e 40%, respectivamente). A taxa de interven&#231;&#227;o valvar pr&#233;via envolvendo a valva tric&#250;spide, de forma isolada ou concomitante, foi baixa (4%), achado consistente com dados de pesquisa pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de etiologia secund&#225;ria observada supera as estimativas tradicionais, que indicam preval&#234;ncia aproximada de 80% de IT funcional, 5%-10% de IT prim&#225;ria e cerca de 10% associada a dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos implant&#225;veis (DCEI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esse achado pode ser parcialmente explicado pelos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o adotados, que contemplaram exclusivamente valvopatias adquiridas e exclu&#237;ram formas cong&#234;nitas, limitando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de etiologias prim&#225;rias, as quais corresponderam a 3,2% dos casos. Aproximadamente 15% dos pacientes eram portadores de DCEI.</p>
        <p>Os achados laboratoriais refletem o impacto sist&#234;mico da IT grave, evidenciando altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com congest&#227;o venosa cr&#244;nica. Redu&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de hemat&#243;crito e plaquetas, associadas &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de creatinina e bilirrubinas, sugerem comprometimento multissist&#234;mico. O aumento de marcadores neuro-hormonais, como o NT-proBNP, refor&#231;a a presen&#231;a de sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica persistente e ativa&#231;&#227;o compensat&#243;ria, caracter&#237;sticas de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar associadas.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pelos escores EuroSCORE II e TRI-SCORE, mais de 75% dos pacientes foram classificados como de alto risco cir&#250;rgico, evidenciando o perfil cl&#237;nico complexo da coorte. Esse cen&#225;rio sugere que, conforme diretrizes contempor&#226;neas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> abordagens transcateter podem representar alternativa terap&#234;utica relevante, quando anatomicamente vi&#225;veis e dispon&#237;veis. Al&#233;m disso, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes classificados como alto risco pelo TRI-SCORE foi substancialmente superior &#224; descrita por Dreyfus et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (75% vs 35%), o que refor&#231;a a maior gravidade cl&#237;nica desta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos evidenciam altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais compat&#237;veis com remodelamento card&#237;aco biventricular. Os di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico finais do VE apresentaram valores medianos lim&#237;trofes a elevados para mulheres, mas dentro da normalidade para homens, conforme os pontos de corte descritos no material suplementar. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE foi semelhante ao observado nos estudos TRISCEND II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e TRILUMINATE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>(&#8776; 50-55 mm), sugerindo remodelamento discreto do VE.</p>
        <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (mediana de 48%) foi pr&#243;xima aos valores descritos no registro TRIGISTRY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e no estudo EVOQUE TTVR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> (&#8776; 51%-54%), indicando disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica discreta. Destaca-se que 23,4% dos pacientes apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o importante do VE, possivelmente relacionada a valvopatias pr&#233;vias, intera&#231;&#227;o interventricular e/ou hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.</p>
        <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD esteve presente em 54,3% dos pacientes, valor compat&#237;vel com a faixa reportada em coortes multic&#234;ntricas (45%-60%), refor&#231;ando o papel central do remodelamento das c&#226;maras direitas na fisiopatologia da IT grave. Al&#233;m disso, os valores elevados de PSAP (&#8776; 55 mmHg) corroboram a presen&#231;a de sobrecarga press&#243;rica cr&#244;nica, fator determinante para a progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e perpetua&#231;&#227;o da IT.</p>
        <p>Em aproximadamente 15% dos pacientes, observou-se varia&#231;&#227;o na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da IT entre o ecocardiograma-&#237;ndice, utilizado para inclus&#227;o no estudo, e o exame mais recente, a partir do qual foram extra&#237;das as vari&#225;veis. Nesses casos, o exame inicial evidenciava IT grave, enquanto avalia&#231;&#245;es subsequentes demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o do grau de IT. Entre os indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram essa varia&#231;&#227;o, 41,4% foram submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, incluindo transplante card&#237;aco ou cirurgia do lado esquerdo, com ou sem abordagem concomitante da valva tric&#250;spide. Por outro lado, mais da metade dos pacientes permaneceu em tratamento cl&#237;nico, sugerindo que flutua&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e mecanismos compensat&#243;rios podem modular a gravidade da IT ao longo do tempo.</p>
        <p>Entre o per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o dos exames (2021-2024) e o congelamento da base (julho de 2025), quando foi realizada revis&#227;o retrospectiva dos registros institucionais para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos, 138 pacientes (17,1%) evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito. Essa propor&#231;&#227;o corresponde &#224; mortalidade acumulada dentro da janela fixa de observa&#231;&#227;o adotada no estudo, n&#227;o refletindo o tempo individual at&#233; o evento, uma vez que n&#227;o houve seguimento longitudinal sistem&#225;tico. A taxa de mortalidade observada foi expressiva e semelhante &#224; descrita em pesquisa pr&#233;via,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> que apontou mortalidade aproximada de 20% em pacientes com IT grave em um per&#237;odo mediano de seguimento de 2,7 anos.</p>
        <p>Para identificar fatores associados &#224; mortalidade, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria que incluiu vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, permaneceram como preditores independentes de mortalidade: TRI-SCORE elevado, altera&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais (p.ex., hemat&#243;crito reduzido, leucocitose, plaquetopenia e creatinina elevada), espessamento da valva a&#243;rtica, dilata&#231;&#227;o da VCI, presen&#231;a de derrame peric&#225;rdico e aus&#234;ncia de uso de rivaroxabana.</p>
        <p>Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o independente com o desfecho, corroborando seu valor progn&#243;stico. O hemat&#243;crito reduzido pode refletir anemia de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica; a plaquetopenia pode estar relacionada a hiperesplenismo ou congest&#227;o portal; a leucocitose pode indicar processos inflamat&#243;rios ou infecciosos intermitentes; e a creatinina elevada sugere disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, frequentemente de car&#225;ter congestivo ou multifatorial. A persist&#234;ncia dessas vari&#225;veis no modelo ajustado refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial rotineira como ferramenta progn&#243;stica, conforme descrito em estudos recentes e incorporado a escores contempor&#226;neos, como o <italic>Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery Risk Calculator</italic> da <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> (STS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, a dilata&#231;&#227;o da VCI e o derrame peric&#225;rdico mantiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com mortalidade, refor&#231;ando o papel da congest&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica e do remodelamento das c&#226;maras direitas como marcadores de doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O aumento do di&#226;metro da VCI constitui marcador consolidado de eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o atrial direita e sobrecarga vol&#234;mica, frequentemente descrito em casos graves de IT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> O derrame peric&#225;rdico, por sua vez, pode refletir descompensa&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica e eleva&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es intracard&#237;acas, sendo frequentemente associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, mesmo quando de pequena magnitude.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O espessamento da valva a&#243;rtica tamb&#233;m permaneceu como preditor independente, sugerindo que esse achado, embora n&#227;o diretamente relacionado &#224; valva tric&#250;spide, possa refletir doen&#231;a cardiovascular sist&#234;mica e degenera&#231;&#227;o valvar difusa, associadas ao envelhecimento, &#224; rigidez arterial e &#224; maior carga ateroscler&#243;tica, caracter&#237;sticas de pacientes em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>O uso de rivaroxabana apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o independente com menor mortalidade. Esse efeito pode estar relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e &#224; poss&#237;vel diminui&#231;&#227;o da microtrombose pulmonar, com consequente menor sobrecarga do VD. Adicionalmente, caracter&#237;sticas farmacol&#243;gicas favor&#225;veis, como farmacocin&#233;tica previs&#237;vel e aus&#234;ncia de variabilidade da raz&#227;o normalizada internacional (RNI), podem ter contribu&#237;do para a consist&#234;ncia do efeito observado. Entretanto, n&#227;o se pode excluir a influ&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de canaliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, uma vez que anticoagulantes diretos tendem a ser prescritos em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar e perfil cl&#237;nico menos grave.</p>
        <p>O TRI-SCORE destacou-se como o preditor mais robusto no modelo multivariado, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para m&#250;ltiplas covari&#225;veis, evidenciando seu car&#225;ter integrado e multidimensional. No modelo final, o escore incorporou o efeito das vari&#225;veis que o comp&#245;em, evitando a colinearidade e se consolidando como marcador independente de risco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pr&#225;ticas</title>
        <p>Os achados deste estudo apresentam implica&#231;&#245;es relevantes para a abordagem cl&#237;nica de pacientes com IT grave. Nesta coorte, o TRI-SCORE demonstrou desempenho progn&#243;stico consistente, podendo contribuir para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e para a tomada de decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica no contexto do <italic>heart team</italic>. At&#233; onde se tem conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo nacional a avaliar sistematicamente esse escore em uma ampla popula&#231;&#227;o com IT grave, fornecendo evid&#234;ncia local e par&#226;metros iniciais para sua calibra&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes brasileiros.</p>
        <p>Embora a natureza observacional do estudo imponha cautela na ado&#231;&#227;o ampla do TRI-SCORE, os resultados obtidos geram hip&#243;teses que podem, futuramente, orientar protocolos de seguimento e crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o para interven&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce pelo TRI-SCORE, associada &#224; reavalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de sua trajet&#243;ria, pode ser &#250;til na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Pacientes inicialmente classificados como de baixo risco podem se beneficiar de vigil&#226;ncia mais estreita, considerando a possibilidade de interven&#231;&#227;o em fases mais precoces da doen&#231;a, estrat&#233;gia alinhada a achados de registros multic&#234;ntricos que estratificam desfechos com base nesse escore.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores laboratoriais (p.ex., hemat&#243;crito, leuc&#243;citos, plaquetas e creatinina) e mortalidade, bem como entre sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de congest&#227;o direita (dilata&#231;&#227;o da VCI com redu&#231;&#227;o do colabamento inspirat&#243;rio) e derrame peric&#225;rdico, refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do monitoramento longitudinal desses par&#226;metros. Na pr&#225;tica, isso se traduz na necessidade de aten&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica a sinais de disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica, particularmente renal, hematol&#243;gica e hep&#225;tica, que podem preceder desfechos adversos e servir como marcadores objetivos para intensifica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica e discuss&#227;o precoce no <italic>heart team</italic>.</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre o uso de rivaroxabana e menor mortalidade sugere que, al&#233;m das indica&#231;&#245;es formais (p.ex., FA), podem existir efeitos diferenciais relacionados &#224; maior previsibilidade farmacocin&#233;tica e &#224; menor variabilidade da RNI em contextos de congest&#227;o hep&#225;tica. No entanto, esse achado n&#227;o permite infer&#234;ncia causal e deve ser interpretado com cautela, especialmente diante da possibilidade de vi&#233;s de canaliza&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O delineamento retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico exp&#245;e o estudo a potenciais vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o e &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao uso de dados secund&#225;rios, incluindo inconsist&#234;ncias no preenchimento de prontu&#225;rios e aus&#234;ncia de seguimento ativo dos pacientes. Do ponto de vista metodol&#243;gico, a extra&#231;&#227;o automatizada de dados por meio de PLN apresentou limita&#231;&#245;es, como lacunas em determinadas vari&#225;veis para parte dos indiv&#237;duos analisados (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Tabela C, Material Suplementar II</xref>), o que exigiu complementa&#231;&#227;o ativa manual.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, o desenho adotado foi transversal, baseado no ecocardiograma mais recente dispon&#237;vel para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o contemplando avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal da evolu&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o do desfecho mortalidade restringiu-se ao &#226;mbito institucional, o que pode ter levado &#224; subestima&#231;&#227;o de eventos em raz&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de registros externos. A indisponibilidade do tempo at&#233; o &#243;bito impossibilitou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises de sobrevida, sendo adotada modelagem multivari&#225;vel com desfecho bin&#225;rio em janela fixa. Ademais, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel distinguir de forma sistem&#225;tica entre &#243;bitos perioperat&#243;rios e tardios, tampouco identificar perdas de seguimento, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento longitudinal.</p>
        <p>Por fim, embora as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas sejam clinicamente relevantes no contexto da IT grave, especialmente em pacientes com etiologia secund&#225;ria e hist&#243;ria de interven&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em valvas esquerdas, o delineamento do estudo n&#227;o permitiu a compara&#231;&#227;o de desfechos conforme a abordagem terap&#234;utica adotada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas futuras</title>
        <p>Os achados deste estudo refor&#231;am a necessidade de amplia&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de dados sobre IT no Brasil, particularmente por meio de estudos multic&#234;ntricos que possibilitem a valida&#231;&#227;o externa do TRI-SCORE e a avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa com outros modelos progn&#243;sticos, como a <italic>Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery Risk Calculator</italic> da STS.</p>
        <p>Estudos prospectivos ser&#227;o fundamentais para elucidar o papel de interven&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas, especialmente da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com IT grave.</p>
        <p>&#192; luz dos avan&#231;os recentes nas terapias transcateter, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do perfil de risco da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira torna-se essencial para otimizar a sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos e maximizar os benef&#237;cios terap&#234;uticos. Nesse contexto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de marcadores laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados a pior progn&#243;stico pode favorecer a indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o em fases menos avan&#231;adas da doen&#231;a, reduzindo o impacto do encaminhamento tardio, historicamente associado a piores resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este estudo descreve uma ampla coorte de pacientes com IT grave identificados por meio de t&#233;cnicas de IA aplicadas a laudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. A abordagem automatizada demonstrou-se vi&#225;vel e acurada, permitindo a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o abrangente de aspectos cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de uma popula&#231;&#227;o predominantemente composta por mulheres idosas, com etiologia secund&#225;ria, elevada carga de comorbidades, especialmente hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e FA, e frequente associa&#231;&#227;o com valvopatia mitral significativa.</p>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco evidenciou elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com alto risco cir&#250;rgico, sendo o TRI-SCORE um preditor independente de mortalidade, o que refor&#231;a o impacto progn&#243;stico da IT grave e a complexidade de seu manejo.</p>
      <p>Em conjunto, esses achados destacam o potencial da IA na constru&#231;&#227;o de grandes coortes, no suporte a modelos preditivos e na otimiza&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, podendo contribuir para a defini&#231;&#227;o mais precisa do momento ideal para interven&#231;&#227;o valvar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Luna Varela do Carmo pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, Entidade Associada da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 7.866.969. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Embora o tema do artigo envolva intelig&#234;ncia artificial, os autores declaram que n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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    <sec id="sec1" sec-type="supplementary-material">
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        <p>Para Material Suplementar II, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0743_AO_MATERIAL_SUPLEMENTAR_II.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250743i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Artificial Intelligence&#8211;Driven Detection, Characterization, and Risk Stratification in Patients with Severe Tricuspid Regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6626-5157</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Luna Varela do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7180-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8994-8345</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Togna</surname>
            <given-names>Dorival Julio Della</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4903-5274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Dimytri Alexandre de Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Luna Varela do Carmo</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>luna.varelac@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is prevalent and challenging to manage. There is a high mortality rate associated with isolated surgery and late referral for intervention. Additionally, there has been a recent expansion of transcatheter therapies. In Brazil, there is a lack of data and validation of prognostic tools.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate and define clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data from patients with severe TR based on variables collected through the training of an artificial intelligence (AI) model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This observational, single-center, non-interventional, retrospective study was based on 71,911 echocardiographic reports performed between 2021 and 2024. A natural language processing (NLP) model was developed in Python to identify cases of severe TR, extract variables, and perform automated calculation of the TRI-SCORE and EuroSCORE II, which were subsequently reviewed. A two-tailed p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 803 patients with severe TR were identified. The mean age was 68.8 &#177; 13.5 years, and 64.1% were female. Hypertension (71.7%) and atrial fibrillation (69.4%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. Secondary etiology predominated (96.8%), mainly associated with mitral valve disease (68.5%). Surgical risk was high (medians: EuroSCORE II = 13.4%; TRI-SCORE = 7). Mortality was 17.1%. In the secondary mortality analysis, multivariable regression identified independent predictors, such as high-risk TRI-SCORE (relative risk [RR] 2.19; 95% CI 1.14-4.21) and increased creatinine (RR 3.13; 95% CI 1.91-5.14).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In the largest Brazilian cohort of severe TR, constructed with the aid of AI, the disease demonstrated high clinical and prognostic complexity. The application of NLP to large echocardiographic databases proved to be efficient and may support multicenter studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Intelligence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is one of the most frequent valvular diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> reaching a prevalence of 4% in individuals &gt; 75 years<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and being more common in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In moderate to severe degrees, TR is associated with worse prognosis, regardless of comorbidities, pulmonary pressure levels, and right ventricular (RV) function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Among the factors associated with unfavorable outcomes in severe TR, advanced age,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> RV dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> pulmonary hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> atrial fibrillation (AF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> renal or hepatic dysfunction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes III-IV stand out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a recent study including 13,615 patients with aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valvular diseases, all-cause mortality was higher in the presence of TR (hazard ratio [HR] 2.74; 95% CI 2.24-3.37) compared with aortic valve disease (HR 1.62; 95% CI 1.44-1.82) or mitral valve disease (HR 1.25; 95% CI 1.09-1.44).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Furthermore, significant TR concomitant with aortic stenosis is associated with a 1-year mortality of 21.3%, regardless of the treatment of aortic stenosis;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> in transcatheter aortic valve implantation, the presence of significant TR is associated with higher mortality, and its persistence after the procedure is associated with worse survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding risk stratification, traditional surgical risk scores were not developed to predict outcomes of isolated tricuspid valve intervention. The TRI-SCORE was proposed in the context of the expansion of catheter-based therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> It has been suggested that TRI-SCORE has superior performance in predicting mortality after transcatheter edge-to-edge repair of the tricuspid valve, compared with EuroSCORE II and the STS Score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, there remains a lack of national data on the prevalence, severity, and prognosis of TR. In a cross-sectional study including 645 patients with rheumatic valvular disease, a rate of 96.6% of associated functional TR was observed, with 12.8% of cases classified as moderate or severe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In parallel, advances in data science have made programming languages such as Python widely used in medicine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> particularly for natural language processing (NLP) in the automated interpretation of clinical texts.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250743-50743-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The aims of this study were to define the clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic profile of patients with severe TR based on variables extracted by an NLP model, to classify them according to EuroSCORE II and TRI-SCORE, and to evaluate factors associated with mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This observational, single-center, non-interventional, retrospective cohort study included patients with an echocardiographic diagnosis of severe TR at the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC) between 2021 and 2024. In 2025, a retrospective review of institutional records was conducted to identify deaths.</p>
          <p>The study was not designed to perform etiological stratification into mutually exclusive groups and included patients with severe TR regardless of etiology, the presence of concomitant mitral and/or aortic valve disease, or prior cardiac surgery; these associations were described solely for characterization purposes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>Individuals aged &gt; 18 years with an echocardiographic diagnosis of severe TR were eligible for inclusion. Transesophageal echocardiographic reports, transthoracic examinations related to congenital heart disease, and studies performed for targeted diagnostic purposes that did not allow a standardized global assessment were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Development of the natural language processing model</title>
          <p>Based on the institution's standardized echocardiographic reporting model, named entities were defined for automated case identification (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">2</xref>). The typical textual structure of the reports was converted into operational patterns for detection, such as the excerpt "Tricuspid valve: (&#8230;). On Doppler, it shows severe regurgitation&#8230;", which was mapped to the combination of the terms "tricuspid reg_entity" and "severe," enabling identification of eligible cases.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Excerpt from the Label Studio platform, highlighting the terms. IVC: inferior vena cava; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250743-50743-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Excerpt from the Label Studio platform, highlighting the report body. FAC: fractional area change.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250743-50743-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The model was trained using 56 reports previously manually annotated on the Label Studio platform, employing a pipeline based on named entity recognition and sentence segmentation (spaCy/Python). After training, the model achieved an accuracy of 86% and was applied for patient selection and automated extraction of variables of interest.</p>
          <p>The echocardiographic terms used in model training are detailed in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl4">Table B of Supplementary Material II</xref>. A similar approach was used for extracting laboratory data from the institutional platform and clinical information from the electronic medical record.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and storage</title>
          <p>Patients with at least one echocardiographic report documenting severe TR during the study period were included. For the analysis of variables of interest (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl3">Table A, Supplementary Material I</xref>), the most recent available examination was considered.</p>
          <p>All cases identified by the AI model underwent manual review, confirming full compliance with the inclusion criteria.</p>
          <p>Data were stored in the REDCap platform and subsequently exported to Microsoft Excel for organization, visualization, and analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk score calculation</title>
          <p>The criteria and standardization procedures used for the automated calculation of EuroSCORE II and TRI-SCORE are described in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl4">Tables D and E of Supplementary Material II</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. Continuous variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation when normally distributed, or as median and interquartile range (Q1-Q3) when non-normally distributed. Minimum and maximum values were additionally reported in the tables of <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl3">Supplementary Material I</xref>.</p>
          <p>Initially, univariate analyses were performed to compare groups with and without death. For continuous variables, the Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test was used, and for categorical variables, the chi-square test in contingency tables or, when appropriate, Fisher's exact test in 2&#215;2 tables with expected frequency &lt; 5.</p>
          <p>Given the unavailability of exact time-to-death data, the outcome was analyzed within a fixed time window. Crude and adjusted relative risks, with 95% CIs, were estimated using logistic regression. Variable selection for the multivariable model followed a backward stepwise strategy, with a retention criterion of 10% and a significance level of 5%.</p>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using Stata, version 19.</p>
          <p>Before the analyses, extreme values were systematically reviewed based on the original echocardiographic reports. Values confirmed as valid were retained, whereas implausible or non-variable data were corrected or excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Resolution No. 196/96 of the Brazilian National Health Council. The protocol was approved by the IDPC Human Research Ethics Committee via Plataforma Brasil (CAAE 82634424.0.0000.5462; approval No. 7.866.969).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample construction</title>
          <p>Between 2021 and 2024, the tool identified 71,911 echocardiographic reports related to acquired pathologies. Of these, 1,110 contained a diagnosis of severe TR. The sample selection flow is presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of sample construction. AI: artificial intelligence; TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250743-50743-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>After applying eligibility criteria and manual review, 803 patients were included in the final analysis. Among them, 138 died at the institution, according to a retrospective review of medical records conducted in 2025.</p>
          <p>Baseline characterization of the sample was performed, including clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables of the overall population as well as univariate and multivariable analyses focused on the mortality outcome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Overall study population</title>
          <p>The clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic characteristics of the population are detailed in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl3">Tables B, C, and D of Supplementary Material I</xref>. The cohort included 803 patients with severe TR, predominantly composed of elderly women, with a mean age of 68.8 &#177; 13.5 years, and wide variability in body mass index.</p>
          <p>Most patients were non-smokers, and alcohol use was reported by a minority of the sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>The population presented a high burden of comorbidities, particularly hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>). AF was present in approximately two-thirds of the cohort.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of the sample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Characteristic</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Total sample (n = 803)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Demographic data</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Age, years<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68.8 &#177; 13.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Female sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">515 (64.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.7 &#177; 5.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Lifestyle habits, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Non-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">512 (63.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">251 (31.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">40 (5.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Alcohol use</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Non-drinker</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">688 (85.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Drinker</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">115 (14.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Risk scores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>EuroSCORE II</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">13.4 (8.1-21.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Low, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (5.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intermediate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">155 (19.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">High, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">605 (75.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>TRI-SCORE odds</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (6-9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Low, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51 (6.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Intermediate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">145 (18.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">High, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">607 (75.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Clinical characteristics, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">NYHA classes III-IV</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">127 (15.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Edema</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (7.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">576 (71.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Insulin therapy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (5.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">199 (24.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">AF</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">509 (69.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Pulmonary disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">132 (16.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Mitral valve disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">550 (68.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Aortic valve disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">183 (22.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Use of ACEi</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">271 (33.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Use of ARB</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">274 (34.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Treatment, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Use of furosemide</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">610 (76.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Dose &gt; 125 mg/day</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">69 (8.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Anticoagulant use</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">512 (63.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Warfarin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">268 (33.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Rivaroxaban</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">244 (30.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">
                    <bold>Cardiovascular history, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Prior cardiac surgery</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">235 (29.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">CIED</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">123 (15.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Mitral prosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">174 (21.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Aortic prosthesis</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">106 (13.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Tricuspid repair</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (4.2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>Values expressed as median (interquartile range). ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; AF: atrial fibrillation; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI: body mass index; CIED: cardiac implantable electronic device; DM: diabetes mellitus; NYHA: New York Heart Association. EuroSCORE II categories: low risk (&lt; 4%); intermediate risk (4%-8%); high risk (&gt; 8%). TRI-SCORE categories: low risk (&#8804; 3 points); intermediate risk (4-5 points); high risk (&#8805; 6 points).</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Pulmonary hypertension was observed in most evaluated patients, with a relevant proportion presenting elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP). From a clinical perspective, NYHA functional classes I-II predominated. In addition, some patients had implantable cardiac electronic devices and clinical signs of peripheral congestion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Etiology of tricuspid regurgitation</title>
          <p>Secondary TR was predominant (777/803; 96.8%), consistent with the functional phenotype of the cohort, whereas primary TR was identified in 26 patients (3.2%).</p>
          <p>Among secondary cases, there was a frequent association with left-sided valvular diseases, mainly mitral (68.5%) and, to a lesser extent, aortic (22.8%). Among primary cases with defined etiology (n = 22), rheumatic causes predominated, followed by chordal rupture, Ebstein anomaly, valve cleft, and carcinoid syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medications in use</title>
          <p>Regarding pharmacological treatment, most patients were receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Oral anticoagulation, with warfarin or rivaroxaban, was widely used, although a smaller proportion of the cohort did not receive this therapy.</p>
          <p>Loop diuretics were also frequently used, predominantly furosemide, including a subset of patients on high doses. In contrast, insulin use was less prevalent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prior procedures and risk stratification</title>
          <p>Among the 803 included patients, 235 (29.3%) had a history of prior cardiac surgery, most commonly mitral valve prosthesis (biological or mechanical), followed by aortic valve prosthesis and prior tricuspid repair.</p>
          <p>Risk stratification revealed a cohort predominantly at high surgical risk according to EuroSCORE II, with elevated values in most patients and predominance of the high-risk category. Similar findings were observed with TRI-SCORE, both in its simple version and in the odds-standardized form, with approximately three-quarters of the population classified as high risk (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory characteristics</title>
          <p>There was wide variability in laboratory parameters, which reflects different degrees of systemic involvement within the cohort (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Laboratory variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable (unit)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Sample</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hematocrit, %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37.5 (33.1-41.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Leukocytes, 10<sup>3</sup>/&#956;L<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.8 (5.4-8.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Platelets, cell/&#956;L<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">189,000 (147,000-236,000)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine, mg/dL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.3 (1.0-1.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">GFR, mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (35-72)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-proBNP, pg/mL<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.517 (905-9.060)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Increased total bilirubin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">135 (17.3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Values expressed as median (interquartile range). GFR: glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> presents the median values of hematocrit, leukocytes, platelets, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). In addition, increased total bilirubin levels were identified in part of the patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic characteristics</title>
          <p>A complete description is provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>. Significant left atrial dilation was observed, associated with left ventricular (LV) remodeling and wide variability in systolic function, with reduced ejection fraction in more than half of the cohort.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Echocardiographic variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Sample</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Secondary etiology, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">777 (96.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">IVC, mm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (20-27)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Collapse &lt; 50%, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">536 (67.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pericardial effusion, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">143 (17.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">PASP, mmHg<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53 (45-65)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">RV dysfunction, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">436 (54.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEF, %<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (31-58)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Significant LV dysfunction, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">188 (23.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LV end-diastolic diameter, mm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54 (48-60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LV end-systolic diameter, mm<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">38 (31-48)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Values expressed as median (interquartile range). IVC: inferior vena cava; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; RV: right ventricle.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>RV systolic function was impaired in a similar proportion. PASP showed wide variation, with increased values in most patients (median 53 mmHg), often accompanied by inferior vena cava (IVC) dilation and reduced inspiratory collapse.</p>
          <p>Pericardial effusion was identified in some cases. From a morphological standpoint, frequent valvular thickening was observed in the tricuspid, mitral, and aortic valves.</p>
          <p>On the most recent available echocardiogram, most patients remained with severe TR. Among those who showed a reduction in severity, some had undergone surgical interventions, including tricuspid repair, heart transplantation, or left-sided valve surgery, whereas more than half remained under conservative management.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariable regression analysis</title>
          <p>Variables identified in the univariate analysis or considered clinically relevant were included in the multivariable regression model.</p>
          <p>In the final model (n = 763), adjusted using logistic regression with backward stepwise selection, independent predictors of mortality included high surgical risk according to TRI-SCORE, laboratory abnormalities indicative of organ dysfunction (decreased hematocrit, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and increased creatinine), and echocardiographic findings associated with systemic congestion, such as IVC dilation and pericardial effusion.</p>
          <p>Among structural variables, aortic valve thickening also remained associated with the outcome. Conversely, the use of rivaroxaban was independently associated with a lower probability of mortality (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariable analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Category</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">RR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">TRI-SCORE</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Low + intermediate</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">High</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.14-4.21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Anticoagulant</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Warfarin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.62</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.37-1.04</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rivaroxaban</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.44</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.26-0.76</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Hematocrit</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Abnormal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.30</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.32-4.01</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Leukocytes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Abnormal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.08</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.96-4.83</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Platelets</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Abnormal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.25</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.45-3.49</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Abnormal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3.13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.91-5.14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Aortic valve thickening</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.98</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.09-3.61</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Pericardial effusion</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.71</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03-2.82</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Inferior vena cava</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Normal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Reference</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Abnormal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.44</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.37-4.35</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>RR: relative risk.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Main findings and comparison with the literature</title>
          <p>This cohort, comprising 803 patients with severe TR, represents, to date, the largest national case series on the subject. The construction of the sample was enabled through the application of artificial intelligence (AI), using an NLP model specifically developed for this study. This model allowed automated and standardized identification of reports compatible with severe TR from a dataset exceeding 70,000 echocardiographic examinations performed over 4 years at the institution.</p>
          <p>This strategy enabled greater efficiency in case screening, reduced biases associated with manual data extraction, and improved reproducibility through systematic selection of included patients. All cases identified by the model as severe TR were confirmed after manual review of the echocardiographic reports, reinforcing the accuracy of the approach employed.</p>
          <p>The study population was characterized by advanced age (mean 68.8 &#177; 13.5 years) and predominance of women (64.1%), a profile consistent with international registries such as the Framingham Heart Study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which demonstrated a higher prevalence of moderate to severe TR in elderly women, predominantly in the age range of 70&#8211;83 years. A high prevalence of comorbidities was observed, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and coronary artery disease, conditions common in this age group and associated with increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
          <p>AF was present in 69.4% of patients, while approximately 43% had PASP &#8805; 55 mmHg. The coexistence of these findings reflects relevant pathophysiological mechanisms in TR, including atrial dilation, volume overload, and the development of functional atrial TR as well as possible manifestations of more advanced disease stages.</p>
          <p>The prevalence of AF observed was lower than that reported in clinical studies such as TRILUMINATE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (90%) and TRISCEND II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (96.1%), but similar to that described in TRIGISTRY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (66%). Approximately 63% of the population was receiving oral anticoagulation, a proportion consistent with the prevalence of AF in the cohort.</p>
          <p>Most patients were in NYHA functional classes I-II (84%), highlighting dissociation between the anatomical severity of TR and symptom burden. However, 76% were receiving diuretics, reflecting clinical management of systemic congestion. In contrast, more advanced clinical manifestations (e.g., NYHA class III-IV dyspnea [15.9%], use of furosemide at doses &gt; 125 mg/day [8.6%], and lower limb edema [7.7%]) were less frequent, features that generally guide the indication for intervention.</p>
          <p>Thus, in contemporary studies comparing percutaneous treatment strategies, inclusion criteria tend to favor patients with refractory symptoms, resulting in a higher proportion of individuals in more advanced functional classes. Reflecting this profile, the rate of diuretic use in our cohort was lower than that observed in other series of patients with severe TR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In addition, the possibility of clinical underestimation of symptoms or inaccuracies in medical records cannot be excluded, factors that may contribute to the discrepancy between reported functional status and the severity of tricuspid dysfunction.</p>
          <p>The analysis of pharmacological treatment focused on the use of loop diuretics as an indirect marker of systemic congestion management, and comparison between different drug classes was not an objective of the study.</p>
          <p>Secondary or functional TR was predominant in this cohort (97%). The high prevalence of associated left-sided valvular disease, especially mitral disease (68.5%), is consistent with prior research,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which describes a frequent association between severe mitral regurgitation and severe TR, affecting approximately 30%-50% of such patients.</p>
          <p>Approximately one-third of the population had undergone prior cardiac surgery, a proportion slightly lower than that reported in other series<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> (29.3% vs 37% and 40%, respectively). The rate of prior valvular intervention involving the tricuspid valve, either isolated or concomitant, was low (4%), a finding consistent with previous literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The proportion of secondary etiology observed exceeds traditional estimates, which indicate a prevalence of approximately 80% functional TR, 5%-10% primary TR, and about 10% associated with implantable cardiac electronic devices (CIEDs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This finding may be partially explained by the inclusion criteria adopted, which considered only acquired valvular diseases and excluded congenital forms, limiting the identification of primary etiologies, which accounted for 3.2% of cases. Approximately 15% of patients had CIEDs.</p>
          <p>Laboratory findings reflect the systemic impact of severe TR, showing alterations consistent with chronic venous congestion. Decreases in hematocrit and platelet levels, together with increased levels of creatinine and bilirubin, suggest multisystem involvement. Increased neurohormonal markers, such as NT-proBNP, reinforce the presence of persistent hemodynamic overload and compensatory activation, features typical of patients with RV dysfunction and associated pulmonary hypertension.</p>
          <p>After risk stratification using EuroSCORE II and TRI-SCORE, more than 75% of patients were classified as high surgical risk, highlighting the complex clinical profile of the cohort. This scenario suggests that, according to contemporary guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> transcatheter approaches may represent a relevant therapeutic alternative when anatomically feasible and available. Moreover, the proportion of patients classified as high risk by TRI-SCORE was substantially higher than that reported by Dreyfus et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (75% vs 35%), which reinforces the greater clinical severity of this population.</p>
          <p>Echocardiographic findings demonstrated structural and functional changes consistent with biventricular cardiac remodeling. LV end-systolic and end-diastolic diameters showed median values borderline to elevated for women but within normal limits for men, according to the cutoffs described in the supplementary material. LV end-diastolic diameter was similar to that observed in the TRISCEND II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and TRILUMINATE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> studies (&#8776; 50-55 mm), which suggests mild LV remodeling.</p>
          <p>LV ejection fraction (median 48%) was close to values reported in the TRIGISTRY<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> registry and the EVOQUE TTVR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> (&#8776; 51%-54%), which indicates mild systolic dysfunction. Notably, 23.4% of patients had significant LV dysfunction, possibly related to prior valvular disease, interventricular interaction, and/or pulmonary hypertension.</p>
          <p>RV dysfunction was present in 54.3% of patients, consistent with the range reported in multicenter cohorts (45%-60%), reinforcing the central role of right-sided chamber remodeling in the pathophysiology of severe TR. In addition, elevated PASP values (&#8776; 55 mmHg) corroborate the presence of chronic pressure overload, a key factor in the progression of RV dysfunction and perpetuation of TR.</p>
          <p>In approximately 15% of patients, variation in TR severity was observed between the index echocardiogram used for study inclusion and the most recent examination from which variables were extracted. In these cases, the initial examination demonstrated severe TR, whereas subsequent evaluations showed a reduction in TR severity. Among patients with this variation, 41.4% underwent surgical intervention, including heart transplantation or left-sided surgery, with or without concomitant tricuspid valve intervention. Conversely, more than half remained under clinical management, suggesting that hemodynamic fluctuations and compensatory mechanisms may modulate TR severity over time.</p>
          <p>Between the period of examination inclusion (2021-2024) and database lock (July 2025), when a retrospective review of institutional records was performed to identify outcomes, 138 patients (17.1%) died. This proportion corresponds to cumulative mortality within the fixed observation window adopted in the study and does not reflect individual time to event, as no systematic longitudinal follow-up was performed. The observed mortality rate was substantial and similar to that described in prior research,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> which reported approximately 20% mortality in patients with severe TR over a median follow-up period of 2.7 years.</p>
          <p>To identify factors associated with mortality, an exploratory analysis including clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic variables was performed. In the multivariable analysis, independent predictors of mortality included high TRI-SCORE, laboratory abnormalities (e.g., reduced hematocrit, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevated creatinine), aortic valve thickening, IVC dilation, presence of pericardial effusion, and absence of rivaroxaban use.</p>
          <p>Laboratory parameters maintained an independent association with the outcome, supporting their prognostic value. Reduced hematocrit may reflect anemia of chronic disease; thrombocytopenia may be related to hypersplenism or portal congestion; leukocytosis may indicate intermittent inflammatory or infectious processes; and increased creatinine suggests kidney dysfunction, often of congestive or multifactorial origin. The persistence of these variables in the adjusted model reinforces the importance of routine laboratory assessment as a prognostic tool, as described in recent studies and incorporated into contemporary scores such as the Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery Risk Calculator of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Among echocardiographic variables, IVC dilation and pericardial effusion remained significantly associated with mortality, which reinforces the role of systemic venous congestion and right-sided chamber remodeling as markers of advanced disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Increased IVC diameter is a well-established marker of increased right atrial pressure and volume overload, frequently described in severe TR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Pericardial effusion, in turn, may reflect hemodynamic decompensation and increased intracardiac pressures, often associated with pulmonary hypertension and RV dysfunction, even when small in magnitude.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Aortic valve thickening also remained an independent predictor, suggesting that this finding, although not directly related to the tricuspid valve, may reflect systemic cardiovascular disease and diffuse valvular degeneration associated with aging, arterial stiffness, and increased atherosclerotic burden, features of patients at more advanced disease stages.</p>
          <p>The use of rivaroxaban was independently associated with lower mortality. This effect may be related to reduction in thromboembolic events and a potential decrease in pulmonary microthrombosis, resulting in lower RV overload. In addition, favorable pharmacological characteristics, such as predictable pharmacokinetics and absence of international normalized ratio (INR) variability, may have contributed to the consistency of the observed effect. However, the influence of treatment allocation bias cannot be excluded, as direct oral anticoagulants tend to be prescribed to patients with nonvalvular AF and a less severe clinical profile.</p>
          <p>TRI-SCORE emerged as the most robust predictor in the multivariable model, even after adjustment for multiple covariates, highlighting its integrated and multidimensional nature. In the final model, the score incorporated the effect of its component variables, reducing collinearity and establishing itself as an independent risk marker.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Practical clinical implications</title>
          <p>The findings of this study have relevant implications for the clinical management of patients with severe TR. In this large cohort, TRI-SCORE showed consistent prognostic performance and may contribute to risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making in the heart team setting. To the best of current knowledge, this is the first national study to systematically evaluate this score in a large population with severe TR, providing local evidence and initial parameters for its calibration and application in Brazilian patients.</p>
          <p>Although the observational nature of the study requires caution regarding the broad adoption of TRI-SCORE, the results generate hypotheses that may, in the future, help guide follow-up protocols and selection criteria for intervention. In this regard, early risk stratification with TRI-SCORE, combined with periodic reassessment of its trajectory, may be useful in clinical practice. Patients initially classified as low risk may benefit from closer surveillance, considering the possibility of intervention at earlier stages of the disease, a strategy aligned with findings from multicenter registries that stratify outcomes based on this score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The association between laboratory markers (e.g., hematocrit, leukocytes, platelets, and creatinine) and mortality as well as between echocardiographic signs of right-sided congestion (IVC dilation with decreased inspiratory collapse) and pericardial effusion, reinforces the importance of longitudinal monitoring of these parameters. In practice, this means paying systematic attention to signs of organ dysfunction, especially in the kidneys, blood cells, and liver. These signs may precede adverse outcomes and serve as objective markers for discussing therapeutic intensification with the heart team early on.</p>
          <p>The independent association between rivaroxaban use and lower mortality suggests that, beyond formal indications (e.g., AF), there may be differential effects related to greater pharmacokinetic predictability and lower INR variability in settings of liver congestion. However, this finding does not allow causal inference and should be interpreted with caution, especially given the possibility of treatment allocation bias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of study</title>
          <p>The retrospective and single-center design exposes the study to potential selection biases and to the limitations inherent to the use of secondary data, including inconsistencies in medical record documentation and the absence of active patient follow-up. From a methodological perspective, automated data extraction through NLP had limitations, such as missing information for certain variables in part of the analyzed individuals (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl4">Table C, Supplementary Material II</xref>), which required active manual completion.</p>
          <p>In addition, the adopted design was cross-sectional, based on the most recent available echocardiogram for variable analysis, and did not include longitudinal assessment of the patients' echocardiographic evolution.</p>
          <p>Assessment of the mortality outcome was restricted to the institutional setting, which may have led to underestimation of events due to the absence of external records. The lack of information on time to death precluded survival analyses, and multivariable modeling with a binary outcome in a fixed time window was adopted. Furthermore, it was not possible to systematically distinguish between perioperative and late deaths, nor to identify loss to follow-up, due to the absence of longitudinal monitoring.</p>
          <p>Finally, although therapeutic strategies are clinically relevant for severe TR, especially in patients with secondary etiology and a history of prior left-sided valve intervention, the study design did not allow comparison of outcomes according to the therapeutic approach adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Future perspectives</title>
          <p>The findings of this study reinforce the need to expand data generation on TR in Brazil, particularly through multicenter studies that allow external validation of TRI-SCORE and comparative evaluation with other prognostic models, such as the STS Isolated Tricuspid Valve Surgery Risk Calculator.</p>
          <p>Prospective studies will be essential to clarify the role of pharmacological interventions, especially anticoagulation, in the clinical outcomes of patients with severe TR.</p>
          <p>In light of recent advances in transcatheter therapies, characterizing the risk profile of the Brazilian population becomes essential to optimize candidate selection and maximize therapeutic benefits. In this context, early identification of laboratory and echocardiographic markers associated with worse prognosis may favor the indication of intervention at less advanced stages of the disease, reducing the impact of late referral, which has historically been associated with worse outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study describes a large cohort of patients with severe TR identified through AI techniques applied to echocardiographic reports. The automated approach proved feasible and accurate, allowing comprehensive characterization of the clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic aspects of a population predominantly composed of elderly women, with secondary etiology, a high burden of comorbidities, especially hypertension and AF, and frequent association with significant mitral valve disease and high-risk scores.</p>
        <p>Risk stratification showed a high proportion of patients at elevated surgical risk, with TRI-SCORE emerging as an independent predictor of mortality, reinforcing the prognostic impact of severe TR and the complexity of its management.</p>
        <p>Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of AI in building large cohorts, supporting predictive models, and optimizing risk stratification strategies, thereby contributing to a more precise definition of the ideal timing for valvular intervention (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Luna Varela do Carmo, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, an associated Entity of the University of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number 7.866.969. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>Although this article addresses artificial intelligence as its subject, the authors declare that no artificial intelligence tools were used in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl3">
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/VyRLjxKkTFY6gshjjZv734n/9a772fc0c0e9a78fda33c7b230091cc623f93897.pdf"/>
          <p>For Supplementary Material I, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0743_AO_MATERIAL_SUPLEMENTAR_I.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl4">
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/VyRLjxKkTFY6gshjjZv734n/1dead9a8daccede5d0efbad0709bb9ffe46c29de.pdf"/>
          <p>For Supplementary Material II, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0743_AO_MATERIAL_SUPLEMENTAR_II.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
