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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hvk57C9YBTb8v5ZzjwFLqcL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000401802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250665</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endocardite Infecciosa: Um Desafio Constante?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-3039-1749</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Greg&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0662-328X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1709-6283</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Heart and Vessels Department, Hospital de Santa Maria</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisbon</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heart and Vessels Department, Hospital de Santa Maria (ULSSM), CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Catarina Greg&#243;rio</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Maria/ULS Santa Maria, CAML, CCUL@RISE &#8211; Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028 Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>catarina.s.gregorio@ulssm.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250665</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Endocardite de Pr&#243;tese Valvular</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocardite Infecciosa Recorrente</kwd>
        <kwd>Pseudoaneurisma</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Multimodal</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A endocardite de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica (EVP) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o incomum, por&#233;m potencialmente fatal. Este relato descreve um caso complexo de EVP recorrente com complica&#231;&#245;es paravalvulares que exigiu m&#250;ltiplas interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Um homem afrodescendente de 38 anos com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular reum&#225;tica foi submetido a substitui&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica por uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica Sorin de 25 mm em novembro de 2017 por insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica grave. O ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio documentou uma v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica tric&#250;spide com espessamento dos folhetos, <italic>doming</italic> e leve fibrocalcifica&#231;&#227;o, compat&#237;veis com envolvimento reum&#225;tico, e insufici&#234;ncia grave (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">Figura Suplementar 1</xref>). A v&#225;lvula mitral apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es reum&#225;ticas leves (espessamento dos folhetos e <italic>doming</italic> do folheto anterior) com insufici&#234;ncia leve e sem impacto funcional &#224; data.</p>
      <p>O paciente teve alta medicado com varfarina 5 mg, furosemida 40 mg e enalapril 5 mg. N&#227;o tinha hist&#243;ria de uso de drogas intravenosas, terap&#234;utica com corticosteroides ou imunossupress&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Quatro meses depois, o paciente foi admitido no pronto-socorro com dispneia de esfor&#231;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Ao exame, se apresentava afebril, com press&#227;o arterial de 133/61 mmHg e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 89 bpm. A ausculta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca revelou primeira bulha card&#237;aca mec&#226;nica e sopro sist&#243;lico na &#225;rea a&#243;rtica, enquanto o exame pulmonar n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cronologia da Evolu&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica. Cronologia da apresenta&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente, destacando a complexidade e os desafios envolvidos no manejo da endocardite recorrente de v&#225;lvula prot&#233;tica. ETE: ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico; PET/CT: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons com tomografia computorizada; NYHA: New York Heart Association; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) revelou deisc&#234;ncia da pr&#243;tese valvular a&#243;rtica com movimento de b&#225;scula e envolvimento mitral reum&#225;tico com regurgita&#231;&#227;o leve. Iniciou-se antibioticoterapia emp&#237;rica com vancomicina e gentamicina. Os exames laboratoriais mostraram anemia normoc&#237;tica (Hb 10,6 g/dL), eleva&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores card&#237;acos (troponina T 45 ng/L e NT-proBNP 868 pg/mL) e prote&#237;na C-reativa baixa (0,56 mg/dL). As hemoculturas foram negativas. N&#227;o ocorreram eventos emb&#243;licos. A higiene oral e a sa&#250;de dent&#225;ria eram boas, e nenhuma porta de entrada foi identificada.</p>
      <p>Foi realizada uma nova cirurgia com implante de uma pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica mec&#226;nica Sorin de 23 mm; <italic>Staphylococcus hominis</italic> foi isolado da pr&#243;tese; embora os estafilococos coagulase-negativos (ECN) possam representar contaminantes, os achados cl&#237;nicos e de imagem corroboraram o diagn&#243;stico de EVP verdadeira.</p>
      <p>O paciente recebeu antibioticoterapia direcionada por 6 semanas. O seu p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi complicado por bloqueio atrioventricular completo, que persistiu por seis dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, levando &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo bicameral. Ap&#243;s completar o ciclo de 6 semanas de antibioticoterapia, as hemoculturas repetidas permaneceram negativas e o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico documentou uma pr&#243;tese bem posicionada.</p>
      <p>Dois meses depois, o paciente retornou com fadiga, anorexia e perda ponderal n&#227;o intencional (6 kg em duas semanas), permanecendo afebril. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, complementado por ETE, revelou regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica torrencial devido a uma nova deisc&#234;ncia de pr&#243;tese e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave. Hemoculturas seriadas permaneceram negativas. A investiga&#231;&#227;o extensa para infec&#231;&#245;es e doen&#231;as autoimunes &#8212; incluindo sorologias para <italic>Coxiella, Bartonella e Brucella</italic>, bem como um painel autoimune (anticorpos antinucleares, anti-DNA de dupla fita e anticorpos antifosfolip&#237;dicos [anticoagulante l&#250;pico, anticardiolipina e anti-&#946;2 glicoprote&#237;na]) &#8212; foi negativa. As culturas f&#250;ngicas tamb&#233;m foram negativas. Suspeitou-se de endocardite prot&#233;tica recorrente e ele recebeu um ciclo de seis semanas de vancomicina, gentamicina e rifampicina.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s completar o ciclo completo de antibi&#243;ticos, com hemoculturas persistentemente negativas, ele foi submetido a uma terceira cirurgia: substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica por uma pr&#243;tese mec&#226;nica St. Jude de 25 mm e anuloplastia mitral com um anel Edwards de 32 mm.</p>
      <p>O exame PET/CT com <sup>18</sup>F-FDG p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio demonstrou capta&#231;&#227;o perivalvular difusa compat&#237;vel com cirurgia recente, mas sem hipermetabolismo focal anormal, confirmando a aus&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o residual (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2B</xref>). O dispositivo de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e os eletrodos foram mantidos ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o multidisciplinar (equipes de eletrofisiologia e infectologia), ponderando os riscos da extra&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo contra a aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o. O ecocardiograma de acompanhamento mostrou boa fun&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica, <italic>leak</italic> paravalvular a&#243;rtico m&#237;nimo, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda preservada. Os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP estavam baixos (79 pg/mL) e o paciente permaneceu clinicamente est&#225;vel e assintom&#225;tico (classe I da New York Heart Association &#8211; NYHA) por v&#225;rios anos, sob acompanhamento ambulatorial regular com ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>PET/CT com <sup>18</sup>F-FDG p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio do paciente. A - Aus&#234;ncia de hipermetabolismo focal anormal, confirmando a aus&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o residual da pr&#243;tese valvular. B - Capta&#231;&#227;o perivalvar difusa compat&#237;vel com altera&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias recentes.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Cinco anos depois, o paciente apresentou dispneia progressiva (NYHA III), ortopneia e congest&#227;o pulmonar. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou uma pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica com funcionamento normal (gradiente m&#233;dio de 22 mmHg, &#237;ndice de velocidade Doppler (DVI) de 0,49, rela&#231;&#227;o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o/tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o de 0,42), mas com grave <italic>leak</italic> paravalvular (entre 7 e 11 horas, aproximadamente 30% da circunfer&#234;ncia) e <italic>rocking</italic> da pr&#243;tese (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). O ETE confirmou a presen&#231;a de um pseudoaneurisma da fibrosa mitroa&#243;rtica cont&#237;guo &#224; aorta ascendente e ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4B</xref>). O ETE tridimensional foi fundamental para delinear a extens&#227;o do pseudoaneurisma e orientar o planejamento cir&#250;rgico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4C</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4D</xref>). O ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava gravemente dilatado, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (FEVE 59%), embora em um contexto de sobrecarga de volume significativa. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar era de 31 mmHg e n&#227;o foram detectadas vegeta&#231;&#245;es ou abscessos (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">V&#237;deos Suplementares 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">2</xref>). As hemoculturas e as sorologias repetidas foram novamente negativas.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica demonstrando um jato regurgitante periprot&#233;tico. A - Vista paraesternal de eixo longo. B - Vista de eixo curto. C - Doppler colorido mostrando invers&#227;o do fluxo holodiast&#243;lico no istmo a&#243;rtico, com velocidade terminal de 31 cm/s. D - Vista apical de tr&#234;s c&#226;maras mostrando um jato regurgitante exc&#234;ntrico que se estende por toda a cavidade ventricular esquerda.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica e achados intraoperat&#243;rios. A - Vista em eixo curto da valva a&#243;rtica mostrando movimento de "balan&#231;o" da pr&#243;tese, compat&#237;vel com deisc&#234;ncia, e regurgita&#231;&#227;o periprot&#233;tica grave entre as 7 e as 11 horas, envolvendo 25% da circunfer&#234;ncia prot&#233;tica. B - Vista em eixo longo da aorta demonstrando um espa&#231;o perivalvar anecoico com fluxo Doppler colorido e expans&#227;o sist&#243;lica, compat&#237;vel com um pseudoaneurisma periprot&#233;tico (na fibrosa mitro-a&#243;rtica). C e D - Imagens 3D de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica delineando o pseudoaneurisma, estendendo-se cranialmente para a aorta ascendente e caudalmente para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. E - Imagem intraoperat&#243;ria mostrando extenso desbridamento do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Diante da suspeita de EVP recorrente com complica&#231;&#227;o perivalvular, ele foi submetido a uma quarta cirurgia com substitui&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica (St. Jude Regent 23 mm) e mitral (St. Jude Master 29 mm), com fechamento do pseudoaneurisma utilizando um remendo peric&#225;rdico aut&#243;logo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4E</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). O ecocardiograma p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (FEVE 30%), regurgita&#231;&#227;o periprot&#233;tica a&#243;rtica leve a moderada e regurgita&#231;&#227;o prot&#233;tica mitral leve. Foi iniciado tratamento medicamentoso para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, conforme as diretrizes, e seu dispositivo foi atualizado para CRT-P. Ap&#243;s 6 meses de acompanhamento, ele permanece clinicamente est&#225;vel em classe II da NYHA.</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Imagens intraoperat&#243;rias mostrando a substitui&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea das v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica e mitral, juntamente com o fechamento de um pseudoaneurisma utilizando um remendo peric&#225;rdico aut&#243;logo. A &#8211; Envolvimento da fibrosa mitro-a&#243;rtica (seta); B &#8211; Desbridamento extenso do pseudoaneurisma na fibrosa mitro-a&#243;rtica (seta); C &#8211; Remendo peric&#225;rdico aut&#243;logo sendo suturado &#224; fibrosa mitro-a&#243;rtica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf05.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A EVP &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o relativamente incomum, por&#233;m grave, representando 5&#8211;20%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> de todos os casos de endocardite infecciosa e associada a morbidade e mortalidade substanciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estafilococos, particularmente <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> e ECN, s&#227;o os pat&#243;genos mais frequentes na EVP precoce<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e est&#227;o consistentemente associados a um progn&#243;stico adverso,&#179; envolvendo mais frequentemente a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Infec&#231;&#245;es por ECN, como neste caso, est&#227;o particularmente relacionadas com complica&#231;&#245;es tardias, incluindo <italic>leak</italic> paravalvar, deisc&#234;ncia de pr&#243;tese e forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial do nosso paciente foi indolente e at&#237;pica, permanecendo afebril com resposta inflamat&#243;ria m&#237;nima e hemoculturas persistentemente negativas e nenhum fen&#244;meno emb&#243;lico. As culturas da v&#225;lvula cir&#250;rgica identificaram <italic>Staphylococcus hominis</italic>, ressaltando o valor diagn&#243;stico da cultura intraoperat&#243;ria da v&#225;lvula em casos suspeitos com cultura negativa. Embora ECN como S. <italic>hominis</italic> possam ocasionalmente representar contamina&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a combina&#231;&#227;o de achados cl&#237;nicos, de imagem (deisc&#234;ncia da pr&#243;tese) e laboratoriais (por exemplo, anemia) corroborou um verdadeiro processo infeccioso.</p>
      <p>Testes sorol&#243;gicos extensivos, incluindo sorologias repetidas para <italic>Coxiella, Bartonella</italic> e <italic>Brucella</italic>, e testes autoimunes, tamb&#233;m foram essenciais para excluir agentes infecciosos menos comuns<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e endocardite n&#227;o infecciosa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que pode mimetizar endocardite com deisc&#234;ncia de pr&#243;tese. A endocardite f&#250;ngica foi considerada improv&#225;vel devido ao estado imunocompetente do paciente e &#224; aus&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos (como uso de drogas intravenosas ou presen&#231;a de cateteres).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Contudo, foram realizadas culturas f&#250;ngicas, com resultado negativo, confirmando uma etiologia bacteriana. N&#227;o foi identificada nenhuma porta de entrada clara e a sa&#250;de bucal foi documentada como boa.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m dos desafios no diagn&#243;stico microbiol&#243;gico, a forma&#231;&#227;o de biofilme &#233; outro fator crucial na EVP. Os ECN e outros microrganismos de baixa virul&#234;ncia podem aderir ao material prot&#233;tico e formar um biofilme, no qual as bact&#233;rias persistem em estado metabolicamente inativo. Esse microambiente reduz a penetra&#231;&#227;o e a efic&#225;cia dos antibi&#243;ticos e contribui para resultados negativos nas culturas e complica&#231;&#245;es locais tardias, como vazamento paravalvar e envolvimento do anel valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>T&#233;cnicas de diagn&#243;stico molecular, incluindo PCR e sequenciamento de rRNA 16S em tecido valvular excisado, assim como a an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica podem aumentar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em casos com cultura negativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Essas t&#233;cnicas permitem a detec&#231;&#227;o e identifica&#231;&#227;o de microrganismos que podem ser n&#227;o cultiv&#225;veis ou presentes em quantidades muito baixas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, esses m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos avan&#231;ados n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis em nosso centro e, portanto, n&#227;o foram realizados neste paciente, o que representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o potencial na identifica&#231;&#227;o do pat&#243;geno causador; n&#227;o obstante, eles constituem uma abordagem recomendada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de EVP com cultura negativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O exame histopatol&#243;gico das v&#225;lvulas prot&#233;ticas n&#227;o foi realizado durante as reopera&#231;&#245;es; apenas a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica nativa inicial foi examinada, confirmando o envolvimento reum&#225;tico. Isso representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o, embora as an&#225;lises moleculares e histopatol&#243;gicas continuem sendo recomendadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o de endocardite prot&#233;tica com cultura negativa.</p>
      <p>A imagem multimodal foi fundamental tanto no diagn&#243;stico quanto no acompanhamento longitudinal, constituindo um crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico modificado pela ESC para endocardite infecciosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a sensibilidade do ETE na endocardite prot&#233;tica seja menor do que na endocardite de v&#225;lvula nativa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ele permanece essencial para a detec&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es prot&#233;ticas. O ETE tridimensional proporcionou uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o espacial detalhada do pseudoaneurisma da fibrosa mitroa&#243;rtica, melhorando a localiza&#231;&#227;o e auxiliando o planejamento cir&#250;rgico al&#233;m da imagem bidimensional convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O PET/CT com <sup>18</sup>F-FDG p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio excluiu infec&#231;&#227;o residual da pr&#243;tese ou peri-anular e focos extracard&#237;acos, refor&#231;ando seu papel complementar em casos complexos de endocardite prot&#233;tica. Notavelmente, o PET/CT com <sup>18</sup>F-FDG &#233; agora reconhecido como um importante crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico na classifica&#231;&#227;o de Duke modificada, refletindo sua crescente import&#226;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O curso cl&#237;nico do paciente foi complicado por deisc&#234;ncia prot&#233;tica recorrente, forma&#231;&#227;o de pseudoaneurisma e remodelamento ventricular progressivo, exigindo m&#250;ltiplas reopera&#231;&#245;es e terapia com dispositivo para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Tais eventos s&#227;o bem documentados na endocardite prot&#233;tica e contribuem para o seu mau progn&#243;stico, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca avan&#231;ada e aumento da mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os fatores de risco relatados para recorr&#234;ncia incluem infec&#231;&#227;o estafiloc&#243;cica (especialmente por ECN), pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas, cirurgias card&#237;acas pr&#233;vias e complica&#231;&#245;es estruturais locais, como pseudoaneurisma ou deisc&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Idade mais jovem, uso de drogas intravenosas ou infec&#231;&#227;o pelo HIV e t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica tamb&#233;m foram identificados como preditores de reopera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Embora a t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica inadequada possa contribuir para complica&#231;&#245;es recorrentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> todos os procedimentos neste caso foram realizados em um centro de cirurgia card&#237;aca de alto volume e com vasta experi&#234;ncia, por uma equipe cir&#250;rgica experiente, ressaltando a gravidade da patologia subjacente e o valor de uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica multidisciplinar e multimodal.</p>
      <p>Embora a terap&#234;utica antibi&#243;tica supressiva vital&#237;cia tenha sido proposta em cen&#225;rios selecionados de alto risco de endocardite infecciosa - particularmente quando o material infectado n&#227;o pode ser totalmente removido - as evid&#234;ncias permanecem limitadas e seu papel na EVP permanece incerto devido &#224; falta de estudos comparativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Neste paciente, que n&#227;o era imunossuprimido, avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, microbiol&#243;gicas e de imagem seriadas demonstraram consistentemente a aus&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o residual, e as hemoculturas permaneceram consistentemente negativas. Em colabora&#231;&#227;o com especialistas em Doen&#231;as Infecciosas, se optou por n&#227;o realizar terapia supressiva, visto que os benef&#237;cios te&#243;ricos n&#227;o superavam os riscos, dada a aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o em curso.</p>
      <p>Apesar desses desafios, o paciente permanece clinicamente est&#225;vel sob vigil&#226;ncia cont&#237;nua. Este caso ilustra que desfechos favor&#225;veis em casos de endocardite prot&#233;tica recorrente dependem do reconhecimento cl&#237;nico precoce, de exames de imagem multimodais abrangentes, de terapia antimicrobiana personalizada e de cirurgia oportuna dentro de uma abordagem multidisciplinar.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="sec1" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/hvk57C9YBTb8v5ZzjwFLqcL/9afcc3bf9aa7037725a882ab928b283f49db39c8.pdf"/>
        <p>Para Figura Suplementar, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0665_CC_Supplemental_Figure.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/hvk57C9YBTb8v5ZzjwFLqcL/66c6a7b8ce3a767b1bff5929ddfa1a9cf474e6d3.mp4"/>
        <p>Para V&#237;deo Suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0665_CC_Supplemental_Video_1.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/hvk57C9YBTb8v5ZzjwFLqcL/40d6849dde05f826e57627ae9eca2ba35f884a61.mp4"/>
        <p>Para V&#237;deo Suplementar 2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0665_CC_Supplemental_Video_2.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250665i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infective Endocarditis: A Never-Ending Ordeal?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-3039-1749</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Greg&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Beatriz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0662-328X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Nuno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1709-6283</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisbon</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Heart and Vessels Department, Hospital de Santa Maria (ULSSM), CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Catarina Greg&#243;rio</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Maria/ULS Santa Maria, CAML, CCUL@RISE &#8211; Av. Prof. Egas Moniz MB, 1649-028 Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>catarina.s.gregorio@ulssm.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Recurrent Infective Endocarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Pseudoaneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>Multimodality Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) is an uncommon but life-threatening condition. This report describes a challenging case of recurrent PVE with paravalvular complications requiring multiple surgical interventions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description</title>
        <p>A 38-year-old Black male with rheumatic valvular heart disease underwent aortic valve replacement with a 25-mm Sorin mechanical prosthesis in November 2017 due to severe aortic regurgitation. Preoperative echocardiography showed a tricuspid aortic valve with leaflet thickening, doming, and mild fibrocalcification, consistent with rheumatic involvement, and severe regurgitation (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Supplemental Figure 1</xref>). The mitral valve exhibited mild rheumatic changes (leaflet thickening and anterior leaflet doming) with mild regurgitation and no functional impact at that time.</p>
        <p>He was discharged on warfarin 5 mg, furosemide 40 mg, and enalapril 5 mg. He had no history of intravenous drug use, corticosteroid therapy, or immunosuppression.</p>
        <p>Four months later, he was admitted to the emergency department with severe exertional dyspnea (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). On examination, he was afebrile with a blood pressure of 133/61 mmHg and a heart rate of 89 bpm. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mechanical first heart sound and a systolic murmur over the aortic area, while pulmonary examination was unremarkable.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Timeline of Clinical Course. Timeline of the patient's presentation and clinical progression, highlighting the complexity and challenges involved in the management of recurrent prosthetic valve endocarditis. ED: emergency department; TEE: transoesophageal echocardiography; PET/CT: positron emission tomography/computed tomography; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) revealed prosthetic aortic valve dehiscence with rocking motion and rheumatic mitral involvement with mild regurgitation. He was started on empiric antibiotic therapy with vancomycin and gentamicin. Laboratory tests showed normocytic anemia (Hb 10.6 g/dL), elevated cardiac biomarkers (troponin T 45 ng/L and NT-proBNP 868 pg/mL), and low C-reactive protein (0.56 mg/dL). Blood cultures were negative. No embolic events occurred. Oral hygiene and dental health were good, and no portal of entry was identified.</p>
        <p>Redo surgery with implantation of a 23-mm Sorin mechanical aortic prosthesis was performed; <italic>Staphylococcus hominis</italic> was isolated from the prosthesis; although coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) may represent contaminants, clinical and imaging findings supported a true prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). The patient received targeted antibiotics for 6 weeks. His postoperative course was complicated by complete atrioventricular block, which persisted six days after surgery, prompting dual-chamber pacemaker implantation. After completing the 6-week antibiotic course, repeat blood cultures remained negative, and transthoracic echocardiography showed a well-seated prosthesis.</p>
        <p>Two months later, he returned with fatigue, anorexia, and unintentional weight loss (6 kg in two weeks), remaining afebrile. Transthoracic echocardiography, complemented by TEE, revealed torrential aortic regurgitation due to new prosthetic dehiscence and severe mitral regurgitation. Serial blood cultures remained negative. Extended infectious and autoimmune screening &#8212; including serologies for <italic>Coxiella</italic>, <italic>Bartonella</italic>, and <italic>Brucella</italic>, as well as an autoimmune panel (antinuclear antibodies, anti-dsDNA, and antiphospholipid antibodies [lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, and anti-&#946;2 glycoprotein]) &#8212; were negative. Fungal cultures were also negative. Recurrent PVE was suspected, and he received a six-week course of vancomycin, gentamicin, and rifampicin.</p>
        <p>After completing the full course of antibiotics, with persistently negative blood cultures, he underwent a third surgery: aortic valve replacement with a 25-mm St Jude mechanical prosthesis and mitral annuloplasty with a 32-mm Edwards ring.</p>
        <p>Postoperative <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated diffuse perivalvular uptake consistent with recent surgery but no abnormal focal hypermetabolism, supporting the absence of residual infection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2B</xref>). The pacing device and leads were retained after multidisciplinary discussion (electrophysiology and infectious disease teams), balancing the risks of device extraction against the absence of evidence of device infection. Follow-up echocardiography showed good prosthetic function, minimal aortic paravalvular leak, mild mitral regurgitation, and preserved systolic function. NT-proBNP levels were low (79 pg/mL), and the patient remained clinically stable and asymptomatic (New York Heart Association &#8211; NYHA class I) for several years under regular outpatient follow-up with transthoracic echocardiography.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Postoperative <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT of the patient. A - Absence of abnormal focal hypermetabolism, supporting no evidence of residual prosthetic valve infection. B - Diffuse perivalvular uptake consistent with recent postoperative changes.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Five years later, he presented with progressive dyspnea (NYHA III), orthopnea, and pulmonary congestion. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a normally functioning aortic prosthesis (mean gradient 22 mmHg, Doppler velocity index (DVI) 0.49, acceleration time/ejection time ratio 0.42) but a severe paravalvular leak (7&#8211;11 o'clock, ~30% of circumference) and prosthetic rocking (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>). TEE confirmed the presence of a pseudoaneurysm of the mitro-aortic fibrosa contiguous with the ascending aorta and left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 4A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">4B</xref>). Three-dimensional TEE was critical for delineating the extent of the pseudoaneurysm and guiding surgical planning (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figures 4C</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">4D</xref>). The left ventricle was severely dilated with preserved ejection fraction (LVEF 59%), though in the setting of significant volume overload; pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 31 mmHg, and no vegetations or abscesses were detected (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Supplemental Videos 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">2</xref>). Blood cultures and repeat serologies were again negative.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrating a periprosthetic regurgitant jet. A - Parasternal long-axis view. B - Short-axis view. C - Color Doppler showing holodiastolic flow reversal in the aortic isthmus, with a terminal velocity of 31 cm/s. D - Apical three-chamber view depicting an eccentric regurgitant jet extending throughout the left ventricular cavity.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transesophageal echocardiography and intraoperative findings. A - Short-axis view of the aortic valve showing "rocking motion" of the prosthesis, consistent with dehiscence, and severe periprosthetic regurgitation at the 7 to 11 o'clock position, involving 25% of the prosthetic circumference. B - Long-axis view of the aorta demonstrating a perivalvular echo-free space with color Doppler flow and systolic expansion, consistent with a periprosthetic pseudoaneurysm (at the mitral&#8211;aortic fibrosa). C and D - 3D TEE views delineating the pseudoaneurysm, extending cranially into the ascending aorta and caudally into the left ventricle. E - Intraoperative imaging showing extensive left ventricular outflow tract debridement.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Given the suspicion of recurrent PVE with perivalvular complication, he underwent a fourth surgery with replacement of both the aortic (St Jude Regent 23 mm) and mitral valves (St Jude Master 29 mm), with closure of the pseudoaneurysm using an autologous pericardial patch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4E</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5</xref>). Postoperative echocardiography revealed a severely dilated left ventricle and reduced ejection fraction (LVEF 30%), mild-to-moderate aortic periprosthetic regurgitation, and mild mitral prosthetic regurgitation. Guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure was initiated, and his device was upgraded to CRT-P. At 6-month follow-up, he remains clinically stable in NYHA class II.</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intraoperative images showing simultaneous replacement of the aortic and mitral valves, along with closure of a pseudoaneurysm using an autologous pericardial patch. A &#8211; Involvement of the mitro-aortic fibrosa (arrow); B &#8211; Extensive debridement of the pseudoaneurysm at the mitro-aortic fibrosa (arrow); C &#8211; Autologous pericardial patch being sutured to the mitro-aortic fibrosa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250665-50665-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>PVE is a relatively uncommon but severe complication, accounting for 5&#8211;20%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> of all cases of infective endocarditis and associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Staphylococci, particularly <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), are the most frequent pathogens in early PVE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and are consistently associated with adverse prognosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> most often involving the aortic valve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> CoNS infections, such as in this case, are particularly linked to late complications, including paravalvular leak, prosthetic dehiscence, and pseudoaneurysm formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our patient's initial presentation was indolent and atypical, remaining afebrile with minimal inflammatory response, persistently negative blood cultures, and no embolic phenomena. Surgical valve cultures identified <italic>Staphylococcus hominis</italic>, underscoring the diagnostic value of intraoperative valve culture in suspected culture-negative cases. Although CoNS such as <italic>S. hominis</italic> may occasionally represent contamination,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> the combination of clinical, imaging (prosthetic dehiscence), and laboratory findings (e.g., anemia) supported a true infective process.</p>
        <p>Extensive serological testing, including repeat serologies for <italic>Coxiella</italic>, <italic>Bartonella</italic>, and <italic>Brucella</italic>, and autoimmune testing, was also essential to exclude less common infectious agents<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and autoimmune-mediated valvulitis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> which may mimic endocarditis with prosthetic dehiscence. Fungal endocarditis was considered unlikely given the patient's immunocompetent status and absence of classical risk factors (such as intravenous drug use or indwelling catheters);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> nonetheless, fungal cultures were performed and were negative, supporting a bacterial etiology. No clear portal of entry was identified, and oral health was documented as good.</p>
        <p>In addition to the challenges in microbiological diagnosis, the role of biofilm formation is another key factor in PVE. CoNS and other low-virulence organisms can adhere to prosthetic material and form a biofilm, within which bacteria persist in a metabolically inactive state. This microenvironment reduces antibiotic penetration and efficacy and contributes to culture-negative presentations and late local complications such as paravalvular leak and annular involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Molecular diagnostic techniques, including PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing on excised valve tissue, as well as histopathological analysis, can increase diagnostic accuracy in culture-negative cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> These techniques allow the detection and identification of microorganisms that may be nonculturable or present in very low numbers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, these advanced diagnostic methods were not available at our center and were therefore not performed in this patient, representing a potential limitation in identifying the causative pathogen; nonetheless, they constitute a recommended approach in the evaluation of culture-negative PVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Histopathological examination of the prosthetic valves was not performed during the reoperations; only the initial native aortic valve was examined, confirming rheumatic involvement. This represents a limitation, while molecular and histopathological analyses remain recommended in the evaluation of culture-negative PVE.</p>
        <p>Multimodality imaging was pivotal in both diagnosis and longitudinal management, constituting an ESC-modified diagnostic criterion for infective endocarditis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although the sensitivity of TEE in PVE is lower than in native valve endocarditis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> it remains essential for detecting prosthetic complications. Three-dimensional TEE provided detailed spatial characterization of the pseudoaneurysm of the mitro-aortic fibrosa, improving localization and aiding surgical planning beyond conventional two-dimensional imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Postoperative <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT excluded residual prosthetic or peri-annular infection and extracardiac foci, reinforcing its complementary role in complex PVE. Notably, <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT is now recognized as a major diagnostic criterion in the modified Duke classification, reflecting its growing importance in routine practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The patient's clinical course was complicated by recurrent prosthetic dehiscence, pseudoaneurysm formation, and progressive ventricular remodeling requiring multiple redo surgeries and device therapy for heart failure. Such events are well documented in PVE and contribute to its poor prognosis, leading to advanced heart failure and increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Reported risk factors for recurrence include staphylococcal infection (especially CoNS), mechanical prostheses, prior cardiac surgeries, and local structural complications such as pseudoaneurysm or dehiscence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Younger age, intravenous drug use or HIV infection, and surgical technique have also been identified as predictors of reoperation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> While inadequate surgical technique may contribute to recurrent complications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> all procedures in this case were performed at a high-volume, experienced cardiac surgery center by an experienced surgical team, underscoring the severity of the underlying pathology and the value of a multidisciplinary, multimodal diagnostic approach.</p>
        <p>Although lifelong suppressive antibiotic therapy has been proposed in selected high-risk scenarios of infective endocarditis&#8212;particularly when infected material cannot be fully removed&#8212;evidence remains limited, and its role in PVE remains uncertain due to the lack of comparative studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In this patient, who was not immunosuppressed, serial clinical, microbiological, and imaging assessments consistently demonstrated the absence of residual infection, and blood cultures remained consistently negative. In collaboration with Infectious Disease specialists, suppressive therapy was not pursued, as theoretical benefits did not outweigh the risks, given the absence of evidence of ongoing infection.</p>
        <p>Despite these challenges, the patient currently remains clinically stable under continued surveillance. This case illustrates that favorable outcomes in recurrent PVE depend on prompt clinical recognition, comprehensive multimodal imaging, tailored antimicrobial therapy, and timely surgery within a multidisciplinary framework.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="sec2" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/hvk57C9YBTb8v5ZzjwFLqcL/9afcc3bf9aa7037725a882ab928b283f49db39c8.pdf"/>
          <p>For Supplementary Figure, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0665_CC_Supplemental_Figure.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/hvk57C9YBTb8v5ZzjwFLqcL/66c6a7b8ce3a767b1bff5929ddfa1a9cf474e6d3.mp4"/>
          <p>For Supplementary Video 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0665_CC_Supplemental_Video_1.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/hvk57C9YBTb8v5ZzjwFLqcL/40d6849dde05f826e57627ae9eca2ba35f884a61.mp4"/>
          <p>For Supplementary Video 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0665_CC_Supplemental_Video_2.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
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  </sub-article>
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