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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HZMtxg5dxXGvFYxXV3hgcVm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000400605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250660</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea com Volume de Contraste Ultrabaixo versus Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Convencional em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Pr&#233;-Existente: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise de Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6953-8544</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Danillo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-6252-6708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suruagy-Motta</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Fonseca Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5238-1339</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Dexheimer da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6592-4023</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Karlos Daniell Ara&#250;jo dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6287-5414</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Cesmac</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Cesmac, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Roraima</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boa Vista</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, RR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Adriano Caixeta &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715. CEP 04024-002, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>acaixeta@me.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250660</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A les&#227;o renal aguda associada ao contraste (LRA-AC) resulta em aumento da morbidade e mortalidade, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada e piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que limitar o volume de contraste (VC) a menos de 3 vezes a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) implica menor risco de LRA-AC, e tanto a efic&#225;cia quanto os melhores desfechos est&#227;o associados a procedimentos coron&#225;rios com volume de contraste ultrabaixo (VCU) (VC total &#8804; TFGe).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise teve como objetivo comparar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) com VCU versus ICP convencional em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus e Web of Science, incluindo todos os estudos que relataram desfechos cl&#237;nicos de ICP VCU. O desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia foi a incid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o renal aguda associada &#224; quimioterapia (LRA-AC), e os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram a necessidade de di&#225;lise, mortalidade por todas as causas e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE), definidos como o desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo clinicamente indicada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Seis estudos atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final, abrangendo um total de 274.102 pacientes. A ICP VCU foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da LRA-AC (raz&#227;o de risco = 0,27; IC 95% = 0,13&#8211;0,56; p = 0,0004) que foi observada. Por outro lado, a ICP VCU n&#227;o resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da necessidade de di&#225;lise (raz&#227;o de risco = 0,33; IC 95% = 0,06&#8211;1,72; p = 0,186), mortalidade por todas as causas (raz&#227;o de risco = 0,48; IC 95% = 0,17&#8211;1,39; p = 0,18) e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) (raz&#227;o de risco = 0,52; IC 95% = 0,21&#8211;1,30; p = 0,16).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A ICP VCU, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ICP convencional, em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, se mostrou segura, vi&#225;vel e associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da LRA-AC. Ensaios adicionais, de maior porte, randomizados e controlados, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essas descobertas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea com Volume de Contraste Ultrabaixo versus Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Convencional em Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Pr&#233;-Existente: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise de Desfechos Cl&#237;nicos</title>
            </caption>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Inj&#250;ria Renal Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Caracterizada por uma disfun&#231;&#227;o renal que ocorre poucos dias ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravascular de contraste, na aus&#234;ncia de outras etiologias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a les&#227;o renal aguda associada ao contraste (LRA-AC) resulta em aumento da morbidade e da mortalidade, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada e piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao longo do tempo, o melhor reconhecimento dos fatores de risco, a otimiza&#231;&#227;o dos agentes de contraste e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de cuidados preventivos resultaram em taxas mais baixas de LRA-AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>A hidrata&#231;&#227;o adequada, o uso de meios de contraste de baixa osmolaridade ou iso-osmolaridade e a minimiza&#231;&#227;o do volume de contraste (VC) s&#227;o os &#250;nicos recursos baseados em evid&#234;ncias que se mostraram eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o da LRA-AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que limitar o VC a menos de 3 vezes a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) implica menor risco de LRA-AC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e tanto a efic&#225;cia quanto os melhores resultados est&#227;o associados a procedimentos coron&#225;rios com volume de contraste ultrabaixo (VCU) (VC total &#8804; TFGe).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise teve como objetivo comparar os resultados cl&#237;nicos da ICP VCU versus a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) convencional em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com meta-an&#225;lise seguiu as diretrizes e resolu&#231;&#245;es determinadas pelo Manual Cochrane<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>e a PRISMA de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>Al&#233;m disso, este projeto foi registrado no PROSPERO (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/">https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/</ext-link>) com o n&#250;mero de protocolo CRD420251108750.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>A busca foi realizada de forma aut&#244;noma por dois pesquisadores (RS-M e CF) nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus e Web of Science, incluindo todos os estudos que relataram desfechos cl&#237;nicos de ICP VCU. Os operadores booleanos &#8220;AND&#8221; e &#8220;OR&#8221; foram aplicados para combinar os termos &#8220;<italic>Ultra-Low Contrast</italic>&#8221; (Contraste Ultrabaixo), &#8220;<italic>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</italic>&#8221; (Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea) e &#8220;<italic>PCI</italic>&#8221; (Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea). Essa mesma estrat&#233;gia foi utilizada em todas as bases de dados.</p>
        <p>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A principal quest&#227;o desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi: &#8220;A ICP com contraste ultrabaixo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ICP convencional, &#233; segura e vi&#225;vel?&#8221; Esta quest&#227;o foi fundamentada e formulada utilizando a estrutura PICOTT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> com os seguintes componentes:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o (P):</bold> adultos com DRC basal (TFGe &lt; 60 mL/min/ 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>) submetidos a ICP;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o (I):</bold> ICP de contraste ultrabaixo (VC total &#8804; TFGe para cada paciente respectivo);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o (C):</bold> ICP convencional (ap&#243;s opacifica&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica padr&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias com contraste para planejamento, orienta&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas etapas do procedimento e resultados da ICP, sem tentativas, t&#233;cnicas ou estrat&#233;gias para minimizar o VC total);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>
                <bold>Resultados (O):</bold>
              </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>&#8211; <underline>Desfecho prim&#225;rio</underline>: LRA-AC peri-procedural;</p>
          <p>&#8211; <underline>Desfechos secund&#225;rios</underline>: necessidade de di&#225;lise, mortalidade por todas as causas e eventos cardiovasculares adversos graves (MACE), definidos como o desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo clinicamente indicada;</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Tipo de estudo (T):</bold> ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e estudos observacionais;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Tempo (T):</bold> Acompanhamento perioperat&#243;rio de at&#233; 6 meses.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o aplicados neste estudo foram os seguintes: 1) estudos que abordaram apenas a estrat&#233;gia VCU sem nenhum grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o; 2) estudos que relataram exclusivamente os resultados da ICP guiada por ultrassom intravascular (IVUS); 3) estudos sem relato expl&#237;cito de VC; e 4) estudos que n&#227;o relataram dados quantitativos sobre LRA-AC ou desfechos renais relevantes. Al&#233;m disso, relatos de caso, revis&#245;es, resumos de congressos e pesquisas n&#227;o originais n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos</title>
      <p>A primeira triagem teve como alvo principal o t&#237;tulo e o resumo, sem restri&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; data de publica&#231;&#227;o. Todos os artigos foram importados para a plataforma Rayyan (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.rayyan.ai/">https://www.rayyan.ai/</ext-link>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Inicialmente, todas as duplicatas foram exclu&#237;das e, em seguida, se iniciou a triagem de t&#237;tulos e resumos. Nessa etapa, todos os artigos que n&#227;o se relacionavam diretamente ao tema de interesse foram exclu&#237;dos. Essa etapa foi realizada independentemente por dois revisores (RS-M e LS); quaisquer d&#250;vidas foram resolvidas com o aux&#237;lio de um terceiro pesquisador (MDO).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Pontos finais</title>
      <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia foi a incid&#234;ncia de LRA-AC periprocedural.</p>
      <p>Os desfechos secund&#225;rios foram a necessidade de di&#225;lise, a mortalidade por todas as causas e o MACE, definido como o desfecho composto de mortalidade por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo clinicamente indicada, no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio, com acompanhamento de at&#233; 6 meses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>A ICP VCU foi definida como a ICP realizada utilizando um VC total &#8804; TFGe para cada paciente.</p>
      <p>A ICP zero contraste (ou sem contraste), um subconjunto especial da ICP VCU, foi definida como a ICP realizada utilizando zero mL de contraste.</p>
      <p>A ICP convencional foi definida como a ICP realizada com opacifica&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica padr&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias por contraste para planejamento, orienta&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplas etapas do procedimento e resultados da ICP, sem tentativas, t&#233;cnicas ou estrat&#233;gias para minimizar o risco cardiovascular total.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a <italic>Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes</italic> (KDIGO), a LRA-AC foi definida como um aumento na creatinina s&#233;rica de &#8805;0,3 mg/dL em at&#233; 48 horas ap&#243;s a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao meio de contraste, ou de &#8805;50% em at&#233; 7 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
      <p>Os seguintes dados foram extra&#237;dos dos artigos selecionados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do estudo: autores, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, local do estudo, tipo de estudo (ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado ou observacional), tamanho da amostra, caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes, caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento, VC, tempo de seguimento, desfechos e resultados (LRA-AC, necessidade de di&#225;lise, mortalidade por todas as causas e MACE) e principais resultados. Dois revisores (RS-M e LS) extra&#237;ram e gerenciaram todos os dados de forma independente, os quais foram registrados em uma planilha do Excel<sup>&#174;</sup>. Quaisquer d&#250;vidas foram esclarecidas com o aux&#237;lio de um terceiro pesquisador (MDO).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise incluiu um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado e cinco estudos observacionais, al&#233;m da ferramenta ROBINS-I (<italic>Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>A metodologia aplicada focou especialmente no vi&#233;s relacionado ao desenho do estudo, fatores de confus&#227;o, sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos. Dois revisores independentes (LS e RS-M) realizaram as avalia&#231;&#245;es de risco de vi&#233;s, atribuindo pontua&#231;&#245;es com base em crit&#233;rios estabelecidos para cada instrumento. As discrep&#226;ncias entre os revisores foram resolvidas por meio de discuss&#227;o e, quando necess&#225;rio, um terceiro revisor (MDO) foi consultado para chegar a um consenso. Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram nenhuma ferramenta automatizada durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s; todas as classifica&#231;&#245;es e avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas manualmente por revisores experientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Esta meta-an&#225;lise foi conduzida seguindo padr&#245;es metodol&#243;gicos estabelecidos. Um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios foi empregado para levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a potencial heterogeneidade entre os estudos. Para desfechos bin&#225;rios, a raz&#227;o de risco (RR) com o respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foi calculada. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como valores de p &lt; 0,05. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada utilizando a estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup>, com valores &gt; 50% indicando heterogeneidade substancial. Nesses casos, an&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram realizadas utilizando o m&#233;todo <italic>leave-one-out</italic>, e gr&#225;ficos de Baujat foram gerados para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia de cada estudo individual no tamanho do efeito geral. O potencial vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado por meio de gr&#225;ficos de funil constru&#237;dos para cada desfecho. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas utilizando o R<sup>&#8482;</sup> no ambiente RStudio<sup>&#8482;</sup> (vers&#227;o 2024.11.0+488).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos</title>
        <p>Um total de 188 registros foram identificados no PubMed (n = 34), Scopus (n = 39), Web of Science (n = 44), Embase (n = 66) e Cochrane (n = 5). Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de 123 duplicatas, 65 registros permaneceram para a triagem de t&#237;tulo e resumo. Destes, 14 artigos foram selecionados para avalia&#231;&#227;o do texto completo. Finalmente, seis estudos atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final. Esse processo de busca est&#225; ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e dos pacientes</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise, descrevendo as informa&#231;&#245;es basais dos pacientes. A maioria dos estudos demonstrou bom equil&#237;brio entre os dois grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de participantes, distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo e idade. No entanto, houve algumas varia&#231;&#245;es importantes nos valores de TFGe e na preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise, descrevendo as informa&#231;&#245;es basais dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="5%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Autor, ano</th>
                  <th>Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th>Desenho do estudo</th>
                  <th colspan="2">N&#250;mero total de pacientes</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Macho</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Idade m&#233;dia</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Comorbidades</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Volume total de contraste (mL)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">N&#250;mero de stents implantados</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Contraste Ultrabaixo</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Contraste Ultrabaixo</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Contraste Ultrabaixo</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Contraste Ultrabaixo</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Contraste Ultrabaixo</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Contraste Ultrabaixo</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Contraste Ultrabaixo</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Convencional</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Contraste Ultrabaixo</td>
                  <td align="center">IPC Convencional</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Shrivastava et al.<sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndia</td>
                  <td align="center">Aleatorizado</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,44 &#177; 8,8</td>
                  <td align="center">60,17 &#177; 8,17</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (83) Diabetes / 28 (68) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (78) Diabetes / 36 (88) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (63,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (63,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,20 &#177; 9,96</td>
                  <td align="center">41,87 &#177; 9,34</td>
                  <td align="center">41,02 (&#177;9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">112,54 &#177; 25,18</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46 &#177; 0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Shibata et al.<sup>21</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Jap&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (87)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,3 &#177; 12,4</td>
                  <td align="center">70,7 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (54,0) Diabetes / 35 (70,0) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (58,0) Diabetes / 34 (68,0) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,9 &#177; 15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">72,6 &#177; 13,6</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 1,3 (IPC)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,4 &#177; 38,9 (IPC)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 &#177; 0,076</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 &#177; 0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sawant et al.<sup>31</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (81)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (54,2) Diabetes / 44 (91,7) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (48,7) Diabetes / 147 (96,7) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">19,17 &#177; 7,29</td>
                  <td align="center">147,14 &#177; 73,55</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Gurm et al.<sup>6</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">9.857</td>
                  <td align="center">13.952</td>
                  <td align="center">6872 (69,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8017 (57,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,49 &#177; 10,85</td>
                  <td align="center">74,38 &#177; 10,46</td>
                  <td align="center">4229 (42,9) Diabetes / 8181 (83,0) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">5436 (39,0) Diabetes / 12 534 (89,9) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">106,58 &#177; 41,19</td>
                  <td align="center">228,61 &#177; 83,76</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aggarwal et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">EUA</td>
                  <td align="center">Coorte</td>
                  <td align="center">11.621</td>
                  <td align="center">238.169</td>
                  <td align="center">7391 (63,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">139.329 (58,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,7 &#177; 11,1**</td>
                  <td align="center">73,7 &#177; 11,1**</td>
                  <td align="center">6.461 (55,6) Diabetes / 10.842 (93,3) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">128.135 (53,8) Diabetes / 219.592 (92,2) Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">11.621 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">238.169 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">CV/eGFR &lt; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">CV / eGFR &gt; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Azzalini et al.<sup>4</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">It&#225;lia</td>
                  <td align="center">Retrospectivo</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">103</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">83 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">76,0 &#177; 7,4**</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">62 (56) Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,7 &#177; 4,4**</td>
                  <td align="center">24,8 &#177; 5,9**</td>
                  <td align="center">9,5 &#177; 12,7**</td>
                  <td align="center">96,0 &#177; 60,7**</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Observa&#231;&#227;o: Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, n&#250;mero (n&#186;) ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); IPC: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; NR: n&#227;o relatado. *Valores apresentados como N (%) ou m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; **Valores transformados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o usando o m&#233;todo de Wan et al.<sup><italic>24</italic></sup></italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Les&#227;o renal aguda associada ao contraste</title>
          <p>A metan&#225;lise da incid&#234;ncia de LRA-AC demonstrou um RR agrupado geral de 0,27 (IC 95% = 0,13&#8211;0,56) sob um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, favorecendo a ICP VCU em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ICP convencional. A an&#225;lise revelou heterogeneidade substancial (I<sup>2</sup> = 96,7%), indicando variabilidade significativa entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos em termos de desenho, popula&#231;&#245;es e protocolos de procedimento. Apesar dessa alta heterogeneidade, o teste para o efeito geral foi estatisticamente significativo (Z = -3,52, p = 0,0004), apoiando um potencial papel protetor da ICP VCU na redu&#231;&#227;o da LRA-AC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ICP convencional. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de floresta para o desfecho de LRA-AC. A an&#225;lise mostra as taxas gerais de LRA-AC comparando ICP VCU versus ICP convencional nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. O losango preto na parte inferior representa o RR agrupado derivado da metan&#225;lise. LRA-AC: les&#227;o renal aguda associada ao contraste; VCU: contraste ultrabaixo; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RR: raz&#227;o de risco.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Resultados secund&#225;rios</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Necessidade de di&#225;lise</title>
        <p>A metan&#225;lise da necessidade de di&#225;lise demonstrou um RR agrupado geral de 0,33 (IC 95% = 0,06&#8211;1,72) sob um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, favorecendo a ICP VCU, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ICP convencional, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (Z = &#8722;1,32, p = 0,186). A an&#225;lise revelou heterogeneidade consider&#225;vel (I<sup>2</sup> = 86,8%), sugerindo diferen&#231;as substanciais entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos em termos de desenho, fun&#231;&#227;o renal basal e crit&#233;rios para in&#237;cio da terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal. Embora a estimativa pontual sugira um potencial efeito protetor, o amplo intervalo de confian&#231;a e a alta heterogeneidade impedem conclus&#245;es definitivas. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de floresta para o desfecho de necessidade de di&#225;lise. A an&#225;lise mostra as taxas gerais de necessidade de di&#225;lise comparando ICP VCU versus ICP convencional nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. O losango preto na parte inferior representa o RR agrupado derivado da metan&#225;lise. VCU: contraste ultrabaixo; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RR: raz&#227;o de risco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade por todas as causas</title>
        <p>A metan&#225;lise da mortalidade por todas as causas demonstrou um RR agrupado geral de 0,48 (IC 95% = 0,17&#8211;1,39) sob o modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, favorecendo a ICP VCU em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ICP convencional, embora sem atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (Z = -1,35, p = 0,18). O alto grau de heterogeneidade (I<sup>2</sup> = 93,7%) indica variabilidade substancial entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos, provavelmente devido a diferen&#231;as na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, t&#233;cnicas de procedimento ou defini&#231;&#245;es de desfecho. Embora a estimativa pontual sugira um potencial benef&#237;cio na mortalidade para estrat&#233;gias VCU, o amplo IC e a marcada heterogeneidade impedem conclus&#245;es confi&#225;veis. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de floresta para o desfecho de mortalidade por todas as causas. A an&#225;lise mostra as taxas de mortalidade geral comparando a ICP VCU versus ICP convencional em todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos. O losango preto na parte inferior representa o risco relativo (RR) agrupado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eventos cardiovasculares adversos graves</title>
        <p>A metan&#225;lise de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) mostrou um risco relativo (RR) agrupado geral de 0,52 (IC 95% = 0,21&#8211;1,30) sob o modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, sugerindo uma poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o de MACE com a ICP VCU, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ICP convencional, embora esse achado n&#227;o tenha atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (Z = -1,40, p = 0,16). Observou-se heterogeneidade moderada (I<sup>2</sup> = 63,8%), refletindo alguma variabilidade nos protocolos dos estudos, nas defini&#231;&#245;es de MACE ou nas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes. Apesar da dire&#231;&#227;o do efeito favorecer a ICP VCU, o IC foi amplo e cruzou a unidade, impedindo conclus&#245;es definitivas. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de floresta para o desfecho MACE. A an&#225;lise mostra as taxas gerais de MACE comparando ICP VCU versus ICP convencional nos estudos inclu&#237;dos. O losango preto na parte inferior representa o RR agrupado derivado da metan&#225;lise. MACE: desfecho cardiovascular adverso maior; VCU: contraste ultrabaixo; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RR: raz&#227;o de risco.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
      <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade utilizando os m&#233;todos <italic>Leave-one-out</italic>, Baujat e Funil para investigar as fontes de heterogeneidade. A exclus&#227;o de Shibata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>reduziu a heterogeneidade para 0% para o desfecho MACE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>), e a exclus&#227;o de Gurm et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> reduziu a heterogeneidade para 68% para mortalidade por todas as causas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>) e para 65% para necessidade de di&#225;lise, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade</title>
      <p>Um ensaio randomizado foi inclu&#237;do nesta metan&#225;lise, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s (RoB) foi realizada por meio da ferramenta Cochrane RoB 2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> seguindo o Manual Cochrane para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas de Interven&#231;&#245;es,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> o que indicou um risco moderado de vi&#233;s. Isso se deveu principalmente a m&#233;todos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o pouco claros e &#224; falta de alguns dados de desfecho (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, cinco estudos n&#227;o randomizados foram inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise e avaliados pela ferramenta ROBINS-I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 1</xref>). Dois desses estudos apresentaram um risco s&#233;rio de vi&#233;s, principalmente devido a diferen&#231;as basais entre os dois grupos analisados: houve diferen&#231;as significativas na TFGe e disparidades substanciais no n&#250;mero de pacientes em cada grupo. Esses desequil&#237;brios basais podem introduzir fatores de confus&#227;o que podem distorcer os efeitos observados e comprometer a validade interna.</p>
      <p>Outros estudos demonstraram um risco moderado de vi&#233;s no Dom&#237;nio 1 (fatores de confus&#227;o). Enquanto isso, a ferramenta ROBINS-I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>embora forne&#231;a uma abordagem estruturada para avaliar esse dom&#237;nio, o risco inerente aos estudos n&#227;o randomizados deve ser considerado, e alguns fatores de confus&#227;o residuais ainda podem influenciar os resultados.</p>
      <p>Outros riscos identificados inclu&#237;ram protocolos de estudo pouco claros e aloca&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva de pacientes, ambos capazes de introduzir vieses. Protocolos pouco claros podem levar a inconsist&#234;ncias na implementa&#231;&#227;o do estudo, enquanto a aloca&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva pode resultar em vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Meta-regress&#227;o</title>
      <p>Devido &#224; elevada heterogeneidade observada, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de meta-regress&#227;o para explorar poss&#237;veis fontes de variabilidade. Foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes no grupo ICP VCU e os riscos de LRA-AC (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>5</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>20</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>0615</mml:mn><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mtext> idade m&#233;dia, p &lt; 0,001 </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> , p &lt; 0,001, R<sup>2</sup> = 100%, <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 2</xref>) e morte ( <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>9</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>11</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1205</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> idade m&#233;dia </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> , p = 0,009, R<sup>2</sup> = 66,8%, I<sup>2</sup> residual 69%, <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura suplementar 3</xref>), indicando que a idade explicou a heterogeneidade entre os estudos. Este achado pode ser explicado pela conhecida rela&#231;&#227;o entre idade e reserva funcional reduzida, sugerindo que indiv&#237;duos mais velhos t&#234;m maior probabilidade de desenvolver LRA-AC e de morrer, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os mais jovens.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A principal conclus&#227;o desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise que comparou a ICP VCU com a ICP convencional em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) basal foi que a ICP VCU resultou em uma estatisticamente significativa redu&#231;&#227;o (RR=0,27; IC 95%=0,13&#8211;0,56; p=0,0004) de LRA-AC, que est&#225; associada a progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel, desfechos cl&#237;nicos delet&#233;rios, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o prolongada e aumento da mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ICP VCU &#233; uma abordagem contempor&#226;nea que incorpora as melhores pr&#225;ticas, como fisiologia invasiva, imagem intravascular e ferramentas radiogr&#225;ficas avan&#231;adas em vez de contraste radiogr&#225;fico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Ao combinar essas ferramentas, com a esperada melhoria na seguran&#231;a, os resultados dos procedimentos, tanto a curto quanto a longo prazo, devem ser melhores do que com a orienta&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente, s&#227;o descritas diversas estrat&#233;gias para reduzir o VC durante a ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Dentre essas abordagens, a orienta&#231;&#227;o por IVUS parece ser a mais eficaz.</p>
      <p>O estudo MOZART (<italic>Minimizing cOntrast utiliZation With IVUS Guidance in coRonary angioplasTy</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>foi o primeiro estudo randomizado a comprovar que uma estrat&#233;gia de imagem intravascular pr&#233;via pode reduzir o uso de contraste em cerca de 2/3 sem prejudicar os resultados da ICP aguda. Kumar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>descreveram sua experi&#234;ncia com ICP guiada por IVUS sem contraste em 42 pacientes consecutivos com DRC (TFGe m&#233;dia: 30,67 &#177; 12,26 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, 66 vasos, 21,2% ICP na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda principal). O sucesso t&#233;cnico foi de 92,4%, sem complica&#231;&#245;es maiores, durante o acompanhamento de 3 a 12 meses. Truong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>avaliaram uma estrat&#233;gia de ICP VCU guiada por IVUS em 80 pacientes (100 les&#245;es) com DRC moderada a grave (TFG &lt; 50 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>). O VC m&#233;dio por procedimento foi de 10,3 &#177; 7,2 mL. Todas as ICPs foram realizadas com sucesso, sem complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias. Apenas 1 paciente apresentou LRA-AC (1,2%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma incid&#234;ncia prevista de 21,2% &#177; 10,4% utilizando o escore de Mehran.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>(p&lt;0,00001). Sekerak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>em um estudo retrospectivo avaliaram 100 pacientes (TFGe basal mediana: 21,5 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, VC total mediano: 8 mL e VC/TFGe mediano: 0,37) submetidos a ICP VCU guiada por IVUS. De forma semelhante &#224; presente metan&#225;lise, os desfechos inclu&#237;ram LRA-AC, &#243;bito, necessidade de di&#225;lise e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) no acompanhamento de 1 ano. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre a TFGe pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento (p = 0,84). Em 1 ano, 8% dos pacientes faleceram, 11% necessitaram de di&#225;lise e 33% apresentaram MACE. Allali et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>avaliaram 26 pacientes com DRC avan&#231;ada submetidos a aterectomia rotacional VCU guiada por IVUS, em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma popula&#231;&#227;o pareada por propens&#227;o submetida a ICP padr&#227;o. A efic&#225;cia foi avaliada pela aus&#234;ncia de LRA-AC ap&#243;s a ICP. A TFGe m&#233;dia foi de 32 &#177; 17 mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>; o sucesso angiogr&#225;fico foi alcan&#231;ado em 100% dos casos; e o VC mediano foi de 12,5 mL. A LRA-AC ocorreu em um paciente e em cinco no grupo de ICP padr&#227;o (p = 0,19).</p>
      <p>Em um estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado, Shrivastava et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>avaliaram o desfecho e a seguran&#231;a a curto prazo da ICP VCU versus ICP convencional em 82 pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e alto risco de (LRA-AC) (TFGe &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> e risco pr&#233;-procedimento moderado a muito alto de desenvolver LRA-AC, calculado pela calculadora de risco de Maioli).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>O IVUS foi utilizado em apenas 17% dos pacientes do grupo ICP VCU. Da mesma forma, na presente metan&#225;lise, a LRA-AC (desfecho prim&#225;rio) ocorreu mais no grupo de ICP convencional (17,1% vs. 0%; p= 0,012), e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos desfechos secund&#225;rios de seguran&#231;a no acompanhamento de 30 dias.</p>
      <p>Aggarwal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>analisaram 463.753 pacientes com DRC basal (TFGe &lt; 60mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>) do registro <italic>National Cardiovascular Data Registry Cath PCI</italic>. Assim como na presente metan&#225;lise, o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia LRA-AC. Comparados aos pacientes com baixo VC (&gt; 1 VC /eTFG &lt; 3), aqueles que receberam alto VC (VC/TFGe &#8805; 3) apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia (raz&#227;o de chances ajustada = 1,36; IC = 1,28 a 1,45) e um est&#225;gio mais avan&#231;ado (raz&#227;o de chances ajustada = 1,90; IC = 1,80 a 2,00) de LRA-AC, cuja incid&#234;ncia foi semelhante entre os grupos com baixo VC e com VCU (VC &#8804; TFGe). A necessidade de di&#225;lise foi maior nos pacientes que receberam alto VC (2,8%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos com baixo VC (0,8%) e com VCU (0,8%) (p &lt; 0,001). Da mesma forma, Gurm et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>avaliaram o desfecho ICP VCU em 75.393 pacientes. Comparado ao baixo VC (&gt;1 VC/TFGe &lt;3), VCU (VC&#8804; TFGe, realizado em apenas 13% dos procedimentos) foi associada a incid&#234;ncias significativamente menores de LRA-AC (raz&#227;o de chances ajustada = 0,682, IC 95% = 0,566&#8211;0,821, p&lt; 0,001) e necessidade de di&#225;lise (raz&#227;o de chances ajustada = 0,341, IC 95% = 0,165&#8211;0,704, p=0,003). Os benef&#237;cios foram mais evidentes em pacientes com alto risco basal previsto de LRA-AC.</p>
      <p>Por sua vez, Azzalini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>avaliaram dados de 111 pacientes (8 no grupo VCU e 103 no grupo de ICP convencional) com DRC avan&#231;ada (TFGe &lt; 30 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>). O VC total foi significativamente menor no grupo ICP VCU (8,8 mL vs. 90 mL; p &lt; 0,001). O protocolo ICP VCU foi bem-sucedido em 88% dos casos, incluindo bifurca&#231;&#227;o com dois stents, aterectomia rotacional e ICP em oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica com suporte mec&#226;nico. As incid&#234;ncias de LRA-AC foram de 0% e 15,5% nos grupos ICP VCU e de ICP convencional, respectivamente (p = 0,28).Da mesma forma, Sawant et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>compararam os resultados cl&#237;nicos da ICP VCU (48 pacientes) versus ICP convencional (152 pacientes). O desfecho prim&#225;rio (LRA-AC ou necessidade de di&#225;lise) foi menor no grupo de ICP VCU (2% vs. 15,8%, p=0,01). A incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade por todas as causas foi semelhante em ambos os grupos. Durante o acompanhamento de 6 meses, a redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi menor no grupo ICP VCU.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o, Shibata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> avaliaram 50 pacientes divididos em grupos de ICP sem contraste e ICP convencional. Ao contr&#225;rio da presente metan&#225;lise, o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a incid&#234;ncia de MACE, que foi semelhante entre os grupos (p= 0,95). A ICP sem contraste foi bem-sucedida em todos os procedimentos, sem LRA-AC, necessidade de di&#225;lise ou complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas futuras</title>
        <p>Com o desenvolvimento cont&#237;nuo de tecnologias e a inova&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea, a ICP VCU ser&#225; amplamente realizada, ampliando a efic&#225;cia das t&#233;cnicas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea. Al&#233;m de pacientes com DRC, t&#233;cnicas que minimizam o uso de contraste podem ser incorporadas em diversos contextos cl&#237;nicos, como revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea em doen&#231;as complexas, dissec&#231;&#245;es da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, choque circulat&#243;rio, alergias ao contraste, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e parada card&#237;aca extra-hospitalar, s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas, interven&#231;&#245;es estruturais, incluindo substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica por cateter, entre outros. Nesses contextos, a ICP VCU e o uso sistem&#225;tico de fisiologia e imagem intravascular aumentam a probabilidade de resultados &#243;timos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. A inclus&#227;o de poucos estudos, predominantemente n&#227;o randomizados, introduz um potencial vi&#233;s, afetando a confiabilidade dos resultados. Estudos com resultados positivos podem ter maior probabilidade de serem publicados. Heterogeneidade relevante (I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 50%) em todos os desfechos - LRA-AC (I<sup>2</sup> &gt;96%), necessidade de di&#225;lise (I<sup>2</sup>&gt;86%), mortalidade por todas as causas (I<sup>2</sup>&gt;93%), e MACE (I<sup>2</sup>&gt;63%) - reflete variabilidade significativa no desenho do estudo, popula&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, protocolos e t&#233;cnicas de procedimento, fun&#231;&#227;o renal basal, crit&#233;rios para in&#237;cio da terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal, defini&#231;&#245;es de desfechos, entre outros. Embora tenham sido feitos esfor&#231;os para mitigar a heterogeneidade, &#233; prov&#225;vel que fatores de confus&#227;o residuais persistam. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es ressaltam a necessidade de ensaios maiores, com poder estat&#237;stico adequado, randomizados e controlados, com protocolos padronizados, metodologias e per&#237;odos de acompanhamento prolongados, para fortalecer a base de evid&#234;ncias e refinar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ICP convencional, o contraste ultrabaixo em pacientes com DRC mostrou-se seguro, vi&#225;vel e associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da les&#227;o renal aguda relacionada ao contraste. Ensaios adicionais, de maior porte, randomizados e controlados, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar essas descobertas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01">
        <label>FIGURAS SUPLEMENTARES</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HZMtxg5dxXGvFYxXV3hgcVm/6501719c97b118e88b77fdcdd97315ed677d9ddc.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250660i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ultra-Low Contrast versus Conventional Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients with Baseline Renal Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6953-8544</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Danillo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-6252-6708</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Suruagy-Motta</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Fonseca Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5238-1339</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Dexheimer da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6592-4023</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Karlos Daniell Ara&#250;jo dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6287-5414</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caixeta</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Cesmac, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Roraima, Boa Vista, RR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Adriano Caixeta &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715. Postal Code 04024-002, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: acaixeta@me.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) results in increased morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and worse clinical outcomes. Prior studies have shown that limiting contrast volume (CV) to less than 3 times the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) implies a lower risk of CA-AKI, and both efficacy and superior outcomes are associated with ultra-low contrast (ULC) volume coronary procedures (total CV &#8804; eGFR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare clinical outcomes of ULC versus conventional percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with chronic kidney disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The search was conducted in the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, including all studies reporting clinical outcomes of ULC PCI. The primary efficacy endpoint was the incidence of CA-AKI, and secondary endpoints were need for dialysis, all-cause mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Six studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis, encompassing a total of 274,102 patients. ULC PCI was associated with a statistically significant reduction of CA-AKI (risk ratio=0.27; 95% CI=0.13&#8211;0.56; p=0.0004). In turn, ULC PCI did not result in statistically significant reduction of need for dialysis (risk ratio=0.33; 95% CI=0.06&#8211;1.72; p=0.186), all-cause mortality (risk ratio=0.48; 95% CI=0.17&#8211;1.39; p=0.18), and MACE (risk ratio=0.52; <italic>95% CI= 0.21&#8211;1.30; p=0.16).</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> ULC, as compared to conventional PCI, in patients with chronic kidney disease, was found to be safe, feasible, and associated with a statistically significant reduction of CA-AKI. Further, larger, well-powered, randomized, and controlled trials are warranted in order to reassure these findings.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ultra-Low Contrast versus Conventional Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Patients with Baseline Renal Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Kidney Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Characterized by an impairment in renal function occurring within days after contrast media intravascular administration, in the absence of alternative etiologies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) results in increased morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Over time, improved recognition of risk factors, optimization of contrast agents, and implementation of preventive care resulted in lower rates of CA-AKI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Appropriate hydration, use of low-osmolar or iso-osmolar contrast media, and contrast volume (CV) minimization are the unique evidence-based resources that have been effective at decreasing CA-AKI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Prior studies have shown that limiting CV to less than 3 times the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) implies lower risk of CA-AKI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and both efficacy and superior outcomes are associated with ultra-low contrast (ULC) volume (total CV &#8804; eGFR) coronary procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare clinical outcomes of ULC versus conventional percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review with meta-analysis followed guidelines and resolutions determined by the Cochrane Handbook<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 statement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, this project has been registered in PROSPERO (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO">https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO</ext-link>/) with protocol number CRD420251108750.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>The search was conducted autonomously by two researchers (RS-M &amp; CF) into the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, including all studies reporting clinical outcomes of ULC PCI. Boolean operators &#8220;AND&#8221; and &#8220;OR&#8221; were applied to combine the terms &#8220;Ultra-Low Contrast&#8221;, &#8220;Percutaneous Coronary Intervention&#8221;, and &#8220;PCI&#8221;. This same strategy was used in all of the databases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
            <p>The main question for this systematic review was: &#8220;Is ultra-low contrast PCI, as compared to conventional PCI, safe and feasible?&#8221; This question was substantiated and formulated using the PICOTT framework,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> with the following components:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Population (P):</bold> adults with baseline CKD (eGFR&lt; 60mL/min/1.73m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) undergoing PCI;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Intervention (I):</bold> ultra-low contrast PCI (total CV &#8804; eGFR for each respective patient);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Comparison (C):</bold> conventional PCI (upon standard systematic contrast opacification of coronary arteries for planning, guidance, and assessment of multiple procedural steps and results of PCI, without attempts, techniques, or strategies to minimize total CV);</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>
                  <bold>Outcomes (O):</bold>
                </p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
            <p><underline>&#8211; Primary endpoint</underline>: periprocedural CA-AKI;</p>
            <p><underline>&#8211; Secondary endpoints</underline>: need for dialysis, all-cause mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization;</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Type of Study (T):</bold> randomized clinical trials and observational studies;</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Time (T):</bold> periprocedural up to 6-month follow-up.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
            <p>Exclusion criteria applied for this study were as follows: 1) studies that only addressed ULC strategy without any comparison arm; 2) studies that reported exclusively intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided PCI outcomes; 3) studies without explicit reporting of CV; and 4) studies that did not report quantitative data on CA-AKI or relevant renal outcomes. Additionally, case reports, reviews, conference abstracts, and non-original research were not included in this systematic review and meta-analysis.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Studies selection</title>
        <p>The first screening targeted mainly the title and abstract, without any restrictions on publication date. All articles were imported into the Rayyan platform (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.rayyan.]ai/">https://www.rayyan.]ai/</ext-link>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Initially, all duplicates were excluded, and then title and abstract screening started. At this stage, all articles that did not directly pertain to the topic of interest were excluded. This step was carried out independently by two reviewers (RS-M and LS); any uncertainties were resolved with the assistance of a third researcher (MDO).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Endpoints</title>
        <p>The primary efficacy endpoint was the incidence of periprocedural CA-AKI.</p>
        <p>Secondary endpoints were need for dialysis, all-cause mortality, and MACE, defined as the composite endpoint of all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization, periprocedural up to 6-month follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definitions</title>
        <p>ULC PCI was defined as PCI performed utilizing a total CV &#8804; eGFR for each respective patient.</p>
        <p>Zero-contrast (or non-contrast) PCI, a special subset of ULC PCI, was defined as PCI performed utilizing zero mL of contrast dye.</p>
        <p>Conventional PCI was defined as PCI performed upon standard systematic contrast opacification of coronary arteries for planning, guidance, and assessment of multiple procedural steps and results of PCI, without attempts, techniques, or strategies to minimize total CV.</p>
        <p>According to Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, CA-AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine by &#8805;0.3 mg/dL within 48h after contrast media exposure, or by &#8805;50% within 7 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>The following data were extracted from the selected articles according to the study criteria: authors, year of publication, study location, type of study (randomized clinical trial or observational), sample size, patient demographic characteristics, procedural characteristics, contrast volume, follow-up time, endpoints and outcomes (CA-AKI, need for dialysis, all-cause mortality and MACE), and main results. Two reviewers (RS-M and LS) independently extracted and managed all data, which were recorded in an EXCEL&#174; spreadsheet. Any doubts were resolved with the assistance of a third researcher (MDO).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality assessment</title>
        <p>One randomized clinical trial and five observational studies were included in this meta-analysis, and the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>was applied, focusing especially on bias related to study design, confounding factors, participant selection, and outcome assessment. Two independent reviewers (LS and RS-M) conducted risk of bias assessments, assigning scores based on established criteria for each tool. Discrepancies between reviewers were resolved through discussion and, when necessary, a third reviewer (MDO) was consulted to achieve consensus. The authors did not use any automated tools during the risk of bias assessment; all grades and evaluations were manually performed by experienced reviewers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis was conducted following established methodological standards. A random-effects model was employed to account for potential heterogeneity among studies. For binary outcomes, risk ratio (RR) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Statistical significance was defined as p-values &lt; 0.05. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I<sup>2</sup> statistic, with values &gt; 50% indicating substantial heterogeneity. For such cases, sensitivity analyses were performed using the leave-one-out method, and Baujat plots were generated to assess the influence of each individual study on the overall effect size. Potential publication bias was evaluated through funnel plots constructed for each outcome. All statistical analyses were conducted using R<sup>&#8482;</sup> within the RStudio<sup>&#8482;</sup> environment (version 2024.11.0+488).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>A total of 188 records were identified from PubMed (n = 34), Scopus (n = 39), Web of Science (n = 44), Embase (n = 66), and Cochrane (n = 5). After removing 123 duplicates, 65 records remained for title and abstract screening. Among these, 14 articles were selected for full-text evaluation. Finally, six studies met the inclusion criteria and were then included in the final analysis. This search process is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; PRISMA flow diagram.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Baseline characteristics of included studies and patients</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the characteristics of the studies included in the current systematic review and meta-analysis, depicting baseline patient information. Most studies demonstrated good balance across the two groups in the number of participants, sex distribution, and age. However, there were some important variations in eGFR values and prevalence of comorbidities.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of studies included in current systematic review and meta-analysis, depicting baseline patient information</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="5%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Author, year</th>
                    <th>Country</th>
                    <th>Study design</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Total number of patients</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Male</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Mean age</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Comorbidities</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Chronic kidney disease</th>
                    <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>) </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Total contrast volume (mL)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Number of deployed stents</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">Ultra-Low Contrast PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Ultra-Low Contrast PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Ultra-Low Contrast PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Ultra-Low Contrast PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Ultra-Low Contrast PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Ultra-Low Contrast PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Ultra-Low Contrast PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Ultra-Low Contrast PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">Conventional PCI</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Shrivastava et al.<sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">India</td>
                    <td align="center">Randomized</td>
                    <td align="center">41</td>
                    <td align="center">41</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (76)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (73)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.44 &#177; 8.8</td>
                    <td align="center">60.17 &#177; 8.17</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (83) Diabetes / 28 (68) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (78) Diabetes / 36 (88) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (63.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (63.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.20 &#177; 9.96</td>
                    <td align="center">41.87 &#177; 9.34</td>
                    <td align="center">41.02 (&#177;9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">112.54 &#177; 25.18</td>
                    <td align="center">1.46 &#177; 0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Shibata et al.<sup>21</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Japan</td>
                    <td align="center">Cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (88)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (87)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.3 &#177; 12.4</td>
                    <td align="center">70.7 &#177; 12.0</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (54.0) Diabetes / 35 (70.0) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (58.0) Diabetes / 34 (68.0) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.9 &#177; 15.2</td>
                    <td align="center">72.6 &#177; 13.6</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 1.3 (IPC)</td>
                    <td align="center">86.4 &#177; 38.9 (IPC)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14 &#177; 0.076</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27 &#177; 0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Sawant et al.<sup>31</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective</td>
                    <td align="center">48</td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (81)</td>
                    <td align="center">110 (72)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">68 &#177; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (54.2) Diabetes / 44 (91.7) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (48.7) Diabetes / 147 (96.7) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">19.17 &#177; 7.29</td>
                    <td align="center">147.14 &#177; 73.55</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Gurm et al.<sup>6</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective</td>
                    <td align="center">9.857</td>
                    <td align="center">13.952</td>
                    <td align="center">6872 (69.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8017 (57.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.49 &#177; 10.85</td>
                    <td align="center">74.38 &#177; 10.46</td>
                    <td align="center">4229 (42.9) Diabetes / 8181 (83.0) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">5436 (39.0) Diabetes / 12 534 (89.9) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">106.58 &#177; 41.19</td>
                    <td align="center">228.61 &#177; 83.76</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Aggarwal et al.<sup>9</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">USA</td>
                    <td align="center">Cohort</td>
                    <td align="center">11.621</td>
                    <td align="center">238.169</td>
                    <td align="center">7391 (63.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">139.329 (58.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.7 &#177; 11.1**</td>
                    <td align="center">73.7 &#177; 11.1**</td>
                    <td align="center">6.461 (55.6) Diabetes / 10.842 (93.3) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">128.135 (53.8) Diabetes / 219.592 (92.2) Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">11.621 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">238.169 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">CV/eGFR &lt; 1</td>
                    <td align="center">CV / eGFR &gt; 3</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Azzalini et al.<sup>4</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Italy</td>
                    <td align="center">Retrospective</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">103</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">83 (75)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">76.0 &#177; 7.4**</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">62 (56) Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">103 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.7 &#177; 4.4**</td>
                    <td align="center">24.8 &#177; 5.9**</td>
                    <td align="center">9.5 &#177; 12.7**</td>
                    <td align="center">96.0 &#177; 60.7**</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Note: Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, number (no.), or median (interquartile range); PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; NR: non-reported. *Values reported as N (%) or mean &#177; standard deviation; **Values transformed to mean &#177; standard deviation using the method from Wan et al.<sup><italic>24</italic></sup></italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary outcome</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Contrast-associated acute kidney injury</title>
            <p>The meta-analysis of CA-AKI incidence demonstrated an overall pooled RR of 0.27 (95% CI=0.13&#8211;0.56) under a random-effects model, favoring ULC PCI over conventional PCI. The analysis revealed substantial heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>=96.7%), indicating significant variability among included studies in terms of design, populations, and procedural protocols. Despite this high heterogeneity, the test for overall effect was statistically significant (Z=-3.52, p=0.0004), supporting a potential protective role of ULC PCI in reducing CA-AKI, as compared to conventional PCI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Forest plot for CA-AKI outcome. The analysis shows overall CA-AKI rates comparing ULC versus conventional PCI across included studies. The black diamond at the bottom represents pooled RR derived from the meta-analysis. CA-AKI: contrast-associated acute kidney injury; ULC: ultra-low contrast; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CI: Confidence Interval; RR: Risk Ratio.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Secondary outcomes</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Need for dialysis</title>
          <p>The meta-analysis of the need for dialysis demonstrated an overall pooled RR of 0.33 (95% CI=0.06&#8211;1.72) under a random-effects model, favoring ULC PCI, as compared to conventional PCI, though without statistical significance (Z=&#8722;1.32, p=0.186). The analysis revealed considerable heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>=86.8%), suggesting substantial differences among included studies in terms of design, baseline renal function, and criteria for renal replacement therapy initiation. Although the point estimate suggests a potential protective effect, the wide CI and high heterogeneity preclude definitive conclusions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot for the need for dialysis outcome. The analysis shows the overall need for dialysis rates comparing ULC versus conventional PCI across included studies. The black diamond at the bottom represents pooled RR derived from the meta-analysis. ULC: ultra-low contrast; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>All-cause mortality</title>
          <p>The meta-analysis of all-cause mortality demonstrated an overall pooled RR of 0.48 (95% CI=0.17&#8211;1.39) under the random-effects model, favoring ULC PCI over conventional PCI, although without reaching statistical significance (Z=-1.35, p=0.18). The high degree of heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>=93.7%) indicates substantial variability among included studies, likely due to differences in patient selection, procedural techniques, or endpoint definitions. While the point estimate suggests a potential mortality benefit for ULC strategies, wide CI and marked heterogeneity preclude reliable conclusions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot for all-cause mortality outcome. The analysis shows the overall mortality rates comparing ULC versus conventional PCI across all included studies. The black diamond at the bottom represents pooled RR.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Major adverse cardiovascular events</title>
          <p>The meta-analysis of MACE showed an overall pooled RR of 0.52 (95% CI= 0.21&#8211;1.30) under a random-effects model, suggesting a possible reduction in MACE with ULC PCI, as compared to conventional PCI, although this finding did not reach statistical significance (Z=-1.40, p=0.16). Moderate heterogeneity was observed (I<sup>2</sup> = 63.8%), reflecting some variability in study protocols, MACE definitions, or patient populations. Despite the direction of effect favoring ULC PCI, CI was wide and crossed unity, precluding firm conclusions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plot for MACE outcome. The analysis shows overall MACE rates comparing ULC versus conventional PCI across included studies. The black diamond at the bottom represents pooled RR derived from the meta-analysis. MACE: major adverse cardiovascular outcome; ULC: ultra-low contrast; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; CI: confidence interval; RR: risk ratio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250660-50660-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
        <p>Sensitivity analyses using Leave-one-out, Baujat, and Funnel methods were performed to investigate sources of heterogeneity. Exclusion of Shibata et al.21 reduced heterogeneity to 0% for MACE outcome (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>), and exclusion of Gurm et al.8 reduced heterogeneity to 68% for all-cause mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>) and to 65% for need for dialysis outcomes, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality assessment</title>
        <p>Since one randomized trial was included in this meta-analysis, risk of bias (RoB) assessment was implemented through the Cochrane RoB 2 tool,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> which indicated a moderate risk of bias. This was primarily due to unclear randomization methods and some missing outcome data (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplemental Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Additionally, five non-randomized studies were included in this meta-analysis and evaluated by the ROBINS-I tool<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplemental Figure 1</xref>). Two of these studies exhibited a serious risk of bias, mainly due to baseline differences between the two groups analyzed: there were significant differences in eGFR and substantial disparities in the number of patients in each group. These baseline imbalances can introduce confounding factors that may distort observed effects and compromise internal validity.</p>
        <p>Other studies demonstrated a moderate risk of bias in Domain 1 (confounding). While the ROBINS-I tool<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> provides a structured approach to assess this domain, the inherent risk in non-randomized studies must be considered, and some residual confounding topics can still influence results.</p>
        <p>Additional risks identified included unclear study protocols and retrospective allocation of patients, both of which can introduce biases. Unclear protocols can lead to inconsistencies in study implementation, while retrospective allocation can result in selection bias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Meta-regression</title>
        <p>Regarding the high heterogeneity observed, a meta-regression analysis was performed to explore possible sources of variability. A statistically significant association was found between the mean age of patients in the ULC PCI group and the risks of CA-AKI (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>5.20</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.0615</mml:mn><mml:mtext> x mean age </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>, p &lt; 0.001, R<sup>2</sup> = 100%, <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplemental Figure 2</xref>) and death (<inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8289;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mo>]</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>9.11</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.1205</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> mean age</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>, p = 0.009, R<sup>2</sup> = 66.8%, I<sup>2</sup> resid 69%, <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplemental Figure 3</xref>), indicating that age explained the heterogeneity among studies. This finding can be explained by the well-known relationship between age and reduced functional reserve, suggesting that older individuals are more likely to develop CA-AKI and to die, as compared to younger ones.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of this systematic review and meta-analysis comparing ULC versus conventional PCI in patients with baseline CKD was that ULC PCI resulted in a statistically significant reduction (RR=0.27; 95% CI=0.13&#8211;0.56; p=0.0004) of CA-AKI, which is associated with unfavorable prognosis, deleterious clinical outcomes, prolonged hospitalization, and increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ULC PCI is a contemporary approach that incorporates best practices such as invasive physiology, intravascular imaging, and advanced radiographic tools instead of radiographic contrast.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> By combining those tools, with expected safety improvement, both short- and long-term procedural results of these procedures should be better than with conventional angiographic guidance.</p>
        <p>Nowadays, several strategies are described to reduce CV during PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Among these approaches, IVUS guidance appears to be the most effective.</p>
        <p>The MOZART (Minimizing cOntrast utiliZation With IVUS Guidance in coRonary angioplasTy) study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> was the first randomized trial to prove that an intravascular imaging&#8211;first strategy can cut contrast use by ~2/3 without harming acute PCI results. Kumar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> described their experience with IVUS-guided zero-contrast PCI in 42 consecutive CKD patients (mean eGFR: 30.67 &#177; 12.26 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, 66 vessels, 21.2% left main PCI). Technical success was 92.4% without any major complications at 3-12-months-follow up. Truong et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> evaluated a ULC IVUS-guided PCI strategy for 80 patients (100 lesions) with moderate to severe CKD (eGFR &lt;50 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>). Mean CV per procedure was 10.3&#177;7.2mL. All PCIs were successfully performed, without periprocedural complications. Only 1 patient experienced CA-AKI (1.2%) as compared with a predicted incidence of 21.2%&#177;10.4% using the Mehran score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> (p&lt;0.00001). Sekerak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> retrospectively evaluated 100 patients (median baseline eGFR: 21.5 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, median total CV: 8mL, and median CV/eGFR: 0.37) who underwent IVUS-guided ULC PCI. Similarly to the present meta-analysis, outcomes included CA-AKI, death, dialysis requirement, and MACE at 1-year follow-up. There was no significant difference between pre- and post-procedure eGFR (p = 0.84). At 1 year, 8% of patients died, 11% required dialysis, and 33% experienced MACE. Allali et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> assessed 26 patients with advanced CKD undergoing IVUS-guided ULC rotational atherectomy, as compared to a propensity-matched population of standard PCI. Efficacy was assessed by freedom from CA-AKI after PCI. Mean eGFR was 32 &#177; 17 mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>; angiographic success was achieved in 100%; and median CV was 12.5mL. CA-AKI occurred in one versus five patients in the standard group (p = 0.19).</p>
        <p>In a randomized clinical study, Shrivastava et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> assessed short-term outcomes and safety of ULC versus conventional PCI in 82 acute coronary syndrome patients at high risk for CA-AKI (eGFR &lt; 60mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> and moderate to very high pre-procedural risk of developing CA-AKI, as calculated by the Maioli risk calculator).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> IVUS was used only in 17% of patients of the ULC PCI group. Likewise, the present meta-analysis, CA-AKI (primary outcome) occurred more in the conventional PCI group (17.1% vs. 0%; p = 0.012), and there was no significant difference in secondary safety outcomes at 30-day follow-up.</p>
        <p>Aggarwal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> analyzed 463,753 patients with baseline CKD (eGFR &lt; 60mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>) from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI registry. As in the present meta-analysis, the primary outcome was the occurrence of CA-AKI. Compared to low CV (&gt;1 CV/eGFR &lt;3), patients who received high CV (CV/eGFR &#8805;3) had a higher incidence (adjusted odds ratio=1.36; CI=1.28 to 1.45) and a higher stage (adjusted odds ratio=1.90; CI=1.80 to 2.00) of CA-AKI, whose incidence was similar between low CV and ULC (CV &#8804; eGFR). The need for dialysis was higher in patients who received high CV (2.8%), as compared to low CV (0.8%), and ULC (0.8%) (p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, Gurm et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> assessed outcomes of ULC PCI among 75,393 patients. Compared to low CV (&gt;1 CV/eGFR &lt;3), ULC (CV &#8804; eGFR, undertaken in only 13% of procedures) was associated with significantly lower incidences of CA-AKI (adjusted odds ratio = 0.682, 95% CI=0.566&#8211;0.821, p &lt; 0.001) and need for dialysis (adjusted odds ratio = 0.341, 95% CI= 0.165&#8211;0.704, p=0.003). Benefits were most evident in patients with high baseline predicted risk of CA-AKI.</p>
        <p>In turn, Azzalini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> evaluated data from 111 patients (8 in the ULC and 103 in the conventional PCI groups) with advanced CKD (eGFR &lt; 30 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>). Total CV was markedly lower in the ULC PCI group (8.8mL vs 90mL; p &lt; 0.001). ULC PCI protocol was successful in 88% of the cases, including two-stent bifurcation, rotational atherectomy, and mechanically supported chronic total occlusion PCI. The incidences of CA-AKI were 0% and 15.5% in the ULC and conventional PCI groups, respectively (p = 0.28). Likewise, Sawant et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> compared clinical outcomes of ULC (48 patients) versus conventional PCI (152 patients). The primary endpoint (CA-AKI or need for dialysis) was lower in the ULC PCI group (2% vs. 15.8%, p=0.01). The incidence of all-cause mortality was similar in both groups. During the 6-month follow-up, the decrement in renal function was lower in the ULC PCI group.</p>
        <p>After propensity score matching, Shibata et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> assessed 50 patients divided into zero-contrast PCI and conventional PCI groups. Unlike the present meta-analysis, the primary endpoint was the incidence of MACE, which was similar between the groups (p = 0.95). Zero-contrast PCI was successful in all procedures, with no CA-AKI, need for dialysis, or procedural complications.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Future perspectives</title>
          <p>With the ongoing development of technologies and further innovation in the field, ULC PCI will become widely performed, which will broaden the effectiveness of percutaneous revascularization techniques. Apart from patients with CKD, contrast-sparing techniques might be incorporated in several clinical settings, like complex disease percutaneous revascularization, coronary artery dissections, circulatory shock, contrast allergies, impaired left ventricular function, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, acute coronary syndromes, structural interventions, including transcatheter aortic valve replacement, among others. In such contexts, ULC PCI and systematic use of physiology and intravascular imaging enhance the likelihood of optimal results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The present systematic review and meta-analysis have several limitations. The inclusion of a few and predominantly non-randomized studies introduces potential bias, affecting the reliability of results. Studies with positive findings may be more likely to be published. Relevant heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup>&gt;50%) in all outcomes - CA-AKI (I<sup>2</sup>&gt;96%), need for dialysis (I<sup>2</sup>&gt;86%), all-cause mortality (I<sup>2</sup>&gt;93%), and MACE (I<sup>2</sup>&gt;63%) - reflects significant variability in study design, patient population and selection, procedural protocols and techniques, baseline renal function, criteria for renal replacement therapy initiation, endpoints definitions, among others. While efforts were made to mitigate heterogeneity, residual confounding factors likely persist. These limitations underscore the need for further larger, well-powered, randomized, and controlled trials, with standardized protocols, methodologies, and extended follow-up periods, to strengthen evidence base and refine clinical recommendations.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Ultra-low contrast, as compared to conventional percutaneous coronary intervention, in patients with CKD, was found to be safe, feasible, and associated with a statistically significant reduction of contrast-associated acute kidney injury. Further, larger, well-powered, randomized, and controlled trials are warranted in order to reassure these findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en">
          <label>SUPPLEMENTARY FIGURES</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HZMtxg5dxXGvFYxXV3hgcVm/6501719c97b118e88b77fdcdd97315ed677d9ddc.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Marcos Danillo Oliveira, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradu&#231;&#227;o em cardiologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fnsuppl1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0660_AO_Supplemental Figures.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
