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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SS7dxPm78NkkjgGS7G96dMk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000402201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250651</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Amiloidose Card&#237;aca por Transtirretina Heredit&#225;ria Associada a Duas Variantes Patog&#234;nicas no Gene TTR</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6981-052X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bonfim</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2695-6783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Mois&#233;s Abtibol</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Pereira da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6446-8858</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Katia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Victor Hugo Bonfim</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas - Av. Djalma Batista, 3578. CEP <postal-code>69005-010</postal-code>, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>victorbonfim93@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250651</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Muta&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Genes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A amiloidose engloba um grupo de doen&#231;as raras caracterizadas pelo ac&#250;mulo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> an&#244;malo de prote&#237;nas mal dobradas nos tecidos e &#243;rg&#227;os. Essas prote&#237;nas adotam uma estrutura altamente est&#225;vel em formato de folhas pregueadas do tipo beta, formando fibrilas insol&#250;veis que se depositam no espa&#231;o extracelular. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da amiloidose varia conforme a prote&#237;na precursora e o tipo de pol&#237;mero formado, resultando em diferentes subtipos da doen&#231;a, cada um com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas distintas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A amiloidose transtirretina (ATTR) tem dois subtipos prim&#225;rios: ATTR do tipo selvagem (ATTR tipo selvagem, ou ATTRw), anteriormente chamada de "senil" e ATTR variante (ATTR heredit&#225;rio ou ATTRh), onde os indiv&#237;duos possuem variantes patol&#243;gicas no gene da transtirretina. At&#233; o momento, mais de 120 variantes foram identificadas. Os sintomas cl&#237;nicos podem se apresentar principalmente como neurop&#225;ticos, card&#237;acos ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A muta&#231;&#227;o Val142Ile &#233; a mais comum da amiloidose heredit&#225;ria por transtirretina (ATTRh) nos Estados Unidos, sendo identificada em aproximadamente 3 a 4% da popula&#231;&#227;o afro-americana. Geralmente, manifesta-se na s&#233;tima d&#233;cada de vida, associada a sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. J&#225; no Brasil e em outras partes do mundo, a muta&#231;&#227;o mais prevalente &#233; a Val50Met, frequentemente relacionada a manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e sist&#234;micas da doen&#231;a. J&#225; a variante p.Asp58Ala da TTR (tamb&#233;m referida como Asp38Ala) &#233; rara globalmente, h&#225; relatos de predomin&#226;ncia em coortes coreanas, mas permanece incomum em outras popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tabela 1</xref>, resumimos as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas das variantes presentes na paciente descrita.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas das variantes Asp58Ala e Val142Ile</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Asp58Ala.</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Val142Ile</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Por volta de 60 anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Por volta de 70 anos</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Preval&#234;ncia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55% em pacientes da Coreia do Sul (rara em outros continentes)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 a 4% de afrodescendentes nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fen&#243;tipo prevalente</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Misto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Cardiopatia</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequentes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Raras</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequentes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Raras</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequentes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequentes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Manifesta&#231;&#245;es gastrointestinais</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequentes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Raras</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Fonte: elaborada pelo autor, Bonfim, 2025.</attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Relatamos as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e a progress&#227;o da amiloidose TTR em uma paciente do sexo feminino com duas variantes patog&#234;nicas do gene TTR, Asp58Ala e Val142Ile. Esta paciente faz parte de um projeto maior, aprovado pelo CEP da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas com o n&#250;mero do CAAE:55200322.5.3009.516.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente, do sexo feminino, 60 anos, afrodescendente, proveniente do interior do estado do Amazonas, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico apresentando sintomas como parestesias de membros superiores e inferiores, vertigem, precordialgia at&#237;pica, hipotens&#227;o arterial e perda ponderal, com in&#237;cio cerca de um ano antes do atendimento inicial. Informou ter sofrido ao menos cinco epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope, sem pr&#243;dromos e com estabelecimento total da consci&#234;ncia logo ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio. Apresentou tamb&#233;m diarreia intermitente associada a uma significativa perda de peso de 20 kg no &#250;ltimo ano. No momento da consulta, sua press&#227;o arterial foi aferida em 51x36 mmHg. A ausculta card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;ria se encontrava normal. Foi atendida em consult&#243;rio de neurologia e cardiologia, tendo sido feito diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico inicial de neuropatia e cardiopatia a esclarecer.</p>
      <p>Durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial, o eletrocardiograma: Ritmo sinusal, condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular normal, FC=79 bpm, desvio do eixo para a esquerda, demonstrou baixa voltagem de complexos QRS no plano frontal e aus&#234;ncia de progress&#227;o de onda R na parede anterior, achado caracter&#237;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). Realizou Holter-24 horas sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Raio-X com &#225;rea card&#237;aca normal e presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o pulmonar</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Amiloidose card&#237;aca em paciente do sexo feminino com duas variantes gen&#233;ticas do gene transtirretina (TTR). A) Eletrocardiograma demonstrando baixa voltagem QRS (Plano Frontal); B) Eco com strain demonstrando apical sparring; C) Presen&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o do pirofosfato em &#225;rea card&#237;aca. Escala de Perugini = grau 3; D) Amiloidose por transtirretina heredit&#225;ria: Variantes gen&#233;ticas identificadas Asp58Ala e Val142Ile.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250651-50651-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O ecocardiograma demostrou o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE de 37 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE de 54%, volume atrial indexado 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, aumento da espessura das paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 17 mm, septo 16 mm, massa ventricular indexada de 163 g/ m<sup>2</sup>, espessamento das valvas mitras e a&#243;rticas e strain global longitudinal reduzido (-9,2%) com preserva&#231;&#227;o da deformidade nos segmentos apicais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>), altera&#231;&#245;es compat&#237;veis com quando de amiloidose card&#237;aca. Apresentava disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grau III (tipo restritivo) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>). N&#227;o realizou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e/ou bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica devido &#224; falta de acesso pelo sistema p&#250;blico no Amazonas.</p>
      <p>Estes exames levaram a suspeita de amiloidose card&#237;aca. Foi descartada a forma AL ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames espec&#237;ficos, incluindo imunofixa&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica e urin&#225;ria, dosagem da rela&#231;&#227;o Kappa/Lambda. A cintilografia card&#237;aca com pirofosfato evidenciou capta&#231;&#227;o grau III, altamente sugestiva de amiloidose card&#237;aca do tipo transtirretina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1C</xref>).</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica por sequenciamento do gene TTR identificou duas variantes distintas: a variante chr18:31.592.999, respons&#225;vel pela substitui&#231;&#227;o do asparto no c&#243;don 58 por alanina, e a variante chr18:31.598.655, que provoca a troca de valina por isoleucina na posi&#231;&#227;o 142 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D</xref>).</p>
      <p>Foi iniciado tratamento com fludrocortisona 0,1 mg ao dia, gabapentina 300 mg de 8/8 horas, dapagliflozina 10 mg ao dia e Tafamidis meglumina de 20 mg/dia que foi a dose disponibilizada pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. A paciente n&#227;o teve acesso &#224; dose de 80 mg preconizada para a forma card&#237;aca durante o acompanhamento. A paciente evoluiu para &#243;bito por morte s&#250;bita, cerca de 4 meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento. Diante do car&#225;ter heredit&#225;rio da condi&#231;&#227;o, foi recomendado o aconselhamento gen&#233;tico para os familiares, visando ao rastreamento precoce e manejo adequado da doen&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A variante Asp58Ala (ou p.Asp38Ala, D38A) &#233; considerada rara entre as variantes encontradas de amiloidose heredit&#225;ria na maioria dos continentes. No entanto, &#233; mais encontrada em pacientes asi&#225;ticos, sendo a mais frequente em estudo multic&#234;ntrico realizado na Coreia do Sul.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Est&#225; associada a sintomas como hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, diarreia cr&#244;nica e polineuropatia perif&#233;rica, podendo apresentar tamb&#233;m acometimento card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; mortalidade estratificada para a variante TTR p.Asp38Ala/p.Asp58Ala As s&#233;ries coreanas identificam sua predomin&#226;ncia, mas sem dados de sobrevida por gen&#243;tipo.</p>
      <p>A variante Val142Ile (tamb&#233;m conhecida como p.Val122Ile ou V122I), predominante em indiv&#237;duos de ascend&#234;ncia africana, &#233; a principal causa de ATTR heredit&#225;ria, manifestando-se principalmente como cardiomiopatia na s&#233;tima ou oitava d&#233;cada de vida. Est&#225; associada a maiores taxas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e a neuropatia auton&#244;mica &#233; rara ou ausente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A paciente apresentou sintomas compat&#237;veis com disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, tais como diarreia e hipotens&#227;o arterial, quadro frequentemente observado em indiv&#237;duos com ATTRh de in&#237;cio precoce, enquanto nos casos de manifesta&#231;&#227;o tardia, essa altera&#231;&#227;o tende a ser menos evidente. Al&#233;m disso, relatou perda de peso involunt&#225;ria, um sintoma que pode surgir nos est&#225;gios iniciais da doen&#231;a. O comprometimento card&#237;aco est&#225; presente na maioria dos casos e pode se manifestar por aumento da espessura das paredes ventriculares, dist&#250;rbios na condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ou arritmias diversas. Em pacientes com ATTRh de manifesta&#231;&#227;o tardia, a cardiomiopatia costuma ser um achado precoce, sendo a principal caracter&#237;stica da variante Val142Ile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com o ensaio ATTR-AC, em pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca, a dose de 80 mg do Tafamidis associado ao sal meglumina demonstrou maior sobrevida em compara&#231;&#227;o com a dose de 20 mg (esta utilizada na forma neurol&#243;gica). Existe tamb&#233;m a dose de 61 mg do Tafamidis livre que possui bioequival&#234;ncia com a dose de 80 mg do Tafamidis com meglumina. No caso relatado a paciente obteve apenas acesso a dose de Tafamidis com meglumina de 20 mg/dia, de acordo com as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de. Al&#233;m disso, as terapias de silenciamento da TTR, RNAi (patisiran) e antissenso (inotersen) mostraram, em fase 3 para ATTRv com polineuropatia, redu&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e sinais favor&#225;veis na cardiomiopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente relato, pode ser sugerido que a manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a pode ter sofrido predom&#237;nio de evolu&#231;&#227;o da variante Val142Ile, com prov&#225;vel interfer&#234;ncia da variante Asp58Ala, ocasionando um acometimento card&#237;aco grave mais precoce. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e autoss&#244;micas parecem ter ocorrido por interfer&#234;ncia da variante Asp58Ala.</p>
      <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a pode ser significativamente influenciada pela exist&#234;ncia de duas variantes. Pesquisas indicaram a presen&#231;a de muta&#231;&#245;es protetoras que podem atrasar ou diminuir os sintomas. Matsumoto et al. relataram um caso de amiloidose de in&#237;cio tardio envolvendo um composto heterozigoto Val30Met/Lys80Arg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Terazaki et al. documentaram um caso envolvendo um portador de Val30Met (p.Val50Met) e Arg104His que exibiu sintomas m&#237;nimos da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por outro lado, foi relatado um caso de associa&#231;&#227;o das variantes p.Val30Met e p.Val122Ile no gene TTR, no qual o paciente apresentou comprometimento neurop&#225;tico, card&#237;aco e renal. A concomit&#226;ncia de duas muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas pode ter contribu&#237;do para a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais grave e a progress&#227;o acelerada da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar de ambas as variantes estarem associadas &#224; ATTRh de forma isolada, n&#227;o se encontrou registro na literatura da ocorr&#234;ncia simult&#226;nea das variantes p.Asp58Ala e p.Val142Ile em um mesmo indiv&#237;duo. Cada variante apresenta um perfil cl&#237;nico espec&#237;fico, sendo que a p.Asp58Ala est&#225; relacionada a um acometimento sist&#234;mico mais amplo, enquanto a p.Val142Ile se manifesta predominantemente com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. No presente relato, acredita-se que o acometimento card&#237;aco pode ter ocorrido em decorr&#234;ncia da variante Val142Ile com interfer&#234;ncia da variante Asp58Ala levando a um acometimento mais precoce. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e autoss&#244;micas parecem ter ocorrido por interfer&#234;ncia da variante Asp58Ala.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 7.106.271 / CAAE: 55200322.5.3009.5016. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250651i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hereditary Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis Associated with Two Pathogenic Variants in the TTR Gene</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-6981-052X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bonfim</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Hugo</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2695-6783</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins</given-names>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando Pereira da</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6446-8858</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>Katia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos Bemfica Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Victor Hugo Bonfim</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas &#8211; Av. Djalma Batista, 3578. Postal Code <postal-code>69005-010</postal-code>, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>victorbonfim93@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mutation</kwd>
        <kwd>Genes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Amyloidosis encompasses a group of rare diseases characterized by the accumulation of amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Amyloidosis is an abnormal formation of misfolded proteins in tissues and organs. These proteins adopt a highly stable beta-sheet structure, forming insoluble fibrils that are deposited in the extracellular space. Amyloidosis is classified according to the precursor protein and the type of polymer formed, resulting in different subtypes of the disease, each with distinct clinical manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) has two primary subtypes: wild-type ATTR (wild-type ATTR, or ATTRw), formerly called "senile," and variant ATTR (hereditary ATTR, or ATTRh), where individuals possess pathological variants in the transthyretin gene. To date, more than 120 variants have been identified. Clinical symptoms may present primarily as neuropathic, cardiac, or a combination of both.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Val142Ile mutation is the most common in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRh) in the United States, being identified in approximately 3 to 4% of the African American population. It generally manifests in the seventh decade of life, associated with symptoms of heart failure. In Brazil and other parts of the world, the most prevalent mutation is Val50Met, frequently related to neurological and systemic manifestations of the disease.AlreadyThe p.Asp58Ala variant of TTR (also referred to as Asp38Ala) is rare globally; there are reports of prevalence in Korean cohorts, but it remains uncommon in other populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> summarizes the main clinical characteristics of the variants present in the patient described.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical characteristics of the Asp58Ala and Val142Ile variants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Asp58Ala.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Val142Ile</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Around 60 years old</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Around 70 years old</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prevalence</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55% in patients from South Korea (rare in other continents)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 to 4% of African Americans in the United States of America<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prevalent phenotype</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Mixed</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Heart disease</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Neurological manifestations</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequent</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rare</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Autonomous manifestations</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequent</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rare</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Cardiac manifestations</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequent</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequent</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gastrointestinal manifestations</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Frequent</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Rare</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Source: compiled by the author, Bonfim, 2025.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We report the clinical manifestations and progression of TTR amyloidosis in a female patient with two pathogenic variants of the TTR gene, Asp58Ala and Val142Ile. This patient is part of a larger project, approved by the Ethics Committee of the State University of Amazonas under CAAE number: 55200322.5.3009.516.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 60-year-old female patient of African descent, from the interior of the state of Amazonas, sought medical attention, presenting symptoms such as paresthesia of the upper and lower limbs, vertigo, atypical precordialgia, hypotension, and weight loss, which began approximately one year before the initial consultation. She reported having suffered at least five episodes of syncope, without prodromal symptoms and with full restoration of consciousness immediately after the episode. She also presented intermittent diarrhea associated with a significant weight loss of 20 kg in the last year. At the time of the consultation, her blood pressure was measured at 51x36 mmHg. Cardiac and respiratory auscultation were normal. She was seen in a neurology and cardiology clinic, where an initial clinical diagnosis of neuropathy and cardiomyopathy was made, which was to be clarified.</p>
        <p>During the outpatient investigation, the electrocardiogram showed: Sinus rhythm, normal atrioventricular conduction, HR=79 bpm, left axis deviation, demonstrated low voltage QRS complexes in the frontal plane, and absence of R wave progression in the anterior wall, a characteristic finding of cardiac amyloidosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1A</xref>). A 24-hour Holter monitor showed no significant changes. Chest X-ray showed a normal cardiac area and pulmonary congestion.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiac amyloidosis in a female patient with two genetic variants of the transthyretin (TTR) gene. A) Electrocardiogram showing low QRS voltage (Frontal Plane); B) Echocardiogram with strain showing apical sparring; C) Presence of pyrophosphate uptake in the cardiac area. Perugini scale = grade 3; D) Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: Genetic variants identified Asp58Ala and Val142Ile.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250651-50651-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The echocardiogram showed a left ventricular diastolic diameter of 37 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction of 54%, indexed atrial volume of 60 ml/m<sup>2</sup>, increased left ventricular wall thickness with a left ventricular posterior wall thickness of 17 mm, septum thickness of 16 mm, indexed ventricular mass of 163 g/m<sup>2</sup>, thickening of the mitral and aortic valves, and reduced global longitudinal strain (-9.2%) with preservation of the deformity in the apical segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1B</xref>), changes compatible with cardiac amyloidosis. The patient presented with grade III diastolic dysfunction (restrictive type) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1C</xref>). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and/or endomyocardial biopsy were not performed due to a lack of access through the public healthcare system in Amazonas.</p>
        <p>These tests led to suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis. The AL form was ruled out after specific tests, including serum and urine immunofixation, and measurement of the Kappa/Lambda ratio. Cardiac scintigraphy with pyrophosphate showed grade III uptake, highly suggestive of transthyretin-type cardiac amyloidosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
        <p>Genetic analysis by sequencing of the TTR (transthyretin) gene identified two distinct variants: the chr18:31.592.999 variant, responsible for the substitution of aspart at codon 58 for alanine, and the chr18:31.598.655 variant, which causes the exchange of valine for isoleucine at position 142 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        <p>Treatment was initiated with fludrocortisone 0.1 mg daily, gabapentin 300 mg every 8 hours, dapagliflozin 10 mgdaily, and tafamidis meglumine 20 mg daily, which was the dose provided by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). The patient did not have access to the 80 mg dose recommended for the cardiac form during follow-up. The patient died suddenly approximately 4 months after the start of treatment. Given the hereditary nature of the condition, genetic counseling was recommended for family members to allow for early screening and appropriate management of the disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The Asp58Ala variant (or p.Asp38Ala, D38A) is considered rare among the variants of hereditary amyloidosis found on most continents. However, it is more commonly found in Asian patients, being the most frequent in a multicenter study conducted in South Korea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is associated with symptoms such as orthostatic hypotension, chronic diarrhea, and peripheral polyneuropathy, and may also present with cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Currently, there is no stratified mortality data for the TTR p.Asp38Ala/p.Asp58Ala variant. Korean series identify their predominance, but without survival data by genotype.</p>
        <p>The Val142Ile variant (also known as p.Val122Ile or V122I), predominant in individuals of African descent, is the main cause of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis, manifesting primarily as cardiomyopathy in the seventh or eighth decade of life. It is associated with higher rates of heart failure, and autonomic neuropathy is rare or absent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The patient presented symptoms consistent with autonomic dysfunction, such as diarrhea and hypotension, a condition frequently observed in individuals with early-onset hATTRh, while in late-onset cases, this alteration tends to be less evident. In addition, she reported unintentional weight loss, a symptom that can appear in the early stages of the disease. Cardiac involvement is present in most cases and can manifest as increased ventricular wall thickness, electrical conduction disturbances, or various arrhythmias. In patients with late-onset hATTRh, cardiomyopathy is usually an early finding, being the main characteristic of the Val142Ile variant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to the ATTR-AC trial, in patients with cardiac amyloidosis, the 80 mg dose of Tafamidis combined with meglumine salt demonstrated greater survival compared to the 20 mg dose (used in the neurological form). There is also a 61 mg dose of free Tafamidis that has bioequivalence with the 80 mg dose of Tafamidis with meglumine. In the reported case, the patient only had access to the 20 mg/day dose of Tafamidis with meglumine, according to the public policies of the Unified Health System (SUS). Furthermore, TTR silencing therapies, RNAi (patisiran) and antisense (inotersen), showed, in phase 3 for vATTR with polyneuropathy, a reduction in neurological progression and favorable signs in cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this report, it can be suggested that the cardiac manifestation of the disease may have been predominantly caused by the Val142Ile variant, with probable interference from the Asp58Ala variant, resulting in earlier, more severe cardiac involvement. The neurological and autosomal manifestations appear to have occurred due to interference from the Asp58Ala variant.</p>
        <p>The clinical manifestation of the disease can be significantly influenced by the presence of two variants. Research has indicated the presence of protective mutations that may delay or lessen the symptoms. Matsumoto et al. reported a case of late-onset amyloidosis involving a heterozygous Val30Met/Lys80Arg compound.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Terazaki et al. documented a case involving a carrier of Val30Met (p.Val50Met) and Arg104His who exhibited minimal symptoms of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> On the other hand, a case of association between the p.Val30Met and p.Val122Ile variants in the TTR gene was reported, in which the patient presented with neuropathic, cardiac, and renal impairment. The concomitance of two pathogenic mutations may have contributed to the more severe clinical manifestation and accelerated disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Although both variants are associated with ATTRh in isolation, no record has been found in the literature of the simultaneous occurrence of the p.Asp58Ala and p.Val142Ile variants in the same individual. Each variant presents a specific clinical profile, with p.Asp58Ala being related to a broader systemic involvement, while p.Val142Ile manifests predominantly with cardiac alterations. In the present report, it is believed that cardiac involvement may have occurred as a result of the Val142Ile variant with interference from the Asp58Ala variant, leading to earlier onset. The neurological and autosomal manifestations appear to have occurred due to interference from the Asp58Ala variant.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade do Estado do Amazonas under the protocol number 7.106.271 / CAAE: 55200322.5.3009.5016. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
