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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">b6FbyRZJq6y3wKwYFqK4FwP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000400607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250611</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Investigando o Papel Causal das Citocinas Inflamat&#243;rias no Desenvolvimento de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, Renais e Metab&#243;licas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0473-6077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Mengjin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o trabalho</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gong</surname>
            <given-names>Zhaoting</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o trabalho</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaosong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o trabalho</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Chunlin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para o trabalho</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Xuanwu Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Capital Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Beijing Anzhen Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Capital Medical University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Beijing</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Chunlin Yin &#8226; Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>yinclmail@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p> Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250611</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Estudos observacionais t&#234;m relacionado citocinas inflamat&#243;rias a dist&#250;rbios cardiometab&#243;licos; no entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se essas associa&#231;&#245;es refletem efeitos causais em sistemas org&#226;nicos interconectados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) investiga a causalidade entre 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e disfun&#231;&#227;o multiorg&#226;nica nos sistemas cardiovascular, renal e metab&#243;lico na era da s&#237;ndrome cardiovascular-renal-metab&#243;lica (CKM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram obtidos instrumentos gen&#233;ticos associados a 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias do painel Olink Target Inflammation em 11 grupos de ascend&#234;ncia europeia.A m&#233;todo da foi considerado a principal an&#225;lise, complementadas por an&#225;lises de sensibilidade, incluindo os m&#233;todos MR-Egger e da mediana ponderada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias previstos geneticamente mostraram amplas associa&#231;&#245;es causais em diversas caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas &#224; matriz extracelular (CKM). Especificamente, 31 citocinas foram associadas a desfechos cardiovasculares, 26 a caracter&#237;sticas renais, 10 a caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas &#224; obesidade e 21 a caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao diabetes, totalizando 60 citocinas com pelo menos uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa. Notavelmente, FGF5 e IL6 emergiram como reguladores paradoxais, exercendo efeitos opostos em diferentes sistemas org&#226;nicos, enquanto o MCSF foi consistentemente identificado como um amplificador de risco pan-vascular para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Esta an&#225;lise abrangente de RM revela uma heterogeneidade causal substancial nos efeitos das citocinas inflamat&#243;rias nos sistemas cardiovascular, renal e metab&#243;lico. Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da modula&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria espec&#237;fica para cada tecido e contexto, apoiando o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas de precis&#227;o para a s&#237;ndrome de CKM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Investigando o Papel Causal das Citocinas Inflamat&#243;rias no Desenvolvimento de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, Renais e Metab&#243;licas</title>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Citocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina-6</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Key R&amp;D Program of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>2023YFC3605000</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da Comiss&#227;o Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o de Pequim</funding-source>
          <award-id>KM202410025015</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital 2023 Annual Departmental Research Project</funding-source>
          <award-id>QNPY202323</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Xuanwu Hospital Elite Cultivation Program</funding-source>
          <award-id>YC20250114</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de Financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por National Key R&amp;D Program of China(2023YFC3605000), Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital 2023 Annual Departmental Research Project (QNPY202323), and Xuanwu Hospital Elite Cultivation Program (YC20250114).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
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        <ref-count count="48"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Obesidade, diabetes e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) constituem uma tr&#237;ade de condi&#231;&#245;es epidemiologicamente interconectadas que, coletivamente, amplificam a morbidade e a mortalidade por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) por meio de fisiopatologia sin&#233;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Reconhecendo essas intera&#231;&#245;es complexas, a American Heart Association estabeleceu recentemente a s&#237;ndrome cardiovascular-renal-metab&#243;lica (CKM) como uma nova entidade diagn&#243;stica &#8211; uma desordem multissist&#234;mica caracterizada pela intera&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica entre desregula&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica, comprometimento cardiovascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que a s&#237;ndrome CKM n&#227;o &#233; definida como uma &#250;nica entidade patol&#243;gica, mas sim como um espectro cl&#237;nico que engloba obesidade, diabetes mellitus, DRC e suas sequelas cardiovasculares, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica (DAP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Essa conceitualiza&#231;&#227;o destaca as vias biol&#243;gicas compartilhadas e a natureza progressiva da disfun&#231;&#227;o cardiometab&#243;lica e renal em todos os sistemas org&#226;nicos. Em conson&#226;ncia com sua ampla relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, an&#225;lises dos dados do National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) de 2011 a 2018 indicam que fatores de risco ou manifesta&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas (est&#225;gios 1 a 3) da CKM est&#227;o presentes em 80,94% dos adultos jovens (20 a 44 anos), 85,95% dos indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade (45 a 64 anos) e 72,03% da popula&#231;&#227;o idosa (&#8805;65 anos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista da pesquisa, no entanto, a s&#237;ndrome CKM atualmente carece de um fen&#243;tipo gen&#233;tico unificado e validado, adequado para an&#225;lises de infer&#234;ncia causal. Consequentemente, buscamos operacionalizar a CKM examinando individualmente caracter&#237;sticas representativas dos sistemas cardiovascular, renal e metab&#243;lico, interpretando-as dentro de uma estrutura multissist&#234;mica integrada. Essa abordagem baseada em caracter&#237;sticas permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de mecanismos compartilhados e divergentes entre os sistemas org&#226;nicos e est&#225; alinhada com a compreens&#227;o contempor&#226;nea da CKM como um continuum em n&#237;vel sist&#234;mico, em vez de uma entidade nosol&#243;gica singular.</p>
      <p>Esclarecer os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes a essas doen&#231;as interconectadas &#233; crucial para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas direcionadas e para a melhoria dos resultados para os pacientes. Pesquisas recentes t&#234;m se concentrado cada vez mais nos mecanismos inflamat&#243;rios subjacentes que ligam essas doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es causais definitivas continua sendo um desafio em pesquisas observacionais devido a limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas persistentes, incluindo vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o n&#227;o previstas e causalidade reversa.</p>
      <p>Avan&#231;os metodol&#243;gicos recentes estabeleceram a Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana (RM) como um paradigma anal&#237;tico robusto para infer&#234;ncia causal em pesquisas epidemiol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Essa abordagem utiliza a segrega&#231;&#227;o quase aleat&#243;ria de variantes gen&#233;ticas durante a gametog&#234;nese como mecanismo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o da natureza, permitindo estimativas causais que se aproximam de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Ao usar variantes gen&#233;ticas como vari&#225;veis instrumentais, a RM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> pode mitigar efetivamente o vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o e a causalidade reversa que frequentemente afetam estudos observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A RM tem sido amplamente utilizada para investigar fatores de risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e para avaliar os efeitos causais de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Neste estudo, extra&#237;mos inicialmente variantes gen&#233;ticas v&#225;lidas dos dados resumidos de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS) publicados de 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias para investigar suas correla&#231;&#245;es comdoen&#231;as cardiovasculares, renais e metab&#243;licas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o de RM seguiu as diretrizes de relato STROBE-MR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> atendendo a tr&#234;s pressupostos epidemiol&#243;gicos fundamentais necess&#225;rios para infer&#234;ncia causal v&#225;lida: A) relev&#226;ncia do instrumento: variantes gen&#233;ticas demonstram associa&#231;&#245;es significativas em todo o genoma com a exposi&#231;&#227;o; B) independ&#234;ncia de fatores de confus&#227;o: variantes gen&#233;ticas n&#227;o est&#227;o relacionadas a nenhum fator de confus&#227;o na associa&#231;&#227;o entre fator de risco e desfecho; C) restri&#231;&#227;o de exclus&#227;o: variantes gen&#233;ticas n&#227;o est&#227;o conectadas ao desfecho por meio de nenhuma via al&#233;m do fator de risco de interesse. A vis&#227;o geral do desenho do estudo &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 1</xref>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados de GWAS de 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias foram quantificados usando o painel Olink Target Inflammation em 11 coortes de ascend&#234;ncia europeia (N=14.824).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises de DCV inclu&#237;ram IC (47.309 casos e 930.014 controles),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> FA (60.620 casos e 970.216 controles),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> DAC (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium, 60.801 casos e 123.504 controles),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> AVC (UK Biobank, 6.925 casos e 477.673 controles)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e DAP (7.114 casos e 475.964 controles).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As caracter&#237;sticas de DRC inclu&#237;ram DRC (coorte FinnGen, 3.902 casos e 212.841 controles), taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe, CKDGen Consortium e UK Biobank, 1.159.871 participantes),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> creatinina s&#233;rica (FinnGen e UK Biobank, 344.104 participantes),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> microalbumin&#250;ria (CKDGen Consortium, 54.116 participantes).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Caracter&#237;sticas de obesidade inclu&#237;ram obesidade (UK Biobank, 4.688 casos e 458.322 controles), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC, 532.396 participantes),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura (CC, UK Biobank, 407.661 participantes).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Caracter&#237;sticas de diabetes inclu&#237;ram diabetes tipo 2 (DM2, 61.714 casos e 1.178 controles),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> glicemia de jejum (200.622 participantes),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e hemoglobina glicada A1c (HbA1c, UK Biobank, 389.889 participantes).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Todas as an&#225;lises utilizaram estat&#237;sticas sum&#225;rias dispon&#237;veis publicamente, com aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica pr&#233;via e consentimento dos participantes obtidos em estudos originais por meio de comit&#234;s de revis&#227;o institucional, isentando Este estudo est&#225; sujeito a requisitos adicionais de revis&#227;o &#233;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis instrumentais</title>
        <p>Inicialmente, o limiar de signific&#226;ncia gen&#244;mica (P&lt;5&#215;10<sup>-8</sup>) foi empregado para identificar associa&#231;&#245;es fortespolimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) com citocinas inflamat&#243;rias. Devido &#224; disponibilidade limitada de instrumentos nesse limiar rigoroso, implementamos um crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia mais flex&#237;vel (P&lt;1&#215;10<sup>-5</sup>).<sup>-5</sup>) mantendo um rigoroso controle de qualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Para garantir a independ&#234;ncia gen&#233;tica, os procedimentos de agrupamento foram realizados com par&#226;metros definidos em um tamanho de janela de 10.000 kb e r<sup>2</sup>&lt;0,001. A for&#231;a do instrumento foi quantificada por meio de c&#225;lculos da estat&#237;stica F, com variantes que demonstraram F&gt;10 retidas para mitigar o vi&#233;s de instrumentos fracos. A estat&#237;stica F foi calculada usando a f&#243;rmula padr&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>&#946;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>se</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> para cada instrumento gen&#233;tico. Finalmente, SNPs palindr&#244;micos foram sistematicamente exclu&#237;dos para manter a orienta&#231;&#227;o consistente dos alelos em todos os conjuntos de dados de exposi&#231;&#227;o-desfecho, evitando assim artefatos de desalinhamento de fita.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os m&#233;todos de pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa (IVW), MR-Egger e mediana ponderada foram utilizados para inferir causalidade. O m&#233;todo IVW, que assume que todas as variantes gen&#233;ticas s&#227;o vari&#225;veis instrumentais v&#225;lidas, foi considerado a an&#225;lise principal. Na aus&#234;ncia de pleiotropia horizontal, o IVW pode fornecer uma estimativa causal n&#227;o viesada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo MR-Egger pode detectar e ajustar a pleiotropia direcional sob a suposi&#231;&#227;o INSIDE, mas frequentemente com poder estat&#237;stico reduzido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A regress&#227;o MR-Egger foi utilizada para avaliar a pleiotropia horizontal. O intercepto diferente de zero da regress&#227;o MR-Egger sugeriu pleiotropia direcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo da mediana ponderada tem maior toler&#226;ncia a vari&#225;veis instrumentais inv&#225;lidas e ainda pode produzir estimativas confi&#225;veis, desde que mais da metade do peso total provenha de vari&#225;veis instrumentais v&#225;lidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O teste Q de Cochran foi utilizado para avaliar a heterogeneidade entre as vari&#225;veis instrumentais. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para as an&#225;lises prim&#225;rias. Al&#233;m disso, um limiar corrigido de Bonferroni de p &lt; 0,003 (&#945; = 0,05/15 desfechos) foi aplicado para levar em considera&#231;&#227;o as m&#250;ltiplas compara&#231;&#245;es. Todas as an&#225;lises de RM foram realizadas no software R (vers&#227;o 4.4.1), utilizando o pacote &#8220;TwoSampleMR&#8221; (vers&#227;o 0.6.8).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Influ&#234;ncia de 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias em caracter&#237;sticas de DCV</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> descreve o mapa de calor anular que representa 91 citocinas em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, com an&#225;lises IVW revelando arquiteturas de risco distintas. N&#237;veis geneticamente elevados de CCL28, CD5, CXCL10, HGF e IL18R1 (aumento de um desvio padr&#227;o) foram associados a um risco aumentado de IC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>), enquanto CCL19, LIFR, SULT1A1 e TRANCE demonstraram efeitos protetores. Para FA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>), o FGF5 exibiu amplifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, contrastando com as associa&#231;&#245;es protetoras para CCL25, CD274, CD40L, FLT3LG, IL6, SULT1A1, TNFSF12 e uPA. As an&#225;lises de DAC identificaram CX3CL1, IL10, IL6, LIFR, NRTN, OPG, SCF e SULT1A1 como mediadores protetores, enquanto CCL11, CCL20, EIF4EBP1, FGF5, FLT3LG e MCSF emergiram como potentes fatores aterog&#234;nicos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1C</xref>). O risco de AVC foi amplificado por FGF21 e MCSF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1D</xref>), enquanto a DAP exibiu regula&#231;&#227;o divergente, com IL6 conferindo prote&#231;&#227;o apesar dos efeitos persistentes de MCSF no risco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1E</xref>). As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade entre os m&#233;todos MR-Egger e de mediana ponderada validaram essas associa&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 2</xref>), destacandoO MCSF como um amplificador de risco pan-vascular para DCV. Entre as numerosas associa&#231;&#245;es significativas identificadas, v&#225;rias permaneceram significativas ap&#243;sBonferroniCorre&#231;&#227;o. FGF5 (odd ratio [OR] = 1,065, intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 1,036&#8211;1,096; P &lt; 0,001) foi associado a um risco aumentado de FA, CCL11 (OR = 1,085; IC de 95%: 1,028&#8211;1,144; P = 0,003) e FLT3LG (OR = 1,087; IC de 95%: 1,029&#8211;1,150; P = 0,003) foram associados a um risco aumentado de DAC, enquanto LIFR (OR = 0,889; IC de 95%: 0,832&#8211;0,951; P = 0,001) foi associado a um risco diminu&#237;do de DAC. IL6 (OR=0,834; IC 95%: 0,740&#8211;0,939; P=0,003) e LIFR (OR=0,876; IC 95%: 0,809&#8211;0,949; P=0,001) foram associados a um risco reduzido de DAP.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados do mapa de calor anular das 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias sobre caracter&#237;sticas de DCV (Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares). FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Influ&#234;ncia de 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias nas caracter&#237;sticas da DRC (Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica)</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> apresenta as associa&#231;&#245;es entre citocinas e caracter&#237;sticas da DRC por meio de visualiza&#231;&#227;o em mapa de calor anular. Para a DRC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>), CCL8 e CD6 emergiram como mediadores de risco, contrastando com os efeitos protetores de CCL3, EIF4EBP1, FGF21, FGF5 e IL7. As an&#225;lises de TFGe delinearam mecanismos regulat&#243;rios opostos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>): CCL2, CD274, CX3CL1, CXCL10, DNER, IL12B, NRTN, OSM, STAMBP, SULT1A1 e TGFA diminu&#237;ram os n&#237;veis de TFGe, enquanto FGF5, IL18R1, IL20RA e TRAIL melhoraram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. As an&#225;lises de creatinina s&#233;rica revelaram que CCL20, FGF5, IL18R1, IL1A e TRAIL reduziram o ac&#250;mulo de creatinina, enquanto CCL2, CD274, CXCL10, NRTN e TGFA exacerbaram a reten&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C</xref>). O risco de microalbumin&#250;ria foi atenuado por ADA, FGF5, FGF19 e MCSF, mas amplificado por CCL11, CXCL1 e FGF21 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2D</xref>). As an&#225;lises de mediana ponderada e de sensibilidade MR-Egger corroboraram esses achados (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 3</xref>), identificando os efeitos renoprotetores pleiotr&#243;picos do FGF5 em todos os desfechos renais.Depois da corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni, DNER (OR=0,995; IC 95%: 0,993&#8211;0,998; p=0,001) e NRTN (OR=0,995; IC 95%: 0,992&#8211;0,998; p=0,002) diminu&#237;ram o n&#237;vel de eGFR, enquanto FGF5 (OR=1,004; IC 95%: 1,002&#8211;1,006; p&lt;0,001) e IL18R1 (OR=1,002; IC 95%: 1,001&#8211;1,003; p=0,001) aumentaram o n&#237;vel de eGFR. CD274 (OR=1,030; IC 95%: 1,010&#8211;1,051; p=0,003) e CXCL10 (OR=1,024; IC 95%: 1,009&#8211;1,040; p=0,002) aumentaram o n&#237;vel de screatinina s&#233;rica, enquanto FGF5 (OR=0,975; IC 95%: 0,964&#8211;0,987; p&lt;0,001) e IL18R1 (OR=0,989; IC 95%: 0,983&#8211;0,996; p=0,002) diminuiu o n&#237;vel de screatinina s&#233;rica. FGF21 (OR=1,448; IC 95%: 1,151&#8211;1,821; p=0,002) foi associada a um risco aumentado de microalbumin&#250;ria.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados do mapa de calor anular das 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias sobre as caracter&#237;sticas da DRC (Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica). DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Influ&#234;ncia de 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias em caracter&#237;sticas da obesidade</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> ilustra as associa&#231;&#245;es entre citocinas e obesidade por meio de an&#225;lise de mapa de calor anular. As an&#225;lises de obesidade identificaram CCL4 como o principal mediador de risco para obesidade, com CXCL5 e LIFR demonstrando efeitos protetores (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>). As an&#225;lises de IMC revelaram IL6, IL33 e MMP1 como reguladores positivos, contrastando com o papel limitador da adiposidade de CCL13 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>). As an&#225;lises de CC revelaram que IL17C promoveu adiposidade central, enquanto CCL13, IL1A e SIRT2 conferiram prote&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3C</xref>). An&#225;lises de sensibilidade por meio dos m&#233;todos de mediana ponderada e MR-Egger confirmaram a robustez em todas as m&#233;tricas de obesidade (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 4</xref>), destacando os efeitos protetores duplos de CCL13 tanto no IMC quanto na CC.Depois da corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni: nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o permaneceu significativa.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados do mapa de calor anular das 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias sobre caracter&#237;sticas da obesidade. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Influ&#234;ncia de 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias nas caracter&#237;sticas do diabetes</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> descreve as intera&#231;&#245;es entre citocinas e diabetes por meio de an&#225;lise de mapa de calor anular. As an&#225;lises de diabetes identificaram ARTN, CD5, CXCL9 e FLT3LG como mediadores patog&#234;nicos para o risco de diabetes, em contraste com os efeitos protetores de FGF21 e IL5 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4A</xref>). A regula&#231;&#227;o da glicemia em jejum envolveu CCL25, CCL7, HGF, IL10RB, IL18R1 e LIFR, demonstrando controle glic&#234;mico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4B</xref>). As an&#225;lises de HbA1c revelaram regula&#231;&#227;o bidirecional: FGF19, IL7 e TGFB1 elevaram os n&#237;veis de glica&#231;&#227;o, enquanto Caspase8, CD5, FGF21, FGF5, IL6, LIFR, SIRT2, SLAM e TNF exibiram benef&#237;cios glic&#234;micos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4C</xref>). As an&#225;lises de mediana ponderada e de sensibilidade MR-Egger validaram essas associa&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 5</xref>), identificando o FGF21 como tendo potencial terap&#234;utico duplo por meio da redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de diabetes e da diminui&#231;&#227;o da HbA1c.DepoisBonferroniA corre&#231;&#227;o, FGF19 (OR=1,024; IC 95%: 1,008&#8211;1,041; p=0,003) foi associada a maiorn&#237;vel de HbA1c, enquanto FGF21(OR=0,951; IC 95%: 0,921&#8211;0,981; p=0,001)e LIFR(OR=0,933; IC 95%: 0,898&#8211;0,969; p&lt;0,001) foram associados a menorn&#237;vel de HbA1c.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados do mapa de calor anular das 91 citocinas inflamat&#243;rias sobre caracter&#237;sticas do diabetes. Hb A1c: hemoglobina glicada A1c; DM2: diabetes tipo 2.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O desenho geral do estudo pode ser encontrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o multidimensional por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica resultou em quatro avan&#231;os cruciais para a compreens&#227;o da regula&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria da s&#237;ndrome de CKM: 1) delineamento sistem&#225;tico de 60 citocinas associadas &#224; doen&#231;a, estabelecendo alvos terap&#234;uticos espec&#237;ficos para cada contexto; 2) identifica&#231;&#227;o de FGF5 e IL6 como reguladores paradoxais com efeitos opostos em diferentes sistemas org&#226;nicos; e 3) valida&#231;&#227;o do MCSF como um amplificador de risco pan-vascular. Essas descobertas desafiam dicotomias simplistas pr&#243;/anti-inflamat&#243;rias, revelando, em vez disso, uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa de pleiotropia de citocinas, moldada pela biologia de receptores espec&#237;ficos de cada tecido e pela din&#226;mica temporal.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados exigem uma reconceitualiza&#231;&#227;o fundamental da biologia inflamat&#243;ria, transcendendo o dogma antiquado de &#8220;pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio = patog&#234;nico&#8221;, ao demonstrar que as citocinas operam como biossensores sens&#237;veis ao contexto, cujas respostas funcionais s&#227;o ditadas pela topografia do receptor espec&#237;fico do tecido e pela din&#226;mica de exposi&#231;&#227;o temporal. O paradoxo do FGF5 exemplifica esse paradigma, onde FGF5 foi identificado como um fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, incluindo FA e doen&#231;a coronariana, um fator protetor para doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC, TFGe, creatinina s&#233;rica e microalbumin&#250;ria) e para o controle da HbA1c.A prote&#237;na FGF5 &#233; um membro da fam&#237;lia do fator de crescimento de fibroblastos que estimula o crescimento e a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular em m&#250;ltiplos tipos de c&#233;lulas, incluindo mi&#243;citos card&#237;acos, e tem sido associada &#224; hipertrofia e angiog&#234;nese no mioc&#225;rdio hibernante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>Essa aparente contradi&#231;&#227;o em nosso estudo reflete evid&#234;ncias recentes de RM que mostram a modula&#231;&#227;o tecido-espec&#237;fica do FGF5. An&#225;lises de RM e de colocaliza&#231;&#227;o indicaram que n&#237;veis geneticamente determinados de FGF5 estavam associados a um risco aumentado de DAC (OR=1,08; IC 95%: 1,05-1,11).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, o SNP cis-pQTL usado como instrumento gen&#233;tico para FGF5 tamb&#233;m foi associado &#224; DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> No entanto, utilizando pQTLs de 3032 prote&#237;nas provenientes de 3 grandes estudos de GWAS e os respectivos eQTLs espec&#237;ficos para sangue e tecido, a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de FGF5 apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o negativa com a DRC em amostras do c&#243;rtex renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Enquanto isso, uma maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de FGF5 geneticamente prevista foi associada a uma TFGe mais elevada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Esses achados alertam contra a modula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica da via do FGF, defendendo, em vez disso, sistemas de administra&#231;&#227;o direcionados a tecidos, atualmente em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o protetora da IL-6 com a DAC parece inicialmente discordante com estudos observacionais que relacionam a IL-6 elevada ao risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Embora picos agudos de IL-6 promovam a instabilidade da placa, a eleva&#231;&#227;o moderada ao longo da vida (como modelada pela RM) pode induzir a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular adaptativa. A hormese, definida como uma resposta adaptativa de c&#233;lulas e organismos a um estresse moderado, pode ativar mecanismos cardioprotetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Nossos achados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o consistentes com o crescente reconhecimento dos efeitos diferenciais das esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio &#8220;boas&#8221; e &#8220;ruins&#8221; nos benef&#237;cios para a sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo destaca o MCSF (codificado por CSF1) como um amplificador crucial e consistente do risco vascular em importantes doen&#231;as ateroscler&#243;ticas, incluindo doen&#231;a coronariana, AVC e DAP. Em conson&#226;ncia com nosso estudo, o valor progn&#243;stico do MCSF foi independente e complementar ao da prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) em 100 pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Macr&#243;fagos ativados por MCSF migram para a capa fibrosa de uma placa ateroscler&#243;tica, produzem metaloproteinases e, assim, podem causar a desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> O MCSF tamb&#233;m promove a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> a express&#227;o do fator tecidual<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> e a libera&#231;&#227;o da citocina pr&#243;-coagulante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Por meio dessas a&#231;&#245;es, o MCSF pode promover a trombose e, assim, contribuir para o desenvolvimento de s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas e AVC isqu&#234;mico em pacientes com aterosclerose. O direcionamento do MCSF pode representar uma nova estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica para reduzir o risco vascular global. Estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos demonstraram que a dele&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica ou a inibi&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica do MCSF atenua a aterosclerose em modelos animais, reduzindo a carga de placa e a inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> A transposi&#231;&#227;o desses achados para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica requer cautela e valida&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
      <p>Para fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es mecan&#237;sticas, as citocinas atuam por meio de vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;ficas de tecido e contexto que moldam a progress&#227;o da CKM. A IL-6 sinaliza por meio de modos cl&#225;ssico e trans, com a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#225;ssica mediando efeitos homeost&#225;ticos, enquanto a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o trans promove a ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o recrutamento de mon&#243;citos e a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, ativando as vias JAK/STAT3, PI3K/AKT e MAPK.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> O FGF5 modula a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular de maneira tecido-dependente, explicando seus efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos. O MCSF impulsiona o recrutamento e a ativa&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos, al&#233;m da desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa, contribuindo para o risco vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Essas descobertas destacam que as citocinas funcionam como reguladores din&#226;micos e sens&#237;veis ao contexto, onde a exposi&#231;&#227;o temporal e a express&#227;o de receptores tecido-espec&#237;ficos determinam pap&#233;is patog&#234;nicos versus protetores, corroborando a classifica&#231;&#227;o da CKM como uma s&#237;ndrome sist&#234;mica, e n&#227;o como uma doen&#231;a isolada de um &#243;rg&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Embora nossos resultados resistam a an&#225;lises de sensibilidade rigorosas, algumas considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas merecem ser reconhecidas. Primeiro, as rela&#231;&#245;es dose-resposta n&#227;o lineares das citocinas permanecem n&#227;o caracterizadas devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes &#224;s abordagens de RM em n&#237;vel de resumo, o que impede a avalia&#231;&#227;o de efeitos de limiar ou associa&#231;&#245;es em forma de U. Segundo, nossas estimativas refletem a predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica ao longo da vida para a modula&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, que pode n&#227;o espelhar diretamente os efeitos terap&#234;uticos da modula&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica aguda de citocinas. Terceiro, os efeitos dim&#243;rficos sexuais n&#227;o puderam ser determinados devido &#224;s fontes de GWAS predominantemente mistas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos sexos. Quarto, os instrumentos gen&#233;ticos para citocinas inflamat&#243;rias foram derivados exclusivamente de coortes de ascend&#234;ncia europeia, limitando, portanto, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados para outros grupos ancestrais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Quinto, c&#225;lculos formais de poder estat&#237;stico da RM n&#227;o foram realizados, o que pode limitar a capacidade de detectar associa&#231;&#245;es modestas. Estudos futuros com amostras maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar esses resultados explorat&#243;rios. Finalmente, dado o grande n&#250;mero de testes realizados, alguns resultados podem estar sujeitos a vi&#233;s de falso-positivo. Embora tenha sido realizada uma corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni, o n&#250;mero reduzido de associa&#231;&#245;es significativas ap&#243;s o ajuste destaca a necessidade de uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o cautelosa e de replica&#231;&#227;o independente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este atlas de RM redefine as redes inflamat&#243;rias em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, renais e metab&#243;licas, revelando o FGF5 e a IL6 como reguladores paradoxais que requerem modula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica ao contexto, e o MCSF como um amplificador unificador do risco vascular. Nossos resultados desafiam as dicotomias simplistas pr&#243;/anti-inflamat&#243;rias, revelando, em vez disso, uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa de pleiotropia de citocinas moldada pela biologia de receptores espec&#237;ficos de tecido e pela din&#226;mica temporal na era CKM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl01" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01f">
        <label>Supplementary Figure 1. The overview of the study design.</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/b6FbyRZJq6y3wKwYFqK4FwP/ae2f51a3c13a7e66c37ace4559e3de45e3e3cac7.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Programa Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da China (2023YFC3605000), pelo Programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da Comiss&#227;o Municipal de Educa&#231;&#227;o de Pequim (KM202410025015) e pelo Projeto Anual de Pesquisa Departamental de 2023 do Hospital Xuanwu da Universidade M&#233;dica da Capital (QNPY202323).</p>
    </ack>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01a">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0611_AO_Supplementary Figures.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por National Key R&amp;D Program of China(2023YFC3605000), Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital 2023 Annual Departmental Research Project (QNPY202323), and Xuanwu Hospital Elite Cultivation Program (YC20250114).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250611i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Investigating the Causal Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Development of Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0473-6077</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hu</surname>
            <given-names>Mengjin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to the work</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gong</surname>
            <given-names>Zhaoting</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to the work</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaosong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to the work</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yin</surname>
            <given-names>Chunlin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <role>The authors contributed equally to the work</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Chunlin Yin &#8226; Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053 &#8211; China E-mail: yinclmail@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Observational studies have linked inflammatory cytokines to cardiometabolic disorders; however, whether these associations reflect causal effects across interconnected organ systems remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This Mendelian randomization (MR) study investigates causality between 91 inflammatory cytokines and multiorgan dysfunction across cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic systems in the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome era.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Genetic instruments associated with 91 inflammatory cytokines were obtained from the Olink Target Inflammation panel across 11 European-ancestry cohorts. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was considered as the main analysis, complemented by sensitivity analyses including MR-Egger and weighted median methods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Genetically predicted levels of inflammatory cytokines showed widespread causal associations across CKM-related traits. Specifically, 31 cytokines were associated with cardiovascular outcomes, 26 with kidney traits, 10 with obesity-related traits, and 21 with diabetes-related traits, yielding a total of 60 cytokines with at least one significant association. Notably, FGF5 and IL6 emerged as paradoxical regulators, exerting opposing effects across different organ systems, while MCSF was consistently identified as a pan-vascular risk amplifier for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This comprehensive MR analysis reveals substantial causal heterogeneity in inflammatory cytokine effects across cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic systems. These findings highlight the clinical importance of tissue- and context-specific inflammatory modulation, supporting the development of precision therapeutic strategies for CKM syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Investigating the Causal Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Development of Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Diseases</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cytokines</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleukin-6</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obesity, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitute a triad of epidemiologically interconnected conditions that collectively amplify cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality through synergistic pathophysiology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In recognition of these complex interactions, the American Heart Association has recently established cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome as a novel diagnostic entity &#8211; a multisystem disorder characterized by the dynamic interplay of metabolic dysregulation, cardiovascular compromise, and renal dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Importantly, CKM syndrome is not defined as a single disease entity but rather as a clinical continuum encompassing obesity, diabetes mellitus, CKD, and their downstream cardiovascular sequelae, including heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and peripheral artery disease (PAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This conceptualization underscores the shared biological pathways and progressive nature of cardiometabolic and renal dysfunction across organ systems. Consistent with its broad clinical relevance, analyses of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2018 data indicate that CKM risk factors or subclinical manifestations (stages 1&#8211;3) are present in 80.94% of young adults (20-44 years), 85.95% of middle-aged individuals (45-64 years), and 72.03% of elderly populations (&#8805;65 years).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>From a research perspective, however, CKM syndrome currently lacks a unified and validated genetic phenotype suitable for causal inference analyses. Consequently, we attempted to operationalize CKM by examining representative cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic traits individually, while interpreting them within an integrated multisystem framework. This trait-based approach enables systematic evaluation of shared and divergent mechanisms across organ systems and aligns with the contemporary understanding of CKM as a systems-level continuum rather than a singular nosological entity.</p>
        <p>Elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these interconnected disorders is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes. Recent research has increasingly focused on the underlying inflammatory mechanisms that link these diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nevertheless, establishing definitive causal relationships remains challenging in observational research due to persistent methodological constraints, including unanticipated confounding variables and reverse causation.</p>
        <p>Recent methodological advancements have established Mendelian randomization (MR) as a robust analytical paradigm for causal inference in epidemiological research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This approach utilizes the quasi-random segregation of genetic variants during gametogenesis as nature&#8217;s randomization mechanism, enabling causal estimations that approximate randomized controlled trials. By using genetic variants as instrumental variables, MR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> can effectively mitigate confounding bias and reverse causation that often plagues observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> MR has been extensively utilized to investigate CVD risk factors and to assess the causal effects of therapeutic interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this study, we first extracted valid genetic variants from the published genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data of 91 inflammatory cytokines to investigate their correlations with cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Our MR investigation adhered to the STROBE-MR reporting guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> fulfilling three fundamental epidemiological assumptions required for valid causal inference: A) instrument relevance: genetic variants demonstrate genome-wide significant associations with exposure; B) confounder independence: genetic variants are not related to any confounders in the risk factor&#8211;outcome association; C) exclusion restriction: genetic variants are not connected with the outcome via any pathways other than the risk factor of interest. The overview of the study design is shown in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01001">Supplementary Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources</title>
          <p>GWAS data of 91 inflammatory cytokines were quantified using the Olink Target Inflammation panel across 11 European-ancestry cohorts (N=14,824).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> CVD analyses incorporated HF (47,309 cases and 930,014 controls),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> AF (60,620 cases and 970,216 controls),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> CHD (CARDIoGRAMplusC4D Consortium, 60,801 cases and 123,504 controls),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> stroke (UK Biobank, 6,925 cases and 477,673 controls),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and PAD (7,114 cases and 475,964 controls).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> CKD traits included CKD (FinnGen cohort, 3,902 cases and 212,841 controls), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, CKDGen Consortium and UK Biobank, 1,159,871 participants),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> serum creatinine (FinnGen and UK Biobank, 344,104 participants),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> microalbuminuria (CKDGen Consortium, 54,116 participants).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Obesity traits included obesity (UK Biobank, 4,688 cases and 458,322 controls), body mass index (BMI, 532,396 participants),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> waist circumference (WC, UK Biobank, 407,661 participants).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Diabetes traits included type 2 diabetes (T2D, 61,714 cases and 1,178 controls),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> fasting glucose (200,622 participants),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and glycated hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c, UK Biobank, 389,889 participants).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> All analyses utilized publicly available summary statistics with prior ethical approval and participant consent obtained in original studies through institutional review boards, exempting this study from additional ethical review requirements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumental variable selection</title>
          <p>Initially, genome-wide significance thresholding (P&lt;5&#215;10<sup>-8</sup>) was employed to identify strongly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with inflammatory cytokines. Given limited instrument availability at this stringent threshold, we implemented a liberalized significance criterion (P&lt;1&#215;10<sup>-5</sup>) while maintaining rigorous quality control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> To ensure genetic independence, clumping procedures were performed with parameters set at 10,000 kb window size and r<sup>2</sup>&lt;0.001. Instrument strength was quantified through F-statistic calculations, with variants demonstrating F&gt;10 retained to mitigate weak instrument bias. The F-statistic was calculated using the standard formula <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>&#946;</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>se</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> for each genetic instrument. Finally, palindromic SNPs were systematically excluded to maintain consistent allele orientation across exposure-outcome datasets, thereby preventing strand misalignment artifacts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median methods were used to infer causality. The IVW method, which assumes that all genetic variants are valid instrumental variables, was considered the main analysis. In the absence of horizontal pleiotropy, IVW can provide an unbiased causal estimate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The MR-Egger method can detect and adjust for directional pleiotropy under the INSIDE assumption, but often with reduced statistical power.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The MR-Egger regression was used to assess horizontal pleiotropy. The non-zero intercept of the MR-Egger regression suggested directional pleiotropy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The weighted median method has a greater tolerance for invalid instrumental variables and can still produce reliable estimates as long as more than half of the total weight comes from valid instrumental variable.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Cochran&#8217;s Q test was used to assess the heterogeneity among the instrumental variables. Two-sided p&lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for primary analyses. In addition, a Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p &lt; 0.003 (&#945; = 0.05/15 outcomes) was applied to account for multiple comparisons. All MR analyses were performed in R (version 4.4.1) software, using the &#8220;TwoSampleMR&#8221; package (version 0.6.8).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Influence of 91 inflammatory cytokines on CVD-traits</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> delineates the annular heatmap profiling 91 cytokines across CVD, with IVW analyses revealing distinct risk architectures. Genetically elevated levels of CCL28, CD5, CXCL10, HGF, and IL18R1 (one standard deviation increase) were associated with increased HF risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>), whereas CCL19, LIFR, SULT1A1, and TRANCE demonstrated protective effects. For AF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>), FGF5 exhibited risk amplification, contrasting with protective associations for CCL25, CD274, CD40L, FLT3LG, IL6, SULT1A1, TNFSF12, and uPA. CHD analyses identified CX3CL1, IL10, IL6, LIFR, NRTN, OPG, SCF, and SULT1A1 as protective mediators, while CCL11, CCL20, EIF4EBP1, FGF5, FLT3LG, and MCSF emerged as potent atherogenic drivers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1C</xref>). Stroke risk was amplified by FGF21 and MCSF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1D</xref>), whereas PAD exhibited divergent regulation with IL6 conferring protection despite MCSF&#8217;s persistent risk effects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1E</xref>). Sensitivity analyses across the MR-Egger and weighted median methods validated these associations (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01001">Supplementary Figure 2</xref>), highlighting MCSF as a pan-vascular risk amplifier for CVD. Among the numerous significant associations identified, several remained significant after Bonferroni correction. FGF5 (odds ratio [OR]=1.065, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.036&#8211;1.096; p&lt;0.001) was associated with an increased risk of AF, CCL11 (OR=1.085; 95% CI: 1.028&#8211;1.144; p=0.003) and FLT3LG (OR=1.087; 95% CI: 1.029&#8211;1.150; p=0.003) were associated with an increased risk of CHD, while LIFR (OR=0.889; 95% CI: 0.832&#8211;0.951; P=0.001) was associated with a decreased risk of CDH. IL6 (OR=0.834; 95% CI: 0.740&#8211;0.939; p=0.003) and LIFR (OR=0.876; 95% CI: 0.809&#8211;0.949; p=0.001) were associated with a decreased risk of PAD.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The annular heat map results of the 91 inflammatory cytokines on CVD traits. AF: atrial fibrillation; CHD: coronary heart disease; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HF: heart failure; PAD: peripheral artery disease.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Influence of 91 inflammatory cytokines on CKD-traits</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> presents cytokine-CKD trait associations through annular heatmap visualization. For CKD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>), CCL8 and CD6 emerged as risk mediators, contrasting with the protective effects of CCL3, EIF4EBP1, FGF21, FGF5, and IL7. eGFR analyses delineated opposing regulatory mechanisms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>): CCL2, CD274, CX3CL1, CXCL10, DNER, IL12B, NRTN, OSM, STAMBP, SULT1A1, and TGFA decreased eGFR levels, while FGF5, IL18R1, IL20RA, and TRAIL enhanced renal function. Serum creatinine analyses revealed that CCL20, FGF5, IL18R1, IL1A, and TRAIL reduced creatinine accumulation, whereas CCL2, CD274, CXCL10, NRTN, and TGFA exacerbated retention (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C</xref>). Microalbuminuria risk was attenuated by ADA, FGF5, FGF19, and MCSF, yet amplified by CCL11, CXCL1, and FGF21 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2D</xref>). Weighted median and MR-Egger sensitivity analyses corroborated these findings (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01001">Supplementary Figure 3</xref>), identifying FGF5&#8217;s pleiotropic renoprotective effects across all renal endpoints. After Bonferroni correction, DNER (OR=0.995; 95% CI: 0.993&#8211;0.998; p=0.001) and NRTN (OR=0.995; 95% CI: 0.992&#8211;0.998; p=0.002) decreased the level of eGFR, whereas FGF5 (OR=1.004; 95% CI: 1.002&#8211;1.006; p&lt;0.001) and IL18R1 (OR=1.002; 95% CI: 1.001&#8211;1.003; p=0.001) increased the level of eGFR. CD274 (OR=1.030; 95% CI: 1.010&#8211;1.051; p=0.003) and CXCL10 (OR=1.024; 95% CI: 1.009&#8211;1.040; p=0.002) increased the level of serum creatinine, whereas FGF5 (OR=0.975; 95% CI: 0.964&#8211;0.987; p&lt;0.001) and IL18R1 (OR=0.989; 95% CI: 0.983&#8211;0.996; p=0.002) decreased the level of serum creatinine. FGF21 (OR=1.448; 95% CI: 1.151&#8211;1.821; p=0.002) was associated with an increased risk of microalbuminuria.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The annular heat map results of the 91 inflammatory cytokines on CKD traits. CKD: chronic kidney disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Influence of 91 inflammatory cytokines on obesity-traits</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> delineates cytokine-obesity associations through annular heatmap analysis. Obesity analyses identified CCL4 as a principal obesity risk mediator, with CXCL5 and LIFR demonstrating protective effects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>). BMI analyses revealed IL6, IL33, and MMP1 as positive regulators, contrasting with CCL13&#8217;s adiposity-limiting role (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>). WC analyses revealed that IL17C promoted central adiposity, while CCL13, IL1A, and SIRT2 conferred metabolic protection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3C</xref>). Sensitivity analyses via weighted median and MR-Egger methods confirmed robustness across obesity metrics (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01001">Supplementary Figure 4</xref>), highlighting CCL13&#8217;s dual protective effects on both BMI and WC. After Bonferroni correction, no associations remained significant.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The annular heat map results of the 91 inflammatory cytokines on obesity traits. BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumstance</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Influence of 91 inflammatory cytokines on diabetes traits</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> delineates cytokine-diabetes interactions through annular heatmap analysis. Diabetes analyses identified ARTN, CD5, CXCL9, and FLT3LG as pathogenic mediators for diabetes risk, contrasted by FGF21 and IL5&#8217;s protective effects (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4A</xref>). Fasting glucose regulation involved CCL25, CCL7, HGF, IL10RB, IL18R1, and LIFR, demonstrating glycemic control (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4B</xref>). HbA1c analyses revealed bidirectional regulation: FGF19, IL7, and TGFB1 elevated glycation levels, while Caspase8, CD5, FGF21, FGF5, IL6, LIFR, SIRT2, SLAM, and TNF exhibited glycemic benefits (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4C</xref>). Weighted median and MR-Egger sensitivity analyses validated these associations (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01001">Supplementary Figure 5</xref>), identifying FGF21 as dual therapeutic potential through diabetes risk reduction and HbA1c lowering. After Bonferroni correction, FGF19 (OR=1.024; 95% CI: 1.008&#8211;1.041; p=0.003) was associated with higher HbA1c level, whereas FGF21 (OR=0.951; 95% CI: 0.921&#8211;0.981; p=0.001) and LIFR (OR=0.933; 95% CI: 0.898&#8211;0.969; p&lt;0.001) were associated with lower HbA1c level.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The annular heat map results of the 91 inflammatory cytokines on diabetes traits. Hb A1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c; T2D: type 2 diabetes.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250611-50611-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The overall study design can be found in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our multidimensional MR investigation yielded four pivotal advancements in understanding inflammatory regulation of CKM syndrome: 1) systematic delineation of 60 disease-associated cytokines established context-specific therapeutic targets, 2) identification of FGF5 and IL6 as paradoxical regulators with opposing effects across organ systems, and 3) validation of MCSF as a pan-vascular risk amplifier. These findings challenge simplistic pro-/anti-inflammatory dichotomies, revealing instead a complex interplay of cytokine pleiotropy shaped by tissue-specific receptor biology and temporal dynamics.</p>
        <p>Our findings necessitate a fundamental reconceptualization of inflammatory biology, transcending the antiquated &#8220;pro-inflammatory = pathogenic&#8221; dogma by demonstrating that cytokines operate as context-aware biosensors whose functional outputs are dictated by tissue-specific receptor topography and temporal exposure dynamics. The FGF5 paradox exemplifies this paradigm, where FGF5 was identified as a risk factor for CVD, including AF and CHD, a protective factor for CKD (CKD, eGFR, serum creatinine, and microalbuminuria), and HbA1c control. The FGF5 protein is a member of the fibroblast growth factor family that stimulates cell growth and proliferation in multiple cell types, including cardiac myocytes, and has been associated with hypertrophy and angiogenesis in hibernating myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This apparent contradiction of our study mirrors recent MR evidence showing FGF5&#8217;s tissue-specific modulation. MR and colocalization analyses indicated that genetically determined levels of FGF5 were associated with increased risk of CHD (OR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.05-1.11).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Similarly, the cis-pQTL SNP used as a genetic instrument for FGF5 has been linked to CHD as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> However, leveraging pQTLs of 3032 proteins from 3 large-scale GWAS and corresponding blood- and tissue-specific eQTLs, the gene expression of FGF5 was negatively associated with CKD in kidney cortex samples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Meanwhile, a higher genetically predicted FGF5 concentration was associated with higher eGFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> These findings caution against systemic FGF pathway modulation, advocating instead for tissue-targeted delivery systems currently under development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The protective association of IL6 with CHD initially appears discordant with observational studies linking elevated IL6 to cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> While acute IL6 spikes promote plaque instability, lifelong moderate elevation (as modeled by MR) may induce adaptive vascular remodeling. Hormesis, which is defined as an adaptive response of cells and organisms to a moderate stress, can activate cardioprotective mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Our findings are also consistent with the growing appreciation for the differential effects of &#8220;good&#8221; and &#8220;bad&#8221; reactive oxygen species in health benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study highlights MCSF (encoded by <italic>CSF1</italic>) as a pivotal and consistent amplifier of vascular risk across major atherosclerotic diseases, including CHD, stroke, and PAD. Concordant with our study, the prognostic value of MCSF was independent and complementary to that of C-reactive protein (CRP) in 100 patients with chronic CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> MCSF-activated macrophages migrate to the fibrous cap of an atherosclerotic plaque, produce metalloproteinases, and, thus, may cause plaque destabilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> MCSF also promotes platelet activation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> tissue factor expression,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> and the release of the procoagulant cytokine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Through these actions, MCSF may promote thrombosis and, thus, contribute to the development of acute coronary syndromes and ischemic stroke in patients with atherosclerosis. Targeting MCSF could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for reducing global vascular risk. Preclinical studies have shown that genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of MCSF attenuates atherosclerosis in animal models, reducing plaque burden and inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Translating these findings to clinical practice requires caution and further validation.</p>
        <p>To provide mechanistic insights, cytokines operate through tissue- and context-specific signaling pathways that shape CKM progression. IL6 signals via classic and trans modes, with classical signaling mediating homeostatic effects, while trans-signaling promotes endothelial activation, monocyte recruitment, and chronic inflammation, activating JAK/STAT3, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> FGF5 modulates cell proliferation and vascular remodeling in a tissue-dependent manner, explaining its pleiotropic effects. MCSF drives macrophage recruitment, activation, and plaque destabilization, contributing to vascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> These findings highlight that cytokines function as dynamic, context-aware regulators, where temporal exposure and tissue-specific receptor expression determine pathogenic versus protective roles, supporting CKM as a systemic syndrome rather than isolated organ disease.</p>
        <p>Although our findings withstand rigorous sensitivity analyses, several methodological considerations warrant acknowledgment. First, the nonlinear dose-response relationships of cytokines remain uncharacterized due to inherent limitations in summary-level MR approaches, precluding assessment of threshold effects or U-shaped associations. Second, our estimates reflect lifelong genetic predisposition to cytokine modulation, which may not directly mirror the therapeutic effects of acute pharmacological cytokine modulation. Third, sex-dimorphic effects could not be ascertained given the predominantly mixed-sex GWAS sources. Fourth, the genetic instruments for inflammatory cytokines were derived exclusively from cohorts of European ancestry, thereby limiting the generalizability of our findings to other ancestral groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Fifth, formal MR power calculations were not performed, which may limit the ability to detect modest associations. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these exploratory findings. Finally, given the large number of tests performed, some findings may be subject to false-positive bias. While a Bonferroni correction was conducted, the reduced number of significant associations after adjustment highlights the need for cautious interpretation and independent replication.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This MR atlas redefines inflammatory networks in cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases, revealing FGF5 and IL6 as paradoxical regulators requiring context-specific modulation, MCSF as a unifying vascular risk amplifier. Our findings challenge simplistic pro-/anti-inflammatory dichotomies, revealing instead a complex interplay of cytokine pleiotropy shaped by tissue-specific receptor biology and temporal dynamics in the CKM era.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl01001" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en">
          <label>Supplementary Figure 1. The overview of the study design.</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/b6FbyRZJq6y3wKwYFqK4FwP/ae2f51a3c13a7e66c37ace4559e3de45e3e3cac7.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgement</title>
        <p>This work was supported by the National Key R&amp;D Program of China (2023YFC3605000), R&amp;D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission (KM202410025015), and Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital 2023 Annual Departmental Research Project (QNPY202323).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01en_a">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12304/2025-0611_AO_Supplementary%20Figures.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by National Key R&amp;D Program of China(2023YFC3605000), Capital Medical University Xuanwu Hospital 2023 Annual Departmental Research Project (QNPY202323), and Xuanwu Hospital Elite Cultivation Program (YC20250114).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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