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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DGNQXhX4DmdxKH6fwv6XBBg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000401801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250555</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01801</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Contra&#231;&#245;es Atriais Prematuras Originadas da Veia Cava Inferior: Uma Fonte Arritmog&#234;nica Rara Pass&#237;vel de Abla&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6695-1613</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zheng</surname>
            <given-names>Ningning</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Yiyuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xue</surname>
            <given-names>Feng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Fangfang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ling</surname>
            <given-names>Lin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Tingbo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Suzhou</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Feng Xue</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiology &#8211; The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 215006 &#8211; China Email: <email>szlongman@126.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250555</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Complexos Atriais Prematuros</kwd>
        <kwd>Veia Cava Inferior</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As contra&#231;&#245;es atriais prematuras (CAPs) s&#227;o arritmias card&#237;acas comuns, tipicamente associadas a mecanismos desencadeadores. CAPs originadas nas veias pulmonares (VPs) s&#227;o consideradas importantes desencadeadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), e o isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) tem sido amplamente utilizado como tratamento.&#185; No entanto, a veia cava inferior (VCI) &#233; geralmente considerada uma regi&#227;o eletricamente quiescente, e estudos sobre descargas ect&#243;picas originadas na VCI s&#227;o relativamente raros. Neste estudo, apresentamos um caso de CAPs originadas na VCI, com o objetivo de fornecer novas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos dessas arritmias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</title>
        <p>Uma paciente de 78 anos apresentou palpita&#231;&#245;es recorrentes, aperto no peito e fadiga nos &#250;ltimos 9 meses. Cada epis&#243;dio dura de 10 a 30 minutos e ocorre aproximadamente 5 a 6 vezes por m&#234;s. Ela negou sentir dor ou desconforto no peito. V&#225;rios eletrocardiogramas (ECGs) mostraram CAPs. A paciente havia sido tratada com um betabloqueador, mas n&#227;o houve melhora significativa dos sintomas e, consequentemente, ela foi encaminhada ao nosso hospital.</p>
        <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) revelou discreto aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, com di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo de 40 mm. A angiotomografia computadorizada coron&#225;ria mostrou uma placa n&#227;o calcificada no segmento proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, acompanhada de estenose luminal leve. Os demais resultados dos exames laboratoriais estavam dentro dos limites normais. Durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es revelou CAPs frequentes com morfologia de onda P negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores (II, III e aVF) e morfologia de onda P positiva em V1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). O monitoramento Holter revelou CAPs frequentes (15.838 eventos em 24 horas). A paciente n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;rico de cirurgia card&#237;aca ou abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter. Ela foi diagnosticada com CAPs frequentes e totalmente informada sobre o estado da doen&#231;a e os potenciais benef&#237;cios e riscos das diversas op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento. Ela optou por se submeter a estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) e abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (ARF).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrando contra&#231;&#245;es atriais prematuras com caracter&#237;sticas morfol&#243;gicas t&#237;picas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250555-50555-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) pr&#233;-procedimento confirmou a aus&#234;ncia de trombo no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo. Sob anestesia local, um cateter decapolar foi posicionado no seio coron&#225;rio (SC) e um sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico tridimensional (CARTO 3, Biosense Webster, CA, EUA) foi utilizado para reconstruir o &#225;trio direito (AD), o septo interatrial e os &#243;stios das veias cavas, e para realizar o mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o. O mapeamento de alta densidade foi realizado com um cateter diagn&#243;stico multipolar (Pentaray<sup>&#174;</sup> Nav Eco, Biosense Webster). A ARF foi realizada utilizando um cateter com irriga&#231;&#227;o aberta e sensor de for&#231;a de contato (THERMOCOOL SMARTTOUCH SF, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, EUA) com as seguintes configura&#231;&#245;es: 40 W; irriga&#231;&#227;o 17 mL/min; dura&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o de 20 a 30 s por aplica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O EEF e o mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial indicaram que as CAPs cl&#237;nicas se originavam da veia pulmonar inferior direita; portanto, o IVP foi realizado. Apesar do isolamento el&#233;trico confirmado de todas as quatro VP, as CAPs persistiram. O mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o subsequente localizou a ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial mais precoce na regi&#227;o pr&#243;xima &#224; fossa oval. A abla&#231;&#227;o nesse local n&#227;o reduziu materialmente a carga de CAPs.</p>
        <p>Dada a potencial associa&#231;&#227;o entre CAPs e &#225;reas de baixa voltagem no AD, foi realizado mapeamento de voltagem no AD, que n&#227;o revelou &#225;reas discretas de baixa voltagem. Isoproterenol intravenoso (8 &#956;g/min) foi administrado para atingir uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &gt;100 bpm e provocar CAPs est&#225;veis, seguido de novo mapeamento. O mapeamento de alta densidade localizou a ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce na parede p&#243;stero-inferior do &#225;trio direito, pr&#243;ximo &#224; jun&#231;&#227;o da veia cava inferior com o &#225;trio direito (VCI-AD), onde o eletrograma atrial local precedeu o in&#237;cio da onda P de superf&#237;cie em 33 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Uma onda na parede posterior inferior do &#225;trio direito, pr&#243;xima ao &#243;stio da veia cava inferior, foi precedida por 33 ms no eletrocardiograma intracard&#237;aco. B e C) Mapas tridimensionais de ativa&#231;&#227;o focal do &#225;trio direito e dos &#243;stios da veia cava; o c&#237;rculo vermelho e a seta indicam o local da abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia na jun&#231;&#227;o VCI-AD.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250555-50555-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O mapeamento por estimula&#231;&#227;o foi subsequentemente realizado no local de ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce, e a morfologia da onda P estimulada correspondeu de perto &#224;s CAPs espont&#226;neas em todas as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es do ECG de superf&#237;cie. Simultaneamente, o bipolo CS 9-10 no cateter do seio coron&#225;rio registrou continuamente CAPs correspondentes &#224; morfologia cl&#237;nica. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de focos potenciais adjacentes &#8212; no &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio, no segmento inferior da crista terminal e na v&#225;lvula/crista de Eust&#225;quio &#8212; por mapeamento de estimula&#231;&#227;o e correspond&#234;ncia da morfologia da onda P, o local alvo foi confirmado. A ARF ponto a ponto (40 W, 20&#8211;30 s por aplica&#231;&#227;o; irriga&#231;&#227;o de 17 mL/min) na jun&#231;&#227;o VCI- AD resultou na elimina&#231;&#227;o imediata das CAPs, com atenua&#231;&#227;o acentuada dos eletrogramas locais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 30 minutos, a infus&#227;o repetida de isoproterenol (8 &#956;g/min) e a estimula&#231;&#227;o programada suplementar, conforme necess&#225;rio, n&#227;o provocaram CAPs espont&#226;neas nem induzidas, o que &#233; consistente com o sucesso agudo do procedimento. Ap&#243;s 6 meses de acompanhamento, o paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico e o monitoramento Holter mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na frequ&#234;ncia de CAP para 3 eventos em 24 horas.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aus&#234;ncia de CAPs ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o na veia cava inferior no eletrocardiograma intracard&#237;aco.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250555-50555-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A maioria das CAPs se origina de regi&#245;es especializadas do mioc&#225;rdio atrial com automatismo aumentado ou atividade desencadeada, incluindo as VPs (mais comuns), a veia cava superior (VCS), a crista terminal, o &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio e o anel tric&#250;spide. Essas regi&#245;es s&#227;o bem estudadas; por exemplo, Ha&#239;ssaguerre et al. relataram em 1998 que as VPs s&#227;o os gatilhos cl&#225;ssicos da FA,&#178; e que crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e eletrofisiol&#243;gicos podem auxiliar em sua localiza&#231;&#227;o. Por outro lado, as CAPs originadas na VCI s&#227;o relativamente raras. Em um estudo com 661 pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica submetidos &#224; ARF inicial, seis pacientes (0,91%) apresentaram FA originada na VCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Outro estudo relatou que, entre 4.500 procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA realizados em um &#250;nico centro, apenas 2 (0,04%) envolveram FA originada na VCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Um relato de caso recente de Wakabayashi et al. descreveu descargas ect&#243;picas originadas do &#243;stio da VCI em um paciente com FA parox&#237;stica, no qual as CAPs com ondas P negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores foram mapeadas com um mapa de tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o local para um local de ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce focal na VCI e eliminadas com sucesso por ARF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, nosso caso fornece um exemplo detalhado de CAPs isoladas e altamente sintom&#225;ticas originadas da jun&#231;&#227;o VCI-AD em um paciente sem FA ou taquicardia atrial documentadas e ilustra v&#225;rios pontos pr&#225;ticos. Primeiro, a morfologia da onda P ect&#243;pica no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es sugeriu um foco no &#225;trio direito inferior ou na VCI, levando a uma inspe&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da jun&#231;&#227;o VCI-AD em vez de atribuir as CAPs exclusivamente &#224;s veias pulmonares ou ao &#225;trio direito inferior. Segundo, o mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o de alta densidade com um cateter multipolar e a reconstru&#231;&#227;o eletroanat&#244;mica tridimensional permitiram a identifica&#231;&#227;o precisa da ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce dentro da jun&#231;&#227;o VCI-AD ap&#243;s a falha de estrat&#233;gias orientadas para as veias pulmonares, evitando assim conjuntos de les&#245;es emp&#237;ricas mais extensas, como o isolamento amplo da VCI. Em terceiro lugar, um conjunto limitado de les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o focal confinadas &#224; jun&#231;&#227;o VCI-AD foi suficiente para abolir as CAPs espont&#226;neas e induzidas por isoproterenol. Finalmente, durante o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico, o paciente permaneceu livre de CAPs sintom&#225;ticas e n&#227;o apresentou taquiarritmia atrial documentada.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais a VCI serve como foco arr&#237;tmico provavelmente envolvem fatores estruturais e eletrofisiol&#243;gicos. Um estudo inicial de Ito et al. revelou que a VCI era geralmente considerada uma zona eletricamente silenciosa, exceto por sua proximidade com a jun&#231;&#227;o atrial direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, estudos anat&#244;micos e histol&#243;gicos subsequentes demonstraram feixes de m&#250;sculo estriado e fibras mioc&#225;rdicas na parede anterior da VCI, indicando que esse segmento pode representar uma extens&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do &#225;trio direito, potencialmente possuindo propriedades arr&#237;tmicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a conex&#227;o anat&#244;mica e eletrofisiol&#243;gica entre a VCI e o AD pode formar um circuito de reentrada, aumentando o risco de arritmias.</p>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a proximidade da VCI ao &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio e &#224; por&#231;&#227;o inferior do &#225;trio direito dificulta a identifica&#231;&#227;o de CAPs originadas na VCI. Alguns estudos sugerem que uma onda P positiva na deriva&#231;&#227;o V<sub>1</sub> pode indicar um gatilho originado na veia pulmonar direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Propomos a seguinte abordagem para suspeita de CAPs originadas na VCI: (1) An&#225;lise cuidadosa da morfologia e do eixo da onda P no ECG de superf&#237;cie; ondas P positivas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores sugerem focos atriais superiores, enquanto ondas P negativas sugerem focos atriais inferiores, mas a localiza&#231;&#227;o exata requer avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional; (2) EEF com mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o detalhado, com foco na por&#231;&#227;o inferior do &#225;trio direito, &#243;stio da VCI, anel tric&#250;spide e &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio; (3) Uso de mapeamento tridimensional para confirma&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica; (4) do tempo e da morfologia do eletrograma intracard&#237;aco para identificar o foco mais precoce.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o ECG revelou uma onda P ect&#243;pica negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores e uma onda P ect&#243;pica positiva na deriva&#231;&#227;o V<sub>1</sub>, consistente com as caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas de CAPs originadas na VCI. O mapeamento tridimensional localizou as CAPs na VCI durante o EEF, e a ARF foi realizada com sucesso. &#201; importante ressaltar que a abla&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o da VCI requer cautela devido &#224; sua complexidade anat&#244;mica e proximidade com estruturas cr&#237;ticas, como o nervo fr&#234;nico e o SC.</p>
      <p>Relatos anteriores de FA relacionada &#224; VCI ressaltaram que a fluoroscopia isoladamente pode n&#227;o distinguir de forma confi&#225;vel a VCI de locais adjacentes, como o &#243;stio do seio coron&#225;rio ou o &#225;trio direito inferior. Em contraste, o mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico tridimensional permite a delimita&#231;&#227;o precisa da interface entre a veia cava inferior (VCI) e o &#225;trio direito (AD), bem como a identifica&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce dentro da VCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em nosso caso, o mapeamento tridimensional de alta densidade foi essencial para confirmar a jun&#231;&#227;o VCI-AD como a verdadeira fonte de CAPs ap&#243;s a falha de estrat&#233;gias direcionadas &#224;s VPs, e para orientar um conjunto limitado de les&#245;es de abla&#231;&#227;o focal em vez de uma abla&#231;&#227;o emp&#237;rica mais extensa. Isso est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com dados contempor&#226;neos que apoiam a abla&#231;&#227;o personalizada e direcionada ao gatilho para focos n&#227;o relacionados &#224;s VPs.</p>
      <p>Para auxiliar os m&#233;dicos na abordagem sistem&#225;tica da atividade atrial ect&#243;pica originada nessa regi&#227;o complexa, fornecemos uma tabela comparativa que resume os padr&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, as caracter&#237;sticas do eletrograma intracard&#237;aco e as respostas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o associadas a locais anat&#244;micos comuns pr&#243;ximos &#224; VCI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Uma maior compreens&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas das CAPs relacionadas &#224; VCI, juntamente com o uso criterioso do mapeamento tridimensional de alta densidade, provavelmente aumentar&#225; o sucesso do procedimento e melhorar&#225; os resultados para os pacientes.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das origens de contra&#231;&#245;es atriais prematuras na regi&#227;o do &#225;trio direito inferior/ veia cava inferior com r&#243;tulos e riscos harmonizados</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Localiza&#231;&#227;o Anat&#244;mica</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas do eletrograma</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Morfologia da onda-P</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Resposta &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pistas Distintivas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Armadilhas/Riscos</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#211;stio da VCI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Ativa&#231;&#227;o bipolar mais precoce na jun&#231;&#227;o VCI-AD; QS unipolar no local de sucesso</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Eixo inferior; frequentemente negativo em II, III, aVF com baixa amplitude</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Supress&#227;o/t&#233;rmino imediato com abla&#231;&#227;o focal no l&#225;bio VCI-AD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Atividade inicial confinada &#224; dobradi&#231;a VCI-AD; diferenciada da crista terminal baixa, da crista de Eust&#225;quio e do &#243;stio do SC por mapeamento de alta densidade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Instabilidade do cateter no l&#225;bio venoso; parede fina &#8594; estouros de vapor; risco de les&#227;o venosa se for usada pot&#234;ncia excessiva</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Anel tric&#250;spide baixo (septal)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Sinais atriais anulares de campo pr&#243;ximo; podem registrar potenciais nodais His/AV de campo distante, dependendo da proximidade septal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Eixo inferior ou quase isoel&#233;trico; polaridade precordial vari&#225;vel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Aplica&#231;&#245;es focais de baixa pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o prefer&#237;veis quando se trata de radioterapia septal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Local mais precoce cont&#237;guo ao anel; o mapa de estimula&#231;&#227;o reproduz a morfologia da onda P sem captura ventricular</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Proximidade ao n&#243; AV/His (anel septal baixo) &#8594; risco de bloqueio AV; a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita percorre o sulco AV</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Potenciais atriais divididos/duplos ao longo do istmo; corredor de ativa&#231;&#227;o estreito entre o TA e a VCI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Frequentemente, componentes negativos no eixo inferior; podem ser sutis</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Geralmente, responde bem a les&#245;es focais ou lineares curtas no local mais precoce</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">A ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce localiza-se no ICT, e n&#227;o no l&#225;bio daVCI ou no &#243;stio do SC; a ativa&#231;&#227;o propaga-se ao longo do istmo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">A bolsa subeust&#225;quica causa mau contato; proximidade com a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; risco de estouros de vapor no istmo fino</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#211;stio do SC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Sinal atrial mais precoce no SC proximal; potenciais de campo pr&#243;ximo n&#237;tidos no SC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Padr&#227;o bif&#225;sico ou de eixo inferior</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Pode ser necess&#225;ria abla&#231;&#227;o no &#243;stio do SC ou em suas proximidades para um efeito duradouro</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Localiza&#231;&#227;o dentro/pr&#243;ximo ao tri&#226;ngulo de Koch; ativa&#231;&#227;o mais precoce dentro do SC proximal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Pr&#243;ximo ao n&#243; AV e ao feixe de His; risco de bloqueio AV; potencial dissec&#231;&#227;o ou perfura&#231;&#227;o do seio coron&#225;rio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Parede livre/septo do AD inferior</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Potenciais atriais septais baixos ou da parede livre inferior mais precoces; sinais de campo distante da VCI podem estar presentes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Ondas negativas ou de baixa amplitude no eixo inferior</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Abla&#231;&#227;o focal no eletrograma atrial mais precoce; confirmar com reexposi&#231;&#227;o ao isoproterenol</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">O mapeamento de alta densidade separa a origem da parede livre/septal do l&#225;bio da VCI e da crista de Eust&#225;quio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Poss&#237;vel compress&#227;o do nervo fr&#234;nico direito ao longo do AD lateral; parede atrial fina &#8594; risco de perfura&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Crista/v&#225;lvula de Eust&#225;quio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Potenciais fragmentados ou duplos; instabilidade frequente do cateter devido &#224; anatomia das cristas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Vari&#225;vel; pode mimetizar a morfologia da origem da VCI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Les&#245;es focais precisas s&#227;o frequentemente necess&#225;rias; o efeito pode ser transit&#243;rio, sem estabilidade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Crista anat&#244;mica entre a VCI e o AT; o mapeamento 3D a distingue do &#243;stio da VCI ou do SC</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Contato deficiente em uma crista inclinada; estouros de vapor; abla&#231;&#227;o inadvertida perto da parede da VCI</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Crista terminal baixa</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Sinais atriais n&#237;tidos/fracionados; ativa&#231;&#227;o ligeiramente posterior aos verdadeiros focos do l&#225;bio da VCI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Sinal negativo ou bif&#225;sico nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Les&#245;es focais ou lineares curtas, dependendo da extens&#227;o do envolvimento da crista</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">A ativa&#231;&#227;o se estende ao longo da crista, em vez da dobradi&#231;a VCI-AD; diferencia-se do &#243;stio da VCI com mapeamento denso</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">Captura do nervo fr&#234;nico direito ao longo do AD lateral; desafios de estabilidade do cateter</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>AD: &#225;trio direito; AT: anel tric&#250;spide; VCI: veia cava inferior; VCI-AD: veia cava inferior com o &#225;trio direito; sc: seio coron&#225;rio; ICT: istmo cavotricusp&#237;deo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em resumo, este caso destaca a jun&#231;&#227;o da VCI - AD como uma fonte incomum, por&#233;m clinicamente importante, de CAPs sintom&#225;ticas. O reconhecimento da morfologia caracter&#237;stica da onda P e a investiga&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da regi&#227;o da VCI s&#227;o cruciais, particularmente quando as CAPs persistem apesar de estrat&#233;gias direcionadas &#224;s veias pulmonares ou quando se suspeita de gatilhos n&#227;o relacionados &#224;s veias pulmonares. O mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico tridimensional de alta densidade foi essencial em nosso paciente para delinear a interface venosa-atrial, confirmar a origem na VCI e guiar a ARF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University sob o n&#250;mero de protocol 2024506. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250555i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Premature Atrial Contractions Originating from the Inferior Vena Cava: A Rare Arrhythmogenic Source Amenable to Ablation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6695-1613</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zheng</surname>
            <given-names>Ningning</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Yiyuan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xue</surname>
            <given-names>Feng</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Fangfang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ling</surname>
            <given-names>Lin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Tingbo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Suzhou City</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Feng Xue</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiology &#8211; The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 215006 &#8211; China Email: <email>szlongman@126.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Premature Complexes</kwd>
        <kwd>Inferior Vena Cava</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold>: There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Premature atrial contractions (PACs) are common cardiac arrhythmias that are typically associated with trigger mechanisms. PACs originating from pulmonary veins (PVs) are considered important triggers for atrial fibrillation (AF), and pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has been widely used as a treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, the inferior vena cava (IVC) is generally regarded as an electrically quiescent region, and studies of ectopic discharges originating from the IVC are relatively rare. In this study, we present a case of PACs originating from the IVC, aiming to provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of these arrhythmias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study presentation</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>A 78-year-old female patient presented with recurrent palpitations, chest tightness, and fatigue over the past 9 months. Each episode lasts 10&#8211;30 minutes and occurs approximately 5&#8211;6 times per month. She denied experiencing chest pain or discomfort. Multiple electrocardiograms (ECGs) showed PACs. The patient had been treated with a &#946;-blocker, but there was no significant improvement in symptoms, and she was subsequently referred to our hospital.</p>
          <p>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed mild enlargement of the left atrium, with a left atrial diameter of 40 mm. Coronary computed tomography angiography showed a noncalcified plaque in the proximal segment of the right coronary artery, accompanied by mild luminal stenosis. Other laboratory test results were within normal limits. During hospitalization, a 12-lead ECG revealed frequent ectopic PACs with negative P-wave morphology in the inferior leads (II, III, and aVF) and positive P-wave morphology in V1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). Holter monitoring revealed frequent PACs (15,838 events over 24 hours). The patient had no history of cardiac surgery or catheter ablation. She was diagnosed with frequent PACs and was fully informed about the status of the disease and the potential benefits and risks of various treatment options. She chose to undergo electrophysiology (EPS) and radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram showing premature atrial contractions with characteristic morphological features</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250555-50555-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation procedure</title>
          <p>Preprocedural transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed the absence of left atrial appendage thrombus. Under local anesthesia, a decapolar catheter was positioned in the coronary sinus (CS), and a three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system (CARTO 3, Biosense Webster, CA, USA) was used to reconstruct the right atrium (RA), the interatrial septum, and the caval ostia, and to perform activation mapping. High-density mapping was performed with a multipolar diagnostic catheter (Pentaray<sup>&#174;</sup> Nav Eco, Biosense Webster). RFA was delivered using an open-irrigated, contact force&#8211;sensing catheter (THERMOCOOL SMARTTOUCH SF, Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA) with the following settings: 40 W; irrigation 17 mL/min; lesion duration 20&#8211;30 s per application.</p>
          <p>The EPS and the initial activation map indicated that the clinical PACs originated from the right inferior PV; therefore, PVI was performed. Despite confirmed electrical isolation of all four PVs, PACs persisted. Subsequent activation mapping localized the earliest atrial activation to the region near the fossa ovalis. Ablation at this site did not materially reduce the PACs burden.</p>
          <p>Given the potential association between PACs and RA low-voltage areas, RA voltage mapping was performed, revealing no discrete low-voltage areas. Intravenous isoproterenol (8 &#956;g/min) was administered to achieve a heart rate &gt;100 bpm and provoke stable PACs, followed by remapping. High-density mapping localized the earliest activation to the posteroinferior right atrial wall near the inferior vena cava&#8211;right atrial (IVC&#8211;RA) junction, where the local atrial electrogram preceded the onset of the surface P wave by 33 ms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) A wave at the lower posterior wall of the right atrium near the inferior vena cava orifice was preceded by 33 ms in intracardiac electrocardiography. (B), (C): Three-dimensional focal activation maps of the right atrium and the caval ostia; the red circle and arrow denote the radiofrequency ablation site at the IVC&#8211;RA junction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250555-50555-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Pace mapping was subsequently performed at the earliest activation site, and the paced P wave morphology closely matched the spontaneous PACs across all 12 surface ECG leads. Concurrently, the CS 9-10 bipole on the coronary sinus catheter continuously recorded PACs matching clinical morphology. After systematically excluding adjacent potential foci&#8212;at the coronary sinus ostium, the inferior segment of the crista terminalis, and the Eustachian valve/ridge&#8212;by pace-mapping and P-wave morphology matching, the target site was confirmed. Point-by-point RFA (40 W, 20&#8211;30 s per application; irrigation 17 mL/min) at the IVC&#8211;RA junction resulted in immediate elimination of PACs, with marked attenuation of local electrograms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>No PACs after ablation at the inferior vena cava in the intracardiac electrocardiogram.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250555-50555-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>After a 30-minute observation period, repeat isoproterenol infusion (8&#956;g/min) and supplemental programmed stimulation as needed elicited neither spontaneous nor inducible PACs, consistent with acute procedural success.</p>
          <p>At 6-month follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic, and Holter monitoring showed a reduction in PAC frequency to 3 events per 24 hours.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Most PACs originate from specialized atrial myocardium with enhanced automaticity or triggered activity, including the PVs (most common), the superior vena cava (SVC), the crista terminalis, the coronary sinus ostium, and the tricuspid annulus. These regions are well-studied; for example, Ha&#239;ssaguerre et al. reported in 1998 that the PVs are the classic triggers of AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and that electrocardiographic and electrophysiological criteria can aid in their localization. By contrast, PACs originating from the IVC are relatively rare. In one study involving 661 patients with paroxysmal AF who underwent initial RFA, six patients (0.91%) had AF originating from the IVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Another study reported that among 4,500 AF ablation procedures performed at a single center, only 2 (0.04%) involved AF originating from the IVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A recent case report by Wakabayashi et al. described ectopic discharges arising from the IVC ostium in a patient with paroxysmal AF, in whom PACs with negative P waves in the inferior leads were mapped with a local activation time map to a focal earliest-activation site in the IVC and successfully eliminated by RFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Against this background, our case provides a detailed example of isolated, highly symptomatic PACs originating from the IVC-RA junction in a patient without documented AF or atrial tachycardia and illustrates several practical points. First, the ectopic P-wave morphology on the 12-lead ECG suggested a low right atrial or IVC focus, prompting careful inspection of the IVC-RA junction rather than attributing the PACs solely to the pulmonary veins or the low right atrium. Second, high-density activation mapping with a multipolar catheter and three-dimensional electroanatomic reconstruction allowed precise identification of the earliest activation within the IVC&#8211;RA junction after pulmonary vein&#8211;oriented strategies had failed, thereby avoiding empirical, more extensive lesion sets such as wide IVC isolation. Third, a limited focal ablation lesion set confined to the IVC-RA junction was sufficient to abolish both spontaneous and isoproterenol-induced PACs. Finally, during clinical follow-up, the patient remained free of symptomatic PACs and had no documented atrial tachyarrhythmia.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms by which the IVC serves as an arrhythmic focus likely involve both structural and electrophysiological factors. An early study by Ito et al. revealed that the IVC was generally regarded as an electrically silent zone, except for its proximity to the right atrial junction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, subsequent anatomical and histological studies, however, demonstrated bundles of striated muscle and myocardial fibers within the anterior wall of the IVC, indicating that this segment may represent a myocardial extension of the right atrium, potentially possessing arrhythmic properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Additionally, the anatomical and electrophysiological connection between the IVC and the RA may form a reentrant circuit, increasing the risk of arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>In clinical practice, the proximity of the IVC to the coronary sinus ostium and the lower right atrium makes it challenging to identify the PACs originating from the IVC. Some studies have suggested that a positive P wave in lead V<sub>1</sub> may indicate a trigger originating from the right pulmonary vein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> We propose the following approach for suspected PACs from IVC: (1) Careful analysis of surface ECG P wave morphology and axis; positive P waves in the inferior leads suggest higher atrial foci, whereas negative P waves suggest lower atrial foci, but exact localization requires further assessment; (2) EPS with detailed activation mapping, focusing on low RA, IVC ostium, tricuspid annulus, and CS ostium; (3) Use of three-dimensional mapping for anatomical confirmation; (4) of intracardiac electrogram timing and morphology to identify the earliest focus.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the ECG revealed a negative ectopic P wave in the inferior leads and a positive ectopic P wave in lead V<sub>1</sub>, consistent with the electrocardiographic characteristics of PACs originating from the IVC. The three-dimensional mapping localized the PACs to the IVC during the EPS, and successful RFA was performed. Importantly, ablation in the IVC region requires caution due to its anatomical complexity and proximity to critical structures, such as the phrenic nerve and CS.</p>
        <p>Prior reports of IVC-related AF have underscored that fluoroscopy alone may not reliably distinguish the IVC from adjacent sites such as the coronary sinus ostium or the low right atrium. In contrast, three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping allows accurate delineation of the IVC&#8211;right atrium (RA) interface and identification of the earliest activation within the IVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In our case, high-density three-dimensional mapping was essential for confirming the IVC&#8211;RA junction as the true source of PACs after PVs-oriented strategies had failed and for guiding a limited set of focal ablation lesions rather than empiric, more extensive ablation. This is in line with contemporary data supporting tailored, trigger-oriented ablation for non-PV foci.</p>
        <p>To assist clinicians in systematically approaching ectopic atrial activity arising from this complex region, we provide a comparative table summarizing the electrocardiographic patterns, intracardiac electrogram features, and ablation responses associated with common anatomic sites near the IVC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). Greater awareness of the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics of IVC-related PACs, together with the judicious use of high-density three-dimensional mapping, is likely to enhance procedural success and improve patient outcomes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of inferior right atrial/IVC region premature atrial contractions origins with harmonized labels and risks</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Anatomical Site</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Electrogram Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">P-wave Morphology</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Response to Ablation</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Distinguishing Clues</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pitfalls/Risks</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"> IVC ostium</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Earliest bipolar activation at the IVC&#8211;RA junction; unipolar QS at the successful site.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Inferior axis; often negative in II, III, aVF with low amplitude.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Immediate suppression/termination with focal ablation at the IVC&#8211;RA lip.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Earliest activity confined to the IVC&#8211;RA hinge; differentiate from the low crista terminalis, Eustachian ridge, and CS ostium by high-density mapping.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Catheter instability on the venous lip; thin wall &#8594; steam pops; risk of venous injury if excessive power is used.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Low tricuspid annulus (septal)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Near-field annular atrial signals; may record far-field His/AV nodal potentials depending on septal proximity.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Inferior axis or near-isoelectric; variable precordial polarity.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Focal low-power, short-duration applications preferred when septal.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Earliest site contiguous with the annulus; pace-map reproduces P-wave morphology without ventricular capture.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Proximity to AV node/His (low septal annulus) &#8594; risk of AV block; right coronary artery runs in the AV groove.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"> Cavotricuspid isthmus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Split/double atrial potentials along the isthmus; narrow activation corridor between TA and IVC.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Often inferior-axis negative components; may be subtle.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Usually amenable to focal or short linear lesions at the earliest site.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Earliest activation localizes to the CTI rather than the IVC lip or CS ostium; activation propagates along the isthmus.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Subeustachian pouch causes poor contact; proximity to the right coronary artery; risk of steam pops in thin isthmus.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">CS ostium</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Earliest atrial signal at proximal CS; sharp near-field CS potentials.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Biphasic or inferior-axis pattern.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">May require ablation at or within the CS ostium for durable effect.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Localization within/near Koch's triangle; earliest activation within proximal CS.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Close to AV node and His; risk of AV block; potential CS dissection or perforation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"> Inferior RA free wall/septum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Earliest low-septal or inferior free-wall atrial potentials; far-field signals from IVC may be present.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Inferior-axis negative or low-amplitude waves.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Focal ablation at earliest atrial EGM; confirm with isoproterenol re-challenge.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">High-density mapping separates free-wall/septal origin from IVC lip and Eustachian ridge.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Possible right phrenic nerve capture along the lateral RA; thin atrial wall &#8594; perforation risk.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Eustachian ridge/valve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Fragmented or double potentials; frequent catheter instability due to ridge anatomy.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Variable; may mimic IVC-origin morphology.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Precise focal lesions often required; effect can be transient without stability.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Anatomical ridge between IVC and TA; 3D mapping distinguishes from IVC or CS ostium.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Poor contact on a sloped ridge; steam pops; inadvertent ablation near the IVC wall.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"> Low crista terminalis</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Sharp/fractionated atrial signals; activation slightly later than true IVC lip foci.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Negative or biphasic in inferior leads.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Focal or short linear lesions, depending on the extent of the crista involvement.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Activation extends along the crista rather than the IVC&#8211;RA hinge; differentiates from IVC ostium with dense mapping.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Right phrenic nerve capture along the lateral RA; catheter stability challenges.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>RA: right atrium; IVC: inferior vena cava; IVC-RA: inferior vena cava&#8211;right atrial; CS: coronary sinus; CTI: cavotricuspid isthmus; TA: tricuspid annulus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In summary, this case highlights the IVC&#8211;RA junction as an uncommon but clinically important source of symptomatic PACs. Recognition of the characteristic P-wave morphology and systematic interrogation of the IVC region are crucial, particularly when PACs persist despite pulmonary vein&#8211;oriented strategies or when non&#8211;pulmonary vein triggers are suspected. Three-dimensional high-density electroanatomic mapping was essential in our patient for delineating the venous&#8211;atrial</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University under the protocol number 2024506. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
