<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="letter" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8PCFDSXwXvV6pwphZnS9vWN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000404204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250379</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">04204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A ICFEp Realmente Existe? Das Imita&#231;&#245;es &#224; Classifica&#231;&#227;o Err&#244;nea na Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0625-7555</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bellicini</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Giulia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Brescia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Maria Giulia Bellicini</bold> &#8226; ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia &#8211; cardiology &#8211; Piazza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia. 25125 &#8211; It&#225;lia E-mail: <email>m.bellicini003@unibs.it</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250379</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Diast&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispneia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Caro Editor,</p>
    <p>Li com interesse o artigo recente de Villacorta et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que aborda a distin&#231;&#227;o entre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) "verdadeira" e condi&#231;&#245;es que apenas a imitam. Seu esfor&#231;o para esclarecer essa ambiguidade conceitual &#233; louv&#225;vel e oportuno. No entanto, acredito que a quest&#227;o se estende ainda mais: mesmo quando imitadores da ICFEp, como amiloidose, pericardite constritiva ou doen&#231;a valvar grave, s&#227;o cuidadosamente exclu&#237;dos, a entidade cl&#237;nica conhecida como ICFEp frequentemente se dissolve sob um exame mais detalhado.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos 18 meses, realizei uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 773 interna&#231;&#245;es consecutivas por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda em nosso departamento de cardiologia, todas submetidas a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica padronizada na admiss&#227;o por operadores experientes. Entre 323 pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &gt; 40%, 252 apresentavam congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Destes, 81,7% apresentavam doen&#231;a valvar grave. Outros 10% apresentavam outras anormalidades importantes (por exemplo, miocardiopatias, hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar pr&#233;-capilar, dist&#250;rbios do ritmo hemodinamicamente relevantes, como arritmias ventriculares sustentadas e bloqueio atrioventricular avan&#231;ado, ou doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio V). Apenas 8% n&#227;o apresentavam nenhuma causa estrutural ou extracard&#237;aca identific&#225;vel. Esses resultados, publicados na revista Internal and Emergency Medicine, publica&#231;&#227;o oficial da Sociedade Italiana de Medicina Interna, e posteriormente discutidos no European Journal of Internal Medicine, publica&#231;&#227;o oficial da Federa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Medicina Interna, foram comentados em in&#250;meras revis&#245;es e coment&#225;rios publicados em peri&#243;dicos internacionais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> sugerem que a ICFEp verdadeiramente "pura" &#8212; foi definida pelas diretrizes como disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento, na aus&#234;ncia de outras causas prim&#225;rias, como valvulopatia grave ou cardiomiopatia &#8212; &#233; extremamente rara.</p>
    <p>Esta observa&#231;&#227;o alinha-se com a trajet&#243;ria hist&#243;rica da pesquisa sobre ICFEp. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos iniciais, como o CHARM-Preserved,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> inclu&#237;ram pacientes com FEVE preservada e sintomas inespec&#237;ficos, frequentemente sem avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica abrangente (estrutural e do estado de fluidos) no momento da descompensa&#231;&#227;o. Estudos ainda mais recentes, como TOPCAT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> PARAGON-HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> DELIVER<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e EMPEROR-Preserved,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> tentaram refinar os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, mas continuaram a depender fortemente de marcadores indiretos, como pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e diagn&#243;sticos administrativos. &#201; importante ressaltar que a ecocardiografia n&#227;o foi realizada sistematicamente na admiss&#227;o para confirmar anormalidades estruturais, avaliar congest&#227;o ou descartar imita&#231;&#245;es. At&#233; mesmo os autores do PARAGON-HF reconheceram que alguns pacientes podem ter sido classificados incorretamente devido &#224; falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica abrangente no in&#237;cio do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es da tecnologia de imagem no in&#237;cio dos anos 2000, &#233; prov&#225;vel que muitos casos de doen&#231;a valvar grave n&#227;o tenham sido detectados. Ademais, a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca ou da cintilografia nuclear limitou o reconhecimento da amiloidose transtirretina selvagem, uma condi&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais reconhecida, e contribuiu para a cria&#231;&#227;o da narrativa de "disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica sem anormalidades estruturais significativas", que por sua vez moldou o conceito de ICFEp como uma s&#237;ndrome distinta.</p>
    <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o diagn&#243;stico de ICpFE expandiu-se substancialmente, atingindo propor&#231;&#245;es epid&#234;micas. De fato, em enfermarias de medicina interna, a ICpFE &#233; comumente diagnosticada em pacientes idosos que apresentam dispneia aguda, frequentemente no contexto de pneumonia ou exacerba&#231;&#227;o de DPOC (Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica). N&#227;o raramente, um diagn&#243;stico duplo (por exemplo, DPOC e ICpFE) &#233; registrado apesar da aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica na admiss&#227;o que justifique o aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento ou sobrecarga de volume. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda &#233; feito apenas ap&#243;s terapia diur&#233;tica emp&#237;rica em pacientes com dispneia aguda.</p>
    <p>Neste contexto, a ICFEp se tornou um termo sindr&#244;mico aplicado com muita liberalidade em casos de incerteza diagn&#243;stica, em vez de uma condi&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica bem definida.</p>
    <p>Embora eu aprecie o esfor&#231;o para refinar a terminologia excluindo imitadores, acredito que a mensagem mais urgente seja esta: a ICFEp, em sua forma "pura", &#233; um constructo te&#243;rico raramente observado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do mundo real. Para garantir a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e a adequa&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, justifica-se o retorno a uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica baseada na fisiologia, evitando a aplica&#231;&#227;o indiscriminada do r&#243;tulo de ICFEp.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villacorta</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Does Secondary HFpEF Exist? Yes, but it Should not be Called HFpEF</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240296</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240296</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Villacorta H, Schwartzmann P. Does Secondary HFpEF Exist? Yes, but it Should not be Called HFpEF. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(9):e20240296. doi: 10.36660/abc.20240296.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellicini</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>HFpEF Diagnosis: A Controversial Construct in Modern Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>JACC Case Rep</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>35</issue>
          <fpage>105594</fpage>
          <lpage>105594</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.105594</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Bellicini MG. HFpEF Diagnosis: A Controversial Construct in Modern Cardiology. JACC Case Rep. 2025;30(35):105594. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.105594.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellicini</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>HFpEF and HFmrEF in Acute Heart Failure: Isolated Diastolic Dysfunction or Alternative Cardiac Pathologies?</article-title>
          <source>Intern Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2389</fpage>
          <lpage>2392</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11739-025-04097-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Bellicini MG. HFpEF and HFmrEF in Acute Heart Failure: Isolated Diastolic Dysfunction or Alternative Cardiac Pathologies? Intern Emerg Med. 2025;20(8):2389-92. doi: 10.1007/s11739-025-04097-w.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellicini</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A normal Heart Doesn't Fail: Rethinking HFpEF in Acute Settings</article-title>
          <source>Intern Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1315</fpage>
          <lpage>1317</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11739-025-03989-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Bellicini MG. A normal Heart Doesn't Fail: Rethinking HFpEF in Acute Settings. Intern Emerg Med. 2025;20(5):1315-7. doi: 10.1007/s11739-025-03989-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellicini</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>What is HFpEF? Why it May Not be Real Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Lung Circ</source>
          <year>2026</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e3</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hlc.2025.07.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Bellicini MG. What is HFpEF? Why it May Not be Real Heart Failure. Heart Lung Circ. 2026;35(1):e3. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2025.07.017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellicini</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Theory of Hypertensive Heart Disease and Heart Failure: Revisiting the Evidence and Pathophysiology</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2026</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0000000000004283</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Bellicini MG. The Theory of Hypertensive Heart Disease and Heart Failure: Revisiting the Evidence and Pathophysiology. J Hypertens. 2026. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000004283.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bellicini</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Correction: Hypertensive Heart Disease: Is it Really a Pathology?</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <year>2026</year>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41440-026-02564-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Bellicini MG. Correction: Hypertensive Heart Disease: Is it Really a Pathology? Hypertens Res. 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41440-026-02564-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yusuf</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Swedberg</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Held</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Candesartan in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Preserved Left-Ventricular Ejection Fraction: The CHARM-Preserved Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>362</volume>
          <issue>9386</issue>
          <fpage>777</fpage>
          <lpage>781</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14285-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Yusuf S, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, Held P, McMurray JJ, et al. Effects of Candesartan in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure and Preserved Left-Ventricular Ejection Fraction: The CHARM-Preserved Trial. Lancet. 2003;362(9386):777-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14285-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pitt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pfeffer</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assmann</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boineau</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Claggett</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Spironolactone for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>370</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1383</fpage>
          <lpage>1392</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1313731</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Pitt B, Pfeffer MA, Assmann SF, Boineau R, Anand IS, Claggett B, et al. Spironolactone for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(15):1383-92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1313731.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Solomon</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>JJV</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>PARAGON-HF Steering Committee and Investigators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>Reply. N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1182</fpage>
          <lpage>1183</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMc2000284</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Solomon SD, McMurray JJV; PARAGON-HF Steering Committee and Investigators. Angiotensin-Neprilysin Inhibition in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Reply. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1182-3. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2000284.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Packer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>Reply. N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>386</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <elocation-id>e57</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMc2118470</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Anker SD, Butler J, Packer M. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction. Reply. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(21):e57. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2118470.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filippatos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>385</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>1451</fpage>
          <lpage>1461</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2107038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, B&#246;hm M, et al. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="reply" id="S1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta-resposta</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Carta-resposta</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villacorta</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Sao Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Sao Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Caro Editor,</p>
      <p>Agradecemos ao autor da carta por se envolver cuidadosamente com nosso artigo e por compartilhar insights sobre uma s&#237;ndrome complexa como a ICFEp. Nosso artigo se concentrou apenas na distin&#231;&#227;o entre ICFEp e seus imitadores, e muitos aspectos apontados pelos autores n&#227;o estavam dentro do escopo do nosso manuscrito. No entanto, &#233; importante esclarecer alguns pontos levantados pelos autores. Embora concordemos com algumas observa&#231;&#245;es apresentadas, discordamos respeitosamente da conclus&#227;o de que a ICFEp &#233;, em grande parte, um construto te&#243;rico.</p>
      <p>Concordamos que a ICFEp &#233; frequentemente superdiagnosticada em ambientes de cuidados agudos, especialmente na aus&#234;ncia de exames de imagem e de avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica robustos. A observa&#231;&#227;o do autor de que muitos pacientes com ICFEp apresentam anormalidades estruturais significativas, como doen&#231;a valvar grave, dist&#250;rbios do ritmo ou fatores extracard&#237;acos contribuintes, como DPOC e insufici&#234;ncia renal, &#233; consistente com nossa pr&#243;pria posi&#231;&#227;o: esses pacientes n&#227;o t&#234;m ICFEp. Trata-se de casos de diagn&#243;stico incorreto.</p>
      <p>No entanto, a afirma&#231;&#227;o de que a ICFEp "pura" &#233; "extremamente rara" ou mesmo uma entidade "irreal" exige um exame mais detalhado. Em primeiro lugar, a defini&#231;&#227;o de ICFEp evoluiu substancialmente nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas. As diretrizes contempor&#226;neas agora enfatizam a avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente, incluindo evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos, sinais de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural (p. ex., aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) e press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas. Portanto, a afirma&#231;&#227;o de que a ICFEp &#233; definida como "descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda em um cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal" est&#225; incorreta. &#201; exatamente o oposto. Precisamos demonstrar que o cora&#231;&#227;o foi afetado usando o biomarcador card&#237;aco padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8211; pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos &#8211; e/ou a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o, como mencionado acima. Por favor, observe que a defini&#231;&#227;o de ICFEp inclui uma FEVE normal, mas n&#227;o um cora&#231;&#227;o estruturalmente normal. Esses conceitos est&#227;o bem demonstrados na defini&#231;&#227;o universal mais recente de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m alertamos contra a defini&#231;&#227;o dos autores como "descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda&#8230;". A ICFEp &#233; frequentemente uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica com exacerba&#231;&#245;es intermitentes desencadeadas por comorbidades. Na verdade, a maioria dos pacientes se apresenta em regime ambulatorial, com queixa de intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      <p>Embora os ensaios iniciais possam ter inclu&#237;do pacientes com crit&#233;rios menos rigorosos, estudos recentes como EMPEROR-Preserved,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> DELIVER<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e FINEARTS-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> refinaram significativamente a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. A inclus&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar nesses ensaios &#233; bastante improv&#225;vel, visto que um ecocardiograma era obrigat&#243;rio para confirmar uma FEVE &gt; 50% (ou &gt; 40% em alguns estudos, incluindo tamb&#233;m aqueles com FEVE levemente reduzida), o que faz parte da pr&#243;pria defini&#231;&#227;o de ICFEp.</p>
      <p>O autor destaca, com raz&#227;o, o subdiagn&#243;stico de condi&#231;&#245;es como a amiloidose por transtirretina no passado. No entanto, o aumento do rendimento diagn&#243;stico da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, da imagem nuclear e do perfil de biomarcadores apenas refor&#231;ou a distin&#231;&#227;o entre ICFEp e outras doen&#231;as infiltrativas ou valvares &#8211; e n&#227;o a obscureceu.</p>
      <p>A ICFEp abrange uma s&#237;ndrome fisiopatol&#243;gica distinta, marcada por inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, enrijecimento card&#237;aco, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica e acoplamento ventr&#237;culo-arterial anormal &#8212; frequentemente coexistindo com comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o, obesidade e diabetes. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o s&#227;o meramente fatores de confus&#227;o, mas participantes ativos na manifesta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es resultam em um VE r&#237;gido, como demonstrado por Zile et al. em 2004.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A rigidez do VE leva ao aumento da press&#227;o de enchimento e ao aumento do volume atrial esquerdo. Sua express&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; heterog&#234;nea por natureza, n&#227;o sendo uma falha conceitual.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, acolhemos o apelo por rigor diagn&#243;stico e pensamento fisiol&#243;gico. No entanto, em vez de invalidar a ICFEp, essa perspectiva refor&#231;a a necessidade de fenotipagem precisa, exclus&#227;o cuidadosa de imitadores e aprimoramento cont&#237;nuo das vias diagn&#243;sticas. A ICFEp existe &#8211; n&#227;o como uma doen&#231;a espec&#237;fica, mas como um espectro de doen&#231;as enraizadas em mecanismos identific&#225;veis que merecem terapia adequada.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ref-list>
        <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
        <ref id="B13">
          <label>1</label>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
                <given-names>B</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Coats</surname>
                <given-names>AJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
                <given-names>H</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Abdelhamid</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Adamopoulos</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Albert</surname>
                <given-names>N</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal/>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure</article-title>
            <source>J Card Fail</source>
            <year>2021</year>
            <volume>27</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>387</fpage>
            <lpage>413</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.01.022</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
          <mixed-citation>1 Bozkurt B, Coats AJ, Tsutsui H, Abdelhamid M, Adamopoulos S, Albert N, et al. Universal Definition and Classification of Heart Failure: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure. J Card Fail. 2021;27(4):387-413. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2021.01.022.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B14">
          <label>2</label>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Anker</surname>
                <given-names>SD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Butler</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Filippatos</surname>
                <given-names>G</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Ferreira</surname>
                <given-names>JP</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Bocchi</surname>
                <given-names>E</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal/>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
            <source>N Engl J Med</source>
            <year>2021</year>
            <volume>385</volume>
            <issue>16</issue>
            <fpage>1451</fpage>
            <lpage>1461</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2107038</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
          <mixed-citation>2 Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, B&#246;hm M, et al. Empagliflozin in Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107038.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B15">
          <label>3</label>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Solomon</surname>
                <given-names>SD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>McMurray</surname>
                <given-names>JJV</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Claggett</surname>
                <given-names>B</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>de Boer</surname>
                <given-names>RA</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>DeMets</surname>
                <given-names>D</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Hernandez</surname>
                <given-names>AF</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal/>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Dapagliflozin in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
            <source>N Engl J Med</source>
            <year>2022</year>
            <volume>387</volume>
            <issue>12</issue>
            <fpage>1089</fpage>
            <lpage>1098</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2206286</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
          <mixed-citation>3 Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, de Boer RA, DeMets D, Hernandez AF, et al. Dapagliflozin in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(12):1089-98. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206286.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B16">
          <label>4</label>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Solomon</surname>
                <given-names>SD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>McMurray</surname>
                <given-names>JJV</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Vaduganathan</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Claggett</surname>
                <given-names>B</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Jhund</surname>
                <given-names>PS</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Desai</surname>
                <given-names>AS</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal/>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Finerenone in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
            <source>N Engl J Med</source>
            <year>2024</year>
            <volume>391</volume>
            <issue>16</issue>
            <fpage>1475</fpage>
            <lpage>1485</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2407107</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
          <mixed-citation>4 Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Vaduganathan M, Claggett B, Jhund PS, Desai AS, et al. Finerenone in Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(16):1475-85. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2407107.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B17">
          <label>5</label>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Zile</surname>
                <given-names>MR</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Baicu</surname>
                <given-names>CF</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Gaasch</surname>
                <given-names>WH</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Diastolic Heart Failure--Abnormalities in Active Relaxation and Passive Stiffness of the Left Ventricle</article-title>
            <source>N Engl J Med</source>
            <year>2004</year>
            <volume>350</volume>
            <issue>19</issue>
            <fpage>1953</fpage>
            <lpage>1959</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa032566</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
          <mixed-citation>5 Zile MR, Baicu CF, Gaasch WH. Diastolic Heart Failure--Abnormalities in Active Relaxation and Passive Stiffness of the Left Ventricle. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(19):1953-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032566.</mixed-citation>
        </ref>
      </ref-list>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S2" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250379i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does HFpEF Really Exist? From Mimics to Misclassification in Clinical Practice</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-0625-7555</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bellicini</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Giulia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Brescia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IT">Italy</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia &#8211; Italy</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Maria Giulia Bellicini</bold> &#8226; ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia &#8211; cardiology - Piazza Spedali Civili, 1, Brescia. 25125 - Italy E-mail: <email>m.bellicini003@unibs.it</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Diastolic Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyspnea</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Dear Editor,</p>
      <p>I read with interest the recent article by Villacorta et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> addressing the distinction between "true" heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and conditions that merely mimic it. Their effort to clarify this conceptual ambiguity is commendable and timely. However, I believe the issue extends further, even when HFpEF mimics such as amyloidosis, constrictive pericarditis, or severe valvular disease are carefully excluded, the clinical entity known as HFpEF often dissolves under closer scrutiny.</p>
      <p>Over the past 18 months, I have conducted a retrospective analysis of 773 consecutive acute heart failure admissions to our cardiology department, all of whom underwent standardized echocardiographic assessment at admission by experienced operators. Among 323 patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) &gt;40%, systemic congestion was present in 252. Of these, 81.7% had severe valvular disease. An additional 10% had other major abnormalities (e.g., cardiomyopathies, precapillary pulmonary artery hypertension, hemodynamically relevant rhythm disorders such as ventricular sustained arrhythmias and advanced atrio-ventricular block, or stage V renal disease). Only 8% lacked any identifiable structural or extracardiac cause. These results, published in Internal and Emergency Medicine, the official journal of the Italian Society of Internal Medicine, and further discussed in the European Journal of Internal Medicine, the official journal of the European Federation of Internal Medicine, have been commented in numerous reviews and commetary published in international journals,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> suggest that truly guideline defined HFpEF &#8212; defined as diastolic dysfunction and increased filling pressures, in the absence of other primary causes such as severe valvular disease or cardiomyopathy &#8212; is exceedingly rare.</p>
      <p>This observation aligns with the historical trajectory of HFpEF research. Early trials such as CHARM-Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> enrolled patients based on preserved LVEF and nonspecific symptoms, often without comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation (structural and of fluid status) at the time of decompensation. Even more recent studies like TOPCAT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> PARAGON-HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> DELIVER,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and EMPEROR-Preserved<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> attempted to refine inclusion criteria but continued to rely heavily on indirect markers like natriuretic peptides and administrative diagnoses. Importantly, echocardiography was not systematically performed at admission to confirm structural abnormalities, assess congestion, or rule out mimics. Even the authors of PARAGON-HF acknowledged that some patients may have been misclassified due to a lack of comprehensive diagnostic evaluation at baseline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Furthermore, given the limitations of imaging technology in the early 2000s, it is likely that many cases of severe valve disease were not detected. Moreover, the underuse of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging or nuclear scintigraphy limited the recognition of wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis, a condition now increasingly recognized, and contributed to the creation of the "diastolic dysfunction without significant structural abnormalities" narrative, which in turn shaped the HFpEF concept as a distinct syndrome.</p>
      <p>In recent years, the diagnosis of HFpEF has expanded substantially, approaching epidemic proportions. Indeed in internal medicine wards, HFpEF is commonly assigned in elderly patients presenting with acute dyspnea, often in the context of pneumonia or COPD exacerbation. Not infrequently, a dual diagnosis (e.g., COPD and HFpEF) is recorded despite the absence of echocardiographic assessment at admission to support elevated filling pressures or volume overload. Inthis scenario acute haert failure diagnosis is made only ex adiuvantibus following empirical diuretic therapy in patients with acute dyspnoea.</p>
      <p>In this context HFpEF has become a syndromic label applied too liberally in cases of diagnostic uncertainty, rather than a well-defined pathophysiologic condition.</p>
      <p>While refining the terminology by excluding mimics is valuable, the more pressing message is that guideline-defined HFpEF represents a theoretical construct that is rarely encountered in real-world clinical practice. To ensure diagnostic accuracy and appropriate therapy, a return to a physiology-based diagnostic framework is warranted, avoiding the indiscriminate use of the HFpEF label.</p>
    </body>
    <sub-article article-type="reply" id="S3" xml:lang="en">
      <front-stub>
        <article-categories>
          <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
            <subject>Reply</subject>
          </subj-group>
        </article-categories>
        <title-group>
          <article-title>Reply</article-title>
        </title-group>
        <contrib-group>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1654-4531</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Villacorta</surname>
              <given-names>Humberto</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
              <sup>1</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <contrib contrib-type="author">
            <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0706-0933</contrib-id>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartzmann</surname>
              <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
            </name>
            <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
              <sup>2</sup>
            </xref>
          </contrib>
          <aff id="aff5">
            <label>1</label>
            <addr-line>
              <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
              <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, J &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff id="aff6">
            <label>2</label>
            <addr-line>
              <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
              <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
            </addr-line>
            <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
            <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Sao Paulo Campus de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
          </aff>
        </contrib-group>
      </front-stub>
      <body>
        <p>Dear Editor,</p>
        <p>We thank the author of the letter for engaging thoughtfully with our article and for sharing insights on a complex syndrome such as HFpEF. Our paper focused only on the distinction between HFpEF and its mimics, and many aspects pointed out by the authors were not within the scope of our manuscript. However, it is important to clarify some points brought up by the authors. While we agree with some observations presented, we respectfully disagree with the conclusion that HFpEF is largely a theoretical construct.</p>
        <p>We agree that HFpEF is frequently overdiagnosed in acute care settings, especially in the absence of robust imaging and hemodynamic assessment. The author's observation that many patients labeled as HFpEF exhibit significant structural abnormalities, such as severe valvular disease, rhythm disorders, or extracardiac contributors like COPD and renal failure, is consistent with our own position: these patients do not have HFpEF. These are cases of misdiagnosis.</p>
        <p>However, the assertion that "pure" HFpEF is "exceedingly rare" or even an "unreal" entity demands closer scrutiny. First, the definition of HFpEF has evolved substantially over the past two decades. Contemporary guidelines now emphasize comprehensive evaluation, including evidence of diastolic dysfunction, elevated natriuretic peptides, signs of structural heart disease (e.g., left atrial enlargement, LV hypertrophy), and elevated filling pressures. So, the statement that HFpEF is defined as "acute decompensation in a structurally normal heart" is incorrect. It is quite the opposite. We need to demonstrate that the heart has been affected either using the gold-standard cardiac biomarker for the diagnosis of heart failure &#8211; natriuretic peptides &#8211; and/or the demonstration of structural alterations of the heart, as mentioned above. Please observe that the definition of HFpEF includes a normal LVEF but not a structurally normal heart. These concepts are well demonstrated in the latest universal definition of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We also caution against the definition by the authors as an "acute decompensation&#8230;". HFpEF is frequently a chronic condition with intermittent exacerbations triggered by comorbidities. Actually, most of the patients present as ambulatory cases, with a complain of exercise intolerance.</p>
        <p>While early trials may have included patients with less stringent criteria, recent studies such as EMPEROR-Preserved,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> DELIVER,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and FINEARTS-HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> have significantly refined patient selection. The inclusion of patients with valvular heart disease in these trials is quite unlikely since an echocardiogram was mandatory to confirm a LVEF &#8805;50% (or &#8805;40% in some studies, to include those with mildly reduced LVEF as well), which is part of the definition of HFpEF itself.</p>
        <p>The author rightly highlights the under-recognition of conditions like transthyretin amyloidosis in the past. Nevertheless, the increasing diagnostic yield of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging, and biomarker profiling has only strengthened the distinction between HFpEF and other infiltrative or valvular diseases &#8211; not blurred it.</p>
        <p>HFpEF encompasses a distinct pathophysiological syndrome marked by systemic inflammation, cardiac stiffening, endothelial dysfunction, chronotropic incompetence, and abnormal ventricular-arterial coupling&#8212;often coexisting with comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. These are not merely confounders, but active participants in disease manifestation. These alterations result in a stiff LV, as demonstrated by Zile et al. in 2004.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The stiffness of the LV leads to increased filling pressure and increased left atrial volume. Its clinical expression is heterogeneous by nature, not a flaw in the concept.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, we welcome the call for diagnostic rigor and physiological thinking. However, rather than invalidating HFpEF, this perspective reinforces the need for precise phenotyping, careful exclusion of mimics, and ongoing refinement of diagnostic pathways. HFpEF does exist &#8211; not as a specific disease, but as a spectrum of diseases rooted in identifiable mechanisms deserving proper therapy.</p>
      </body>
    </sub-article>
  </sub-article>
</article>
