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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hkvwdZsRwh54JxTpcXV5NYp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000400602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250362</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mortalidade em Cinco Anos em Sobreviventes de Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de um Centro Terci&#225;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7404-2110</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Martelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Waldvogel</surname>
            <given-names>Bernadette Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8752-2175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8501-9867</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7574-757X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Grunspun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rached</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Eduardo Martelli Moreira &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - R. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>eduardo.moreira@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Jo&#227;o Carlos Leal</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250362</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Dados sobre desfechos em longo prazo ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) no Brasil ainda s&#227;o limitados, embora essenciais para orientar pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Estimar as taxas de mortalidade por todas as causas e por causas espec&#237;ficas em cinco anos em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM e identificar fatores de risco associados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> An&#225;lise retrospectiva de 6933 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, entre 2007 e 2018. Os dados de mortalidade at&#233; 2018 foram obtidos em bases de dados governamentais. Adotou-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A coorte do estudo incluiu 4854 homens (72%), com idade mediana de 63 anos (IIQ: 57&#8211;70). Diabetes mellitus estava presente em 2.984 pacientes (43%), e 1.918 (29%) tinham doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Durante o seguimento, ocorreram 1075 &#243;bitos, dos quais 506 (47,1%) foram atribu&#237;dos a causas cardiovasculares. A taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas em 5 anos foi de 12,9% (IC 95%: 11,9&#8211;13,9), enquanto a mortalidade cardiovascular foi de 5,7% (IC 95%: 5,1&#8211;6,4). A principal causa de morte cardiovascular foi doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (290 &#243;bitos, 57,3%), seguida por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (84 &#243;bitos, 16,6%). Fatores significativamente associados &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas inclu&#237;ram idade avan&#231;ada, diabetes mellitus, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, HDL-colesterol, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo e do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em di&#225;stole, interna&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia, cirurgia com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em um centro terci&#225;rio apresentaram taxas moderadas de mortalidade por todas as causas e cardiovascular em cinco anos. Esses achados destacam fatores progn&#243;sticos importantes que podem auxiliar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e orientar estrat&#233;gias de manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Mortalidade em Cinco Anos em Sobreviventes de Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio: Um Estudo Retrospectivo de um Centro Terci&#225;rio</title>
              <p>Principais resultados.</p>
            </caption>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia Descritiva</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
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        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) permanece como a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, particularmente entre indiv&#237;duos com mais de 30 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora registros multinacionais evidenciem diferen&#231;as relevantes nos perfis cl&#237;nicos e nos desfechos, pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Central e do Sul relatam consistentemente maiores taxas de diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertens&#227;o, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Apesar dessa expressiva carga de doen&#231;a, essas regi&#245;es s&#227;o frequentemente sub-representadas em estudos de grande escala.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares respondem por um ter&#231;o de todos os &#243;bitos, sendo a DAC respons&#225;vel por quase metade dessas fatalidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora iniciativas conduzidas por sociedades nacionais de cardiologia e cirurgia cardiovascular busquem aprimorar o cuidado, ainda h&#225; escassez de dados sobre os desfechos em longo prazo desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo busca preencher essa lacuna ao avaliar a mortalidade por todas as causas e por causas espec&#237;ficas em cinco anos em uma coorte de sobreviventes de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM). Al&#233;m disso, pretende identificar os principais fatores de risco associados a esses desfechos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do hospital (protocolo n&#186; 4.513.250), que dispensou a exig&#234;ncia de consentimento individual dos pacientes. Devido a restri&#231;&#245;es legais, os dados n&#227;o podem ser disponibilizados publicamente. O estudo segue as diretrizes do <italic>Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic> (STROBE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes e cen&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo foi conduzido no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo), Brasil. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM entre 2007 e 2018 que sobreviveram &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o inicial. Apenas o primeiro procedimento de CRM foi considerado para inclus&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes residentes fora do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, menores de 18 anos, aqueles submetidos a procedimentos combinados valvares ou da aorta, e os que faleceram durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados e defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram coletados a partir de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos, incluindo exames laboratoriais, ecocardiografia, uso de medicamentos, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e detalhes cir&#250;rgicos. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) foi calculada de acordo com o m&#233;todo da <italic>Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration</italic> de 2021, e a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi definida como TFGe &#8804; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O DM foi definido como o uso de medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos, hemoglobina glicada &gt; 6,5% ou glicemia de jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o foi definida como a prescri&#231;&#227;o de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, clonidina ou diur&#233;ticos.</p>
        <p>Os dados de mortalidade, incluindo a causa de &#243;bito codificada pela Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as, foram obtidos da Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados, um banco de dados de ag&#234;ncia governamental. Essa ag&#234;ncia &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo registro civil do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Como n&#227;o havia informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis para pacientes residentes em outros estados, eles foram exclu&#237;dos deste relat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Os dados dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos e do banco de dados governamental de mortalidade foram vinculados utilizando identificadores dos pacientes, como nome, nome da m&#227;e, n&#250;mero de identidade e data de nascimento, de acordo com crit&#233;rios de pareamento pr&#233;-especificados. Esses crit&#233;rios inclu&#237;ram tanto correspond&#234;ncias exatas quanto parciais. Todos os pares correspondentes (um registro de cada base de dados) foram validados por dois investigadores independentes. Um par foi considerado v&#225;lido se ambos os investigadores concordassem; discrep&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso. A confidencialidade dos dados foi assegurada pela realiza&#231;&#227;o da vincula&#231;&#227;o in loco na ag&#234;ncia governamental, com acesso aos registros identificados restrito apenas aos dois investigadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento e desfechos</title>
        <p>O acompanhamento iniciou-se no dia da alta hospitalar e terminou no momento do &#243;bito, conforme registrado nos atestados de &#243;bito. Pacientes sem registro de &#243;bito foram considerados vivos, e seu acompanhamento foi censurado na &#250;ltima data de contato com o hospital (como consulta ambulatorial, exame laboratorial ou ecocardiografia), ou em 31 de dezembro de 2018. Como um importante centro terci&#225;rio no Brasil, nossa institui&#231;&#227;o fornece acompanhamento cont&#237;nuo para a maioria dos pacientes cir&#250;rgicos. A mortalidade cardiovascular foi definida pelos c&#243;digos do cap&#237;tulo I da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;meros absolutos e porcentagens, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como medianas com intervalos interquartis (IIQs). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; normalidade por meio de an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica e do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Dada a natureza retrospectiva deste estudo, n&#227;o foram realizados c&#225;lculos de tamanho amostral; em vez disso, todos os participantes eleg&#237;veis foram inclu&#237;dos. As compara&#231;&#245;es de linha de base com os participantes exclu&#237;dos foram conduzidas utilizando o teste de soma de postos de Wilcoxon e o teste do qui-quadrado, conforme apropriado. A mortalidade por todas as causas foi estimada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan&#8211;Meier, enquanto a mortalidade por causas espec&#237;ficas foi avaliada pela abordagem de incid&#234;ncia cumulativa.</p>
        <p>Os fatores de risco foram avaliados por meio de um modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox. Inicialmente, todas as vari&#225;veis eram eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis identificadas como altamente correlacionadas &#8212; com base em conhecimento pr&#233;vio, correla&#231;&#245;es de Spearman e Pearson &#8212; foram exclu&#237;das. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas com preval&#234;ncia muito baixa ou muito alta (&lt;5% ou &gt;95%) tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;das devido a considera&#231;&#245;es de poder estat&#237;stico. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; n&#227;o linearidade por meio de res&#237;duos de Martingale e an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica de modelos preliminares. Vari&#225;veis n&#227;o lineares foram modeladas como <italic>splines</italic> c&#250;bicas restritas (n&#243;s nos percentis 10, 50 e 90). Os res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld foram utilizados para testar a suposi&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais. Todas as vari&#225;veis foram inicialmente analisadas em modelos n&#227;o ajustados e, posteriormente, em modelos totalmente ajustados.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software R, vers&#227;o 4.5.0.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Todas as an&#225;lises foram consideradas explorat&#243;rias, e n&#227;o foram feitos ajustes para m&#250;ltiplos testes. Adotou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como valores de p, raz&#245;es de risco (HR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento de dados faltantes</title>
        <p>As estimativas de mortalidade foram realizadas com base em casos completos. Para a an&#225;lise de fatores de risco, os dados foram considerados como ausentes ao acaso. Portanto, foi realizada imputa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla utilizando o algoritmo de <italic>predictive mean matching</italic> com <italic>bootstrapping</italic> com reposi&#231;&#227;o, conforme implementado pela fun&#231;&#227;o <italic>aregImpute</italic> do pacote Hmisc (vers&#227;o 5.1-1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Inicialmente, um total de 9008 pacientes eleg&#237;veis submetidos &#224; CRM entre 2007 e 2018 foram identificados. Desses, 2075 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos por diversos motivos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>), resultando em 6.933 pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Dentre estes, foram recuperados 1075 atestados de &#243;bito.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo. *Pacientes poderiam preencher mais de um crit&#233;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Comparados aos pacientes exclu&#237;dos, os inclu&#237;dos apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de homens (72% vs. 68%, p &lt; 0,001), menor preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (29% vs. 39%, p &lt; 0,002), eram mais jovens (idade mediana de 63 vs. 67 anos, p &lt; 0,001) e tinham maior fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mediana (60% vs. 57%, p &lt; 0,001). Outras caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. O per&#237;odo total de acompanhamento foi de 31610 pacientes-ano (mediana de 4,0 anos; IIQ 1,4-7,3).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e cir&#250;rgicas basais dos pacientes (n=6.933)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Amostra total (N = 6933)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>&#211;bito durante o acompanhamento</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>Dados faltantes</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>N&#250;mero (N = 5858)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Sim (N = 1075)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Homens, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4.854 (72)</td>
                <td align="center">4.142 (73)</td>
                <td align="center">712 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">237 (3.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">63 (57-70)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (56-69)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (59-73)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.918 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">1.465 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">453 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">237 (3.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0 (0%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dependentes de insulina</td>
                <td align="center">1.440 (21)</td>
                <td align="center">1.149 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">291 (27)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o dependentes de insulina</td>
                <td align="center">1.544 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">1.310 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">234 (22)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem DM</td>
                <td align="center">3.949 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">3.399 (58)</td>
                <td align="center">550 (51)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4.742 (69)</td>
                <td align="center">3.912 (67)</td>
                <td align="center">830 (78)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (0.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Colesterol total, mg/dL, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">164 (137-197)</td>
                <td align="center">164 (137-197)</td>
                <td align="center">164 (136-196)</td>
                <td align="center">1.107 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LDL-colesterol, mg/dL, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">95 (73-124)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (72-124)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (75-125)</td>
                <td align="center">1.318 (19%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HDL-colesterol, mg/dL, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (31-44)</td>
                <td align="center">1.138 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">131 (94-185)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (95-186)</td>
                <td align="center">128 (91-182)</td>
                <td align="center">1.107 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatinina, mg/dL, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.07 (0.91-1.29)</td>
                <td align="center">1.06 (0.91-1.26)</td>
                <td align="center">1.17 (0.94-1.49)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular, mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">73 (57-88)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (59-90)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (46-83)</td>
                <td align="center">237 (3.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE, %, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60 (51-65)</td>
                <td align="center">61 (53-65)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (42-63)</td>
                <td align="center">2.046 (30%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, mm, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50 (46-54)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (46-53)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (47-56)</td>
                <td align="center">2.155 (31%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo de enxerto da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1.091 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Duplo</td>
                <td align="center">680 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">643 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (4.9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Simples</td>
                <td align="center">4.783 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">4.154 (82)</td>
                <td align="center">629 (83)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sem enxerto da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna</td>
                <td align="center">379 (6.5)</td>
                <td align="center">287 (5.6)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (12)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Enxerto de veia safena (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5.221 (89)</td>
                <td align="center">4.531 (89)</td>
                <td align="center">690 (91)</td>
                <td align="center">1.091 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Padr&#227;o de sele&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1.091 (16%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arterial</td>
                <td align="center">621 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">553 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (9.0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Misto</td>
                <td align="center">4.852 (83)</td>
                <td align="center">4.252 (84)</td>
                <td align="center">600 (79)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Venoso</td>
                <td align="center">369 (6.3)</td>
                <td align="center">279 (5.5)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (12)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Territ&#243;rios enxertados, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1.091 (16%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Um</td>
                <td align="center">617 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">530 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (11)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dois</td>
                <td align="center">2.601 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">2.245 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">356 (47)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tr&#234;s</td>
                <td align="center">2.624 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">2.309 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">315 (42)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Enxerto para ADAE, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5.742 (98)</td>
                <td align="center">5.006 (98)</td>
                <td align="center">736 (97)</td>
                <td align="center">1.091 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Enxerto para ACD, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3.580 (61)</td>
                <td align="center">3.148 (62)</td>
                <td align="center">432 (57)</td>
                <td align="center">1.091 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Enxerto para ACX, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4.369 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">3.793 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">576 (76)</td>
                <td align="center">1.091 (16%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cirurgia com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5.978 (86)</td>
                <td align="center">5.139 (88)</td>
                <td align="center">839 (78)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (&lt;0,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Admiss&#227;o na urg&#234;ncia, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3.144 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">2.594 (44)</td>
                <td align="center">550 (51)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (&lt;0,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dias de interna&#231;&#227;o antes da cirurgia, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (1,8-8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 (1,4-8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 (3,6-12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (0,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dias de interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (7-13)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (7-12)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8-19)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (0,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ano da cirurgia, Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2012 (2009-2015)</td>
                <td align="center">2013 (2010-2016)</td>
                <td align="center">2009 (2008-2012)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; II: intervalo interquartil; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; ACX: art&#233;ria circunflexa cirurgia com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade por todas as causas e por causas espec&#237;ficas</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, foram registrados 1075 &#243;bitos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas em cinco anos foi de 12,9% (IC 95%: 11,9&#8211;13,9), sendo que os &#243;bitos cardiovasculares representaram 5,7% (IC 95%: 5,1&#8211;6,4) dos casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). A doen&#231;a cardiovascular foi a principal causa de morte, seguida por neoplasias malignas e doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; &#211;bitos cumulativos por todas as causas e por causa espec&#237;fica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; &#211;bitos por todas as causas e por causas espec&#237;ficas, de acordo com o tempo de seguimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Incid&#234;ncia no ano de seguimento, % (IC95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Causa da morte</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>10</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Todas as causas</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 (2,3-3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9 (11,9-13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">33,7 (31,6-35,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;as do sistema circulat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">506</td>
                  <td align="center">47,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (1,3-2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 (5,1-6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6 (14,1-17,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neoplasias</td>
                  <td align="center">163</td>
                  <td align="center">15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2 (0,11-0,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 (1,75-2,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 (4,36-6,18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;as do sistema respirat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">108</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29 (0,18-0,45)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23 (0,95-1,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,50 (2,81-4,36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">298</td>
                  <td align="center">27,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57 (0,41-0,79)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,85 (3,32-4,46)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,42 (8,29-10,71)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Mais da metade dos &#243;bitos cardiovasculares (290 casos, 57,3%) foi atribu&#237;da &#224; DAC, seguida por doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (84 casos, 16,6%). As neoplasias malignas ocorreram principalmente no sistema digestivo (57 casos, 35%), sistema respirat&#243;rio (31 casos, 19%) e neoplasias genitais ou mam&#225;rias (26 casos, 16%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de risco associados &#224; mortalidade</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises ajustadas e n&#227;o ajustadas dos fatores de risco associados &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>. Ap&#243;s o ajuste multivariado, idade, diabetes (particularmente dependente de insulina), HDL-colesterol, TFGe, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, cirurgia com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, admiss&#227;o hospitalar de urg&#234;ncia e os dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (tanto antes como ap&#243;s o procedimento) foram todos independentemente associados &#224; mortalidade.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores associados com mortalidade por todas as causas.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A TFGe apresentou uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear com o desfecho: indiv&#237;duos com TFGe de 57 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (3&#186; quartil), em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com 88 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (1&#186; quartil), tiveram HR de 1,20 (IC 95% 1,08&#8211;1,34; p &lt; 0,01). O risco permaneceu est&#225;vel acima de 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, mas aumentou substancialmente abaixo desse limiar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre (A) a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada e (B) os dias de interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia, e o risco de &#243;bito.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, os dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear com a mortalidade. O risco aumentou rapidamente e atingiu um plat&#244; por volta do 16&#186; dia de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o 1&#186; quartil (7 dias), indiv&#237;duos no 3&#186; quartil (13 dias) apresentaram HR de 1,38 (IC 95% 1,20&#8211;1,59; p &lt; 0,01).</p>
        <p>A morte cardiovascular esteve associada, em grande parte, aos mesmos fatores de risco, com algumas exce&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>). HDL-colesterol e os dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-procedimento n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com o desfecho (ambos p &gt; 0,05). Em contraste, sexo masculino (HR 0,77; IC 95% 0,62&#8211;0,95; p = 0,02), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o exclusivamente com enxertos arteriais (HR 0,55 vs. tipos de enxertos mistos; IC 95% 0,38&#8211;0,79; p &lt; 0,01) e hipertens&#227;o (HR 1,44; IC 95% 1,00&#8211;2,08; p = 0,05) foram significativamente associados &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores associados com morte cardiovascular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados principais</title>
        <p>Nesta coorte de sobreviventes de CRM, a taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas em cinco anos foi de 12,9% (IC 95% 11,9&#8211;13,9), sendo a doen&#231;a cardiovascular a principal causa de &#243;bito, respons&#225;vel por 5,7% (IC 95% 5,1&#8211;6,4) dos casos. Notavelmente, a pr&#243;pria DAC foi respons&#225;vel por 57,3% dessas mortes cardiovasculares. Diversos fatores &#8212; incluindo idade, diabetes, n&#237;veis mais elevados de HDL-colesterol, menor TFGe, aumento das dimens&#245;es atrial e ventricular esquerdas, menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, cirurgia sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de urg&#234;ncia e interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada &#8212; foram associados ao aumento da mortalidade. Sexo masculino, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o exclusivamente com enxertos arteriais e hipertens&#227;o foram especificamente associados &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Progn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>Embora este seja um estudo de centro &#250;nico, nossa coorte &#233; compar&#225;vel ao registro da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular, um estudo multic&#234;ntrico conduzido em 17 institui&#231;&#245;es distribu&#237;das por quatro das cinco regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas do Brasil. Nesse registro, foram inclu&#237;dos 2.929 pacientes, com idade mediana de 63,5 anos; 29% eram mulheres; diabetes estava presente em 42,5% e hipertens&#227;o em 84,5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Infelizmente, dados de seguimento em longo prazo dessa coorte n&#227;o foram publicados.</p>
        <p>De modo geral, encontramos taxas de mortalidade consistentes com aquelas relatadas na literatura internacional. Por exemplo, o Registro do Estado de Nova York, incluindo 8.597 pacientes, relatou uma mortalidade em 5 anos de 17,6%, enquanto dados do STS <italic>Adult Cardiac Surgery Database</italic> mostraram taxas de 8,1% em um ano e 23,3% em tr&#234;s anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Um registro island&#234;s documentou uma taxa de mortalidade em 5 anos de 10,1%, incluindo eventos cir&#250;rgicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados relataram taxas de mortalidade em 5 anos variando de 10% a 15% nos grupos submetidos &#224; CRM, embora esses valores incluam mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considerando que as diretrizes internacionais definem alto risco cardiovascular como uma taxa anual de mortalidade cardiovascular superior a 3%, nossa popula&#231;&#227;o seria classificada como de risco moderado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fatores de risco associados</title>
        <p>Idade, diabetes e TFGe foram consistentemente associados tanto &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas quanto &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular, como esperado. De forma interessante, TFGe e os dias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria apresentaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear com o risco. Enquanto o risco de mortalidade n&#227;o se alterou de forma substancial para valores de TFGe acima de 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, ele aumentou de maneira acentuada abaixo desse limiar. Esse achado est&#225; alinhado com estudos pr&#233;vios em coortes p&#243;s-CRM e na popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar de tradicionalmente estar associado a um progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel, o HDL-colesterol mostrou associa&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade por todas as causas (mas n&#227;o com mortalidade cardiovascular). Embora isso provavelmente represente um erro tipo I (falso positivo), vale destacar que um grande estudo populacional descreveu uma rela&#231;&#227;o em formato de U entre HDL-colesterol e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de dano estrutural do mioc&#225;rdio, como o di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, foram previsivelmente associados tanto &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas quanto &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo tamb&#233;m se associou &#224; mortalidade. Como a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8212; independentemente da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8212; est&#225; intimamente relacionada &#224; DAC, o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo pode refletir doen&#231;a mais extensa e press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Ademais, o aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo est&#225; relacionado &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, e j&#225; foi demonstrado que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial incidente est&#225; associada a AVC e mortalidade ap&#243;s a cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nossos achados sugerem que o tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (totalmente arterial, totalmente venosa ou mista) esteve associado &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular, mas n&#227;o &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados t&#234;m mostrado resultados um tanto inconsistentes: enquanto enxertos bilaterais da art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna n&#227;o demonstraram superioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao enxerto &#250;nico, enxertos da art&#233;ria radial t&#234;m sido associados a melhores desfechos quando comparados aos enxertos de veia safena.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Estudos observacionais, de modo geral, indicam um benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o totalmente arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A efic&#225;cia das cirurgias com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (<italic>on-pump</italic>) versus sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (<italic>off-pump</italic>) tem sido amplamente debatida. Estudos n&#227;o randomizados, incluindo o nosso, sugerem potenciais benef&#237;cios de sobreviv&#234;ncia em longo prazo com procedimentos <italic>on-pump</italic>; no entanto, esses achados n&#227;o t&#234;m sido consistentemente reproduzidos em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, todas as an&#225;lises foram explorat&#243;rias e devem ser interpretadas principalmente como geradoras de hip&#243;teses. Segundo, o uso de dados secund&#225;rios limitou o acesso a algumas vari&#225;veis importantes, como anatomia coronariana, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, sintomas e medidas de qualidade de vida. Terceiro, nosso acesso &#224;s declara&#231;&#245;es de &#243;bito ficou restrito ao Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, o que pode ter resultado na exclus&#227;o de mortes ocorridas fora da regi&#227;o. Para mitigar esse problema, inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes residentes em S&#227;o Paulo e acompanhados ativamente no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM nesta coorte brasileira apresentaram taxas moderadas de mortalidade em cinco anos, de acordo com os padr&#245;es internacionais, sendo quase metade desses &#243;bitos atribu&#237;da a causas cardiovasculares. Os principais fatores de risco associados &#224; mortalidade inclu&#237;ram idade, DM, TFGe, cirurgia sem circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, anormalidades estruturais card&#237;acas, urg&#234;ncia da interna&#231;&#227;o e dura&#231;&#227;o da perman&#234;ncia hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7574-757X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Grunspun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rached</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de An&#225;lise de Dados S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Eduardo Martelli Moreira &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; R. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: eduardo.moreira@cardiol.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Jo&#227;o Carlos Leal</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Long-term outcome data following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery in Brazil remain limited, yet are essential for informing public health policies and guiding clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To estimate five-year all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates in patients undergoing CABG and to identify associated risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A retrospective analysis of 6,933 patients who underwent CABG at the Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of S&#227;o Paulo, between 2007 and 2018. Mortality data up to 2018 were retrieved from government databases. A significance level of 5% was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study cohort included 4,854 men (72%) with a median age of 63 years (IQR: 57&#8211;70). Diabetes mellitus was present in 2,984 patients (43%), and 1,918 (29%) had chronic kidney disease. During follow-up, 1,075 deaths occurred, of which 506 (47.1%) were attributed to cardiovascular causes. The 5-year all-cause mortality rate was 12.9% (95% CI: 11.9&#8211;13.9), and the cardiovascular mortality rate was 5.7% (95% CI: 5.1&#8211;6.4). The leading cause of cardiovascular death was ischemic heart disease (290 deaths, 57.3%), followed by cerebrovascular disease (84 deaths, 16.6%). Factors significantly associated with all-cause mortality included older age, diabetes mellitus, glomerular filtration rate, HDL-cholesterol, left ventricular ejection fraction, left atrial and left ventricular diastolic dimensions, urgent hospitalization, on-pump surgery, and length of hospital stay.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Patients undergoing CABG at a tertiary care center exhibited moderate 5-year all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates. These findings highlight key prognostic factors that may support risk stratification and guide postoperative management strategies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Five-Year Mortality among Survivors of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Center</title>
              <p>Main results.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Angina Pectoris</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Descriptive Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly among individuals over 30 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although multinational registries highlight notable differences in clinical profiles and outcomes, Central and South American countries consistently report higher rates of Diabetes Mellitus (DM), hypertension, myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Despite this significant disease burden, these regions are often underrepresented in large-scale studies.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases account to one-third of all deaths, with CAD responsible for early half of these fatalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although initiatives led by national cardiology and cardiovascular surgery societies aim to improve care, there remains a scarcity of data on long-term outcomes for these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to address this gap by assessing five-year all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a cohort of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) survivors. Additionally, we seek to identify key risk factors associated with these outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the hospital&#8217;s Ethics Committee (protocol no. 4.513.250), which waived the requirement for individual patient consent. Due to legal constraints, the data cannot be publicly shared. The study adheres to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients and setting</title>
          <p>This retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Faculty of Medicine, University of S&#227;o Paulo), Brazil. Patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) between 2007 and 2018 and survived the initial hospitalization were included. Only the first CABG procedure was considered for inclusion. Patients residing outside S&#227;o Paulo State, those younger than 18 years, individuals who underwent combined valvular or aortic procedures, and those who died during the qualifying hospitalization were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources and definitions</title>
          <p>Clinical data were collected from electronic health records, including laboratory tests, echocardiography, medication use, length of hospitalization, and surgical details. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to the 2021 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration method, and chronic kidney disease was defined as eGFR &#8804; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> DM was defined as the use of antidiabetic medication, glycated hemoglobin &gt; 6.5%, or fasting glucose &gt; 126 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Hypertension was defined as the prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, clonidine, or diuretics.</p>
          <p>Mortality data, including the cause of death as codified by the International Classification of Diseases, were retrieved from Funda&#231;&#227;o Sistema Estadual de Analise de Dados, a governmental agency database. This agency accounts for the civil registry of the state of S&#227;o Paulo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As no information was available for patients residing in other states, they were excluded from this report.</p>
          <p>Data from electronic health records and governmental mortality databases were linked using patient identifiers such as name, mother&#8217;s name, identity number, and date of birth, according to pre-specified matching criteria. These criteria included both exact and partial matches. All matched pairs (one record from each database) were validated by two independent investigators. A pair was considered valid if both investigators agreed; discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Data confidentiality was ensured by performing the linkage on-site at the governmental agency, with only the two investigators having access to identified records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up and outcomes</title>
          <p>Follow-up started on the day of hospital discharge and finished upon death, as recorded in the death certificates. Patients without a death certificate were assumed to be alive, and their follow-up was censored at the last contact with the hospital (such as clinic visit, blood testing or echocardiography), or on December 31, 2018. As a major tertiary center in Brazil, our institution provides ongoing care for most surgical patients. Cardiovascular mortality was defined as International Classification of Diseases chapter I codes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were presented as absolute numbers and percentages, while continuous variables were expressed as medians with Interquartile Ranges (IQRs). Continuous variables were assessed for normality using graphical analysis and the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Given the retrospective nature of this study, no sample size calculations were performed; instead, all eligible participants were included. Baseline comparisons with excluded participants were conducted using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the chi-squared test, as appropriate. All-cause mortality was estimated using the Kaplan&#8211;Meier method, whereas cause-specific mortality was assessed using the cumulative incidence approach.</p>
          <p>Risk factors were evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Initially, all variables were eligible for inclusion. Variables identified as highly correlated &#8211; based on subject-matter expertise, Spearman&#8217;s and Pearson&#8217;s correlations &#8211; were excluded. Categorical variables with very low or very high prevalence (&lt;5% or &gt;95%) were also excluded due to statistical power considerations. Continuous variables were assessed for non-linearity using Martingale residuals and graphical analysis of preliminary models. Non-linear variables were modeled with restricted cubic splines (knots at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles). The proportional hazards assumption was tested using Schoenfeld residuals. All variables were first analyzed in unadjusted models and subsequently in fully adjusted models.</p>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed with R version 4.5.0.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> All analyses were considered exploratory, and no adjustments were made for multiple testing. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results are reported as p-values, Hazard Ratios (HR), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Handling of missing data</title>
          <p>Mortality estimates were performed on a complete-case basis. For the risk factor analysis, data were assumed to be missing at random. Therefore, multiple imputation was conducted using the predictive mean matching algorithm with bootstrapping with replacement, as implemented by the aregImpute function of the Hmisc package (version 5.1-1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Initially, a total of 9,008 eligible patients who underwent CABG between 2007 and 2018 were identified. Of these, 2,075 patients were excluded due to various reasons (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>), and 6,933 patients were included in the analysis. Of those, 1,075 death certificates retrieved.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Study flowchart. *Patients could meet more than one criteria.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Compared to those excluded, the included population had a higher prevalence of men (72% vs 68%, p &lt; 0.001), a lower prevalence of chronic kidney disease (29 vs 39%, p &lt; 0.002), was comprised of younger patients (median age 63 vs 67 years, p &lt; 0.001), and had higher median left ventricular ejection fraction (60 vs 57%, p &lt; 0.001). Other sample characteristics are reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The total follow-up period was 31,610 patient-years (median 4.0 years, IQR 1.4-7.3).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical, echocardiographic and surgical characteristics of the patients (n=6,933)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Entire sample (N = 6933)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Death during follow up</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Missing data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>No (N = 5858)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Yes (N = 1075)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Men, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,854 (72)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,142 (73)</td>
                  <td align="center">712 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">237 (3.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">63 (57-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (56-69)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (59-73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,918 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,465 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">453 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">237 (3.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0 (0%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin-dependent</td>
                  <td align="center">1,440 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,149 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">291 (27)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-insulin-dependent</td>
                  <td align="center">1,544 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,310 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">234 (22)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No DM</td>
                  <td align="center">3,949 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,399 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">550 (51)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High blood pressure, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,742 (69)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,912 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">830 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (0.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total cholesterol, mg/dL, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">164 (137-197)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (137-197)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (136-196)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,107 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">95 (73-124)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (72-124)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (75-125)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,318 (19%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (31-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (31-44)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,138 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Triglycerides, mg/dL, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">131 (94-185)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (95-186)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (91-182)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,107 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinine, mg/dL, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (0.91-1.29)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06 (0.91-1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17 (0.94-1.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">73 (57-88)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (59-90)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (46-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">237 (3.4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV ejection fraction, %, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60 (51-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (53-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (42-63)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,046 (30%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV diastolic diameter, mm, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50 (46-54)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (46-53)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (47-56)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,155 (31%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Type of internal thoracic artery graft, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,091 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Double</td>
                  <td align="center">680 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">643 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (4,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Simple</td>
                  <td align="center">4,783 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,154 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">629 (83)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No internal thoracic artery graft</td>
                  <td align="center">379 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">287 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (12)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Saphenous vein graft, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5,221 (89)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,531 (89)</td>
                  <td align="center">690 (91)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,091 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pattern of graft selection, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,091 (16%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">621 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">553 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (9,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed</td>
                  <td align="center">4,852 (83)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,252 (84)</td>
                  <td align="center">600 (79)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Venous</td>
                  <td align="center">369 (6,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">279 (5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (12)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Grafted territories, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1,091 (16%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>One</td>
                  <td align="center">617 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">530 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (11)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Two</td>
                  <td align="center">2,601 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,245 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">356 (47)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Three</td>
                  <td align="center">2,624 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,309 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">315 (42)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Graft to LAD, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5,742 (98)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,006 (98)</td>
                  <td align="center">736 (97)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,091 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Graft to RCA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,580 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,148 (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">432 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,091 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Graft to CXA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,369 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,793 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">576 (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,091 (16%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>On-pump surgery, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5,978 (86)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,139 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">839 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (&lt;0.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Urgent hospital admission, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,144 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,594 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">550 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (&lt;0.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hospital days before surgery, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (1.8-8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5 (1.4-8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0 (3.6-12.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (0.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hospital days after surgery, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (7-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8-19)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (0.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Surgery year, Median (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2012 (2009-2015)</td>
                  <td align="center">2013 (2010-2016)</td>
                  <td align="center">2009 (2008-2012)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LV: Left Ventricle; LAD: left anterior descending artery; RCA: right coronary artery; LCX: left circumflex artery; on-pump surgery: surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>All-cause and cause-specific mortality</title>
          <p>During the study period, 1,075 deaths were recorded (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). The five-year all-cause mortality rate was 12.9% (95% CI 11.9-13.9), with cardiovascular deaths accounted for 5.7% (95% CI 5.1-6.4) of cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of death, followed by malignant neoplasms and respiratory diseases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cumulative all-cause and cause-specific deaths.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; All-cause and cause specific deaths, according to follow-up time</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                      <bold>n</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                      <bold>%</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="3">
                      <bold>Incidence at year of follow-up, % (95CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cause of death</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>5</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>10</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>All causes</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.7 (2.3-3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.9 (11.9-13.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">33.7 (31.6-35.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diseases of the circulatory system</td>
                    <td align="center">506</td>
                    <td align="center">47.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 (1.3-2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7 (5.1-6.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">15.6 (14.1-17.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neoplasms</td>
                    <td align="center">163</td>
                    <td align="center">15.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2 (0.11-0.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1 (1.75-2.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.2 (4.36-6.18)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diseases of the respiratory system</td>
                    <td align="center">108</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29 (0.18-0.45)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23 (0.95-1.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.50 (2.81-4.36)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Others</td>
                    <td align="center">298</td>
                    <td align="center">27.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57 (0.41-0.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.85 (3.32-4.46)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.42 (8.29-10.71)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>More than half (290 cases, 57.3%) of cardiovascular deaths were attributed to CAD, followed by cerebrovascular disease (84 cases, 16.6%). Malignant neoplasms were primarily of the digestive system (57 cases, 35%), respiratory system (31 cases, 19%) and genital or breast neoplasms (26 cases, 16%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associated risk factors for mortality</title>
          <p>Adjusted and unadjusted analyses of risk factors associated with all-cause mortality are presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>. After multivariable adjustment, age, diabetes (particularly insulin-dependent), HDL-cholesterol, eGFR, left ventricular ejection fraction, left atrial enlargement, left ventricular diastolic dimension, on-pump surgery, urgent hospital admission, and both pre- and post-procedural hospitalization days were all independently associated with mortality.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Associated factors with all-cause mortality.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>eGFR showed a non-linear association with the outcome: individuals with an eGFR of 57 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (3rd quartile), compared with those at 88 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (1st quartile), had an HR of 1.20 (95% CI 1.08&#8211;1.34, p &lt; 0.01). The risk remained stable above 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> but increased substantially below this threshold (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Non-linear association between (A) estimated glomerular filtration rate, and (B) hospitalization days after surgery, and risk of death.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Similarly, post-procedural hospitalization days demonstrated a non-linear relationship with mortality. Risk increased rapidly and reached a plateau around the 16th post-procedure day (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). Compared with the 1st quartile (7 days), individuals in the 3rd quartile (13 days) had an HR of 1.38 (95% CI 1.20&#8211;1.59, p &lt; 0.01).</p>
          <p>Cardiovascular death was associated with largely the same risk factors, with a few exceptions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>). HDL-cholesterol and pre-procedure hospitalization days were not associated with the outcome (both p &gt; 0.05). In contrast, male sex (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.62&#8211;0.95, p = 0.02), exclusive arterial graft-only revascularization (HR 0.55 vs. mixed graft types, 95% CI 0.38&#8211;0.79, p &lt; 0.01), and hypertension (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.00&#8211;2.08, p = 0.05) were significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Associated factors with cardiovascular death.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-04-e20250362-50362-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Main findings</title>
          <p>In this cohort of CABG survivors, the five-year all-cause mortality rate was 12.9% (95% CI 11.9&#8211;13.9), with cardiovascular disease being the predominant cause of death, accounting for 5.7% (95% CI 5.1&#8211;6.4) of cases. Notably, CAD itself was responsible for 57.3% of these cardiovascular deaths. Several factors&#8212;including age, diabetes, higher HDL-cholesterol, lower eGFR, increased left atrial and ventricular dimensions, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, off-pump surgery, urgent hospitalization, and prolonged hospital stay&#8212;were associated with increased mortality. Male sex, arterial-only graft revascularization, and hypertension were specifically associated with cardiovascular mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognosis</title>
          <p>Although this is a single-center study, our cohort is comparable to the Brazilian Society of Cardiovascular Surgery registry, a multicenter study conducted across 17 institutions in four of the five Brazilian geographic regions. In that registry, 2,929 patients were included, with a median age of 63.5 years; 29% were women; diabetes was present in 42.5%, and hypertension in 84.5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Unfortunately, long-term follow-up data from that cohort have not been published.</p>
          <p>Overall, we found mortality rates consistent with those reported in the international literature. For example, the New York State Registry, including 8,597 patients, reported a 5-year mortality rate of 17.6%, whereas data from the STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database showed mortality rates of 8.1% at one year and 23.3% at three years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> An Icelandic registry documented a 5-year mortality rate of 10.1%, including surgical events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Furthermore, randomized clinical trials have reported 5-year mortality rates ranging from 10% to 15% in CABG groups, although these figures include perioperative mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Considering that international guidelines define high cardiovascular risk as an annual cardiovascular mortality rate greater than 3%, our population would be classified as having moderate risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associated risk factors</title>
          <p>Age, diabetes, and eGFR were consistently associated with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, as expected. Intriguingly, eGFR and postoperative hospitalization days demonstrated a non-linear relationship with risk. While mortality risk did not change substantially for eGFR values above 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, it increased markedly below this threshold. This finding aligns with previous studies in post-CABG and general population cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Despite traditionally being linked to a favorable prognosis, HDL-cholesterol was associated with all-cause mortality (but not with cardiovascular death). Although this is likely a type I error (false positive), it is noteworthy that a large population-based study reported a U-shaped relationship between HDL-cholesterol and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Echocardiographic markers of structural myocardial damage, such as left ventricular dimension and ejection fraction, were predictably associated with both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Additionally, left atrial enlargement was also associated with mortality. Because heart failure &#8211; regardless of ejection fraction &#8211; is closely linked to CAD, left atrial enlargement may reflect more extensive disease and elevated filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Moreover, left atrial enlargement is related to atrial fibrillation, and incident atrial fibrillation has been shown to be associated with stroke and mortality after surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Our findings suggest that the type of revascularization (total arterial, total venous, or mixed) was associated with cardiovascular mortality, but not with all-cause mortality. Randomized trials have shown somewhat inconsistent results: while bilateral internal thoracic artery grafts have not demonstrated superiority over single internal thoracic artery grafts, radial artery grafts have been associated with better outcomes compared with saphenous vein grafts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Observational studies, in general, indicate a benefit of total arterial revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The effectiveness of on-pump versus off-pump surgery has been extensively debated. Non-randomized studies, including ours, suggest potential long-term survival benefits with on-pump procedures; however, these findings have not been consistently replicated in randomized trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has several limitations. First, all analyses were exploratory in nature and should be interpreted primarily as hypothesis-generating. Second, the use of secondary data limited access to certain key variables, such as coronary anatomy, myocardial ischemia, symptoms, and quality-of-life measures. Third, our access to death certificates was restricted to the State of S&#227;o Paulo, which may have resulted in the exclusion of deaths occurring outside the region. To mitigate this issue, we included only patients residing in S&#227;o Paulo and actively followed at the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Patients who underwent CABG in this Brazilian cohort experienced moderate five-year mortality rates according to international standards, with nearly half of these deaths attributable to cardiovascular causes. The main risk factors associated with mortality included age, diabetes mellitus, eGFR, off-pump surgery, structural cardiac abnormalities, urgency of hospitalization, and length of hospital stay.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Eduardo Moreira, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; HCFMUSP under the protocol number 42100621.3.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Availability of Research Data:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
