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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">86wWxWP975VY9Mvx3yMQrjt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000301004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260262</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diminui&#231;&#227;o do Sal na Dieta e Melhora na Press&#227;o Arterial: Baixo Custo, Evid&#234;ncias Robustas e Dificuldades na Implementa&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Academia Goiana de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Academia Goiana de Medicina, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; RUA 115, F N.135 setor Sul. CEP <postal-code>74085-300</postal-code>, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fvjardim.ufg@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260252</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cloreto de S&#243;dio na Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>&#201; muito importante vermos o tema da "diminui&#231;&#227;o do sal na dieta e seus benef&#237;cios na press&#227;o arterial" abordado de maneira t&#233;cnica, refor&#231;ando as evid&#234;ncias dos resultados positivos desta pr&#225;tica, sempre demonstrados, mas quase nunca adotados efetivamente.</p>
    <p>Primeiro, coloquemos o foco no excelente trabalho de Kelly et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Do ponto de vista da qualidade, trata-se de uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise realizada com metodologia extremamente cuidadosa, o que torna este artigo mais uma refer&#234;ncia sobre um tema de capital import&#226;ncia. Os cuidados tomados pelos autores garantem confiabilidade aos resultados que demonstram, mais uma vez, que diminuir a ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio, efetivamente interfere na press&#227;o arterial, de maneira equivalente ao uso de um f&#225;rmaco anti-hipertensivo. Os autores, de maneira elegante ao conclu&#237;rem este achado, ainda s&#227;o cuidadosos no sentido de referir serem necess&#225;rias mais informa&#231;&#245;es a este respeito, com estudos maiores, por prazos mais prolongados e que demonstrem benef&#237;cios no controle da press&#227;o e em desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Mas fa&#231;amos um passeio pela hist&#243;ria e vamos ver o que o tema nos proporciona.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista epidemiol&#243;gico, as evid&#234;ncias se acumularam, inicialmente com constata&#231;&#245;es da rela&#231;&#227;o entre baixa ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e menores valores de press&#227;o arterial em diversas comunidades ao redor do mundo que remontam a meados do s&#233;culo passado. Muitos &#243;bices foram feitos a estes achados, mas nenhum estudo de qualquer natureza mostrou evid&#234;ncias contr&#225;rias. E mais, ao longo dos anos foram adicionadas novas evid&#234;ncias, tamb&#233;m observacionais, em grupos de indiv&#237;duos que modificaram seus h&#225;bitos alimentares por mudan&#231;a de regi&#245;es de moradia, com aumento da ingest&#227;o de sal e eleva&#231;&#245;es nos valores da press&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nos anos 80, MacGregor, que se destacou com diversos estudos sobre o tema, fez uma an&#225;lise fundamentada, clara e sucinta, da rela&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo do sal e a hipertens&#227;o e observou que o conjunto de informa&#231;&#245;es, j&#225; era suficiente para que a diminui&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal fosse implementado como pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica, dado o baixo custo e a aus&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No in&#237;cio de 1991 &#233; publicado o estudo INTERSALT, que foi outro marco no conhecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o entre consumo de sal e press&#227;o elevada. Desta feita, al&#233;m desta rela&#231;&#227;o, houve a evidente indica&#231;&#227;o de que o h&#225;bito alimentar da popula&#231;&#227;o era inadequado, com excessiva ingest&#227;o de sal e este fato, por certo, implicaria em mudan&#231;as para cima nos valores da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No Brasil, tamb&#233;m em 1991, Mancilha e Souza e Silva publicam nos ABC, importante e interessante estudo com &#237;ndios Yanomami, que tamb&#233;m fez parte do estudo INTERSALT, demonstrando que aquela popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentava nenhum caso de hipertens&#227;o, n&#227;o havia eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial com a idade e o consumo de sal era bastante inferior ao de popula&#231;&#245;es de regi&#245;es industrializadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 1992 tamb&#233;m no ABC, publicamos um artigo relacionado ao tema, onde em comunidade negra isolada (Kalunga), que n&#227;o fazia uso do sal de adi&#231;&#227;o na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o encontramos casos de hipertens&#227;o, nem eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o arterial com o aumento da idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>E finalmente, praticamente fechando o ciclo epidemiol&#243;gico, tivemos a produ&#231;&#227;o de estudos bem conduzidos demonstrando que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o do sal na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, seja com a restri&#231;&#227;o propriamente dita, seja com o uso de substitutivos do cloreto de s&#243;dio, promoveu significativas diminui&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial a valores equivalentes ao uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A soma das evid&#234;ncias ao longo dos anos fez com que as diretrizes mundiais, inclusive a brasileira, orientassem para a redu&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio para no m&#225;ximo 2 g/dia, o que corresponde a 5 g de sal de cozinha ou 1 colher de ch&#225;/dia, e eventualmente fossem utilizados substitutos do sal enriquecidos com pot&#225;ssio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, que j&#225; havia se manifestado, novamente em 2025 publicou suas orienta&#231;&#245;es baseadas nas informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis, de que &#233; imperativa uma pol&#237;tica mundial de est&#237;mulo &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do consumo de sal e ao eventual uso de substitutivos do s&#243;dio para este fim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esperar resultados de estudos de longo prazo com desfechos duros &#233; ser irrespons&#225;vel e conivente com o risco t&#227;o claro evidenciado pela pr&#225;tica mundial do aumento do consumo de cloreto de s&#243;dio ano ap&#243;s ano.</p>
    <p>Mudar h&#225;bitos para a sa&#250;de &#233; fundamental, mas de dif&#237;cil implementa&#231;&#227;o. A educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de passa por gera&#231;&#245;es e exige pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas muito centradas e continuadas, para que os resultados sejam alcan&#231;ados. Esta pr&#225;tica deve ser buscada com tenacidade e ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>Modifica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o menos desafiadoras, por&#233;m pass&#237;veis de resultados em menor intervalo de tempo, passam por uma atua&#231;&#227;o pol&#237;tica no sentido positivo, com uma legisla&#231;&#227;o impositiva que implique em est&#237;mulos ou restri&#231;&#245;es &#224;s ind&#250;strias aliment&#237;cias, de acordo com a ado&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o, de uma a&#231;&#227;o efetiva para diminui&#231;&#227;o do uso do sal na produ&#231;&#227;o dos alimentos que s&#227;o consumidos em larga escala por toda a popula&#231;&#227;o e, mais ainda, por aqueles de menor poder aquisitivo.</p>
    <p>A SBC tem trabalhado neste sentido h&#225; algum tempo, por&#233;m de maneira intermitente. &#192;s vezes de forma mais intensa, mas &#224;s vezes, de forma muito sutil, passando at&#233; despercebida pela sociedade.</p>
    <p>N&#243;s, profissionais de sa&#250;de, particularmente os cardiologistas e tamb&#233;m nossa Sociedade, necessitamos tornar este tema um "Assunto de Estado", com uma pol&#237;tica institucional vigorosa, que permita criar no pa&#237;s um clima semelhante ao que se conseguiu em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de tabaco e propiciou resultados fant&#225;sticos em termos da redu&#231;&#227;o de seu consumo.</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas est&#227;o a&#237; h&#225; mais de meio s&#233;culo, chega de espera, chega de atitudes contemplativas.</p>
    <p>&#201; hora da a&#231;&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efic&#225;cia de um Substituto do Sal na Incid&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica com Metan&#225;lise</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260262i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reduction of Salt in the Diet and Improvement in Blood Pressure: Low Cost, Robust Evidence, and Challenges in Implementation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Academia Goiana de Medicina, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Paulo C&#233;sar B. Veiga Jardim</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Rua 115, F N.135 setor Sul. Postal Code <postal-code>74085-300</postal-code>, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>fvjardim.ufg@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Dietary Sodium Chloride</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>We must see the topic of "reducing salt in the diet and its benefits on blood pressure" addressed technically, thereby reinforcing the evidence of the positive results of this practice, which are always demonstrated but almost never effectively adopted.</p>
      <p>First, let us focus on the excellent work by Kelly et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> From a quality standpoint, this is a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis conducted with extremely careful methodology, making this article yet another reference on this crucial topic. The care taken by the authors ensures the reliability of the results, which demonstrate, once again, that reducing sodium intake effectively affects blood pressure in a manner equivalent to the use of an antihypertensive drug. The authors, elegantly concluding this finding, are also careful to point out that more information is needed in this regard, with larger studies, over longer periods, and demonstrating benefits in blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>But let us take a walk through history and see what the topic offers us.</p>
      <p>From an epidemiological point of view, evidence has accumulated, initially with findings of a relationship between low sodium intake and lower blood pressure values in various communities around the world dating back to the mid-20th century. Many objections were raised to these findings, but no study of any kind has shown contrary evidence. Furthermore, over the years, new evidence, also observational, has been added in groups of individuals who modified their eating habits due to changes in their residential areas, with increased salt intake and elevations in blood pressure values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the 1980s, MacGregor, who distinguished himself with several studies on the subject, conducted a well-founded, clear, and concise analysis of the relationship between salt consumption and hypertension, and observed that the body of information was already sufficient for the reduction of salt consumption to be implemented as a public policy, given the low cost and the absence of adverse effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In early 1991, the INTERSALT study was published, which was another milestone in understanding the relationship between salt consumption and high blood pressure. This study, in addition to establishing this relationship, clearly indicated that the population's dietary habits were inadequate, with excessive salt intake, and this fact would certainly lead to upward changes in blood pressure values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In Brazil, also in 1991, Mancilha and Souza e Silva published in the ABC, an important and interesting study with Yanomami Indians, which was also part of the INTERSALT study, demonstrated that this population did not present any cases of hypertension, there was no increase in blood pressure with age, and salt consumption was significantly lower than that of populations in industrialized regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 1992, also in ABC, we published an article related to the topic, where in an isolated black community (Kalunga), which did not use added salt in its diet, we found no cases of hypertension, nor a significant increase in blood pressure with increasing age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>And finally, practically closing the epidemiological cycle, we had the production of well-conducted studies demonstrating that reducing salt intake in the diet, whether through actual restriction or the use of sodium chloride substitutes, promoted significant decreases in blood pressure to values equivalent to the use of antihypertensive medication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The accumulation of evidence over the years has led global guidelines, including those in Brazil, to recommend reducing sodium intake to a maximum of 2g/day, which corresponds to 5g of table salt or 1 teaspoon/day, and possibly using potassium-enriched salt substitutes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The World Health Organization, which had already expressed its views, again published its guidelines in 2025 based on available information, stating that a global policy to encourage the reduction of salt consumption and the eventual use of sodium substitutes for this purpose is imperative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>To expect results from long-term studies with hard outcomes is to be irresponsible and complicit in the clearly evidenced risk, demonstrated by the worldwide practice of increasing sodium chloride consumption year after year.</p>
      <p>Changing habits for better health is essential, but difficult to implement. It spans generations and requires highly focused and continuous public policies to achieve results. This practice must be pursued tenaciously and over time.</p>
      <p>Modifications that are no less challenging, but capable of yielding results in a shorter timeframe, involve positive political action, with mandatory legislation that implies incentives or restrictions for the food industry, depending on whether or not effective action is taken to reduce salt use in the production of foods that are consumed on a large scale by the entire population, and even more so by those with lower purchasing power.</p>
      <p>The SBC has been working in this direction for some time, albeit intermittently. Sometimes more intensely, but sometimes, in a very subtle way, it even goes unnoticed by society.</p>
      <p>We, healthcare professionals, particularly cardiologists, and also our Society, need to make this issue a "Matter of State," with a vigorous institutional policy that allows us to create a climate in the country similar to that which was achieved in relation to tobacco consumption and yielded fantastic results in terms of reducing its use.</p>
      <p>The scientific information has been available for over half a century; enough waiting, enough contemplative attitudes.</p>
      <p>It's time for action.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Edirorial related to the article: Efficacy of a Salt Substitute on the Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
