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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6Jxbp9yBv39PtB4T7HH6MwM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000301002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260240</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar Extracorp&#243;rea na Am&#233;rica Latina: O Desafio Vai Al&#233;m do Financiamento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5545-8172</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05508-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>caneo@me.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260240</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Reanima&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Quando a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) convencional falha em restaurar a circula&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s uma parada card&#237;aca, a janela de sobreviv&#234;ncia com um desfecho neurol&#243;gico favor&#225;vel se reduz rapidamente. A ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar extracorp&#243;rea (ECPR) surgiu como uma estrat&#233;gia potencial para prolongar essa janela, estabelecendo rapidamente o suporte cardiopulmonar por meio de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea venoarterial (ECMO-VA). De acordo com a <italic>Extracorporeal Life Support Organization</italic> (ELSO), a ECPR &#233; definida como o in&#237;cio r&#225;pido da ECMO-VA em pacientes com parada card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria que n&#227;o obt&#234;m retorno sustentado da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea por meio da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ECPR tornou-se uma estrat&#233;gia de resgate consolidada para parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria refrat&#225;ria, tanto em ambientes hospitalares (PCR-IH) quanto em casos selecionados de ambientes extra-hospitalar (PCR-EH) encaminhados a centros especializados. Os desfechos ap&#243;s PCR diferem substancialmente entre esses contextos. Pacientes com PCR-IH geralmente apresentam melhor sobrevida e melhores resultados neurol&#243;gicos do que aqueles com PCR-EH, principalmente devido ao reconhecimento precoce, RCP imediata de alta qualidade e acesso r&#225;pido a interven&#231;&#245;es avan&#231;adas, como desfibrila&#231;&#227;o e monitoramento invasivo. Por outro lado, a PCR-EH est&#225; frequentemente associada a atrasos no reconhecimento e tratamento, intervalos prolongados de aus&#234;ncia ou baixo fluxo sangu&#237;neo e variabilidade no atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar. A interven&#231;&#227;o oportuna e o acesso r&#225;pido a terapias avan&#231;adas continuam sendo determinantes cr&#237;ticos para a sobrevida e a recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas vantagens, a PCR-IH continua sendo um desafio cl&#237;nico significativo. Somente nos Estados Unidos, mais de 290.000 adultos sofrem PCR-IH anualmente,&#178; com mortalidade persistentemente alta e risco substancial de les&#227;o neurol&#243;gica entre os sobreviventes. A ECPR visa restaurar a perfus&#227;o sist&#234;mica quando a RCP convencional falha, preservando a fun&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;rg&#227;os enquanto a causa subjacente &#233; identificada e tratada. Estudos observacionais e registros indicam que, para certos pacientes, como aqueles com parada card&#237;aca presenciada, causas revers&#237;veis e curtos per&#237;odos de baixo fluxo, a ECPR pode melhorar a sobrevida em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O uso da ECPR cresceu mundialmente, mas as evid&#234;ncias que a sustentam ainda s&#227;o limitadas e variadas. A maioria dos dados prov&#233;m de centros especializados na Am&#233;rica do Norte, Europa e &#193;sia Oriental. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa de ECPR exige mais do que simplesmente dispor de equipamentos e circuitos de ECMO. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es destacam a necessidade de um forte comprometimento institucional, coordena&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar, envolvimento administrativo, avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade e crit&#233;rios claros de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Esses programas demandam equipe treinada, infraestrutura dedicada e experi&#234;ncia cont&#237;nua para garantir uma resposta r&#225;pida. Programas de ECPR bem-sucedidos geralmente se baseiam em centros de ECMO consolidados, com equipes experientes, protocolos bem definidos e treinamento cont&#237;nuo. A ECPR &#233; a camada mais complexa do suporte extracorp&#243;reo avan&#231;ado &#8212; a cereja do bolo de um programa de ECMO j&#225; estabelecido. Atender a esses requisitos &#233; um desafio para muitos sistemas de sa&#250;de da Am&#233;rica Latina, onde poucos centros possuem a estrutura, a experi&#234;ncia e os recursos necess&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, Burgos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre a implementa&#231;&#227;o da ECPR em um cen&#225;rio latino-americano. Em sua coorte retrospectiva unic&#234;ntrica, os autores relatam os desfechos de pacientes adultos submetidos a ECMO-VA para PCR-IH ao longo de nove anos em um centro cardiovascular de alta complexidade na Argentina. Embora a coorte seja relativamente pequena, incluindo quinze pacientes, os resultados relatados s&#227;o not&#225;veis. Os autores observaram que 60% dos pacientes puderam ser retirados da ECMO, 46% sobreviveram &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, e os sobreviventes apresentaram boa recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica, sem mortes adicionais durante o acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com os relatados em registros internacionais, onde a sobrevida ap&#243;s ECPR normalmente varia entre 30% e 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Notavelmente, esses resultados foram alcan&#231;ados em um ambiente de sa&#250;de com menos recursos do que os de pa&#237;ses de alta renda, refor&#231;ando a ideia de que o sucesso do programa depende n&#227;o apenas da tecnologia, mas tamb&#233;m da organiza&#231;&#227;o e da efici&#234;ncia do sistema. Um ponto forte do estudo &#233; a descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada da infraestrutura que d&#225; suporte ao programa de ECPR. Os autores descrevem uma equipe multidisciplinar de ECMO, dispon&#237;vel 24 horas por dia, que inclui cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares, cardiologistas, intensivistas, perfusionistas, enfermeiros e outros profissionais. Essa estrutura organizacional permitiu a implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos padronizados para sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, canula&#231;&#227;o, manejo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e cuidados p&#243;s-ressuscita&#231;&#227;o. A organiza&#231;&#227;o baseada em sistemas &#233; cada vez mais vista como um fator principal nos resultados da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. O tempo at&#233; o estabelecimento do fluxo em ECMO, ou a dura&#231;&#227;o do baixo fluxo, &#233; um importante preditor de sobrevida e recupera&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esse tempo s&#243; pode ser reduzido por meio de uma log&#237;stica institucional bem estruturada e amplamente treinada.</p>
    <p>Os resultados relatados por Burgos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> devem ser interpretados com cautela. O desenho retrospectivo, a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle e o pequeno tamanho da amostra limitam conclus&#245;es definitivas sobre a efic&#225;cia comparativa da ECPR. Al&#233;m disso, a coorte foi altamente selecionada, incluindo apenas pacientes com parada card&#237;aca presenciada, ritmo inicial choc&#225;vel e etiologia card&#237;aca prov&#225;vel &#8212; caracter&#237;sticas associadas, de forma independente, a melhores desfechos, independentemente da estrat&#233;gia de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o. As taxas relativamente altas de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo sangramento, infec&#231;&#227;o e les&#227;o renal aguda, ressaltam a complexidade do manejo da ECPR. Embora essas complica&#231;&#245;es sejam esperadas e estejam de acordo com relatos anteriores, elas enfatizam a import&#226;ncia da sele&#231;&#227;o criteriosa de pacientes e do cuidado multidisciplinar meticuloso para garantir que os benef&#237;cios da ECPR superem os riscos.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos resultados cl&#237;nicos, este estudo oferece informa&#231;&#245;es importantes para o desenvolvimento de programas de ECPR na Am&#233;rica Latina e em outras regi&#245;es com recursos limitados. O suporte circulat&#243;rio avan&#231;ado &#233; frequentemente percebido como inacess&#237;vel em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda devido aos custos e &#224;s necessidades de infraestrutura. No entanto, a experi&#234;ncia apresentada por Burgos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> sugere que programas bem estruturados em centros de refer&#234;ncia podem superar algumas dessas barreiras. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento especializado, o treinamento da equipe e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos padronizados podem permitir que centros selecionados ofere&#231;am terapias avan&#231;adas com resultados adequados.</p>
    <p>Em resumo, Burgos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> demonstram a viabilidade da ECPR em um contexto latino-americano. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes a um pequeno estudo observacional, suas descobertas sugerem que resultados compar&#225;veis aos padr&#245;es internacionais podem ser alcan&#231;ados em centros especializados com programas estruturados de ECMO, mesmo em ambientes com recursos limitados. &#192; medida que a ressuscita&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea evolui, o progresso depender&#225; n&#227;o apenas dos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, mas tamb&#233;m do desenvolvimento de sistemas de atendimento coordenados, da sele&#231;&#227;o rigorosa de pacientes e do compromisso institucional cont&#237;nuo.</p>
    <p>Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, a ECPR deve ser vista n&#227;o apenas como uma interven&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica, mas tamb&#233;m como uma terapia sist&#234;mica que integra diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido, ressuscita&#231;&#227;o especializada e atendimento multidisciplinar.</p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia apresentada neste estudo refor&#231;a uma li&#231;&#227;o fundamental para programas emergentes de ECPR: apesar da relev&#226;ncia da tecnologia e dos recursos financeiros, o sucesso depende, sobretudo, de lideran&#231;a, organiza&#231;&#227;o, treinamento e comprometimento institucional. Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o desafio n&#227;o se resume &#224; falta de recursos financeiros, mas &#224; constru&#231;&#227;o de sistemas capazes de entregar excel&#234;ncia quando cada minuto &#233; determinante.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar Extracorp&#243;rea para Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria Intra-Hospitalar: Experi&#234;ncia de um Centro na Am&#233;rica Latina</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        <mixed-citation>5 Burgos LM, Seoane LA, Spaccavento A, Furmento JF, Costabel JP, Vila RCB, et al. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for in-hospital cardiac arrest: A single-center experience in Latin America. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2026; 123(3):e2024820. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.2024820i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.2024820i</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
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            <collab>Extracorporeal Life Support Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>ELSO Registry International Summary: October 2023 Report, Reporting Data Through 2022 [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Ann Arbor</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Extracorporeal Life Support Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2025</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2026 Nov 30]</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.elso.org/registry/internationalsummaryandreports/internationalsummary.aspx">https://www.elso.org/registry/internationalsummaryandreports/internationalsummary.aspx</ext-link> </comment>
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        <mixed-citation>6 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Registry International Summary: October 2023 Report, Reporting Data Through 2022 [Internet]. Ann Arbor: Extracorporeal Life Support Organization; 2025 [cited 2026 Nov 30]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.elso.org/registry/internationalsummaryandreports/internationalsummary.aspx">https://www.elso.org/registry/internationalsummaryandreports/internationalsummary.aspx</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tonna</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selzman</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girotra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Presson</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiagarajan</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resuscitation Using ECPR during in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (RESCUE-IHCA) Mortality Prediction Score and External Validation</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260240i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Latin America: It is Not All about the Money</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5545-8172</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caneo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Luiz Fernando Caneo</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05508-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>caneo@me.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>When conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation fails to restore circulation after cardiac arrest, the window for survival with a favorable neurological outcome narrows rapidly. Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) has emerged as a potential strategy to prolong this window by rapidly establishing circulatory and respiratory support through venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). According to the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO), ECPR is defined as the rapid initiation of VA-ECMO in patients with refractory cardiac arrest who do not achieve sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) through conventional resuscitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>ECPR has become an established rescue strategy for refractory cardiac arrest in both in-hospital (IHCA) settings and selected out-of-hospital cases (OHCA) referred to specialized centers. Outcomes after cardiac arrest differ substantially between these settings. Patients with IHCA typically experience better survival and neurological outcomes than those with OHCA, primarily due to earlier recognition, immediate high-quality CPR, and rapid access to advanced interventions such as defibrillation and invasive monitoring. Conversely, OHCA is frequently associated with delays in recognition and treatment, prolonged no-flow and low-flow intervals, and variability in prehospital care. Timely intervention and rapid access to advanced therapies remain critical determinants of survival and neurological recovery.</p>
      <p>Despite these advantages, IHCA remains a significant clinical challenge. In the United States alone, more than 290,000 adults experience in-hospital cardiac arrest annually,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> with persistently high mortality and substantial risk of neurological injury among survivors. ECPR aims to restore systemic perfusion when conventional CPR fails, preserving end-organ function while the underlying cause is identified and treated. Observational studies and registries indicate that, for certain patients such as those with witnessed arrest, reversible causes, and short low-flow times, ECPR may improve survival compared with conventional resuscitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>ECPR use has grown worldwide, but supporting evidence remains limited and varied. Most data come from specialized centers in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Starting the ECPR program requires more than ECMO technology alone. Recommendations highlight the need for strong institutional commitment, multidisciplinary coordination, administrative involvement, feasibility assessment, and clear patient selection criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These programs demand trained staff, dedicated infrastructure, and ongoing experience to ensure rapid response. Successful ECPR programs are usually based on established ECMO centers with experienced teams, protocols, and continuous training. ECPR is the most complex layer of advanced extracorporeal support&#8212;a "cherry on top" of a mature ECMO program. Meeting these requirements is challenging for many Latin American healthcare systems, where few centers have the necessary structure, experience, and resources.</p>
      <p>In this context, Burgos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> deliver valuable insight into the implementation of ECPR in a Latin American setting. In their single-center retrospective cohort, the authors report outcomes of adult patients who underwent VA-ECMO for refractory in-hospital cardiac arrest over nine years at a high-complexity cardiovascular center in Argentina. Although the cohort is relatively small, including fifteen patients, the reported results are notable. The investigators observed successful ECMO weaning in 60% of cases and an in-hospital survival of 46%, with excellent neurological outcomes among survivors and complete conditional survival during follow-up.</p>
      <p>These results align with those reported in international registries, where survival after ECPR typically ranges between 30% and 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Notably, these outcomes were achieved in a healthcare environment with fewer resources than those in high-income countries, reinforcing the idea that program success depends not only on technology but also on organization and system efficiency. A key strength of the study is its detailed description of the infrastructure supporting the ECPR program. The authors describe a multidisciplinary ECMO team, available at all hours, that includes cardiovascular surgeons, cardiologists, intensivists, perfusionists, nurses, and other professionals. This organizational structure allowed the implementation of standardized protocols for patient selection, cannulation, anticoagulation management, and post&#8211;resuscitation care. System-based organization is increasingly seen as a main factor in extracorporeal resuscitation outcomes. Time to ECMO flow, or low-flow duration, is a strong predictor of survival and neurological recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This interval can be minimized only with well-practiced institutional logistics.</p>
      <p>The outcomes reported by Burgos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> should be interpreted with caution. The retrospective design, absence of a control group, and small sample size limit definitive conclusions regarding the comparative effectiveness of ECPR. In addition, the cohort was highly selected, including only patients with witnessed arrest, a shockable initial rhythm, and a likely cardiac etiology&#8212;factors independently associated with better outcomes regardless of the resuscitation strategy.</p>
      <p>The relatively high rates of complications, including bleeding, infection, and acute kidney injury, underscore the complexity of ECPR management. Although these complications are expected and consistent with previous reports, they emphasize the importance of careful patient selection and meticulous multidisciplinary care to ensure that the benefits of ECPR outweigh its risks.</p>
      <p>Beyond clinical outcomes, this study offers important insights for the development of ECPR programs in Latin America and other resource-limited regions. Advanced circulatory support is often perceived as inaccessible in low- and middle-income settings due to cost and infrastructure requirements. However, the experience presented by Burgos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> suggests that well-structured programs in referral centers can overcome some of these barriers. Concentration of expertise, team training, and implementation of standardized protocols may enable selected centers to deliver advanced therapies with adequate outcomes.</p>
      <p>In summary, Burgos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> demonstrate the feasibility of ECPR in a Latin American setting. Despite limitations inherent to a small observational study, their findings suggest that outcomes comparable to international standards can be achieved in specialized centers with structured ECMO programs, even in resource-constrained environments. As extracorporeal resuscitation evolves, progress will depend not only on technological advances but also on the development of coordinated systems of care, rigorous patient selection, and sustained institutional commitment.</p>
      <p>Ultimately, ECPR should be viewed not only as a technological intervention but also as a system-based therapy that integrates rapid diagnosis, expert resuscitation, and multidisciplinary care.</p>
      <p>The experience described in this study emphasizes a fundamental lesson for emerging ECPR programs: although technology and resources are important, the true drivers of success are leadership, organization, training, and institutional commitment. In the end, it is not all about the money&#8212;it is about building systems that deliver excellence when every minute matters.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Single-Center Experience in Latin America</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
