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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YqPZRZ8nvyZrfytL7tkjGWw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000301003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260238</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evid&#234;ncias Gen&#233;ticas Refor&#231;am o Papel Causal do Tabagismo na Parada Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patan&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; S. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9566-3506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giugni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jose Patane</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jose.patane@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260238</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</kwd>
        <kwd>Polui&#231;&#227;o do Ar</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria extra-hospitalar (PCREH) &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o grave de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, com incid&#234;ncias anuais superiores a 350.000 casos nos Estados Unidos e na Europa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar de d&#233;cadas de melhorias nos protocolos de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e da implanta&#231;&#227;o de desfibriladores externos autom&#225;ticos, as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; a alta hospitalar normalmente permanecem estagnadas entre 5% e 15%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora os m&#233;dicos tradicionalmente se concentrem em fatores de risco metab&#243;licos internos, como hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia, a pesquisa apresentada no ABC Cardiol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> apresenta uma an&#225;lise inovadora de fatores desencadeantes externos modific&#225;veis &#8211; especificamente o tabagismo e a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar &#8211; utilizando a randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) para ir al&#233;m da simples associa&#231;&#227;o e chegar a uma infer&#234;ncia mais robusta de causalidade.</p>
    <p>Ainda assim, os achados justificam um otimismo cauteloso. Embora o estudo reforce a hip&#243;tese de que o tabagismo possa contribuir causalmente para a parada card&#237;aca, ele n&#227;o fornece prova definitiva. Dada a heterogeneidade da PCREH e a complexidade das exposi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao tabagismo, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais evid&#234;ncias para esclarecer o papel deste &#250;ltimo na morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) e seus mecanismos subjacentes.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Indo al&#233;m da associa&#231;&#227;o &#8211; mas n&#227;o al&#233;m da incerteza</title>
      <p>Uma inova&#231;&#227;o central deste estudo &#233; o uso de RM para avaliar o papel causal tanto do tabagismo quanto da polui&#231;&#227;o do ar na parada card&#237;aca. As abordagens epidemiol&#243;gicas convencionais frequentemente t&#234;m dificuldade em isolar o efeito de uma &#250;nica exposi&#231;&#227;o, pois m&#250;ltiplos fatores de risco tendem a ocorrer simultaneamente. Por exemplo, viver em um ambiente polu&#237;do est&#225; frequentemente associado a um n&#237;vel socioecon&#244;mico mais baixo, acesso limitado a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e condi&#231;&#245;es de vida prec&#225;rias. Da mesma forma, o tabagismo &#233; comumente relacionado a outros comportamentos prejudiciais &#224; sa&#250;de, incluindo alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada e redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
      <p>A RM supera essas limita&#231;&#245;es utilizando polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) como vari&#225;veis instrumentais. Como as variantes gen&#233;ticas s&#227;o alocadas aleatoriamente na concep&#231;&#227;o e permanecem fixas ao longo da vida, elas s&#227;o em grande parte independentes de fatores confundidores ambientais e comportamentais. Essa estrutura simula efetivamente um experimento aleat&#243;rio natural, permitindo uma estimativa mais precisa dos efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao longo da vida e fortalecendo a interpreta&#231;&#227;o causal.</p>
      <p>Contudo, a RM n&#227;o elimina a incerteza. Mesmo quando bem conduzida, ela n&#227;o consegue distinguir completamente os efeitos biol&#243;gicos diretos de cadeias causais mais complexas, especialmente quando a exposi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; inserida no ac&#250;mulo de risco cardiovascular ao longo da vida. Assim, os resultados apoiam a causalidade, mas n&#227;o constituem prova definitiva de um efeito direto e espec&#237;fico do tabagismo na MSC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Robustez dos Resultados</title>
      <p>Os autores implementaram diversas salvaguardas estat&#237;sticas para garantir a validade de suas descobertas. A robustez das vari&#225;veis instrumentais foi avaliada inicialmente usando a estat&#237;stica F, que mede a for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os SNPs selecionados e a exposi&#231;&#227;o. Valores acima de 10 s&#227;o considerados suficientes para evitar vi&#233;s de "instrumento fraco"; neste estudo, a estat&#237;stica F m&#233;dia foi de 29,26, indicando instrumentos robustos.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise causal prim&#225;ria empregou o m&#233;todo de pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa, que agrega estimativas causais espec&#237;ficas de SNP em um &#250;nico tamanho de efeito, dando maior peso &#224;s estimativas mais precisas. Essa abordagem identificou uma liga&#231;&#227;o causal estatisticamente significativa entre o tabagismo e a parada card&#237;aca (OR = 2,182, IC 95%: 1,14 - 4,19, p = 0,019).</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os autores aplicaram an&#225;lises de sensibilidade adicionais para testar uma premissa fundamental da RM &#8212; que as variantes gen&#233;ticas influenciam o desfecho apenas por meio da exposi&#231;&#227;o de interesse. Para lidar com a pleiotropia horizontal (quando uma variante gen&#233;tica afeta o desfecho por meio de vias biol&#243;gicas alternativas), eles utilizaram o MR-PRESSO, que detecta e corrige SNPs discrepantes que podem introduzir vi&#233;s, e o MR-Egger, que identifica e ajusta a pleiotropia direcional, estimando se h&#225; um vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico entre os instrumentos. Adicionalmente, uma an&#225;lise de valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada <italic>Leave-One-Out</italic> (LOO) confirmou que nenhum SNP isolado influenciou os resultados de forma desproporcional, refor&#231;ando a estabilidade das descobertas. Por fim, foi aplicada uma corre&#231;&#227;o da taxa de falsos positivos para levar em conta os testes m&#250;ltiplos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Sinal do tabagismo: importante, plaus&#237;vel, mas ainda n&#227;o definitivo</title>
      <p>Os resultados indicam que o tabagismo parece ter maior probabilidade de contribuir para a parada card&#237;aca do que simplesmente estar correlacionado a ela. O tabagismo tem sido associado a desequil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico, instabilidade el&#233;trica ventricular, isquemia, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, trombogenicidade e remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico, fatores que podem aumentar a suscetibilidade a arritmias malignas e parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> &#201; importante destacar que os resultados corroboram a ideia de que parar de fumar pode reduzir substancialmente esse risco ao longo do tempo, refor&#231;ando seu papel como um fator modific&#225;vel e clinicamente relevante.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Polui&#231;&#227;o do ar: resultado nulo ou resolu&#231;&#227;o limitada?</title>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal significativa entre as m&#233;tricas de polui&#231;&#227;o analisadas e a parada card&#237;aca deve ser interpretada com cautela. Um resultado nulo n&#227;o equivale &#224; evid&#234;ncia de aus&#234;ncia de efeito. O poder estat&#237;stico pode ter sido insuficiente para detectar efeitos pequenos ou moderados. A polui&#231;&#227;o do ar tamb&#233;m &#233; mais dif&#237;cil de estudar por meio de RM do que o tabagismo, pois se trata de uma exposi&#231;&#227;o externa espacial e temporalmente vari&#225;vel, e n&#227;o de uma caracter&#237;stica ou comportamento intr&#237;nseco. Al&#233;m disso, seus efeitos cardiovasculares podem depender menos da exposi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia ao longo da vida do que de picos de curto prazo, misturas de poluentes e intera&#231;&#245;es com vulnerabilidade preexistente &#8212; dimens&#245;es que os modelos de RM atuais n&#227;o capturam facilmente. Estudos observacionais, por outro lado, sugeriram repetidamente que aumentos agudos de material particulado podem precipitar PCREH em indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo oferece uma contribui&#231;&#227;o importante ao fortalecer a hip&#243;tese de que o tabagismo desempenha um papel causal na parada card&#237;aca. A descoberta &#233; biologicamente plaus&#237;vel e merece aten&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, cautela permanece essencial. A complexidade da PCREH, a interdepend&#234;ncia das exposi&#231;&#245;es ambientais e as limita&#231;&#245;es das abordagens atuais de RM significam que a causalidade ainda n&#227;o pode ser considerada totalmente resolvida. Portanto, este trabalho representa um avan&#231;o na dire&#231;&#227;o da compreens&#227;o do papel da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo na MSC, e n&#227;o uma resposta definitiva, contribuindo para elucidar o papel da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo na MSC, ao mesmo tempo ressaltando-se a necessidade de valida&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana de Duas Amostras sobre Polui&#231;&#227;o do Ar/Tabagismo e Parada Card&#237;aca</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260238i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Genetic Evidence Supports a Causal Role for Smoking in Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Patan&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; S. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9566-3506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Giugni</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jose Patane</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jose.patane@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use Disorder</kwd>
        <kwd>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Air Pollution</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a severe manifestation of cardiovascular disease, with annual incidences exceeding 350,000 cases in both the United States and Europe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite decades of improvements in resuscitation protocols and the deployment of automated external defibrillators, survival rates to hospital discharge typically stagnate between 5% and 15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>While clinicians traditionally focus on internal metabolic risk factors like hypertension and dyslipidemia, the research presented in ABC Cardiol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> provides a novel analysis of external modifiable triggers &#8211; specifically cigarette smoking and air pollution &#8211; utilizing Mendelian Randomization (MR) to move beyond simple association toward a more reliable causal inference.</p>
      <p>Still, the findings warrant cautious optimism. While the study strengthens the hypothesis that smoking may causally contribute to cardiac arrest, it does not provide definitive proof. Given the heterogeneity of OHCA and the complexity of smoke-related exposures, further evidence is needed to clarify the role of smoking in sudden cardiac death (SCD) and its underlying mechanisms.</p>
      <sec>
        <title/>
        <sec>
          <title>Moving beyond association &#8211; but not beyond uncertainty</title>
          <p>A central innovation of this study is its use of MR to evaluate the causal roles of both smoking and air pollution in cardiac arrest. Conventional epidemiological approaches often struggle to isolate the effect of a single exposure because multiple risk factors tend to co-occur. For instance, living in a polluted environment is frequently associated with lower socioeconomic status, limited healthcare access, and poorer living conditions. Similarly, smoking is commonly linked to other adverse lifestyle behaviors, including poor diet and reduced physical activity.</p>
          <p>MR addresses these limitations by leveraging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables. Because genetic variants are randomly allocated at conception and remain fixed throughout life, they are largely independent of environmental and behavioral confounders. This framework effectively mimics a natural randomized experiment, enabling a cleaner estimation of lifelong exposure effects and strengthening causal interpretation.</p>
          <p>Yet MR does not eliminate uncertainty. Even when well conducted, it cannot fully distinguish direct biological effects from more complex causal chains, especially when the exposure is embedded in lifelong cardiovascular risk accumulation. Thus, the findings support causality, but do not constitute definitive proof of a direct and specific smoking effect on SCD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Robustness of results</title>
          <p>The authors implemented multiple statistical safeguards to ensure the validity of their findings. Instrument strength was first assessed using the F-statistic, which measures how strongly the selected SNPs are associated with the exposure. Values above 10 are considered sufficient to avoid weak instrument bias; in this study, the mean F-statistic was 29.26, indicating robust instruments.</p>
          <p>The primary causal analysis employed the inverse-variance weighted method, which aggregates SNP-specific causal estimates into a single effect size, giving greater weight to more precise estimates. This approach identified a statistically significant causal link between smoking and cardiac arrest (OR = 2.182, 95% CI: 1.14 - 4.19, p = 0.019).</p>
          <p>Furthermore, the authors applied additional sensitivity analyses to test a key assumption of MR - that the genetic variants influence the outcome only through the exposure of interest. To address horizontal pleiotropy (when a genetic variant affects the outcome through alternative biological pathways), they used MR-PRESSO, which detects and corrects for outlier SNPs that may introduce bias, and MR-Egger, which can identify and adjust for directional pleiotropy by estimating whether there is a systematic bias across instruments. Additionally, a Leave-One-Out (LOO) analysis confirmed that no single SNP disproportionately influenced the results, reinforcing the stability of the findings. Finally, false discovery rate correction was applied to account for multiple testing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Smoking signal: important, plausible, but not yet definitive</title>
          <p>The results indicate that smoking appears more likely to contribute to cardiac arrest than to merely correlate with it. Smoking has been linked to autonomic imbalance, ventricular electrical instability, ischemia, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, thrombogenicity, and myocardial remodeling, all of which may increase susceptibility to malignant arrhythmias and sudden arrest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Importantly, the findings support the notion that smoking cessation may substantially reduce this risk over time, reinforcing its role as a modifiable and clinically actionable factor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Air pollution: null result or limited resolution?</title>
          <p>The absence of a significant causal association between the pollution metrics analyzed and cardiac arrest should be interpreted with restraint. A null result is not equivalent to evidence of no effect. Statistical power may have been insufficient to detect small or moderate effects. Air pollution is also harder to study through MR than smoking because it is a spatially and temporally variable external exposure, not an intrinsic trait or behavior. Moreover, its cardiovascular effects may depend less on lifelong average exposure than on short-term peaks, pollutant mixtures, and interactions with preexisting vulnerability&#8212;dimensions current MR models do not readily capture. Observational studies, by contrast, have repeatedly suggested that acute increases in particulate matter may precipitate OHCA in susceptible individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study provides an important contribution by strengthening the hypothesis that smoking plays a causal role in cardiac arrest. The finding is biologically plausible and worthy of attention. Nevertheless, caution remains essential. The complexity of OHCA, the interdependence of environmental exposures, and the limitations of current MR approaches mean that causality cannot yet be considered fully resolved. The work therefore represents an advance in direction rather than a final answer, bringing the field closer to understanding the role of smoke exposure in SCD while underscoring the need for further validation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study of Air Pollution/Smoking and Cardiac Arrest</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
