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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7S5JfkLHYRFmTN4PV6ZyGNk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000302601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250886</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Para Al&#233;m do Humor: O Riso como Est&#237;mulo Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1818-8526</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Cleidiane da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx)</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Ricardo Stein</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-007</postal-code>, Fisiatria, T&#233;rreo, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250886</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Terapia do Riso</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Por que o riso &#233; importante para o sistema cardiovascular?</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) continua sendo a principal causa de mortalidade em todo o mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> apesar dos avan&#231;os substanciais nas terapias farmacol&#243;gicas e intervencionistas. Nesse contexto, estrat&#233;gias n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, de baixo custo, escal&#225;veis e acess&#237;veis, t&#234;m despertado crescente interesse. A terapia do riso (TR), tradicionalmente associada ao bem-estar psicol&#243;gico, surgiu como um est&#237;mulo fisiol&#243;gico adjunto capaz de provocar respostas cardiovasculares mensur&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dados observacionais sugerem que indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana riem com menor frequ&#234;ncia e apresentam n&#237;veis mais elevados de raiva e hostilidade &#8212; tra&#231;os psicol&#243;gicos associados a desfechos cardiovasculares adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, menor frequ&#234;ncia di&#225;ria de riso tem sido associada ao aumento da incid&#234;ncia e da mortalidade por DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora essas associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o estabele&#231;am causalidade, levantam uma quest&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica importante: o riso em si pode funcionar como um est&#237;mulo cardiovascular relevante? As vias fisiol&#243;gicas hipot&#233;ticas pelas quais a TR pode influenciar a regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, a hemodin&#226;mica e a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mecanismos propostos que ligam a terapia do riso aos benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares. Estrutura conceitual que ilustra a terapia do riso (espont&#226;neo ou simulado) como um potencial est&#237;mulo cardiovascular de baixa intensidade. O riso pode induzir modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e respirat&#243;ria aguda, caracterizada por ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica transit&#243;ria, arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria e subsequente rebote parassimp&#225;tico. Essas respostas podem levar a aumentos leves na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, juntamente com estresse de cisalhamento vascular e libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, contribuindo para melhorias de curto prazo na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida &#233; hipotetizada como capaz de aprimorar a responsividade endotelial, modular favoravelmente a press&#227;o arterial e reduzir a rigidez arterial. DMF: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250886-50886-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Argumentamos que o riso n&#227;o deve ser visto apenas como um fen&#244;meno emocional ou comportamental. Em vez disso, as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sustentam o conceito de que o riso atua como um estressor cardiovascular de baixa intensidade, capaz de modular o equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico, a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e a hemodin&#226;mica por meio de mecanismos que se assemelham parcialmente aos observados durante a atividade f&#237;sica leve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Escopo e perspectivas da literatura</title>
      <p>Este ponto de vista baseia-se em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o narrativa da literatura dispon&#237;vel que examina as respostas cardiovasculares relacionadas ao riso. Em vez de buscar uma cobertura exaustiva, focamos em estudos experimentais representativos e em estudos cl&#237;nicos explorat&#243;rios que destacam conceitos fisiol&#243;gicos centrais e achados recorrentes em diferentes contextos. A sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos foi guiada pela relev&#226;ncia para os mecanismos cardiovasculares e pela contribui&#231;&#227;o de cada um para o arcabou&#231;o conceitual discutido neste trabalho.</p>
      <p>Em conformidade com o formato "Ponto de Vista", n&#227;o foi aplicada uma estrat&#233;gia sistem&#225;tica formal de busca nem avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de vi&#233;s, e a possibilidade de vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser exclu&#237;da. Assim, as evid&#234;ncias citadas devem ser interpretadas como ilustrativas e geradoras de hip&#243;teses, em vez de definitivas ou exaustivas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>O riso como estressor cardiovascular de baixa intensidade</title>
      <p>O riso envolve a ativa&#231;&#227;o coordenada dos m&#250;sculos faciais, respirat&#243;rios, tor&#225;cicos, e abdominais, resultando em ciclos respirat&#243;rios r&#237;tmicos e aumentos transit&#243;rios da press&#227;o intrator&#225;cica. Esse envolvimento muscular e respirat&#243;rio est&#225; associado &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular aguda, refletida de forma mais consistente por aumentos transit&#243;rios da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) e do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos experimentais demonstraram que epis&#243;dios de riso espont&#226;neo durante a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de com&#233;dias podem aumentar a FC em aproximadamente 20%, com respostas proporcionais &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o e &#224; intensidade do riso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s observadas durante atividade f&#237;sica leve a moderada <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e parecem ser influenciadas pelo contexto social, j&#225; que o riso tende a ser mais frequente e intenso quando os indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o expostos a est&#237;mulos humor&#237;sticos em ambientes familiares ou socialmente envolventes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O riso simulado, caracterizado por risadas intencionais e repetitivas sem gatilhos emocionais, frequentemente induz respostas cardiovasculares mais pronunciadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Isso provavelmente reflete maior frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e maior envolvimento muscular, refor&#231;ando o conceito de que o ato fisiol&#243;gico de rir, mais do que apenas a percep&#231;&#227;o do humor, &#233; o respons&#225;vel por esses efeitos.</p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista auton&#244;mico, o riso representa um estado de alta excita&#231;&#227;o, caracterizado por ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e retirada parassimp&#225;tica, seguido por uma fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o marcada por aumento da atividade parassimp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A arritmia sinusal respirat&#243;ria desempenha papel central nesse processo, acoplando os ciclos respirat&#243;rios &#224; variabilidade da FC e potencialmente otimizando as trocas gasosas. Esse padr&#227;o auton&#244;mico se assemelha estreitamente ao observado durante o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico leve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em per&#237;odos mais longos, a exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida ao riso tem sido associada a redu&#231;&#245;es da FC de repouso e dos n&#237;veis de horm&#244;nios do estresse, sugerindo uma mudan&#231;a em dire&#231;&#227;o a um equil&#237;brio auton&#244;mico aprimorado. Coletivamente, essas observa&#231;&#245;es sustentam a hip&#243;tese de que o riso pode exercer tanto efeitos cardiovasculares agudos de estimula&#231;&#227;o quanto efeitos regulat&#243;rios de longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Efeitos vasculares e hemodin&#226;micos: Para al&#233;m da emo&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Al&#233;m da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, a TR tem sido associada a efeitos consistentes, embora de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular. Ensaios cruzados utilizando dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo demonstraram que a exposi&#231;&#227;o a filmes de com&#233;dia pode melhorar agudamente a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> com magnitudes compar&#225;veis &#224;s observadas ap&#243;s exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essas respostas vasculares s&#227;o consideradas mediadas pelo aumento do estresse de cisalhamento decorrente das eleva&#231;&#245;es induzidas pelo riso no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e no fluxo sangu&#237;neo, potencialmente estimulando a libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Mecanismos adicionais podem incluir redu&#231;&#245;es em mediadores neuroend&#243;crinos vasoconstritores e ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias relacionadas &#224;s endorfinas, que poderiam aprimorar ainda mais a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
      <p>O riso tamb&#233;m tem sido associado a redu&#231;&#245;es de curto prazo na rigidez arterial, avaliadas pela velocidade da onda de pulso, e a mudan&#231;as favor&#225;veis em biomarcadores de les&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Importante destacar que esses efeitos parecem se dissipar em poucas horas ou dias, particularmente em indiv&#237;duos jovens e saud&#225;veis, ressaltando seu car&#225;ter predominantemente agudo.</p>
      <p>No entanto, o fato de ser transit&#243;rio n&#227;o implica que seja trivial. As respostas vasculares agudas ao exerc&#237;cio tamb&#233;m s&#227;o de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, a menos que sejam refor&#231;adas por treinamento regular. Esse paralelo levanta uma quest&#227;o cr&#237;tica, ainda pouco explorada: a exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida ao riso poderia induzir adapta&#231;&#245;es vasculares cumulativas ao longo do tempo? Embora os dados de longo prazo permane&#231;am limitados, evid&#234;ncias emergentes sugerem que essa hip&#243;tese merece investiga&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, particularmente em popula&#231;&#245;es com disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Demanda metab&#243;lica e capacidade funcional</title>
      <p>Apesar de seus efeitos cardiovasculares, a TR parece impor uma demanda metab&#243;lica relativamente baixa. Estudos que avaliaram o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) durante o riso relataram aumentos m&#237;nimos ou inexistentes, com gasto energ&#233;tico compar&#225;vel ao de atividades leves do cotidiano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Essa aparente dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre a estimula&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica central e a extra&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio &#233; consistente com a no&#231;&#227;o de que o riso pode aumentar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco sem elevar substancialmente a carga metab&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>Essa caracter&#237;stica pode ser particularmente relevante em popula&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas com toler&#226;ncia limitada ao exerc&#237;cio. Dados preliminares sugerem que a exposi&#231;&#227;o repetida ao riso pode induzir respostas fisiol&#243;gicas modestas relacionadas &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em popula&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas selecionadas;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> no entanto, essas observa&#231;&#245;es derivam de pequenos estudos explorat&#243;rios e devem ser interpretadas com cautela.</p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista fisiol&#243;gico, a TR pode, portanto, ocupar um nicho distinto, fornecendo estimula&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular suficiente para desencadear respostas adaptativas, ao mesmo tempo em que permanece acess&#237;vel a indiv&#237;duos incapazes de participar de programas estruturados de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>O que o riso n&#227;o substitui: diferen&#231;as fundamentais em rela&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</title>
      <p>Embora os paralelos entre as respostas cardiovasculares induzidas pelo riso e a atividade f&#237;sica leve sejam &#250;teis do ponto de vista fisiol&#243;gico, &#233; essencial enfatizar que interven&#231;&#245;es baseadas no riso n&#227;o replicam os princ&#237;pios centrais do treinamento f&#237;sico estruturado. O riso n&#227;o envolve sobrecarga progressiva, produz um est&#237;mulo metab&#243;lico substancialmente menor e menos duradouro, e n&#227;o promove adapta&#231;&#245;es musculoesquel&#233;ticas, como ganhos de for&#231;a, resist&#234;ncia ou capacidade oxidativa do m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o treinamento f&#237;sico induz adapta&#231;&#245;es centrais e perif&#233;ricas bem estabelecidas, incluindo melhorias na fun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, na capilariza&#231;&#227;o muscular e na sensibilidade &#224; insulina &#8211; efeitos que n&#227;o foram demonstrados com a TR. Assim, qualquer compara&#231;&#227;o com o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico deve ser interpretada estritamente como uma analogia fisiol&#243;gica, e n&#227;o como equival&#234;ncia funcional ou terap&#234;utica. O riso deve, portanto, ser visto, no m&#225;ximo, como um est&#237;mulo fisiol&#243;gico complementar, e n&#227;o como substituto da atividade f&#237;sica estruturada ou da reabilita&#231;&#227;o baseada em exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Significado cl&#237;nico: Quem pode se beneficiar?</title>
      <p>Do ponto de vista conceitual, atualmente n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a TR melhore desfechos cardiovasculares duros, como eventos cardiovasculares ou mortalidade, e os dados dispon&#237;veis devem ser interpretados como sinais fisiol&#243;gicos explorat&#243;rios. A maior parte das evid&#234;ncias fisiol&#243;gicas deriva de estudos conduzidos em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis ou em pequenas amostras explorat&#243;rias, e a extrapola&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com DCV estabelecida, idosos ou indiv&#237;duos com limita&#231;&#245;es funcionais permanece, portanto, hipot&#233;tica.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, a TR tem sido discutida conceitualmente como um est&#237;mulo adjunto potencial para o engajamento cardiovascular em popula&#231;&#245;es com toler&#226;ncia limitada ao exerc&#237;cio. Contudo, tais considera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o te&#243;ricas e n&#227;o devem ser interpretadas como recomenda&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, especialmente na aus&#234;ncia de ensaios cl&#237;nicos dedicados que avaliem seguran&#231;a, viabilidade e efic&#225;cia em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco.</p>
      <p>Importante destacar que a TR deve ser vista como um est&#237;mulo fisiol&#243;gico, e n&#227;o como uma interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, e qualquer sobreposi&#231;&#227;o com vias relacionadas ao exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o deve ser interpretada como equival&#234;ncia funcional.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>O que ainda n&#227;o sabemos</title>
      <p>Apesar dos achados encorajadores, permanecem lacunas importantes no conhecimento. Protocolos ideais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o e modo de indu&#231;&#227;o do riso ainda n&#227;o foram estabelecidos. Os desfechos cardiovasculares de longo prazo n&#227;o foram adequadamente estudados, e os dados em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco ou com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades continuam limitados.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, as rela&#231;&#245;es dose-resposta e as poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es com o treinamento f&#237;sico convencional ainda precisam ser exploradas. Abordar essas lacunas ser&#225; essencial antes que a TR possa ser avaliada em programas estruturados de preven&#231;&#227;o ou reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Distin&#231;&#227;o conceitual entre o riso como est&#237;mulo fisiol&#243;gico e como interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica</title>
      <p>&#201; importante distinguir claramente o riso como fen&#244;meno fisiol&#243;gico das interven&#231;&#245;es baseadas no riso propostas como estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas. O riso espont&#226;neo representa uma resposta emocional e comportamental que ocorre naturalmente, tipicamente inserida na intera&#231;&#227;o social, enquanto o riso, simulado envolve padr&#245;es motores volunt&#225;rios de riso sem um gatilho humor&#237;stico externo. Programas estruturados de TR, por sua vez, combinam elementos de riso simulado, t&#233;cnicas de respira&#231;&#227;o e din&#226;micas de grupo dentro de um protocolo pr&#233;-definido, sendo frequentemente enquadrados como interven&#231;&#245;es comportamentais.</p>
      <p>A maior parte das evid&#234;ncias fisiol&#243;gicas dispon&#237;veis refere-se &#224;s respostas agudas a epis&#243;dios de riso, incluindo modula&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da atividade auton&#244;mica, da fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos. Em contraste, a no&#231;&#227;o da TR como interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica sustentada permanece em grande parte hipot&#233;tica, j&#225; que dados longitudinais demonstrando adapta&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas duradouras ou benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico s&#227;o escassos. Assim, os achados existentes devem ser interpretados principalmente como evid&#234;ncia de um est&#237;mulo fisiol&#243;gico, e n&#227;o como prova de efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>Apesar da plausibilidade fisiol&#243;gica e da coer&#234;ncia interna dos achados dispon&#237;veis, o corpo atual de evid&#234;ncias que sustenta os efeitos cardiovasculares induzidos pela TR apresenta importantes limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas que exigem interpreta&#231;&#227;o cautelosa. A maioria dos estudos &#233; caracterizada por tamanhos amostrais reduzidos, per&#237;odos de interven&#231;&#227;o curtos e poder estat&#237;stico limitado, aumentando a suscetibilidade a erros aleat&#243;rios e &#224; superestima&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos.</p>
      <p>O cegamento &#233;, por natureza, desafiador em TR, o que aumenta a possibilidade de efeitos de expectativa e de Hawthorne, particularmente em ambientes de intera&#231;&#227;o social. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; substancial heterogeneidade nos protocolos de indu&#231;&#227;o do riso, variando desde riso espont&#226;neo ou simulado at&#233; programas estruturados de TR, com marcada variabilidade na dura&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia, intensidade e contexto social das sess&#245;es.</p>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de grupos-controle ativos em diversos estudos limita ainda mais a infer&#234;ncia causal, enquanto persistem dificuldades em padronizar objetivamente a intensidade do riso e em quantificar rela&#231;&#245;es dose-resposta. Por fim, n&#227;o se pode excluir a possibilidade de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, dado o predom&#237;nio de pequenos estudos explorat&#243;rios e pilotos que relatam respostas fisiol&#243;gicas favor&#225;veis. Coletivamente, essas limita&#231;&#245;es refor&#231;am que as evid&#234;ncias atuais devem ser vistas como geradoras de hip&#243;teses, e n&#227;o como confirmat&#243;rias, e que a extrapola&#231;&#227;o para desfechos cl&#237;nicos ou efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica requer ensaios dedicados, bem controlados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diante das limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas da literatura existente, as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis s&#227;o consistentes com a vis&#227;o de que a TR pode funcionar como um est&#237;mulo cardiovascular de baixa intensidade, capaz de modular a atividade auton&#244;mica, a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos sem aumentar substancialmente a demanda metab&#243;lica. Embora os dados atuais ainda sejam limitados, achados emergentes sugerem que a exposi&#231;&#227;o regular ao riso pode oferecer benef&#237;cios fisiologicamente plaus&#237;veis, particularmente para indiv&#237;duos com capacidade reduzida para o exerc&#237;cio. Argumentamos que o riso merece considera&#231;&#227;o como uma abordagem conceitual complementar no &#226;mbito do discurso e da pesquisa em preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, e que justifica investiga&#231;&#227;o rigorosa em futuros ensaios cl&#237;nicos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Cleidiane da Silva Andrade pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250886i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond Humor: Laughter as a Cardiovascular Stimulus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1818-8526</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Cleidiane da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx) &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Ricardo Stein</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-007</postal-code>, Fisiatria, T&#233;rreo, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Laughter Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of Funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Why Laughter Matters to the Cardiovascular System</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> despite substantial advances in pharmacological and interventional therapies. In this context, non-pharmacological strategies that are low-cost, scalable, and accessible have attracted growing interest. Laughter therapy (LT), traditionally associated with psychological well-being, has emerged as a potential adjunctive physiological stimulus capable of eliciting measurable cardiovascular responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Observational data suggest that individuals with coronary artery disease laugh less frequently and exhibit higher levels of anger and hostility &#8211; psychological traits associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Moreover, lower daily laughter frequency has been linked to increased CVD incidence and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> While these associations do not establish causality, they raise an important physiological question: can laughter itself act as a meaningful cardiovascular stimulus? The hypothesized physiological pathways through which LT may influence autonomic regulation, hemodynamics, and vascular function are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Proposed mechanisms linking laughter therapy with cardiovascular benefits. Conceptual framework illustrating laughter therapy (spontaneous or simulated) as a potential low-intensity cardiovascular stimulus. Laughter may induce acute autonomic and respiratory modulation, characterized by transient sympathetic activation, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and subsequent parasympathetic rebound. These responses may lead to mild increases in heart rate and cardiac output, along with vascular shear stress and nitric oxide release, contributing to short-term improvements in endothelial function. Repeated exposure is hypothesized to enhance endothelial responsiveness, favorably modulate blood pressure, and reduce arterial stiffness. FMD: flow-mediated dilation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250886-50886-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>We argue that laughter should not be viewed solely as an emotional or behavioral phenomenon. Instead, available evidence supports the concept of laughter as a low-intensity cardiovascular stressor, capable of modulating autonomic balance, vascular function, and hemodynamics through mechanisms that partially resemble those observed during light physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Literature scope and perspective</title>
        <p>This Viewpoint is based on a narrative appraisal of the available literature examining laughter-related cardiovascular responses. Rather than aiming for exhaustive coverage, we focused on representative experimental and exploratory clinical studies that illustrate key physiological concepts and recurring findings across different settings. Study selection was guided by relevance to cardiovascular mechanisms and contribution to the conceptual framework discussed herein.</p>
        <p>Consistent with the Viewpoint format, no formal systematic search strategy or risk of bias assessment was applied, and the possibility of selection bias cannot be excluded. Accordingly, the cited evidence should be interpreted as illustrative and hypothesis-generating, rather than definitive or comprehensive.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laughter as a low-intensity cardiovascular stressor</title>
        <p>Laughter involves coordinated activation of facial, respiratory, thoracic, and abdominal muscles, resulting in rhythmic respiratory cycles and transient increases in intrathoracic pressure. This muscular and respiratory engagement is associated with acute cardiovascular stimulation, most consistently reflected by transient increases in heart rate (HR) and cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Experimental studies have shown that episodes of spontaneous laughter during comedy viewing can increase HR by approximately 20%, with responses proportional to laughter duration and intensity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> These changes are comparable to those observed during mild-to-moderate physical activity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and appear to be influenced by social context, as laughter tends to be more frequent and intense when individuals are exposed to humorous stimuli in familiar or socially engaging environments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Simulated laughter, characterized by intentional and repetitive laughter without emotional triggers, often induces more pronounced cardiovascular responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This likely reflects greater respiratory frequency and muscular engagement, reinforcing the concept that the physiological act of laughing, rather than humor perception alone, drives these effects.</p>
        <p>From an autonomic standpoint, laughter represents a high-arousal state characterized by sympathetic activation and parasympathetic withdrawal, followed by a recovery phase marked by enhanced parasympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Respiratory sinus arrhythmia plays a central role in this process, coupling respiratory cycles with HR variability and potentially optimizing gas exchange. This autonomic pattern closely resembles that observed during light aerobic exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Over longer periods, repeated laughter exposure has been associated with reductions in resting HR and stress hormone levels, suggesting a shift toward improved autonomic balance. Collectively, these observations support the hypothesis that laughter may exert both acute stimulatory and long-term regulatory cardiovascular effects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vascular and hemodynamic effects: Beyond emotion</title>
        <p>Beyond autonomic modulation, LT has been associated with consistent, albeit short-lived, effects on vascular function. Crossover trials using flow-mediated dilation have shown that exposure to comedy films can acutely improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> with magnitudes comparable to those observed after aerobic exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These vascular responses are thought to be mediated by increased shear stress resulting from laughter-induced elevations in cardiac output and blood flow, potentially stimulating nitric oxide release. Additional mechanisms may include reductions in vasoconstrictive neuroendocrine mediators and activation of endorphin-related pathways that could further enhance endothelial function.</p>
        <p>Laughter has also been associated with short-term reductions in arterial stiffness, as assessed by pulse wave velocity, and favorable changes in biomarkers of endothelial injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Importantly, these effects appear to dissipate within hours to days, particularly in young, healthy individuals, underscoring their predominantly acute nature.</p>
        <p>However, transient does not mean trivial. Acute vascular responses to exercise are similarly short-lived unless reinforced by regular training. This parallel raises a critical yet underexplored question: could repeated laughter exposure induce cumulative vascular adaptations over time? While long-term data remain limited, emerging evidence suggests that this hypothesis warrants systematic investigation, particularly in populations with endothelial dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Metabolic demand and functional capacity</title>
        <p>Despite its cardiovascular effects, LT appears to impose a relatively low metabolic demand. Studies assessing oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) during laughter have reported minimal or no increases, with energy expenditure comparable to that of light daily activities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This apparent dissociation between central hemodynamic stimulation and peripheral oxygen extraction is consistent with the notion that laughter may increase cardiac output without substantially increasing metabolic load.</p>
        <p>This characteristic may be particularly relevant in clinical populations with limited exercise tolerance. Preliminary data suggest that repeated laughter-based exposure may induce modest physiological responses related to cardiovascular regulation in selected clinical populations;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> however, these observations derive from small exploratory studies and must be interpreted with caution.</p>
        <p>From a physiological perspective, LT may therefore occupy a distinctive niche, providing cardiovascular stimulation sufficient to elicit adaptive responses while remaining accessible to individuals unable to engage in structured exercise programs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>What laughter does not replace: Key differences from physical exercise</title>
        <p>Although parallels between laughter-induced cardiovascular responses and light physical activity are useful from a physiological perspective, it is essential to emphasize that laughter-based interventions do not replicate the core training principles of structured exercise. Laughter lacks progressive overload, produces a substantially lower and less sustained metabolic stimulus, and does not promote musculoskeletal adaptations such as improvements in strength, endurance, or skeletal muscle oxidative capacity.</p>
        <p>Moreover, exercise training induces well-established central and peripheral adaptations, including improvements in mitochondrial function, muscle capillarization and insulin sensitivity, which have not been demonstrated with LT. Accordingly, any comparison with physical exercise should be interpreted strictly as a physiological analogy rather than a functional or therapeutic equivalence. Laughter should therefore be viewed, at most, as a complementary physiological stimulus, not as a substitute for structured physical activity or exercise-based rehabilitation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical meaning: Who might benefit?</title>
        <p>From a conceptual standpoint, there is currently no evidence that LT improves hard cardiovascular outcomes, such as cardiovascular events or mortality, and available data should be interpreted as exploratory physiological signals. Most physiological evidence derives from studies conducted in healthy individuals or small exploratory samples, and extrapolation to patients with established CVD, older adults, or individuals with functional limitations therefore remains hypothetical.</p>
        <p>In this context, LT has been conceptually discussed as potential adjunctive stimuli for cardiovascular engagement in populations with limited exercise tolerance. However, such considerations are theoretical and should not be interpreted as practice recommendations, particularly in the absence of dedicated clinical trials evaluating safety, feasibility, and efficacy in high-risk populations.</p>
        <p>Importantly, LT should be viewed as a physiological stimulus rather than as a therapeutic intervention, and any overlap with exercise-related pathways should not be interpreted as functional equivalence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>What we still do not know</title>
        <p>Despite encouraging findings, important knowledge gaps remain. Optimal protocols regarding the frequency, duration, and mode of laughter induction have not been established. Long-term cardiovascular outcomes have not been adequately studied, and data in high-risk or multimorbid populations remain limited.</p>
        <p>Moreover, dose-response relationships and potential interactions with conventional exercise training have yet to be explored. Addressing these gaps will be essential before LT can be considered for evaluation in structured cardiovascular prevention or rehabilitation programs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Conceptual distinction between laughter as a physiological stimulus and as a therapeutic intervention</title>
        <p>It is important to clearly distinguish laughter as a physiological phenomenon from laughter-based interventions proposed as therapeutic strategies. Spontaneous laughter represents a naturally occurring emotional and behavioral response, typically embedded in social interaction, whereas simulated laughter involves voluntary motor patterns of laughter without an external humorous trigger. Structured LT programs, in turn, combine elements of simulated laughter, breathing techniques, and group dynamics within a predefined protocol and are often framed as behavioral interventions.</p>
        <p>Most of the available physiological evidence relates to acute responses to laughter episodes, including transient modulation of autonomic activity, vascular function, and hemodynamic parameters. In contrast, the notion of LT as a sustained therapeutic intervention remains largely hypothetical, as longitudinal data demonstrating durable physiological adaptations or clinical benefit are scarce. Accordingly, existing findings should be interpreted primarily as evidence of a physiological stimulus rather than proof of therapeutic efficacy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological considerations and limitations</title>
        <p>Despite the physiological plausibility and internal coherence of the available findings, the current body of evidence supporting LT-induced cardiovascular effects is subject to important methodological limitations that warrant cautious interpretation. Most studies are characterized by small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and limited statistical power, increasing susceptibility to random error and overestimation of effects.</p>
        <p>Blinding is inherently challenging in LT, raising the possibility of expectation and Hawthorne effects, particularly in socially interactive settings. In addition, there is substantial heterogeneity in laughter-induction protocols, ranging from spontaneous or simulated laughter to structured LT programs, with marked variability in session duration, frequency, intensity, and social context.</p>
        <p>The absence of active control groups in several studies further limits causal inference, while difficulties in objectively standardizing laughter intensity and quantifying dose-response relationships remain unresolved. Finally, potential publication bias cannot be excluded, given the predominance of small exploratory and pilot studies reporting favorable physiological responses. Collectively, these limitations underscore that current evidence should be viewed as hypothesis-generating rather than confirmatory, and that extrapolation to clinical outcomes or therapeutic effectiveness requires dedicated, well-controlled trials.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In light of the methodological limitations of the existing literature, available evidence is consistent with the view that LT may function as a low-intensity cardiovascular stimulus capable of modulating autonomic activity, vascular function, and hemodynamics without substantially increasing metabolic demand. While current data remain limited, emerging findings suggest that regular laughter exposure may offer physiologically plausible benefits, particularly for individuals with restricted exercise capacity. We argue that laughter merits consideration as a conceptual complementary approach within cardiovascular prevention discourse and research and warrants rigorous investigation in future clinical trials.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study Association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Cleidiane da Silva Andrade, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Availability of Research Data</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
