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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000300605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250702</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Angiotomografia Coronariana e Angiografia Coronariana Invasiva na Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana N&#227;o Obstrutiva: O Estudo <italic>Brazilian Coronary ARtery Disease</italic> (BARD)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2451-5570</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luz</surname>
            <given-names>Prot&#225;sio Lemos Da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5470-0326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Palandri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0964-6222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Prot&#225;sio Lemos Da Luz Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 5&#186; andar, Bloco II, sala 14. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>protasio.luz@incor.usp.br</email>; <email>protasiodaluz@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250702</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) n&#227;o obstrutiva n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecido. Dados comparativos entre angiotomografia coronariana (ATC) e angiografia coronariana invasiva (ACI) s&#227;o limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparar as informa&#231;&#245;es derivadas da ATC e da ACI na DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva quanto &#224; detec&#231;&#227;o e aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Acompanhamos 4.004 pacientes adultos que realizaram ACI (n = 2.355) ou ATC (n = 1.649) por uma mediana de 9 anos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um composto de mortalidade por todas as causas, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda/infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral. Foi realizado pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o para comparar os desfechos entre os grupos. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi fixado em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A taxa global de eventos foi de 6,9%. A ACI esteve associada a piores desfechos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ATC (<italic>hazard ratio</italic> [HR] 0,54; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] 95% 0,42-0,68; p &lt; 0,001). Pacientes com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva apresentaram piores desfechos do que aqueles sem DAC (HR 1,73; IC 95% 1,32-2,27; p &lt; 0,001). Achados coronarianos normais na ATC estiveram associados a melhores desfechos do que achados normais na ACI (HR 0,39; IC 95% 0,24-0,62; p &lt; 0,001). As taxas de eventos aumentaram proporcionalmente &#224; carga de placa. Em 1.187 pares pareados, a ATC esteve associada &#224; melhora da sobrevida (HR 0,57; IC 95% 0,42-0,78; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A ATC reflete mais de perto os desfechos cl&#237;nicos do que a ACI. A DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva apresenta risco substancial independentemente da modalidade de imagem.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Angiotomografia Coronariana e Angiografia Coronariana Invasiva na Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana N&#227;o Obstrutiva: O Estudo Brazilian Coronary ARtery Disease (BARD)</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ACI: angiografia coronariana invasiva; ATC: angiotomografia coronariana; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/94f284fb39f36a2ad624364db2840f33ea19612e.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/74a2793ea5ded96fd9d1e185fe0cdf7e5175a8f5.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/157acb661d353477be5d832663487d8546406ab1.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o E. J. Zerbini</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Instituto de Gest&#227;o, Planejamento e Desenvolvimento da Vitivinicultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source> Cooperativa de Cr&#233;dito Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o E. J. Zerbini, Instituto de Gest&#227;o, Planejamento e Desenvolvimento da Vitivinicultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Cooperativa de Cr&#233;dito Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva (les&#245;es &#8805; 70%) t&#234;m sido amplamente estudados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> enquanto pacientes com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva permanecem comparativamente menos investigados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, a DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva &#233; altamente prevalente e est&#225; associada a complica&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes, incluindo mortalidade por todas as causas, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), tanto em indiv&#237;duos sintom&#225;ticos quanto assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia relatada de DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva varia substancialmente. Em an&#225;lises agrupadas, a preval&#234;ncia global m&#233;dia foi de 67%, compreendendo 49% entre pacientes submetidos &#224; ACI e 73% entre aqueles avaliados com angiotomografia coronariana (ATC). As taxas anualizadas de complica&#231;&#245;es foram de 0,7% na DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva e 2,7% na DAC obstrutiva, o que indica que o risco global na DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva &#233; aproximadamente 72% menor do que na DAC obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Essas complica&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m sido atribu&#237;das principalmente &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular secund&#225;ria &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No Brasil, dados comparativos de longo prazo entre ATC e ACI na DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva permanecem limitados.</p>
      <p>As modalidades de imagem mais comumente utilizadas para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC s&#227;o a angiografia coronariana invasiva (ACI) e a ATC. Embora essas modalidades diferenciem-se substancialmente, poucos estudos as compararam diretamente. O estudo DISCHARGE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> aleatorizou 3.561 pacientes para ACI ou ATC e n&#227;o relatou diferen&#231;as significativas nas taxas de eventos entre ATC (2,1%) e ACI (3,0%) ao longo de um seguimento mediano de 3,5 anos. Por outro lado, uma metan&#225;lise de Xie et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> incluindo mais de 26.000 pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel em seis estudos, sugeriu que a ACI est&#225; associada a maiores taxas de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAMs) e mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ATC.</p>
      <p>&#192; luz desses achados conflitantes, este estudo foi delineado para avaliar o desempenho comparativo da ACI e da ATC em uma grande coorte de pacientes com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva durante seguimento de longo prazo, com &#234;nfase nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos e nos fatores associados ao progn&#243;stico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Entre 2011 e 2017, foram avaliados 4.004 pacientes consecutivos com idade entre 18-80 anos, homens e mulheres, provenientes de uma institui&#231;&#227;o especializada em cardiologia. Todos os participantes n&#227;o apresentavam eventos coronarianos pr&#233;vios e foram encaminhados por sintomas anginosos (41%), testes funcionais positivos para isquemia (17,5%), <italic>check-up</italic> de rotina (23%) ou avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (1,6%); em 16,9% dos casos, a indica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel. Os pacientes foram provenientes do registro hemodin&#226;mico do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o e selecionados por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA)/IAM pr&#233;vios, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a valvar, cardiomiopatias, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, c&#226;ncer e insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um composto de mortalidade por todas as causas, SCA/IAM e AVC. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios compreenderam os componentes individuais do desfecho prim&#225;rio. Para reduzir confundimento nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre ACI e ATC, foi realizado pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos institucional do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e registrado no ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05392491).</p>
        <p>A ACI e a ATC foram realizadas por operadores treinados utilizando t&#233;cnicas padronizadas. Cada caso foi revisado de forma independente por dois t&#233;cnicos treinados que analisaram relat&#243;rios gerados por dois angiografistas experientes respons&#225;veis pela interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens. Em casos de discord&#226;ncia, os registros foram revisados por dois cardiologistas seniores para obten&#231;&#227;o de consenso. A variabilidade interobservador foi de 2,2% em 500 casos selecionados aleatoriamente utilizando sequ&#234;ncia gerada por computador (random.org). N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas aos procedimentos.</p>
        <p>O seguimento foi realizado por meio de consultas ambulatoriais, contato telef&#244;nico ou e-mail. Ap&#243;s consentimento informado, os participantes responderam a um question&#225;rio estruturado (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Ap&#234;ndice A</xref>). A adjudica&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos foi baseada em relatos dos pacientes, relatos familiares, prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos ou documenta&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
        <p>As art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias foram classificadas como:</p>
        <list list-type="roman-upper">
          <list-item>
            <p>Aus&#234;ncia aparente de DAC;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Presen&#231;a de DAC, classificada de acordo com uma abordagem CAD-RADS&#8482; 2.0 modificada adaptada para DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva. A gravidade das les&#245;es foi definida como: ausente (0%), leve (&#8804; 30%) e moderada (&gt; 30%).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O &#237;ndice de carga de placa foi categorizado como:</p>
        <list list-type="roman-upper">
          <list-item>
            <p>Ausente: nenhuma les&#227;o;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Leve: at&#233; duas les&#245;es leves (&#8804; 30%);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Moderada: tr&#234;s les&#245;es leves (&#8804; 30%) ou at&#233; duas les&#245;es moderadas (&gt; 30%);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Alta: acometimento do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda ou pelo menos tr&#234;s les&#245;es moderadas (&gt; 30%);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Muito alta: carga de les&#227;o maior do que a previamente classificada como alta, ou pelo menos uma les&#227;o &#8805; 50% identificada em ATC subsequente quando dispon&#237;vel.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>As les&#245;es coronarianas foram definidas visualmente como o di&#226;metro luminal do vaso doente comparado ao segmento proximal de apar&#234;ncia mais normal. N&#227;o ocorreram complica&#231;&#245;es durante a ATC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Os dados basais coletados na inclus&#227;o do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>) inclu&#237;ram idade, sexo, peso, altura e press&#227;o arterial. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como peso dividido pela altura ao quadrado.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais de acordo com a modalidade de imagem (ACI vs ATC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>ACI (n = 1.649)</th>
                  <th>ATC (n = 2.355)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>Total (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mulheres</td>
                  <td align="center">956 (58,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.080 (45,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.036 (50,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Homens</td>
                  <td align="center">693 (42,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.275 (54,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.968 (49,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">1.148 (86,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.790 (89,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">3.208 (87,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Idade, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1.263 (76,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.857 (78,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">3.120 (77,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">386 (23,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">497 (21,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">883 (22,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco cardiovascular, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">703 (52,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.139 (57,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                  <td align="center">1.842 (55,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                  <td align="center">689 (41,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">847 (36,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.536 (38,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.082 (65,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.690 (71,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2.772 (69,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">1.355 (82,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.673 (71,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3.028 (75,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">710 (44,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">936 (41,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                  <td align="center">1.646 (42,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                  <td align="center">358 (33,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">910 (52,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.268 (45,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">650 (41,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.188 (53,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.838 (48,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">434 (29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">594 (26,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1.028 (27,8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>ACI: angiografia coronariana invasiva; ATC: angiotomografia coronariana; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 130/85 mmHg ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva. Obesidade foi definida como IMC &#8805; 30, e sobrepeso como IMC de 26-29.</p>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica foi categorizada como sedent&#225;rio ou ativo (&#8805; tr&#234;s sess&#245;es por semana). Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva foi definida como pelo menos um dos pais com eventos cardiovasculares ou interven&#231;&#245;es antes dos 60 anos.</p>
        <p>O status tab&#225;gico foi classificado como nunca, ex-fumante ou atual (&#8805; 10 cigarros/dia). Diabetes mellitus foi definido como glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL, teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose de 2 horas &gt; 200 mg/dL, HbA1c &#8805; 6,5% ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipoglicemiante. Dislipidemia foi definida como LDL &gt; 130 mg/dL, triglicer&#237;deos &gt; 150 mg/dL ou uso de terapia hipolipemiante.</p>
        <p>Os dados laboratoriais s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos para nenhum par&#226;metro, exceto colesterol total.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados laboratoriais de acordo com a modalidade de imagem (ACI vs ATC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</th>
                  <th>ACI (n = 1.649)</th>
                  <th>ATC (n = 2.355)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ureia (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36,33 &#177; 11,46 (n = 732)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,52 &#177; 10,24 (n = 1.187)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,435</td>
                  <td align="center">35,83 &#177; 10,72 (n = 1.919)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinina (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 &#177; 0,26 (n = 808)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,21 (n = 1.231)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,922</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 &#177; 0,23 (n = 2.039)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S&#243;dio (mEq/l)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">140,36 &#177; 2,49 (n = 639)</td>
                  <td align="center">140,30 &#177; 2,42 (n = 1.086)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,687</td>
                  <td align="center">140,32 &#177; 2,44 (n = 1.725)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pot&#225;ssio (mEq/l)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4,32 &#177; 0,44 (n = 642)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,32 &#177; 0,40 (n = 1.088)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,612</td>
                  <td align="center">4,32 &#177; 0,41 (n = 1.730)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">190,09 &#177; 42,30 (n = 740)</td>
                  <td align="center">196,93 &#177; 49,63 (n = 1.114)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                  <td align="center">194,20 &#177; 46,95 (n = 1.854)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL-C (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47,94 &#177; 14,19 (n = 738)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,07 &#177; 14,29 (n = 1.113)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                  <td align="center">48,62 &#177; 14,26 (n = 1.851)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Colesterol n&#227;o-HDL (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">142,30 &#177; 41,33 (n = 737)</td>
                  <td align="center">147,84 &#177; 49,21 (n = 1.113)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,153</td>
                  <td align="center">145,63 &#177; 46,30 (n = 1.850)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL-C (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">115,39 &#177; 37,97 (n = 724)</td>
                  <td align="center">119,88 &#177; 44,80 (n = 1.085)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,273</td>
                  <td align="center">118,08 &#177; 42,25 (n = 1.809)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">133,64 &#177; 75,73 (n = 721)</td>
                  <td align="center">143,75 &#177; 170,51 (n = 1.129)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,489</td>
                  <td align="center">139,81 &#177; 141,40 (n = 1.850)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Glicose (mg/dl)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">113,77 &#177; 34,18 (n = 751)</td>
                  <td align="center">113,11 &#177; 37,79 (n = 1.122)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                  <td align="center">113,37 &#177; 36,38 (n = 1.873)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HbA1c (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6,30 &#177; 1,28 (n = 481)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,00 &#177; 1,04 (n = 919)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">6,10 &#177; 1,14 (n = 1.400)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>ACI: angiografia coronariana invasiva; ATC: angiotomografia coronariana; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e comparadas por testes <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareados. A normalidade foi avaliada por testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e inspe&#231;&#227;o de histogramas.</p>
        <p>O tempo desde o exame basal at&#233; o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi calculado para an&#225;lises de sobrevida. A sobrevida livre de eventos foi estimada por curvas de Kaplan-Meier. An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada e multivari&#225;vel foram realizadas quando apropriado, e os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como <italic>hazard ratios</italic> (HRs) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs) de 95%.</p>
        <p>Para controle adicional de confundidores, foi aplicado escore de propens&#227;o baseado em regress&#227;o log&#237;stica utilizando caliper de 0,01.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O pareamento incluiu nove covari&#225;veis: idade, sexo, press&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC.</p>
        <p>Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% foi adotado para todas as an&#225;lises. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas basais est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Um total de 4.004 pacientes foi acompanhado por uma mediana de 9 anos. A idade m&#233;dia foi 57,9 &#177; 10,3 anos. No geral, homens e mulheres estiveram representados de forma semelhante; no entanto, uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens foi observada no grupo ATC (54,1% vs 42,0%). A ATC foi realizada em 2.355 pacientes (58,8%) e a ACI em 1.649 (41,2%).</p>
        <p>Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva de DAC, dislipidemia e atividade f&#237;sica foram mais frequentes no grupo ATC, enquanto diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e tabagismo foram mais prevalentes no grupo ACI. Carga de placa moderada ou maior na linha de base foi mais comum entre pacientes submetidos &#224; ACI do que entre pacientes submetidos &#224; ATC (68,2% vs 23,1%; p &lt; 0,001, teste do qui-quadrado) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Ap&#234;ndice B</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#250;mero total de eventos</title>
        <p>Durante o seguimento, ocorreram 278 eventos (6,9%) ao longo de 9 anos, com maior incid&#234;ncia no grupo ACI em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo ATC (9,4% vs 5,1%), predominantemente entre homens com mais de 65 anos. A diferen&#231;a absoluta nas taxas de eventos foi de 4,3%.</p>
        <p>&#211;bito, AVC e SCA/IAM foram os eventos mais frequentes na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e foram significativamente mais comuns no grupo ACI do que no grupo ATC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; N&#250;mero de eventos cl&#237;nicos de acordo com a modalidade de imagem (ACI vs ATC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Desfecho</th>
                  <th>ACI n (%) (n = 1.649)</th>
                  <th>ATC n (%) (n = 2.355)</th>
                  <th>Total n (%) (n = 4.004)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Desfecho prim&#225;rio composto</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">155 (9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">276 (6,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Desfechos isolados</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (3,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SCA/IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Componentes individuais do desfecho prim&#225;rio. ACI: angiografia coronariana invasiva; ATC: angiotomografia coronariana; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sobrevida e risco de eventos em pacientes com e sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
        <p>No geral, 37,3% dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam DAC aparente e 62,7% apresentavam DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva. A DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva esteve associada a sobrevida significativamente pior em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; aus&#234;ncia de DAC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>). A sobrevida livre de eventos tamb&#233;m foi pior entre pacientes ACI do que entre pacientes ATC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sobrevida livre de eventos de acordo com o status de DAC e a modalidade de imagem (ACI vs ATC). A) Sobrevida livre de eventos de acordo com o status de DAC; B) sobrevida livre de eventos de acordo com a modalidade de imagem; C) sobrevida livre de eventos entre pacientes sem DAC aparente; D) sobrevida livre de eventos entre pacientes com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva. ACI: angiografia coronariana invasiva; ATC: angiotomografia coronariana; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250702-50702-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Notavelmente, pacientes ACI sem DAC aparente apresentaram sobrevida significativamente pior do que pacientes compar&#225;veis no grupo ATC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1C</xref>), sugerindo que as duas modalidades fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas diferentes, apesar da classifica&#231;&#227;o semelhante como normal ou aus&#234;ncia aparente de DAC.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, entre pacientes com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva identificada por ACI ou ATC, a sobrevida permaneceu melhor no grupo ATC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo ACI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1D</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#205;ndice de carga de placa vs eventos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ilustra a rela&#231;&#227;o entre carga de placa e eventos cl&#237;nicos. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre pacientes com baixa carga de placa e aqueles sem les&#245;es detect&#225;veis ao longo do seguimento.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sobrevida livre de eventos de acordo com o &#237;ndice de carga de placa. HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250702-50702-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em contraste, pacientes com carga de placa moderada e alta apresentaram risco significativamente maior para o desfecho prim&#225;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem les&#245;es, com risco semelhante entre os grupos de carga moderada e alta.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medica&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A terapia hipolipemiante foi utilizada com maior frequ&#234;ncia no grupo ATC, enquanto agentes antidiab&#233;ticos, medicamentos anti-hipertensivos e aspirina foram mais comumente utilizados no grupo ACI. Resultados detalhados s&#227;o apresentados no <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl03">Ap&#234;ndice C</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determinantes da evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>An&#225;lises n&#227;o ajustadas identificaram 16 vari&#225;veis associadas aos desfechos. Ap&#243;s ajuste, sete vari&#225;veis permaneceram independentemente associadas aos eventos (p &lt; 0,001): sexo masculino, hipertens&#227;o, idade &gt; 65 anos, aloca&#231;&#227;o no grupo ACI, tabagismo, inatividade f&#237;sica, hist&#243;ria familiar positiva de DAC e carga de placa.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como este n&#227;o foi um estudo randomizado, foi realizado escore de propens&#227;o utilizando idade, sexo, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, dislipidemia, tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Um total de 1.186 pares pareados foi identificado.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais ap&#243;s pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o (ACI vs ATC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>AC (n = 1.187), n (%)</th>
                  <th>ATC (n = 1.187), n (%)</th>
                  <th>Valor p<sup><bold>1</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">663 (55,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">637 (53,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">527 (44,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">550 (46,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,955</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">920 (77,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">918 (77,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 65 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (22,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">269 (22,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco cardiovascular, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC</td>
                  <td align="center">631 (53,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">636 (53,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,828</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                  <td align="center">465 (39,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">499 (42,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">796 (67,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">808 (68,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,524</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">959 (80,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">967 (81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,546</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">511 (43,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">484 (40,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico</td>
                  <td align="center">504 (42,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">469 (39,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p><sup>1</sup>Teste de McNemar para amostras pareadas. ACI: angiografia coronariana invasiva; ATC: angiotomografia coronariana; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Entre os pacientes pareados, o sexo masculino permaneceu mais prevalente no grupo ACI, enquanto hist&#243;ria familiar positiva foi mais frequente no grupo ATC. Todas as demais vari&#225;veis ficaram equilibradas entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o pareamento, a sobrevida permaneceu menor no grupo ACI em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo ATC (HR 0,57; IC 95% 0,42-0,78; p &lt; 0,001), sugerindo que pacientes submetidos &#224; ACI apresentavam DAC mais avan&#231;ada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo observacional de longo prazo, ACI e ATC forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas diferentes na DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva, que esteve associada a eventos clinicamente relevantes. Como esperado, pacientes sem DAC apresentaram melhores desfechos do que aqueles com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva, independentemente da modalidade de imagem. Esses achados corroboram estudos pr&#233;vios que demonstram que a DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva est&#225; associada a complica&#231;&#245;es substanciais, incluindo eventos cardiovasculares, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes e pior qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Notavelmente, pacientes sem DAC aparente no grupo ACI apresentaram pior progn&#243;stico do que pacientes compar&#225;veis no grupo ATC. Al&#233;m disso, em toda a coorte, indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; ACI demonstraram piores desfechos do que aqueles avaliados com ATC. Esses resultados s&#227;o consistentes com evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias. Huang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> analisaram 64.905 pacientes submetidos &#224; ACI ou ATC, e Radico et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> avaliaram 34.039 pacientes com angina e DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva ao longo de 5 anos; ambos os estudos conclu&#237;ram que a DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva est&#225; associada a maiores taxas de MACE em compara&#231;&#227;o com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias completamente normais. De fato, Alfonso et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstraram, por meio de ultrassonografia intravascular, que vasos considerados normais pela ACI podem apresentar placas ateroscler&#243;ticas. Al&#233;m disso, Ludmer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> mostraram que pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana m&#237;nima exibem vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o paradoxal em resposta &#224; acetilcolina, indicando disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial como prov&#225;vel mecanismo subjacente aos eventos em pacientes com coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nossos achados tamb&#233;m s&#227;o consistentes com a metan&#225;lise de Xie et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> que incluiu 26.548 pacientes de seis estudos comparando ACI e ATC. Os autores relataram que a ACI esteve associada a maiores riscos de MACE, mortalidade por todas as causas e complica&#231;&#245;es maiores relacionadas ao procedimento em compara&#231;&#227;o com a ATC, particularmente durante seguimento mais curto (&lt; 3 anos). No entanto, nossos resultados diferem dos do estudo DISCHARGE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;a nas taxas de eventos entre ACI e ATC ao longo de um seguimento mediano de 3,5 anos. Embora nosso estudo n&#227;o tenha sido randomizado, o seguimento substancialmente mais longo (9 vs 3,5 anos) pode explicar essa discrep&#226;ncia. Importante destacar que a an&#225;lise por escore de propens&#227;o sugere que as diferen&#231;as entre as modalidades n&#227;o foram totalmente explicadas pelos confundidores mensurados, exceto hist&#243;ria familiar positiva, mais comum no grupo ATC, e sexo masculino, mais prevalente no grupo ACI. Ainda assim, confundimento residual n&#227;o pode ser exclu&#237;do, especialmente porque a escolha da modalidade de imagem foi determinada por julgamento cl&#237;nico, provavelmente favorecendo ACI em pacientes com doen&#231;a mais avan&#231;ada considerados para revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A discrep&#226;ncia entre ACI e ATC observada neste estudo provavelmente reflete diferen&#231;as intr&#237;nsecas entre as modalidades. A ACI identifica principalmente estreitamento luminal, enquanto a ATC detecta altera&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas mais precoces, incluindo remodelamento positivo e calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana, al&#233;m da estenose luminal. N&#227;o foi realizada imagem intracoron&#225;ria ou avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. Embora tais informa&#231;&#245;es fossem valiosas, essas t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o s&#227;o rotineiramente utilizadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice de carga de placa esteve fortemente associado aos eventos cl&#237;nicos. Pacientes sem DAC aparente ou com baixa carga de placa apresentaram desfechos semelhantes, enquanto carga de placa moderada e alta estiveram claramente associadas a pior progn&#243;stico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Esses achados est&#227;o alinhados a estudos pr&#233;vios que demonstram que o risco de eventos aumenta proporcionalmente ao n&#250;mero de vasos acometidos, incluindo territ&#243;rios extracoronarianos, como as art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, maior carga de placa esteve associada a idade mais avan&#231;ada (&gt;65 anos), consistente com observa&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias na DAC obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em contraste com alguns relatos anteriores, a DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva foi mais frequente em homens do que em mulheres em nossa coorte, o que pode refletir caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; terapia farmacol&#243;gica, medicamentos hipolipemiantes foram utilizados com maior frequ&#234;ncia no grupo ATC, enquanto agentes antidiab&#233;ticos, f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos e aspirina foram mais comuns no grupo ACI. O uso de medicamentos pode ter influenciado os desfechos; no entanto, dada a natureza autorreferida desses dados e o longo per&#237;odo de seguimento, efeitos espec&#237;ficos n&#227;o podem ser determinados. Fatores de risco tradicionais, incluindo dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo e inatividade f&#237;sica, estiveram presentes em mais da metade da popula&#231;&#227;o, refor&#231;ando seu papel como determinantes da aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. Assim como os dados de medica&#231;&#227;o, essas vari&#225;veis devem ser interpretadas com cautela devido &#224; depend&#234;ncia de autorrelato de longo prazo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os principais pontos fortes deste estudo incluem o grande tamanho amostral e o longo seguimento observacional (mediana de 9 anos), que, at&#233; onde sabemos, representa um dos per&#237;odos de acompanhamento mais longos relatados nesse contexto. O desfecho prim&#225;rio incluiu apenas desfechos duros: mortalidade por todas as causas, AVC e SCA/IAM. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo pragm&#225;tico reflete a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do mundo real ao avaliar ACI e ATC, modalidades de imagem rotineiramente utilizadas na cardiologia di&#225;ria, aumentando a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica dos achados.</p>
        <p>Diversas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser reconhecidas. Os dados foram autorreferidos, introduzindo potencial vi&#233;s, e o desenho de centro &#250;nico pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o. Embora escore de propens&#227;o tenham sido utilizados para mitigar confundimento, a aus&#234;ncia de randomiza&#231;&#227;o permanece uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante. Em particular, a escolha da modalidade de imagem pelo m&#233;dico assistente pode ter influenciado os desfechos. Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de exames de imagem repetidos impediu a avalia&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da aterosclerose ou da instabilidade de placa, o que pode ter contribu&#237;do para os eventos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>De modo geral, nossos achados destacam diferen&#231;as importantes entre ACI e ATC na DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva durante o seguimento de longo prazo e confirmam que a DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva est&#225; associada a risco cl&#237;nico significativo. Pacientes com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva n&#227;o devem ser tranquilizados como se fossem normais ou apresentassem aterosclerose clinicamente insignificante. A escolha da modalidade de imagem deve ser individualizada de acordo com o julgamento cl&#237;nico. Testes funcionais de isquemia e estrat&#233;gias preventivas agressivas devem ser priorizados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. O controle precoce dos fatores de risco, por meio de terapia farmacol&#243;gica e modifica&#231;&#227;o do estilo de vida, &#233; essencial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Ap&#234;ndice A</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/5c6d0db3961bb3dea2bdf3126878cef33cbc26e3.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl02" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Ap&#234;ndice B</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/87f6125eaeed2375f146bd7783e66c702a490e8b.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl03" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Ap&#234;ndice C</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/bfbb7d6fd3f51497385985a8c6f2b14efe84bd56.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
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          <article-title>Prognostic Impact of Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease Detected by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <year>2021</year>
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            <etal>et al</etal>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5.334.154. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o E. J. Zerbini, Instituto de Gest&#227;o, Planejamento e Desenvolvimento da Vitivinicultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Cooperativa de Cr&#233;dito Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01fn">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para Material Suplementar Ap&#234;ndice A, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0702_AO_Appendix_A.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
        <p>Para Material Suplementar Ap&#234;ndice B, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0702_AO_Appendix_B.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
        <p>Para Material Suplementar Ap&#234;ndice C, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0702_AO_Appendix_C.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250702i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Invasive Coronary Angiography in Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease: The Brazilian Coronary ARtery Disease (BARD) Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2451-5570</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Luz</surname>
            <given-names>Prot&#225;sio Lemos Da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5470-0326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>C&#233;sar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chagas</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Palandri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0964-6222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Marco A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Prot&#225;sio Lemos Da Luz Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Avenida Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, 5&#186; andar, Bloco II, sala 14. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: protasio.luz@incor.usp.br; protasiodaluz@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The prognosis of nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) is not well established. Comparative data between coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and invasive coronary angiography (ICA) are limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To compare CCTA- and ICA-derived information in nonobstructive CAD regarding detection and clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We followed 4,004 adult patients who underwent either ICA (n = 2,355) or CCTA (n = 1,649) for a median of 9 years. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality, acute coronary syndrome/acute myocardial infarction, and stroke. Propensity score matching was performed to compare outcomes between groups. The significance level was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The overall event rate was 6.9%. ICA was associated with worse outcomes than CCTA (hazard ratio [HR] 0.54; 95% CI 0.42-0.68; p &lt; 0.001). Patients with nonobstructive CAD had worse outcomes than those without CAD (HR 1.73; 95% CI 1.32-2.27; p &lt; 0.001). Normal coronary findings on CCTA were associated with better outcomes than normal findings on ICA (HR 0.39; 95% CI 0.24-0.62; p &lt; 0.001). Event rates increased proportionally with plaque burden. In 1,187 matched pairs, CCTA was associated with improved survival (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.42-0.78; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> CCTA more closely reflects clinical outcomes than ICA. Nonobstructive CAD carries a substantial risk regardless of imaging modality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Invasive Coronary Angiography in Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Disease: The Brazilian Coronary ARtery Disease (BARD) Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; HR: hazard ratio; ICA: invasive coronary angiography; LMCA: left main coronary artery.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250702-50702-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Death</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD; lesions &#8805; 70%) have been extensively studied,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> whereas patients with nonobstructive CAD remain comparatively underinvestigated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nevertheless, nonobstructive CAD is highly prevalent and associated with clinically relevant complications, including all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and stroke, in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The reported prevalence of nonobstructive CAD varies substantially. In pooled analyses, the overall prevalence averaged 67%, comprising 49% among patients undergoing ICA and 73% among those evaluated with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Annualized complication rates were 0.7% in nonobstructive CAD and 2.7% in obstructive CAD, which indicates that overall risk in nonobstructive CAD is approximately 72% lower than in obstructive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These complications have been primarily attributed to microvascular dysfunction secondary to endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and thrombus formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In Brazil, long-term comparative data between CCTA and ICA in nonobstructive CAD remain limited.</p>
        <p>The most commonly used imaging modalities for the diagnosis of CAD are invasive coronary angiography (ICA) and CCTA. Although these modalities differ substantially, few studies have directly compared them. The DISCHARGE trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> randomized 3,561 patients to ICA or CCTA and reported no significant differences in event rates between CCTA (2.1%) and ICA (3.0%) over a median follow-up of 3.5 years. Conversely, a meta-analysis by Xie et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> including more than 26,000 patients with stable CAD across six studies, suggested that ICA is associated with higher rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and all-cause mortality compared with CCTA.</p>
        <p>In light of these conflicting findings, this study was designed to evaluate the comparative performance of ICA and CCTA in a large cohort of patients with nonobstructive CAD during long-term follow-up, with emphasis on clinical outcomes and factors associated with prognosis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>Between 2011 and 2017, 4,004 consecutive patients aged 18-80 years, both men and women, from a specialized cardiology institution were evaluated. All participants had no prior coronary events and were referred for anginal symptoms (41%), positive functional tests for ischemia (17.5%), routine check-up (23%), or preoperative assessment (1.6%); in 16.9% of cases, the indication was unavailable. Patients were drawn from the hemodynamic Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o registry and selected by convenience.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included prior acute coronary syndrome (ACS)/AMI, previous myocardial revascularization, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, cancer, and hepatic failure.</p>
          <p>The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality, ACS/AMI, and stroke. Secondary endpoints comprised the individual components of the primary endpoint. To reduce confounding in comparisons between ICA and CCTA, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The study was approved by the institutional Human Research Ethics Committee at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Medical School and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05392491).</p>
          <p>ICA and CCTA were performed by trained operators using standard techniques. Each case was independently reviewed by two trained technicians who analyzed reports generated by two experienced angiographers responsible for image interpretation. In cases of disagreement, records were reviewed by two senior cardiologists to reach consensus. Interobserver variability was 2.2% in 500 randomly selected cases using a computer-generated sequence (random.org). No procedure-related complications occurred.</p>
          <p>Follow-up was conducted through clinic visits, telephone contact, or email. After informed consent, participants completed a structured questionnaire (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Appendix A</xref>). Outcome adjudication was based on patient reports, family reports, medical records, or treating physician documentation.</p>
          <p>Coronary arteries were classified as:</p>
          <list list-type="roman-upper">
            <list-item>
              <p>No apparent CAD;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Presence of CAD, classified according to a modified CAD-RADS&#8482; 2.0 approach adapted for nonobstructive CAD. Lesion severity was defined as: no apparent (0%), mild (&#8804; 30%), and moderate (&gt; 30%).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Plaque burden index was categorized as:</p>
          <list list-type="roman-upper">
            <list-item>
              <p>No apparent: no lesion;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Mild: up to two mild lesions (&#8804; 30%);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Moderate: three mild lesions (&#8804; 30%) or up to two moderate lesions (&gt; 30%);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>High: left main involvement or at least three moderate lesions (&gt; 30%);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Very high: greater lesion burden than previously classified as high, or at least one lesion &#8805; 50% identified on a subsequent CCTA when available.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Coronary lesions were visually defined as the luminal diameter of diseased vessel compared to most normal appearing proximal segment. No complications occurred during CCTA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographics</title>
          <p>Baseline data collected at study entry (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>) included age, sex, weight, height, and blood pressure. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight divided by height squared.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics according to imaging modality (ICA vs CCTA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>ICA (n = 1,649)</th>
                    <th>CCTA (n = 2,355)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>Total (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Women</td>
                    <td align="center">956 (58.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,080 (45.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2,036 (50.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Men</td>
                    <td align="center">693 (42.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,275 (54.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1,968 (49.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Race, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">1,148 (86.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,790 (89.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">3,208 (87.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Age, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8804; 65 years</td>
                    <td align="center">1,263 (76.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,857 (78.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">3,120 (77.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 65 years</td>
                    <td align="center">386 (23.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">497 (21.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">883 (22.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAD family history</td>
                    <td align="center">703 (52.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,139 (57.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                    <td align="center">1,842 (55.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">689 (41.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">847 (36.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1,536 (38.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">1,082 (65.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,690 (71.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2,772 (69.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">1,355 (82.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,673 (71.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">3,028 (75.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">710 (44.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">936 (41.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                    <td align="center">1,646 (42.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alcohol consumption</td>
                    <td align="center">358 (33.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">910 (52.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1,268 (45.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physical exercise</td>
                    <td align="center">650 (41.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,188 (53.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1,838 (48.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">434 (29.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">594 (26.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1,028 (27.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; ICA: invasive coronary angiography.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure &gt; 130/85 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medication. Obesity was defined as BMI &#8805; 30, and overweight as BMI of 26-29.</p>
          <p>Physical activity was categorized as sedentary or active (&#8805; three sessions per week). Positive family history was defined as at least one parent experiencing cardiovascular events or interventions before 60 years of age.</p>
          <p>Smoking status was classified as never, former, or current (&#8805; 10 cigarettes/day). Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting plasma glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL, 2-hour glucose tolerance test &gt; 200 mg/dL, HbA1c &#8805; 6.5%, or use of glucose-lowering medication. Dyslipidemia was defined as LDL &gt; 130 mg/dL, triglycerides &gt; 150 mg/dL, or use of lipid-lowering therapy.</p>
          <p>Laboratory data are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. No significant differences between groups were observed for any parameter except total cholesterol.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory data according to imaging modality (ICA vs CCTA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable (mean &#177; SD)</th>
                    <th>ICA (n = 1,649)</th>
                    <th>CCTA (n = 2,355)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Urea (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">36.33 &#177; 11.46 (n = 732)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.52 &#177; 10.24 (n = 1,187)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.435</td>
                    <td align="center">35.83 &#177; 10.72 (n = 1,919)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Creatinine (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.95 &#177; 0.26 (n = 808)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.21 (n = 1,231)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.922</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94 &#177; 0.23 (n = 2,039)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sodium (mEq/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">140.36 &#177; 2.49 (n = 639)</td>
                    <td align="center">140.30 &#177; 2.42 (n = 1,086)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.687</td>
                    <td align="center">140.32 &#177; 2.44 (n = 1,725)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Potassium (mEq/L)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4.32 &#177; 0.44 (n = 642)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.32 &#177; 0.40 (n = 1,088)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.612</td>
                    <td align="center">4.32 &#177; 0.41 (n = 1,730)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">190.09 &#177; 42.30 (n = 740)</td>
                    <td align="center">196.93 &#177; 49.63 (n = 1,114)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                    <td align="center">194.20 &#177; 46.95 (n = 1,854)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">47.94 &#177; 14.19 (n = 738)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.07 &#177; 14.29 (n = 1,113)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                    <td align="center">48.62 &#177; 14.26 (n = 1,851)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">142.30 &#177; 41.33 (n = 737)</td>
                    <td align="center">147.84 &#177; 49.21 (n = 1,113)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.153</td>
                    <td align="center">145.63 &#177; 46.30 (n = 1,850)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">115.39 &#177; 37.97 (n = 724)</td>
                    <td align="center">119.88 &#177; 44.80 (n = 1,085)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.273</td>
                    <td align="center">118.08 &#177; 42.25 (n = 1,809)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">133.64 &#177; 75.73 (n = 721)</td>
                    <td align="center">143.75 &#177; 170.51 (n = 1,129)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.489</td>
                    <td align="center">139.81 &#177; 141.40 (n = 1,850)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Glucose (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">113.77 &#177; 34.18 (n = 751)</td>
                    <td align="center">113.11 &#177; 37.79 (n = 1,122)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                    <td align="center">113.37 &#177; 36.38 (n = 1,873)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HbA1c (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">6.30 &#177; 1.28 (n = 481)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.00 &#177; 1.04 (n = 919)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">6.10 &#177; 1.14 (n = 1,400)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ICA: invasive coronary angiography; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and compared using the chi-square test. Continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and compared using unpaired <italic>t</italic> tests. Normality was assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and histogram inspection.</p>
          <p>Time from baseline examination to the primary endpoint was calculated for survival analyses. Event-free survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed when appropriate, and results are reported as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs.</p>
          <p>To further control for confounders, PSM based on logistic regression was applied using a caliper of 0.01.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Matching included nine covariates: age, sex, blood pressure, dyslipidemia, smoking status, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, and family history of CAD.</p>
          <p>A significance level of 5% was adopted for all analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>Baseline demographic characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. A total of 4,004 patients were followed for a median of 9 years. The mean age was 57.9 &#177; 10.3 years. Overall, men and women were similarly represented; however, a higher proportion of men was observed in the CCTA group (54.1% vs 42.0%). CCTA was performed in 2,355 patients (58.8%) and ICA in 1,649 (41.2%).</p>
          <p>Positive family history of CAD, dyslipidemia, and physical activity were more frequent in the CCTA group, whereas diabetes, hypertension, and smoking were more prevalent in the ICA group. Moderate or higher plaque burden at baseline was more common among ICA patients than among CCTA patients (68.2% vs 23.1%; p &lt; 0.001, chi-square test) (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02001">Appendix B</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Total number of events</title>
          <p>During follow-up, 278 events (6.9%) occurred over 9 years, with a higher incidence in the ICA group compared with the CCTA group (9.4% vs 5.1%), predominantly among men older than 65 years. The absolute difference in event rates was 4.3%.</p>
          <p>Death, stroke, and ACS/AMI were the most frequent events in the overall population and were significantly more common in the ICA group than in the CCTA group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Number of clinical events according to imaging modality (ICA vs CCTA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Endpoint</th>
                    <th>ICA n (%) (n = 1,649)</th>
                    <th>CCTA n (%) (n = 2,355)</th>
                    <th>Total n (%) (n = 4,004)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Composite primary endpoint</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">155 (9.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">121 (5.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">276 (6.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Isolated endpoints</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">116 (2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (3.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">111 (2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACS/AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (3.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Individual components of the primary endpoint. ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; ICA: invasive coronary angiography.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival and risk of events in patients with and without coronary artery disease</title>
          <p>Overall, 37.3% of patients had no apparent CAD and 62.7% had nonobstructive CAD. Nonobstructive CAD was associated with significantly worse survival compared with no CAD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1A</xref>). Event-free survival was also worse among ICA patients than among CCTA patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Event-free survival according to CAD status and imaging modality (ICA vs CCTA). A) Event-free survival according to CAD status; B) event-free survival according to imaging modality; C) event-free survival among patients without apparent CAD; D) event-free survival among patients with nonobstructive CAD. CAD: coronary artery disease; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; HR: hazard ratio; ICA: invasive coronary angiography.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250702-50702-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Notably, ICA patients without apparent CAD showed significantly worse survival than comparable patients in the CCTA group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1C</xref>), suggesting that the two modalities provide different prognostic information despite similar classification as normal or no apparent CAD.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, among patients with nonobstructive CAD identified by either ICA or CCTA, survival remained better in the CCTA group compared with the ICA group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Plaque burden index vs clinical events</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> illustrates the relationship between plaque burden and clinical events. No statistically significant differences were observed between patients with low plaque burden and those without detectable lesions throughout follow-up.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Event-free survival according to plaque burden index. HR: hazard ratio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250702-50702-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In contrast, patients with moderate and high plaque burden had a significantly higher risk of the primary endpoint compared with those without lesions, with similar risk between the moderate and high burden groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medications</title>
          <p>Lipid-lowering therapy was more frequently used in the CCTA group, whereas antidiabetic agents, antihypertensive medications, and aspirin were more commonly used in the ICA group. Detailed results are provided in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl03001">Appendix C</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determinants of clinical evolution</title>
          <p>Unadjusted analyses identified 16 variables associated with outcomes. After adjustment, seven variables remained independently associated with events (p &lt; 0.001): male sex, hypertension, age &gt; 65 years, ICA group assignment, smoking, physical inactivity, positive family history of CAD, and plaque burden.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Propensity score matching</title>
          <p>Because this was not a randomized study, PSM was performed using age, sex, systolic blood pressure, dyslipidemia, smoking status, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, and family history of CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). A total of 1,186 matched pairs were identified.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics after propensity score matching (ICA vs CCTA)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>ICA (n = 1,187), n (%)</th>
                    <th>CCTA (n = 1,187), n (%)</th>
                    <th>p-value<sup><bold>1</bold></sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">663 (55.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">637 (53.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">527 (44.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">550 (46.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.955</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8804; 65 years</td>
                    <td align="center">920 (77.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">918 (77.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 65 years</td>
                    <td align="center">267 (22.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">269 (22.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Cardiovascular risk factors, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAD family history</td>
                    <td align="center">631 (53.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">636 (53.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.828</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">465 (39.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">499 (42.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.080</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">796 (67.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">808 (68.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.524</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">959 (80.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">967 (81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.546</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">511 (43.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">484 (40.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.155</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physical exercise</td>
                    <td align="center">504 (42.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">469 (39.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p><sup>1</sup>McNemar test for paired samples. CAD: coronary artery disease; CCTA: coronary computed tomography angiography; ICA: invasive coronary angiography.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Among matched patients, male sex remained more prevalent in the ICA group, whereas positive family history was more frequent in the CCTA group. All other variables were balanced between groups.</p>
          <p>After matching, survival remained lower in the ICA group compared with the CCTA group (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.42-0.78; p &lt; 0.001), suggesting that patients undergoing ICA had more advanced CAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this long-term observational study, ICA and CCTA provided different prognostic information in nonobstructive CAD, which was associated with clinically relevant events. As expected, patients without CAD had better outcomes than those with nonobstructive CAD, regardless of the imaging modality. These findings corroborate previous studies showing that nonobstructive CAD is associated with substantial complications, including cardiovascular events, recurrent hospitalizations, and impaired quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Notably, patients without apparent CAD in the ICA group had worse prognosis than comparable patients in the CCTA group. Moreover, across the overall cohort, individuals undergoing ICA demonstrated worse outcomes than those evaluated with CCTA. These results are consistent with prior evidence. Huang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> analyzed 64,905 patients undergoing ICA or CCTA, and Radico et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> evaluated 34,039 patients with angina and nonobstructive CAD over 5 years; both studies concluded that nonobstructive CAD is associated with higher rates of MACEs compared with entirely normal coronary arteries. Indeed, Alfonso et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstrated using intravascular ultrasound that vessels considered normal by ICA may harbor atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, Ludmer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> showed that patients with minimal coronary disease exhibit paradoxical vasoconstriction in response to acetylcholine, indicating endothelial dysfunction as a likely mechanism underlying events in patients with angiographically normal coronaries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our findings are also consistent with the meta-analysis by Xie et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> which included 26,548 patients from six studies comparing ICA and CCTA. The authors reported that ICA was associated with higher risks of MACEs, all-cause mortality, and major procedure-related complications compared with CCTA, particularly during shorter follow-up (&lt; 3 years). However, our results differ from those of the DISCHARGE trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which found no difference in event rates between ICA and CCTA over a median follow-up of 3.5 years. Although our study was not randomized, the substantially longer follow-up (9 vs 3.5 years) may explain this discrepancy. Importantly, propensity score analysis suggests that differences between modalities were not fully explained by measured confounders, except for positive family history, which was more common in the CCTA group, and male sex, which was more prevalent in the ICA group. Nevertheless, residual confounding cannot be excluded, particularly because imaging modality selection was determined by clinical judgment, likely favoring ICA in patients with more advanced disease considered for revascularization.</p>
        <p>The discrepancy between ICA and CCTA observed in this study likely reflects intrinsic differences between the modalities. ICA primarily identifies luminal narrowing, whereas CCTA detects earlier atherosclerotic changes, including positive remodeling and coronary calcification, in addition to luminal stenosis. No intracoronary imaging or physiological assessment was performed. Although such information would be valuable, these techniques are not routinely used in daily clinical practice.</p>
        <p>Plaque burden index was strongly associated with clinical events. Patients with no apparent CAD or mild plaque burden had similar outcomes, whereas moderate and high plaque burden were clearly associated with worse prognosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). These findings align with prior studies demonstrating that event risk increases proportionally with the number of affected vessels, including extracoronary territories such as the carotid arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In our cohort, higher plaque burden was associated with older age (&gt; 65 years), consistent with previous observations in obstructive CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In contrast to some prior reports, nonobstructive CAD was more frequent in men than women in our cohort, which may reflect population-specific characteristics.</p>
        <p>Regarding pharmacological therapy, lipid-lowering medications were more frequently used in the CCTA group, whereas antidiabetic agents, antihypertensive drugs, and aspirin were more common in the ICA group. Medication use may have influenced outcomes; however, given the self-reported nature of these data and the long follow-up period, specific effects cannot be determined. Traditional risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and physical inactivity, were present in more than half of the population, reinforcing their role as determinants of subclinical atherosclerosis. As with medication data, these variables should be interpreted cautiously due to reliance on long-term self-report.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strength and limitations</title>
          <p>The main strengths of this study include the large sample size and the long observational follow-up (median 9 years), which, to the best of our knowledge, represents one of the longest follow-up periods reported in this context. The primary endpoint included only hard outcomes: all-cause mortality, stroke, and ACS/AMI. Furthermore, this pragmatic study reflects real-world clinical practice by evaluating ICA and CCTA, imaging modalities routinely used in daily cardiology care, thereby enhancing the clinical relevance of the findings.</p>
          <p>Several limitations should be acknowledged. Data were self-reported, introducing potential bias, and the single-center design may limit generalizability. Although propensity score methods were used to mitigate confounding, the absence of randomization remains an important limitation. In particular, the choice of imaging modality by the treating physician may have influenced outcomes. Additionally, the lack of repeat imaging prevented assessment of atherosclerosis progression or plaque instability, which may have contributed to clinical events.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Overall, our findings highlight important differences between ICA and CCTA in nonobstructive CAD during long-term follow-up and confirm that nonobstructive CAD is associated with significant clinical risk. Patients with nonobstructive CAD should not be reassured that they are normal or have clinically insignificant atherosclerosis. Imaging modality selection should be individualized according to clinical judgment. Functional ischemia testing and aggressive preventive strategies should be prioritized in this population. Early risk factor control, through pharmacological therapy and lifestyle modification, is essential.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl-en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01001" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Appendix A</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/5c6d0db3961bb3dea2bdf3126878cef33cbc26e3.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl02001" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Appendix B</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/87f6125eaeed2375f146bd7783e66c702a490e8b.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl03001" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Appendix C</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/7YNKwQxsJL8JLXkxrjMpBbr/bfbb7d6fd3f51497385985a8c6f2b14efe84bd56.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP under the protocol number 5.334.154. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o E. J. Zerbini, Instituto de Gest&#227;o, Planejamento e Desenvolvimento da Vitivinicultura do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul and Cooperativa de Cr&#233;dito Serrana do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01fn-en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For Appendix A, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0702_AO_Appendix_A.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
          <p>For Appendix B, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0702_AO_Appendix_B.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
          <p>For Appendix C, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0702_AO_Appendix_B.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
