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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6LqfyXrSPqdKrSB694z3jbT</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000304201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">04201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250691</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta ao Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de &#205;ndices Aterog&#234;nicos como M&#233;todos de Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Ateroscler&#243;tica Cl&#237;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8027-7549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Seyithano&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammed</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmara&#351; S&#252;t&#231;&#252; &#304;mam University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Biochemistry</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmara&#351;</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmara&#351; S&#252;t&#231;&#252; &#304;mam University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kahramanmara&#351; &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Muhammed Seyithano&#287;lu</bold> &#8226; Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, <postal-code>46040</postal-code>, Kahramanmaras - Turquia E-mail: <email>dr.muh.seyit@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250691</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>HDL-Colesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Caracter&#237;sticas Sexuais</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Ao Editor,</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A recente publica&#231;&#227;o de Araujo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> fornece informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a aterosclerose e o &#237;ndice aterog&#234;nico do plasma (AIP), o &#205;ndice de Risco de Castelli I (CRI-I) e o &#205;ndice de Risco de Castelli II (CRI-II). Seus resultados, que mostram valores elevados dos &#237;ndices em pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em compara&#231;&#227;o com os controles, ressaltam o papel potencial dessas rela&#231;&#245;es derivadas de lip&#237;dios como preditores pr&#225;ticos e de baixo custo do risco cardiovascular em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    <p>No entanto, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise detalhada, uma caracter&#237;stica metodol&#243;gica parece merecer maior aten&#231;&#227;o. O grupo com aterosclerose em sua coorte apresentou uma propor&#231;&#227;o notavelmente menor de participantes do sexo feminino em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (47,1% versus 62,8%). Dado que esses &#237;ndices s&#227;o derivados de fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas amplamente determinadas pelas concentra&#231;&#245;es de colesterol HDL (HDL-C) e que o HDL-C &#233; profundamente influenciado pelo sexo, esse desequil&#237;brio demogr&#225;fico pode potencialmente modular os resultados relatados. A diferen&#231;a observada entre os grupos, portanto, pode n&#227;o refletir exclusivamente a carga ateroscler&#243;tica; tamb&#233;m pode representar o impacto de varia&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas relacionadas ao sexo.</p>
    <p>&#201; um fato bem estabelecido em laborat&#243;rio que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-C tendem a ser mais altas em mulheres do que em homens, conforme descrito em textos de refer&#234;ncia bioqu&#237;mica padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As diferen&#231;as nos perfis de horm&#244;nios sexuais, distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal e metabolismo lip&#237;dico hep&#225;tico contribuem para essa varia&#231;&#227;o. Consequentemente, a composi&#231;&#227;o desigual de sexos entre os grupos de um estudo pode afetar inadvertidamente os c&#225;lculos baseados em HDL-C e, por extens&#227;o, quaisquer &#237;ndices que dependam de HDL-C como denominador. Isso introduz uma importante fonte de confus&#227;o que justifica ajuste ou estratifica&#231;&#227;o expl&#237;citos nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
    <p>Em nossa pr&#243;pria investiga&#231;&#227;o envolvendo 419 indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> avaliamos diversos marcadores lip&#237;dicos n&#227;o tradicionais &#8212; a saber, a rela&#231;&#227;o mon&#243;cito-HDL (MHR, do ingl&#234;s, <italic>monocyte-to-HDL ratio</italic>), AIP, CRI-I e CRI-II &#8212; para explorar sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Para garantir uma an&#225;lise equilibrada e abrangente, utilizamos dois esquemas de classifica&#231;&#227;o complementares:</p>
    <list list-type="order">
      <list-item>
        <p>um sistema CAD-RADS de seis n&#237;veis que permitiu uma avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada das tend&#234;ncias ao longo da progress&#227;o da DAC; e</p>
      </list-item>
      <list-item>
        <p>um modelo bin&#225;rio (CAD-RADS 0 a 2 versus 3 a 5) concebido para avaliar a potencial necessidade de angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva.</p>
      </list-item>
    </list>
    <p>Nas seis categorias de CAD-RADS, n&#227;o foi detectada nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa nos valores de MHR, AIP, CRI-I ou CRI-II. Por&#233;m, dentro do modelo bin&#225;rio, esses &#237;ndices pareceram mais elevados entre os pacientes do grupo com CAD-RADS 3 a 5 (p = 0,008 a 0,029). Notavelmente, a distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo tamb&#233;m diferiu significativamente entre esses dois subgrupos e, quando foram realizadas an&#225;lises espec&#237;ficas por sexo, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica dos &#237;ndices desapareceu, indicando que o desequil&#237;brio entre os sexos teve um efeito mensur&#225;vel nos resultados.</p>
    <p>Em conjunto, nossas observa&#231;&#245;es indicam que a aparente utilidade preditiva das rela&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas relacionadas ao HDL-C &#8212; tais como AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II ou MHR &#8212; pode ser influenciada pela distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, especialmente em coortes com predomin&#226;ncia masculina. Agradecemos a contribui&#231;&#227;o de Ara&#250;jo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e concordamos que esses &#237;ndices n&#227;o tradicionais s&#227;o promissores como marcadores cardiovasculares acess&#237;veis. No entanto, recomendamos que pesquisas futuras controlem explicitamente as diferen&#231;as de HDL-C relacionadas ao sexo para determinar com mais precis&#227;o o valor preditivo independente desses &#237;ndices na aterosclerose.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>YB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>ABR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viana</surname>
              <given-names>MFM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meneguz-Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Atherogenic Indices as Assessment Methods of Clinical Atherosclerotic Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230418</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230418</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ara&#250;jo YB, Almeida ABR, Viana MFM, Meneguz-Moreno RA. Use of Atherogenic Indices as Assessment Methods of Clinical Atherosclerotic Diseases. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(12):e20230418. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230418.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>AHB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests</source>
          <edition>4th ed.</edition>
          <publisher-loc>St. Louis</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Saunders/Elsevier</publisher-name>
          <year>2006</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Wu AHB. Tietz Clinical Guide to Laboratory Tests. 4th ed. St. Louis: Saunders/Elsevier; 2006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seyithano&#287;lu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kizildag</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gulmez</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aykan</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Monocyte/HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Atherogenic Indexes as Predictors of Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Angiography Need in Patients Undergoing Coronary CT Angiography</article-title>
          <source>IJ Radiol</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e157636</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5812/iranjradiol-157636</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Seyithano&#287;lu M, Kizildag B, Gulmez R, Aykan AC. Monocyte/HDL Cholesterol Ratio and Atherogenic Indexes as Predictors of Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Angiography Need in Patients Undergoing Coronary CT Angiography. IJ Radiol. 2025;22(1):e157636. doi: 10.5812/iranjradiol-157636.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250691i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Letter to the Editor</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Use of Atherogenic Indices as Assessment Methods of Clinical Atherosclerotic Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8027-7549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Seyithano&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammed</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmara&#351;</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Kahramanmara&#351; S&#252;t&#231;&#252; &#304;mam University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Kahramanmara&#351; &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Muhammed Seyithano&#287;lu</bold> &#8226; Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Faculty of Medicine, <postal-code>46040</postal-code>, Kahramanmaras - T&#252;rkiye E-mail: <email>dr.muh.seyit@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>HDL Cholesterol</kwd>
        <kwd>Sex Characteristics</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>To the Editor,</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The recent publication by Araujo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> provides valuable insight into the relationship between atherosclerosis and the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I), and Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II). Their results, showing elevated index values in patients with atherosclerotic disease compared with controls, underscore the potential role of these lipid-derived ratios as practical and inexpensive predictors of cardiovascular risk within a Brazilian population.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, upon detailed examination, one methodological feature appears to merit further consideration. The atherosclerosis group in their cohort contained a noticeably smaller proportion of female participants compared to the control group (47.1% versus 62.8%). Given that these indices are derived from lipid fractions largely determined by HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and that HDL-C is profoundly influenced by sex, such demographic imbalance could potentially modulate the reported results. The observed difference between groups, therefore, may not exclusively reflect atherosclerotic burden but could also represent the impact of sex-related biological variation.</p>
      <p>It is a well-established laboratory fact that HDL-C concentrations tend to be higher in women than in men, as described in standard biochemical reference texts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Differences in sex hormone profiles, body fat distribution, and hepatic lipid metabolism all contribute to this variation. Consequently, unequal sex composition across study arms can inadvertently affect HDL-C&#8211;based calculations and, by extension, any indices that rely on HDL-C as a denominator. This introduces an important source of confounding that warrants explicit adjustment or stratification in statistical analyses.</p>
      <p>In our own investigation involving 419 individuals undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> we assessed several non-traditional lipid markers&#8212;specifically, the monocyte-to-HDL ratio (MHR), AIP, CRI-I, and CRI-II&#8212;to explore their relationship with coronary artery disease (CAD). To ensure a balanced and comprehensive analysis, we utilized two complementary classification schemes:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>a six-level CAD-RADS system that enabled a detailed evaluation of trends across progressive CAD severity; and</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>a binary model (CAD-RADS 0 to 2 versus 3 to 5) designed to assess the potential necessity of invasive coronary angiography.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Across the six CAD-RADS categories, no significant difference was detected for MHR, AIP, CRI-I, or CRI-II values. However, within the binary model, these indices appeared higher among patients in the CAD-RADS 3 to 5 group (p = 0.008 to 0.029). Notably, sex distribution also differed significantly between these two subgroups, and when sex-specific analyses were performed, the statistical significance of the indices disappeared, indicating that sex imbalance had a measurable effect on the results.</p>
      <p>Collectively, our observations indicate that the apparent predictive utility of HDL-C&#8211;related lipid ratios&#8212;such as AIP, CRI-I, CRI-II, or MHR&#8212;may be influenced by sex distribution, especially in cohorts with male predominance. We appreciate the contribution of Araujo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and agree that these non-traditional indices hold promise as accessible cardiovascular markers. Nevertheless, we recommend that future research explicitly control for sex-related HDL-C differences to more accurately determine the independent predictive value of such indices in atherosclerosis.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
