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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BQM53RD7mvLWXmvnjFdJq5J</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000300603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00603</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250614</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desempenho do Escore MAGGIC em Indiv&#237;duos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Valida&#231;&#227;o em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-6059-5103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5950-632X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garbin</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Iahnke</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaminski</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0919-8909</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Dayana Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Beck da</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o Cardiovascular, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Andreia Biolo Divis&#227;o Cardiovascular, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 2 andar. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil Email: <email>abiolo@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250614</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O escore <italic>Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure</italic> (MAGGIC) &#233; uma ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco utilizada para prever mortalidade na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Entretanto, poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo em seu desempenho e sua aplicabilidade &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira permanecem incertas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar diferen&#231;as baseadas no sexo no desempenho do escore MAGGIC e validar o escore em uma coorte brasileira de IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo de coorte retrospectivo incluiu 866 pacientes acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio de IC. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade por todas as causas em 3 anos. O escore MAGGIC foi calculado para cada paciente. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por meio da &#225;rea sob a curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor, e a calibra&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas para a coorte total e estratificadas por sexo. Considerou-se valor de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A taxa global de mortalidade em 3 anos foi de 33,4% (36,4% em homens e 27,8% em mulheres; p = 0,010). A mortalidade predita foi de 20,9% (escore m&#233;dio de 18,3 &#177; 7), sendo 22,7% em homens e 19,1% em mulheres. O escore demonstrou boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o (&#225;rea sob a curva = 0,72; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 0,686-0,754), com desempenho semelhante em homens (0,704 [0,661-0,747]) e mulheres (0,733 [0,674-0,792]). A calibra&#231;&#227;o mostrou boa concord&#226;ncia: qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) global = 1,1 (p = 0,998), &#967;<sup>2</sup> para homens = 0,9 (p = 0,999) e &#967;<sup>2</sup> para mulheres = 1,3 (p = 0,995). A mortalidade observada foi maior nos grupos de risco moderado, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de risco moderado e alto (p = 0,236).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O escore MAGGIC apresentou bom desempenho em uma coorte brasileira de IC, sem diferen&#231;as significativas relacionadas ao sexo, embora tenha sido identificada maior mortalidade observada entre pacientes de risco moderado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Desempenho do Escore MAGGIC em Indiv&#237;duos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Valida&#231;&#227;o em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Desempenho do Escore MAGGIC em Indiv&#237;duos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca: Valida&#231;&#227;o em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira. IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEr: IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; MAGGIC: Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo de Valida&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica que reduz substancialmente a qualidade de vida e est&#225; associada a alta utiliza&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e custos consider&#225;veis. Embora a incid&#234;ncia de IC tenha se estabilizado ou diminu&#237;do ao longo do tempo, sua preval&#234;ncia continua a aumentar, e a morbidade e a mortalidade permanecem elevadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica &#233; essencial para orientar a tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica, incluindo estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas e discuss&#245;es sobre interven&#231;&#245;es avan&#231;adas ou cuidados paliativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Para apoiar esse processo, diversos escores progn&#243;sticos de risco para IC foram desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Entre eles, o escore <italic>Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure</italic> (MAGGIC) &#233; uma das ferramentas mais robustas e amplamente validadas, utilizadas globalmente.</p>
      <p>O escore MAGGIC foi derivado de uma an&#225;lise combinada de 39.372 pacientes com IC provenientes de 30 estudos de coorte. O MAGGIC incorpora 13 preditores de mortalidade e disponibiliza uma ferramenta online para estimar a mortalidade por todas as causas em 1 e 3 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Embora o escore MAGGIC tenha passado por ampla valida&#231;&#227;o internacional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> sua aplica&#231;&#227;o no Brasil ainda &#233; limitada. At&#233; o momento, apenas um estudo avaliou seu desempenho em uma coorte brasileira, com foco em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esse estudo analisou mortalidade cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, e n&#227;o mortalidade por todas as causas, incluiu um per&#237;odo de seguimento mais curto e apresentou tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es ressaltam a necessidade de estudos maiores e com poder estat&#237;stico adequado para determinar a aplicabilidade do escore &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira mais ampla com IC.</p>
      <p>O sexo &#233; um determinante bem estabelecido na IC, influenciando epidemiologia, fatores de risco, fisiopatologia, resposta terap&#234;utica e progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Entretanto, permanece incerto se escores progn&#243;sticos de risco em IC apresentam desempenho diferente entre homens e mulheres. Poucos estudos investigaram especificamente diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo na acur&#225;cia preditiva de modelos progn&#243;sticos em IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do escore progn&#243;stico MAGGIC em homens e mulheres com IC cr&#244;nica em acompanhamento ambulatorial em um hospital brasileiro.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte incluiu pacientes consecutivos com idade &#8805; 18 anos e diagn&#243;stico de IC, independentemente da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio de IC do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio localizado na cidade de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos entre 2008 e 2014.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi mortalidade por todas as causas em 3 anos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram extra&#237;dos de prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos e inclu&#237;ram classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), etiologia da IC, uso de medicamentos, comorbidades, achados laboratoriais, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e informa&#231;&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas. Dados de seguimento foram obtidos a partir dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos ou, para pacientes sem acompanhamento regular no ambulat&#243;rio, do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade da Secretaria de Estado de Sa&#250;de do Rio Grande do Sul, que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a data e a causa b&#225;sica do &#243;bito para todos os &#243;bitos registrados no estado.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 2013. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos do HCPA (CAAE: 42184921.4.0000.5327). Todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram utilizadas para resumir as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas da coorte total e estratificadas por sexo. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, enquanto vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e porcentagens. A normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Compara&#231;&#245;es entre homens e mulheres foram realizadas por meio do teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e do teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic>.</p>
        <p>O escore MAGGIC foi calculado para cada paciente de acordo com o modelo original, utilizando 13 vari&#225;veis: idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, classe NYHA, creatinina, diabetes, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, dura&#231;&#227;o da IC, tabagismo atual, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, sexo masculino, n&#227;o uso de betabloqueador e n&#227;o uso de inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina (BRA). Para avaliar o desempenho preditivo, os pacientes foram divididos em tercis e categorizados em tr&#234;s grupos de risco: baixo (escore &#8804; 20), moderado (21-28) e alto (&#8805; 29). A mortalidade predita para cada grupo de risco foi obtida a partir do estudo original com base no escore inteiro m&#233;dio e comparada com a mortalidade observada.</p>
        <p>A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por meio do teste de qualidade de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow, que agrupou os pacientes em dez decis e avaliou a concord&#226;ncia entre mortalidade observada e predita em cada decil. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC). A &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) com ICs de 95% foi calculada.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de sobrevida foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, e as curvas de sobrevida foram comparadas pelo teste de <italic>log-rank</italic>. As curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram estratificadas de acordo com os tr&#234;s grupos de risco predefinidos para mortalidade em 3 anos.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas para a coorte total e estratificadas por sexo. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Um total de 866 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do, dos quais 63,4% eram homens. As caracter&#237;sticas basais da coorte total e estratificadas por sexo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com as mulheres, os homens eram significativamente mais velhos. A etiologia da IC diferiu entre os sexos, com maior propor&#231;&#227;o de IC isqu&#234;mica em homens (38,6% vs. 29%) e IC idiop&#225;tica em mulheres (21% vs. 12%); etiologias hipertensiva e outras tamb&#233;m apresentaram varia&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao sexo (23,1% vs. 19,6% e 26,2% vs. 30%, respectivamente). Os homens eram mais clinicamente est&#225;veis (classe NYHA I-II) do que as mulheres, mas apresentavam menor FEVE m&#233;dia, e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de homens tinha IC com FEVE reduzida (&lt; 40%). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s comorbidades, os homens apresentaram maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Diversos par&#226;metros laboratoriais diferiram significativamente entre os sexos. Homens receberam com menor frequ&#234;ncia prescri&#231;&#227;o de IECA ou BRA e espironolactona em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo segundo o sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Total (n = 866)</th>
                  <th>Homens (n = 549)</th>
                  <th>Mulheres (n = 317)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 12,8</td>
                  <td align="center">58,8 &#177; 14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a branca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">659 (76)</td>
                  <td align="center">423 (77)</td>
                  <td align="center">236 (74,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagista atual</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">122 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,212</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Etiologia da IC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">212 (38,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertensiva</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (19,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idiop&#225;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (21,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outras</td>
                  <td align="center">239 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (26,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Classe NYHA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I-II</td>
                  <td align="center">683 (74)</td>
                  <td align="center">424 (77,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (67,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (22,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (32,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34,6 &#177; 12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">32,7 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">37,9 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ICFEr</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">582 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">400 (72,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">182 (57,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FC, bpm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">72 &#177; 13,7</td>
                  <td align="center">73,6 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 13,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,489</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAS, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">125 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">125 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">125,8 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,674</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAD, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">77 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">77,2 &#177; 14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">77,7 &#177; 14,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o da IC, meses</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (5-58)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (5-57)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (7-59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,792</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS</td>
                  <td align="center">528 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">334 (60,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">194 (61,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">302 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (33,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (36,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,378</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">253 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (30,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,524</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,480</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DRC</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (20,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (8,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (26,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (22,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,217</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA</td>
                  <td align="center">236 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">184 (33,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (16,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10 (0,90-1,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42 (0,99-1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,77-1,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#243;dio, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">140 &#177; 3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">140,3 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">140,6 &#177; 3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,258</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pot&#225;ssio, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ureia, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (40-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (41-72)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (37-70,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total</td>
                  <td align="center">179 &#177; 47</td>
                  <td align="center">174,9 &#177; 48,2</td>
                  <td align="center">186,4 &#177; 45,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">40,6 &#177; 12,9</td>
                  <td align="center">45,4 &#177; 12,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">103 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">100,9 &#177; 37,7</td>
                  <td align="center">107,8 &#177; 38,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (99-206)</td>
                  <td align="center">131,5 (97-204)</td>
                  <td align="center">153,5 (106-214)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medicamentos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA ou BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">798 (92)</td>
                  <td align="center">495 (90,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (95,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">761 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">489 (89,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">272 (85,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espironolactona</td>
                  <td align="center">364 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (39,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (46,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">767 (89)</td>
                  <td align="center">487 (88,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">280 (88,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,954</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou n (%). DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco</title>
        <p>A taxa global de mortalidade em 3 anos foi de 33,4% (36,4% em homens e 27,8% em mulheres [p = 0,01]). A mortalidade predita foi de 20,9% (escore MAGGIC m&#233;dio de 18,3 &#177; 7), correspondendo a 22,7% em homens (escore MAGGIC de 19,1 &#177; 7) e 19,1% em mulheres (escore MAGGIC de 16,8 &#177; 7). Os pacientes foram categorizados em tr&#234;s grupos de risco, e a mortalidade predita foi comparada com a mortalidade observada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). A mortalidade observada foi de 23%, 51,1% e 55,8% nos grupos de baixo, moderado e alto risco, respectivamente (p &lt; 0,001), em compara&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade predita de 14,6%, 34,2% e 62,5%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade predita e mortalidade observada na coorte total estratificada por sexo. A) Coorte total; B) homens; C) mulheres.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250614-50614-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC demonstrou discrimina&#231;&#227;o adequada, com AUC de 0,72 (IC 95%: 0,686-0,754), com desempenho semelhante em homens (0,704 [0,661-0,747]) e mulheres (0,733 [0,674-0,792]). O escore subestimou a mortalidade nos grupos de baixo e moderado risco e superestimou levemente a mortalidade no grupo de alto risco (Figura 1A). Entre os homens, a mortalidade observada versus predita em 3 anos foi de 26,1% vs. 16%, 52,2% vs. 34,2% e 54,5% vs. 62,5% nos grupos de baixo, moderado e alto risco, respectivamente. Assim como na coorte total, a mortalidade foi subestimada nos grupos de baixo e moderado risco e superestimada no grupo de alto risco, com mortalidade observada semelhante entre as categorias de risco moderado e alto (Figura 1B).</p>
        <p>Nas mulheres, o desempenho apresentou padr&#227;o ligeiramente diferente: a mortalidade observada versus predita foi de 18,5% vs. 13,4%, 48,5% vs. 34,2% e 59% vs. 59% nos grupos de baixo, moderado e alto risco. Assim como na coorte total e entre os homens, a mortalidade foi subestimada nos grupos de baixo e moderado risco; entretanto, no grupo de alto risco, a mortalidade predita coincidiu com a mortalidade observada (Figura 1C). O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow indicou boa calibra&#231;&#227;o para a coorte total (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1,1, p = 0,997), bem como para homens (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 0,9, p = 0,998) e mulheres (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1,3, p = 0,995).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida</title>
        <p>As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier estratificadas pelos tr&#234;s grupos de risco s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>. Em todas as an&#225;lises, as taxas de eventos aumentaram significativamente com maior risco predito, com testes de <italic>log-rank</italic> indicando diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (p &lt; 0,001). Entretanto, as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos de risco moderado e alto n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas (p = 0,24) (Figura Suplementar 1).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier estratificadas pelas categorias de risco do escore Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure e por sexo. A) Coorte total; B) homens; C) mulheres.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250614-50614-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos o desempenho do escore MAGGIC na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade por todas as causas em 3 anos entre homens e mulheres com IC cr&#244;nica em uma coorte brasileira. O escore demonstrou boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o em ambos os sexos, sem diferen&#231;a significativa no desempenho preditivo entre homens e mulheres. A AUC foi consistente com valores relatados em estudos pr&#233;vios de valida&#231;&#227;o internacional. Entretanto, a mortalidade observada foi maior no grupo de risco moderado, possivelmente refletindo a maior complexidade cl&#237;nica dos pacientes acompanhados em um ambulat&#243;rio especializado em IC em compara&#231;&#227;o com as popula&#231;&#245;es mais amplas inclu&#237;das no desenvolvimento original do escore. Portanto, &#233; necess&#225;ria cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da categoria de risco intermedi&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios de valida&#231;&#227;o relataram valores de &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia e AUC variando entre 0,73 e 0,74 em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> incluindo pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Um estudo japon&#234;s com pacientes com IC aguda avaliou o escore MAGGIC e uma vers&#227;o modificada que incorporou pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos na alta hospitalar, relatando &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia de 0,71 antes da adi&#231;&#227;o dos biomarcadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Outro estudo encontrou &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia de 0,70 em pacientes afro-americanos e 0,72 em pacientes brancos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise comparativa entre pacientes na alta hospitalar e ambulatoriais relatou valores de &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia de 0,67 e 0,78, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Um estudo de 2024 comparando m&#250;ltiplos escores de risco para IC relatou AUC de 0,71 para o escore MAGGIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Por outro lado, alguns estudos demonstraram desempenho discriminativo superior. Codina et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> relataram &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia de 0,80 para mortalidade em 1 ano utilizando o escore MAGGIC. Uma coorte chinesa que avaliou mortalidade em 1 ano relatou AUC de 0,84.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Outro estudo que avaliou predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em 1 ano e readmiss&#227;o de curto prazo relatou AUC de 0,82 para mortalidade em 1 ano utilizando o escore MAGGIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando comparado a outros modelos progn&#243;sticos amplamente utilizados em IC, o escore MAGGIC apresenta desempenho discriminativo semelhante ao <italic>Seattle Heart Failure Model</italic>, que relatou AUC de 0,73,<sup>29</sup> e ao estudo PREDICT-HF, que demonstrou valores de AUC de 0,71 em 1 ano e 0,70 em 2 anos.<sup>30</sup> Entretanto, esses modelos exigem um conjunto mais amplo de vari&#225;veis, incluindo par&#226;metros laboratoriais como hemoglobina, contagem de linf&#243;citos, &#225;cido &#250;rico, colesterol total e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal, al&#233;m de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre terapia com dispositivos. Em contraste, o escore MAGGIC baseia-se em vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais prontamente dispon&#237;veis, sem necessidade de biomarcadores extensos ou dados de dispositivos, tornando-o mais pr&#225;tico e facilmente aplic&#225;vel, especialmente em cen&#225;rios com recursos limitados. Isso facilita a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, particularmente na distin&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes de baixo risco e aqueles de risco moderado ou alto que podem se beneficiar de manejo mais precoce e intensivo.</p>
      <p>Apenas uma valida&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via do escore MAGGIC no Brasil foi relatada, sendo limitada por pequeno tamanho amostral (n = 93), inclus&#227;o exclusiva de pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) e defini&#231;&#227;o de desfecho diferente da utilizada no modelo original.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em vez de avaliar mortalidade por todas as causas em 1 e 3 anos, aquele estudo analisou mortalidade ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC em 6 meses, resultando em AUC inferior (0,59). Em contraste, nosso estudo incluiu uma coorte maior de quase 900 pacientes, abrangendo tanto ICFEr quanto ICFEp, avaliou mortalidade por todas as causas em 3 anos e demonstrou melhor desempenho discriminativo. O escore MAGGIC mostrou-se &#250;til para identificar pacientes de baixo risco nesta coorte brasileira. Contudo, o modelo apresentou limita&#231;&#245;es na estratifica&#231;&#227;o precisa de indiv&#237;duos de risco moderado, pois a mortalidade nesse grupo foi subestimada. Embora o desempenho tenha sido robusto para identificar pacientes de baixo risco, a predi&#231;&#227;o na categoria de risco moderado pode ser menos confi&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo examinou especificamente o desempenho do escore MAGGIC segundo o sexo, uma &#225;rea ainda pouco explorada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na discrimina&#231;&#227;o ou calibra&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres, em concord&#226;ncia com achados pr&#233;vios. &#201; importante destacar que nossa coorte incluiu pacientes independentemente da FEVE, enquanto valida&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via baseada em sexo foi conduzida em uma coorte canadense restrita &#224; ICFEr. Observou-se que homens apresentaram menor uso de IECA ou BRA e espironolactona em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres. Essa diferen&#231;a pode ser explicada pela maior preval&#234;ncia de DRC e n&#237;veis mais elevados de pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico entre os homens, o que pode ter limitado o uso dessas terapias devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es com seguran&#231;a e tolerabilidade.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser reconhecidas. Tanto o escore MAGGIC original quanto nossa coorte foram derivados antes da ampla ado&#231;&#227;o de sacubitril-valsartana e inibidores de SGLT2. O tratamento da IC evoluiu substancialmente desde a coleta dos dados basais, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o em coortes mais contempor&#226;neas pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais. Al&#233;m disso, este foi um estudo de centro &#250;nico, sendo necess&#225;ria valida&#231;&#227;o multic&#234;ntrica para confirmar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados no Brasil, pa&#237;s caracterizado por significativa diversidade regional.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos achados indicam que o escore MAGGIC &#233; uma ferramenta v&#225;lida para predizer mortalidade em 3 anos em pacientes brasileiros com IC e apresenta boa discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o em homens e mulheres. O desempenho foi consistente com valida&#231;&#245;es internacionais pr&#233;vias, e n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas relacionadas ao sexo. Esses resultados apoiam o uso do escore MAGGIC na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com IC; entretanto, &#233; necess&#225;ria cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados em pacientes de risco moderado devido &#224; poss&#237;vel subestima&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade. Valida&#231;&#227;o multic&#234;ntrica &#233; necess&#225;ria para confirmar sua aplicabilidade em diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Material suplementar</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BQM53RD7mvLWXmvnjFdJq5J/fcff3405129ea683ae6b5e044761fad62d70a2b7.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Prognostic Models Derived in PARADIGM-HF and Validated in ATMOSPHERE and the Swedish Heart Failure Registry to Predict Mortality and Morbidity in Chronic Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>432</fpage>
          <lpage>441</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2019.5850</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 42184921.4.0000.5327. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01fn">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0614_Supplemental_material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250614i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Performance of the MAGGIC Score in Individuals with Heart Failure: Validation in a Brazilian Population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-6059-5103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5950-632X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garbin</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Iahnke</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaminski</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eduarda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0919-8909</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendon&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Dayana Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Corr&#234;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Beck da</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8579-4158</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o Cardiovascular, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Andreia Biolo Divis&#227;o Cardiovascular, Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 2 andar. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil Email: abiolo@hcpa.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) score is a risk stratification tool used to predict mortality in heart failure (HF). However, potential sex-related differences in its performance and its applicability to the Brazilian population remain uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate sex-based differences in the performance of the MAGGIC score and to validate the score in a Brazilian HF cohort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective cohort study included 866 patients followed at a HF outpatient clinic. The primary outcome was 3-year all-cause mortality. The MAGGIC score was calculated for each patient. Discrimination was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and calibration was evaluated using the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Analyses were performed for the overall cohort and stratified by sex. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The overall 3-year mortality rate was 33.4% (36.4% in men and 27.8% in women; p = 0.010). Predicted mortality was 20.9% (mean score 18.3 &#177; 7), with 22.7% for men and 19.1% for women. The score demonstrated good discrimination (area under the curve = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.686-0.754), with similar performance in men (0.704 [0.661-0.747]) and women (0.733 [0.674-0.792]). Calibration showed good agreement: overall chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) = 1.1 (p = 0.998), men &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 0.9 (p = 0.999), and women &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1.3 (p = 0.995). Observed mortality was higher in moderate-risk groups, with no significant difference between moderate- and high-risk groups (p = 0.236).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The MAGGIC score showed good performance in a Brazilian HF cohort, with no significant sex-based differences, although higher observed mortality was identified among moderate-risk patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Performance of the MAGGIC Score in Individuals with Heart Failure: Validation in a Brazilian Population</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Performance of the MAGGIC Score in Individuals with Heart Failure: Validation in a Brazilian Population. HF: heart failure; HFrEF: HF with reduced ejection fraction; MAGGIC: Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250614-50614-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Validation Study</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that substantially reduces quality of life and is associated with high health care utilization and considerable costs. Although the incidence of HF has stabilized or declined over time, its prevalence continues to rise, and morbidity and mortality remain high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Prognostic assessment is essential for guiding clinical decision-making, including therapeutic strategies and discussions regarding advanced interventions or palliative care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> To support this process, several prognostic risk scores for HF have been developed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Among these, the Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) score is one of the most robust, widely validated tools used globally.</p>
        <p>The MAGGIC score was derived from a pooled analysis of 39,372 patients with HF across 30 cohort studies. MAGGIC incorporates 13 predictors of mortality and provides an online tool to estimate all-cause mortality at 1 and 3 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Although the MAGGIC score has undergone extensive international validation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> its application in Brazil remains limited. To date, only one study has evaluated its performance in a Brazilian cohort, focusing on patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> That study examined cardiovascular mortality and HF hospitalization rather than all-cause mortality, included a shorter follow-up period, and had a relatively small sample size. These limitations underscore the need for larger, well-powered studies to determine the score&#8217;s applicability to the broader Brazilian HF population.</p>
        <p>Sex is a well-established determinant in HF, influencing epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, therapeutic response, and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> However, whether prognostic HF risk scores perform differently in men and women remains uncertain. Few studies have specifically investigated sex-related differences in the predictive accuracy of HF prognostic models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the MAGGIC prognostic score in men and women with chronic HF receiving outpatient care at a Brazilian hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This cohort study included consecutive patients aged &#8805; 18 years with a diagnosis of HF, regardless of ejection fraction, followed at a HF outpatient clinic at Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), a tertiary university hospital in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Patients were enrolled between 2008 and 2014.</p>
          <p>The primary outcome was 3-year all-cause mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Data were extracted from electronic medical records and included New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, HF etiology, medication use, comorbidities, laboratory findings, echocardiographic parameters, and sociodemographic information. Follow-up data were obtained from electronic medical records or, for patients not under regular follow-up at the clinic, from the Mortality Information System of the Health Department of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, which provides information on the date and primary cause of death for all deaths registered in the state.</p>
          <p>The study was conducted in accordance with the 2013 Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at HCPA (CAAE: 42184921.4.0000.5327). All patients provided written informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of the overall cohort and stratified by sex. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range, while categorical variables were presented as absolute counts and percentages. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Comparisons between men and women were performed using the unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test for continuous variables and the chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) test for categorical variables. For non-normally distributed variables, the Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test was used.</p>
          <p>The MAGGIC score was calculated for each patient according to the original model, using 13 variables: age, ejection fraction, NYHA class, creatinine, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, HF duration, current smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, male sex, non-use of a beta-blocker, and non-use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). To evaluate predictive performance, patients were divided into tertiles and categorized into three risk groups: low (score &#8804; 20), moderate (21-28), and high (&#8805; 29). Predicted mortality for each risk group was obtained from the original study based on the mean integer score and compared with observed mortality.</p>
          <p>Calibration was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, which grouped patients into ten deciles and evaluated agreement between observed and predicted mortality within each decile. Discrimination was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) with 95% CIs was calculated.</p>
          <p>Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and survival curves were compared using the log-rank test. Kaplan-Meier curves were stratified according to the three predefined risk groups for 3-year mortality.</p>
          <p>All analyses were conducted for the overall cohort and stratified by sex. A two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 866 patients were included, of whom 63.4% were men. Baseline characteristics for the overall cohort and stratified by sex are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Compared with women, men were significantly older. HF etiology differed between sexes, with higher proportions of ischemic HF in men (38.6% vs. 29%) and idiopathic HF in women (21% vs. 12%); hypertensive and other etiologies also showed sex-related variation (23.1% vs. 19.6% and 26.2% vs. 30%, respectively). Men were more clinically stable (NYHA class I-II) than women but had lower mean LVEF, and a greater proportion of men had HF with reduced LVEF (&lt; 40%). Regarding comorbidities, men had higher prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and atrial fibrillation. Several laboratory parameters differed significantly between sexes. Men were less frequently prescribed ACEi or ARB and spironolactone than women.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the study population according to sex</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th align="left">Total (n = 866)</th>
                    <th align="left">Men (n = 549)</th>
                    <th align="left">Women (n = 317)</th>
                    <th align="left">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age, years</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>60.2 &#177; 13.5</td>
                    <td>61 &#177; 12.8</td>
                    <td>58.8 &#177; 14.6</td>
                    <td>0.026</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>White race</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>659 (76)</td>
                    <td>423 (77)</td>
                    <td>236 (74.4)</td>
                    <td>0.181</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Current smoker</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>122 (14)</td>
                    <td>84 (15.3)</td>
                    <td>38 (12)</td>
                    <td>0.212</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>HF etiology</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic</td>
                    <td>304 (35)</td>
                    <td>212 (38.6)</td>
                    <td>92 (29)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertensive</td>
                    <td>189 (22)</td>
                    <td>127 (23.1)</td>
                    <td>62 (19.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Idiopathic</td>
                    <td>134 (15)</td>
                    <td>66 (12)</td>
                    <td>68 (21.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Others</td>
                    <td>239 (28)</td>
                    <td>144 (26.2)</td>
                    <td>95 (30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>NYHA class</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I-II</td>
                    <td>683 (74)</td>
                    <td>424 (77.2)</td>
                    <td>214 (67.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III-IV</td>
                    <td>228 (26)</td>
                    <td>125 (22.8)</td>
                    <td>103 (32.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF, %</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>34.6 &#177; 12.2</td>
                    <td>32.7 &#177; 12</td>
                    <td>37.9 &#177; 14</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HFrEF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>582 (67)</td>
                    <td>400 (72.9)</td>
                    <td>182 (57.4)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HR, bpm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>72 &#177; 13.7</td>
                    <td>73.6 &#177; 14</td>
                    <td>74.3 &#177; 13.2</td>
                    <td>0.489</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SBP, mmHg</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>125 &#177; 24</td>
                    <td>125 &#177; 24</td>
                    <td>125.8 &#177; 24</td>
                    <td>0.674</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DBP, mmHg</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>77 &#177; 14</td>
                    <td>77.2 &#177; 14.6</td>
                    <td>77.7 &#177; 14.3</td>
                    <td>0.640</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HF duration, months</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td>27 (5-58)</td>
                    <td>28 (5-57)</td>
                    <td>26 (7-59)</td>
                    <td>0.792</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td>528 (61)</td>
                    <td>334 (60.8)</td>
                    <td>194 (61.2)</td>
                    <td>0.974</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td>302 (35)</td>
                    <td>185 (33.7)</td>
                    <td>117 (36.9)</td>
                    <td>0.378</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td>253 (29)</td>
                    <td>165 (30.1)</td>
                    <td>88 (27.8)</td>
                    <td>0.524</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>COPD</td>
                    <td>66 (8)</td>
                    <td>45 (8.2)</td>
                    <td>21 (6.6)</td>
                    <td>0.480</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CKD</td>
                    <td>139 (16)</td>
                    <td>112 (20.4)</td>
                    <td>27 (8.5)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior MI</td>
                    <td>216 (25)</td>
                    <td>145 (26.4)</td>
                    <td>71 (22.4)</td>
                    <td>0.217</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF</td>
                    <td>236 (27)</td>
                    <td>184 (33.5)</td>
                    <td>52 (16.4)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                    <td>1.10 (0.90-1.39)</td>
                    <td>1.42 (0.99-1.50)</td>
                    <td>1.09 (0.77-1.19)</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sodium, mg/dL</td>
                    <td>140 &#177; 3.4</td>
                    <td>140.3 &#177; 3.2</td>
                    <td>140.6 &#177; 3.5</td>
                    <td>0.258</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Potassium, mg/dL</td>
                    <td>4.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td>4.6 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td>4.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                    <td>0.015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urea, mg/dL</td>
                    <td>51 (40-70)</td>
                    <td>52 (41-72)</td>
                    <td>49 (37-70.5)</td>
                    <td>0.037</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                    <td>179 &#177; 47</td>
                    <td>174.9 &#177; 48.2</td>
                    <td>186.4 &#177; 45.3</td>
                    <td>0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                    <td>42 &#177; 13</td>
                    <td>40.6 &#177; 12.9</td>
                    <td>45.4 &#177; 12.2</td>
                    <td>&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                    <td>103 &#177; 38</td>
                    <td>100.9 &#177; 37.7</td>
                    <td>107.8 &#177; 38.9</td>
                    <td>0.046</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
                    <td>139 (99-206)</td>
                    <td>131.5 (97-204)</td>
                    <td>153.5 (106-214)</td>
                    <td>0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Drugs</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEi or ARB</td>
                    <td>798 (92)</td>
                    <td>495 (90.2)</td>
                    <td>303 (95.6)</td>
                    <td>0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                    <td>761 (88)</td>
                    <td>489 (89.1)</td>
                    <td>272 (85.8)</td>
                    <td>0.190</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spironolactone</td>
                    <td>364 (42)</td>
                    <td>216 (39.3)</td>
                    <td>148 (46.7)</td>
                    <td>0.042</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretics</td>
                    <td>767 (89)</td>
                    <td>487 (88.7)</td>
                    <td>280 (88.3)</td>
                    <td>0.954</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or n (%). AF: atrial fibrillation; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF: heart failure; HFrEF: HF with reduced ejection fraction; HR: heart rate; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MI: myocardial infarction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortality and risk stratification</title>
          <p>The overall 3-year mortality rate was 33.4% (36.4% in men and 27.8% in women [p = 0.01]). Predicted mortality was 20.9% (mean MAGGIC score 18.3 &#177; 7), corresponding to 22.7% in men (MAGGIC score 19.1 &#177; 7) and 19.1% in women (MAGGIC score 16.8 &#177; 7). Patients were categorized into three risk groups, and predicted mortality was compared with observed mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Observed mortality was 23%, 51.1%, and 55.8% in the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, respectively (p &lt; 0.001), compared with predicted mortality of 14.6%, 34.2%, and 62.5%.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of predicted versus observed mortality in the overall cohort and stratified by sex. A) Overall cohort; B) men; C) women.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250614-50614-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Discrimination and calibration</title>
          <p>ROC curve analysis demonstrated adequate discrimination, with an AUC of 0.72 (95% CI: 0.686-0.754), with similar performance in men (0.704 [0.661-0.747]) and women (0.733 [0.674-0.792]). The score underestimated mortality in the low- and moderate-risk groups and slightly overestimated mortality in the high-risk group (Figure 1A). Among men, observed versus predicted 3-year mortality was 26.1% vs. 16%, 52.2% vs. 34.2%, and 54.5% vs. 62.5% across the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. As in the overall cohort, mortality was underestimated in the low- and moderate-risk groups and overestimated in the high-risk group, with similar observed mortality between moderate- and high-risk categories (Figure 1B).</p>
          <p>In women, performance showed a slightly different pattern: observed versus predicted mortality was 18.5% vs. 13.4%, 48.5% vs. 34.2%, and 59% vs. 59% across the low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups. As in the overall cohort and among men, mortality was underestimated in the low- and moderate-risk groups; however, in the high-risk group, predicted mortality matched observed mortality (Figure 1C). The Hosmer-Lemeshow test indicated good calibration for the overall cohort (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1.1, p = 0.997) as well as for men (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 0.9, p = 0.998) and women (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 1.3, p = 0.995).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival analysis</title>
          <p>Kaplan-Meier survival curves stratified by the three risk groups are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>. Across all analyses, event rates increased significantly with higher predicted risk, with log-rank tests indicating significant differences among groups (p &lt; 0.001). However, differences between the moderate- and high-risk groups were not statistically significant (p = 0.24) (Supplementary <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier survival curves stratified by Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure score risk categories and sex. A) Overall cohort; B) men; C) women.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250614-50614-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we evaluated the performance of the MAGGIC score in predicting 3-year all-cause mortality among men and women with chronic HF in a Brazilian cohort. The score demonstrated good discrimination and calibration in both sexes, with no significant difference in predictive performance between men and women. The AUC was consistent with values reported in previous international validation studies. However, observed mortality was higher in the moderate-risk group, possibly reflecting the greater clinical complexity of patients followed at a specialized HF outpatient clinic compared with the broader populations included in the score&#8217;s original development. Therefore, caution is warranted when interpreting the intermediate-risk category.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous validation studies have reported C-index and AUC values ranging from 0.73 to 0.74 across different populations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> including patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A Japanese study of patients acute with HF evaluated the MAGGIC score and a modified version incorporating discharge natriuretic peptides, and reported a C-index of 0.71 before adding biomarkers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Another study found a C-index of 0.70 in African American patients and 0.72 in White patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A comparative analysis of patients at hospital discharge and outpatients reported C-index values of 0.67 and 0.78, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A 2024 study comparing multiple risk scores for HF reported an AUC of 0.71 for the MAGGIC score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Conversely, some studies have demonstrated higher discriminative performance. Codina et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> reported a C-index of 0.80 for 1-year mortality using the MAGGIC score. A Chinese cohort evaluating 1-year mortality reported an AUC of 0.84.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Another study assessing prediction of 1-year mortality and short-term readmission reported an AUC of 0.82 for 1-year mortality using the MAGGIC score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When compared with other widely used HF prognostic models, the MAGGIC score shows similar discriminatory performance to the Seattle Heart Failure Model, which reported an AUC of 0.73,<sup>29</sup> and the PREDICT-HF trial, which showed AUC values of 0.71 at 1 year and 0.70 at 2 years.<sup>30</sup> However, these models require a broader set of variables, including laboratory parameters such as hemoglobin, lymphocyte count, uric acid, total cholesterol, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as well as information on device therapy. In contrast, the MAGGIC score relies on readily available clinical and laboratory variables without extensive biomarker or device data, making it more practical and easily applicable, particularly in resource-limited settings. This facilitates effective risk stratification, especially in distinguishing low-risk patients from those at moderate or high risk who may benefit from earlier and more intensive management.</p>
        <p>Only one prior validation of the MAGGIC score in Brazil has been reported, and it was limited by a small sample (n = 93), exclusive inclusion of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and an outcome definition different from that used in the original model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Instead of evaluating 1- and 3-year all-cause mortality, that study assessed mortality or HF hospitalization at 6 months, resulting in a lower AUC (0.59). In contrast, our study included a larger cohort of nearly 900 patients, encompassing both HFrEF and HFpEF, evaluated 3-year all-cause mortality, and demonstrated improved discriminative performance. The MAGGIC score proved useful in identifying low-risk patients in this Brazilian cohort. However, the model showed limitations in accurately stratifying moderate-risk individuals, as mortality in this group was underestimated. Although performance was robust for identifying low-risk patients, prediction within the moderate-risk category may be less reliable.</p>
        <p>Our study specifically examined sex-based performance of the MAGGIC score, an area that remains underexplored.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> We found no statistically significant differences in discrimination or calibration between men and women, consistent with prior findings. Importantly, our cohort included patients regardless of LVEF, whereas previous sex-based validation was conducted in a Canadian cohort restricted to HFrEF. Notably, men had lower use of ACEi or ARBs and spironolactone than women. This difference may be explained by the higher prevalence of CKD and increased serum potassium levels among men, which may have limited therapy use due to safety and tolerability concerns.</p>
        <p>Several limitations should be acknowledged. Both the original MAGGIC score and our cohort were derived before the widespread adoption of sacubitril-valsartan and SGLT2 inhibitors. The treatment of HF has evolved substantially since the baseline data were collected, and evaluation in more contemporary cohorts may provide additional insights. Furthermore, this was a single-center study, and multicenter validation is necessary to confirm generalizability across Brazil, a country characterized by substantial regional diversity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our findings indicate that the MAGGIC score is a valid tool for predicting 3-year mortality in Brazilian patients with HF and demonstrates good discrimination and calibration in both men and women. Performance was consistent with previous international validations, and no significant sex-based differences were identified. These results support the use of the MAGGIC score in the Brazilian HF population; however, caution is warranted when interpreting results in moderate-risk patients due to possible underestimation of mortality. Multicenter validation is needed to confirm applicability across different regions of Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl-en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01-en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Supplemental material</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/BQM53RD7mvLWXmvnjFdJq5J/fcff3405129ea683ae6b5e044761fad62d70a2b7.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 42184921.4.0000.5327. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0614_Supplemental_material.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
