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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KfsBzmGTQ45Q6d3ycLJMcxQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000301801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250574</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hiperoxal&#250;ria Prim&#225;ria com Acometimento Card&#237;aco: Uma S&#233;rie de Casos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1481-836X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Molin</surname>
            <given-names>Christine Zomer Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2044-9927</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Josu&#233; dos Santos</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8495-1711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Corr&#234;a de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5957-4862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Padula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9236-7549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia Hallack</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6412-1668</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gr&#252;dtner</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Orli Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8224-2120</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ararangu&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Ararangu&#225;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Servi&#231;o de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bitos de Crici&#250;ma</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Crici&#250;ma</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bitos de Crici&#250;ma, Crici&#250;ma, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Jo&#227;o Padula Rocha Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina &#8211; R. Eng. Agron&#244;mico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n. CEP 88040-900, Trindade, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>joaopadularochaa@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250574</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Fal&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperoxal&#250;ria Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hiperoxal&#250;ria prim&#225;ria tipo 1 (HP1) &#233; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica recessiva rara causada por uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene AGXT, que codifica a enzima respons&#225;vel pela metaboliza&#231;&#227;o do glioxilato. Essa disfun&#231;&#227;o leva ao ac&#250;mulo de glioxilato e a sua convers&#227;o para oxalato, resultando em n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de oxalato, deposi&#231;&#227;o tecidual e les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os, especialmente rins e cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O envolvimento card&#237;aco pode progredir para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e arritmias fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Uma vis&#227;o geral da fisiopatologia da HP1 est&#225; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>. Este artigo apresenta dois pacientes com HP1, oxalose e as consequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas desta doen&#231;a. Esta s&#233;rie de casos foi elaborada em conformidade com as diretrizes CARE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> tendo sido submetida e aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fisiopatologia e manifesta&#231;&#245;es da HP1.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250574-50574-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso 1</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 19 anos, caucasiana, previamente diagnosticada com nefrocalcinose medular bilateral aos 3 anos, iniciou quadro de s&#237;ndrome ur&#234;mica. Iniciou-se terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal (TSR) imediatamente. A hiperoxal&#250;ria e a nefrocalcinose pr&#233;via levantaram suspeita para HP1. A an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica confirmou variantes bial&#233;licas no AGXT: c.33del e p.Lys12Argfs*34.</p>
      <p>O tratamento da paciente se limitou a uma abordagem conservadora, que incluiu manejo da IC, hemodi&#225;lise e piridoxina. O Lumasiran n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de. Os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos revelaram ritmo sinusal com sobrecarga atrial esquerda (AE) e bloqueio divisional &#226;ntero-superior esquerdo. Ecocardiogramas mostraram c&#226;maras card&#237;acas dilatadas, com importante dilata&#231;&#227;o biatrial e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) resultando em disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) de 34,9% (Simpson), com espessura de parede posterior de 13 mm. Estudos de imagem tamb&#233;m apontaram para regurgitamento leve de valvas a&#243;rtica, mitral e tric&#250;spide. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) estava acima de 500 pg/ml. O escore de Agatston era zero. Estudos de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca demonstraram hipocinesia mioc&#225;rdica difusa, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica esquerda importante com FEVE de 28%, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica direita moderada (FE do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) de 25%), valores elevados de T1 map e aus&#234;ncia de trombo atrial. Esses achados, especialmente os ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, sugerem cardiomiopatia infiltrativa, provavelmente relacionada a essa doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica.</p>
      <p>Um ano depois de come&#231;ar a TSR, a paciente evoluiu com morte s&#250;bita enquanto aguardava uma bi&#243;psia medular no hospital. Apesar do in&#237;cio imediato das manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel reverter o quadro, culminando no &#243;bito. A aut&#243;psia revelou embolia pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica, possivelmente relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pr&#233;-existente. A histopatologia mostrou atrofia mioc&#225;rdica e dep&#243;sitos de oxalato nos mi&#243;citos, territ&#243;rios intersticiais e intravasculares. Os dep&#243;sitos se estendiam ao peric&#225;rdio e ao endoc&#225;rdio, sem inflama&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tecido mioc&#225;rdico com oxalose. Colora&#231;&#227;o por H&amp;E (40x).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250574-50574-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tecido mioc&#225;rdico com oxalose. Colora&#231;&#227;o por H&amp;E (40x).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250574-50574-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso 2</title>
      <p>Um homem de 42 anos, irm&#227;o da paciente previamente descrita, n&#227;o tinha hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de doen&#231;a renal at&#233; os 35 anos, quando foi necess&#225;rio iniciar TSR devido a n&#237;veis extremos de esc&#243;rias nitrogenadas, anemia e hiperparatireoidismo. Exames de imagem revelaram rim direito com dimens&#245;es reduzidas, aumento de rim esquerdo e hidronefrose esquerda em decorr&#234;ncia de ureterolit&#237;ase, nefrolit&#237;ase bilateral e perda da diferencia&#231;&#227;o corticomedular. Uma cintilografia renal com DMSA evidenciou grave comprometimento cr&#244;nico da fun&#231;&#227;o tubular renal. Devido ao hist&#243;rico familiar, o diagn&#243;stico de HP1 foi suspeitado e testes gen&#233;ticos revelaram ambas as muta&#231;&#245;es patog&#234;nicas no gene AGXT: c.33del (p.Lys12Argfs*34) e c.508G&gt;A (p.Gly170Arg). Investiga&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas futuras indicaram disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada do VE (74,9 %, Simpson), al&#233;m de aumento do &#225;trio direito (AD), sem evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar. A concentra&#231;&#227;o do BNP foi de 875 pg/ml, e o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de oxalato, antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento, de 59 &#181;mol/ml. Ap&#243;s cerca de dois anos, o paciente obteve autoriza&#231;&#227;o judicial para iniciar tratamento com Lumasiran, coberto pelo SUS (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>HP1 &#233; o tipo mais comum e severo das hiperoxal&#250;rias prim&#225;rias (HPs). &#201; uma doen&#231;a autoss&#244;mica recessiva particularmente prevalente no norte de &#193;frica e no Oriente M&#233;dio, dada a alta taxa de consanguinidade, e resulta da defici&#234;ncia da enzima AGT, codificada pelo gene AGXT. Mais de 200 muta&#231;&#245;es do gene AGXT existem, mas a p.Gly170Arg e a c.33dupC s&#227;o as mais frequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de o diagn&#243;stico de HP1 ser fortemente considerado em pacientes com urolit&#237;ase recorrentes por oxalato de c&#225;lcio, nefrocalcinose e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) progressiva de etiologia desconhecida ou um hist&#243;rico familiar de urolit&#237;ase e DRC, fatores como a apresenta&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea, sintomas inespec&#237;ficos e a depend&#234;ncia de testes gen&#233;ticos para confirma&#231;&#227;o levam a um diagn&#243;stico desafiador. At&#233; 50% dos casos de HP1 s&#227;o diagnosticados em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados de DRC, aumentando a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, o rastreio de familiares pode ajudar no diagn&#243;stico precoce, tornando poss&#237;vel um tratamento bem sucedido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A variabilidade da idade de in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a e da severidade da patologia &#233; um desafio adicional em identificar a HP1. A manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial da doen&#231;a pode ocorrer em todas as idades, mas tipicamente manifesta-se na inf&#226;ncia, com nefrolit&#237;ase, nefrocalcinose e fal&#234;ncia renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Assim que o diagn&#243;stico &#233; feito, preconiza-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o da possibilidade de oxalose.</p>
      <p>O ac&#250;mulo de oxalato de c&#225;lcio na urina causa nefrolit&#237;ase e nefrocalcinose. Com o decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o clearance de oxalato diminui, o que causa deposi&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, especialmente no cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Outros &#243;rg&#227;os afetados s&#227;o ossos, veias e art&#233;rias, f&#237;gado, ba&#231;o, pele e gl&#226;ndulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essa fisiopatologia levou &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas do caso 1, que estavam em concord&#226;ncia com uma s&#233;rie de casos pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Neste estudo anterior, algumas altera&#231;&#245;es foram observadas: hipertrofia de VE, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, bloqueio atrioventricular, disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar, FE reduzida, &#237;ndice de massa de VE aumentado, dilata&#231;&#227;o AE, FEVD reduzida, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e processos infiltrativos. Todas as altera&#231;&#245;es descritas predisp&#245;em &#224; IC e arritmias fatais. No mesmo estudo mencionado, pessoas com anormalidades card&#237;acas tinham creatinina s&#233;rica m&#233;dia de 7.16 (0,9-33.2) mg/dL, enquanto pessoas sem anormalidades tinham uma m&#233;dia de 1.93 (0,3-21.6). Al&#233;m disso, 77,8% das pessoas com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas possuem DRC em est&#225;gio final.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estes dados destacam a import&#226;ncia de monitorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na HP1, particularmente se fun&#231;&#227;o renal reduzida. A redu&#231;&#227;o precoce do oxalato s&#233;rico pode prevenir envolvimento card&#237;aco, reiterando a necessidade do acesso aos tratamentos modernos, que ser&#227;o discutidos abaixo.</p>
      <p>Duas medica&#231;&#245;es para manejo de HP1 recentemente ganharam proemin&#234;ncia: Lumasiran e Nedosiran.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O paciente do caso 2 est&#225; sob tratamento com Lumasiran pelos &#250;ltimos 9 meses.</p>
      <p>Apesar do alto custo destas medica&#231;&#245;es, elas reduzem significativamente a produ&#231;&#227;o de oxalato. Lumasiran e Nedosiran inibem a produ&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica de oxalato por meio da terapia de interfer&#234;ncia por RNA. O principal efeito adverso destes f&#225;rmacos s&#227;o rea&#231;&#245;es de s&#237;tio de inje&#231;&#227;o (Lumasiran e Nedosiran) e dor/desconforto abdominal (Lumasiran),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mas o paciente do caso 2 n&#227;o sofreu nenhum efeito adverso.</p>
      <p>Outra abordagem para a HP1 &#233; a piridoxina, cuja responsividade deve ser testada em todos os pacientes com esta patologia (recomenda&#231;&#227;o forte).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outras terapias, incluindo estiripentol, carbonato de lant&#226;nio e Oxalobacter formigenes carecem de evid&#234;ncias robustas. O CRISPR/Cas9 &#233; promissor, mas permanece em fase pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Anteriormente, se acreditava que a preval&#234;ncia da HP1 era de cerca de 1:1.000.000, mas estudos recentes mostram que sua preval&#234;ncia pode estar por volta de 1:58.000.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m, se estima que as HPs est&#227;o presentes em cerca de 7-14% das crian&#231;as com nefrocalcinose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> destacando a import&#226;ncia de um maior alerta acerca desta patologia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Devido &#224; raridade e aos fen&#243;tipos heterog&#234;neos, a HP1 &#233; frequentemente n&#227;o reconhecida, resultando em atrasos no diagn&#243;stico e alta morbimortalidade. Esta s&#233;rie de casos descreve irm&#227;os com oxalose sist&#234;mica e diferentes n&#237;veis de acometimento card&#237;aco, incluindo achados de imagem que demonstram a oxalose como cardiomiopatia infiltrativa, como mostrado no caso 1, cuja an&#225;lise post-mortem do mioc&#225;rdio confirmou o envolvimento card&#237;aco. A literatura sugere que condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas infiltrativas com redu&#231;&#227;o de FE aumentam o risco de tromboembolismo, como observado no caso 1. Sugere-se, ent&#227;o, que m&#233;dicos de pacientes com HP1 mantenham vigil&#226;ncia rigorosa sobre o status card&#237;aco, especialmente se a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estiver afetada. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de oxalose deve ser feita assim que o diagn&#243;stico de HP1 for concretizado.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250574i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Primary Hyperoxaluria With Cardiac Involvement: A Case Series</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Xavier de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1481-836X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Molin</surname>
            <given-names>Christine Zomer Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2044-9927</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Josu&#233; dos Santos</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-8495-1711</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>La&#237;s Corr&#234;a de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5957-4862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Padula</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-9236-7549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Maria J&#250;lia Hallack</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6412-1668</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gr&#252;dtner</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Orli Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8224-2120</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar de Niter&#243;i, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Ararangu&#225;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Verifica&#231;&#227;o de &#211;bitos de Crici&#250;ma, Crici&#250;ma, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Jo&#227;o Padula Rocha Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - R. Eng. Agron&#244;mico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n. Postal Code 88040-900, Trindade, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil E-mail: joaopadularochaa@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Kidney Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Hyperoxaluria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Primary Hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by AGXT gene mutations, which encodes the enzyme responsible for metabolizing glyoxylate. This dysfunction leads to glyoxylate accumulation and its conversion to oxalate. This results in elevated oxalate levels, tissue deposition, and organ damage, particularly the kidneys and heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiac involvement may progress to heart failure (HF) and fatal arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> An overview of the pathophysiology of PH1 is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>. This report presents two PH1 patients with oxalosis and its cardiac complications. This case series was prepared following the CARE guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee of Federal University of Santa Catarina.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PH1 pathophysiology and manifestations.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250574-50574-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 1</title>
        <p>A 19-year-old Caucasian female, previously diagnosed with bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis at the age of three, presented with uremic syndrome, anemia, depressed level of consciousness, and intense asthenia. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was initiated. Hyperoxaluria and prior nephrocalcinosis raised suspicion for PH1. Genetic analysis confirmed biallelic AGXT variants: c.33del and p.Lys12Argfs*34.</p>
        <p>Patient&#8217;s treatment was limited to a conservative approach, which includes HF management, hemodialysis, and pyridoxine. Lumasiran was unavailable via the public health system. Electrocardiographic findings revealed sinus rhythm with left atrial (LA) overload and left anterior superior divisional block. Echocardiogram showed dilated heart chambers, with prominent biatrial enlargement and eccentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy resulting in a systolic dysfunction characterized by a reduced LV ejection fraction (EF) (34,9%, Simpson), with a posterior wall thickness of 13 mm. Imaging studies also found aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves with mild regurgitation. The concentration of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) was over 5000 pg/ml. Agatston score was zero, cardiac magnetic resonance showed diffuse myocardial hypokinesia, severe left systolic dysfunction with LVEF of 28%, moderate right systolic dysfunction with right ventricular (RV) EF of 25%, elevated T1 map values, and absence of atrial thrombus. These findings, especially the echocardiographic findings, were suggestive of infiltrative cardiomyopathy, probably related to this systemic disease.</p>
        <p>One year after beginning RRT, the patient experienced sudden death while awaiting a medullary biopsy in the hospital, and despite the prompt initiation and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the patient was declared deceased. An autopsy was performed, indicating pulmonary thromboembolism as the primary cause of death, possibly secondary to underlying cardiac dysfunction. Histopathology showed myocardial atrophy and oxalate deposits in myocytes, intravascular, and interstitial areas. Such deposits were also evidenced in the pericardium and endocardium, with no inflammation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Myocardial tissue with oxalosis. H&amp;E staining (40x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250574-50574-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case 2</title>
        <p>A 42-year-old male, brother of the previously described patient, had no prior history of kidney disease until the age of 35, when he required the initiation of RRT due to extreme levels of nitrogenous wastes, anemia, and hyperparathyroidism. Imaging exams revealed a right kidney with reduced dimensions, left kidney enlargement, and hydronephrosis secondary to a ureterolithiasis, bilateral kidney stones, and loss of corticomedullary differentiation. The DMSA renal scan revealed severe chronic impairment of tubular renal function. Due to the family history, the PH1 diagnosis was suspected, and a genetic test revealed both pathogenic mutations in the AGXT gene: c.33del (p.Lys12Argfs*34) and c.508G&gt;A (p.Gly170Arg). Further cardiac investigations showed diastolic dysfunction of the LV, preserved LV systolic function (74,9%, Simpson), as well as right atrial (RA) enlargement and no evidence of valvular dysfunction. Concentration of BNP was 875 pg/ml, and serum oxalate previous to treatment was 59 &#181;ml/ml. About 2 years later, the patient obtained legal authorization to start treatment with lumasiran, covered by the SUS (Brazilian public health system).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>PH1 is the most common and severe form of primary hyperoxalurias (PHs). PH1 is an autosomal recessive disorder particularly prevalent in North Africa and the Middle East, given the high rate of consanguineous marriages, and results from a deficiency in the enzyme AGT encoded by AGXT. Over 200 AGXT mutations exist, notably p.Gly170Arg and c.33dupC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even though PH1 diagnosis is strongly considered in patients with recurrent calcium oxalate stones, nephrocalcinosis, progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) of unknown etiology, or a family history of stones and CKD, factors such as the heterogeneous presentation, the nonspecific symptoms, and the reliance on genetic testing for confirmation lead to a challenging diagnosis. Up to 50% of PH1 cases are diagnosed at advanced CKD stages, increasing mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, screening relatives can aid early diagnosis and makes possible a successful treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The variability in age of onset and disease severity is an additional challenge in identifying PH1. The onset of the disease may occur at all ages, but it typically manifests in childhood with nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and renal failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As soon as the diagnosis is made, assessment of systemic oxalosis should be mandatory.</p>
        <p>Urinary calcium oxalate supersaturation leads to nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis. As renal function declines, oxalate clearance diminishes, causing systemic deposition, notably cardiac.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Other affected organs include bones, vessels, liver, spleen, skin, and glands.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This physiopathology led to the cardiac abnormalities of case 1, which were in accordance with a previous case series description.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In the cited retrospective review, the following alterations were observed: LV hypertrophy, bundle branch block, atrioventricular block, valve dysfunction, impaired EF, large LV mass index, LA enlargement, impaired RV function, pulmonary hypertension, diastolic dysfunction, and infiltrative processes. All of these alterations predispose to HF and fatal arrhythmias. In the referenced study, people with cardiac abnormalities had a creatinine mean of 7.16 (0.9-33.2) mg/dL, while people with normal hearts had a mean of 1.93 (0.3-21.6) mg/dL. Moreover, 77.8% of people with heart alterations had end-stage kidney disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These data highlight the need to monitor cardiac function in PH1, particularly in renal impairment. Early oxalate reduction may prevent cardiac involvement, stressing the need for access to modern treatments, which will be discussed in the following section.</p>
        <p>Two medications for the management of PH1 have recently gained prominence: Lumasiran and Nedosiran.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Case 1 patient&#8217;s treatment was limited to a conservative approach, but the case 2 patient has been under lumasiran treatment for the past 9 months.</p>
        <p>Despite the high cost of these medications, they significantly reduce the production of oxalate. Lumasiran and Nedosiran inhibit hepatic oxalate production through RNA interference therapy. The main adverse events of these pharmacals are injection site reactions (Lumasiran and Nedosiran) and abdominal pain/discomfort (Lumasiran),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> but case 2 experienced no side effects.</p>
        <p>Another approach to PH1 is pyridoxine, for which responsiveness is recommended to be tested in all PH1 patients (strong recommendation).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Other therapies, including stiripentol, lanthanum carbonate, and Oxalobacter formigenes, lack robust evidence. CRISPR/Cas9 is promising but remains preclinical.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PH1 is more common than once thought. Previously, it was believed that the prevalence was around 1:1.000.000, but recent studies point out that its prevalence may be around 1:58.000.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Moreover, PHs are estimated to be present in 7-14% of children with nephrocalcinosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> highlighting the need for greater clinical awareness.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Myocardial tissue with oxalosis. H&amp;E staining (40x).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250574-50574-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Based on its rarity and heterogeneous phenotype, PH1 is often underrecognized, resulting in delayed diagnosis and high morbidity and mortality. This case series described siblings with systemic oxalosis and varying degrees of cardiac involvement, highlighting imaging features consistent with infiltrative cardiomyopathy with restrictive physiology, and, as shown in case 1, postmortem myocardial analysis confirmed cardiac involvement. The literature suggests that infiltrative cardiac conditions with impaired ventricular function have an increased risk of thromboembolism, as observed in case 1. We suggest that physicians caring for patients with PH1 should pay close attention to cardiac status, especially if renal function is impaired, and oxalosis screening should be promptly evaluated as soon as the diagnosis of PH1 is confirmed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Plataforma Brasil under the protocol number 7.477.216. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
