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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Y3ythQzbLHsShCykghx6ByD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000300609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250560</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Velocidade da Onda de Pulso por Meio de Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Crian&#231;as com V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3784-7849</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erta&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Kerem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4415-4437</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;l</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;zlem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pediatric Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Diyarbakir Children&#8217;s Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Diyarbak&#305;r</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatric Cardiology - Diyarbakir Children&#8217;s Hospital, Diyarbak&#305;r &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Kerem Erta&#351; &#8226; Department of Pediatric Cardiology - Diyarbakir Children&#8217;s Hospital, Diyarbak&#305;r, 21100, Yeni&#351;ehir - Turquia E-mail: <email>keremertas1982@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250560</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O aumento da rigidez a&#243;rtica em pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide (VAB) pode afetar significativamente a morbidade e a mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi avaliar as propriedades de elasticidade da aorta e a usabilidade da nova t&#233;cnica, medindo a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) com um dispositivo de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em pacientes com VAB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Cinquenta pacientes com VAB e 50 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis com caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas semelhantes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Os pacientes com VAB foram agrupados de acordo com a morfologia das c&#250;spides fundidas. A fun&#231;&#227;o valvar era normal ou quase normal nos pacientes com VAB inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, o di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta e as caracter&#237;sticas de elasticidade da aorta de todos os pacientes foram avaliadas. Um valor p &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A VOP foi significativamente maior no grupo com VAB (p=0,000). Os par&#226;metros de elasticidade a&#243;rtica obtidos a partir dos di&#226;metros da aorta ascendente foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Os di&#226;metros da aorta ascendente foram significativamente maiores no grupo com VAB. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a VOP, o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente, a vena contracta na regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e a velocidade de pico a&#243;rtica. Os valores alfa de confiabilidade interobservador e intraobservador da VOP foram de 0,92 e 0,84, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> No grupo pedi&#225;trico com VAB e fun&#231;&#227;o valvar normal ou quase normal, embora os par&#226;metros de elasticidade a&#243;rtica fossem normais com as medidas convencionais baseadas nos di&#226;metros da aorta ascendente, as medidas de VOP com o mesmo dispositivo foram significativamente maiores, sem a necessidade de um aparelho ou programa adicional, e a rigidez a&#243;rtica aumentou no grupo com VAB. A medi&#231;&#227;o da VOP por ecocardiografia &#233; uma t&#233;cnica confi&#225;vel e reprodut&#237;vel.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Velocidade da Onda de Pulso por Meio de Ecocardiografia Transtor&#225;cica em Crian&#231;as com V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>A medi&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda de pulso por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica &#233; pr&#225;tica, de f&#225;cil acesso, de baixo custo, n&#227;o requer dispositivos adicionais e pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre a elasticidade da aorta, mesmo em est&#225;gios iniciais, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as medi&#231;&#245;es convencionais. A medi&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda de pulso com a nova t&#233;cnica apresenta concord&#226;ncia interobservador semelhante. VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; VAB: v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Y3ythQzbLHsShCykghx6ByD/2124cef8873be6af9d70c0219a98d9f9e3780d73.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Y3ythQzbLHsShCykghx6ByD/c4457d99b189625e2579422ee3c1a3f38e43b726.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise de Onda de Pulso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="48"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide (VAB) &#233; a cardiopatia cong&#234;nita mais comum. A incid&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o geral &#233; de aproximadamente 1-2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A VAB ocorre em diferentes graus de fus&#227;o valvar. Como resultado dessa fus&#227;o, se desenvolvem patologias como estenose e insufici&#234;ncia valvar. As propriedades el&#225;sticas da aorta se alteram na VAB devido aos efeitos hemodin&#226;micos da v&#225;lvula e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da elastina na parede a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversos m&#233;todos de imagem t&#234;m sido utilizados para avaliar as propriedades de elasticidade da aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As medi&#231;&#245;es convencionais dos par&#226;metros de elasticidade da aorta por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica se baseiam nas medidas dos di&#226;metros sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico da aorta ascendente na vista longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Essas medidas s&#227;o obtidas a partir dos di&#226;metros anteroposteriores da aorta. No entanto, na valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide (VAB), a geometria da aorta ascendente varia devido &#224; anatomia das c&#250;spides fundidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, as medi&#231;&#245;es baseadas no princ&#237;pio da varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro podem n&#227;o refletir a situa&#231;&#227;o real. A velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), o padr&#227;o ouro para a medi&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade da aorta, apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, como a necessidade de equipamentos especializados e tempo, a necessidade de pessoal treinado e o fato de que a dist&#226;ncia entre os vasos pode n&#227;o refletir a dist&#226;ncia real entre eles devido &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o na pele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A VOP &#233; a raz&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia entre os vasos determinados e a diferen&#231;a de tempo no fluxo sangu&#237;neo para atingir esses vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em outras palavras, fornece uma ideia da velocidade do fluxo sangu&#237;neo nos vasos. A elasticidade a&#243;rtica comprometida naturalmente aumenta a velocidade do fluxo. Em nosso estudo, objetivamos avaliar as propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo local na aorta, medindo a dist&#226;ncia entre as aortas ascendente e descendente e dividindo o tempo decorrido entre a chegada do sangue a cada uma delas pela diferen&#231;a de tempo. Dessa forma, buscamos medir a VOP local na aorta sem a necessidade de softwares ou equipamentos especializados e avaliar a confiabilidade desse m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Cinquenta pacientes com VAB e 50 crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis com caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas semelhantes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes saud&#225;veis eram aqueles que compareceram ao ambulat&#243;rio de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica com quaisquer queixas, e nenhuma patologia card&#237;aca foi detectada como resultado das avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Antes de todos os pacientes serem avaliados pelo mesmo cardiologista pedi&#225;trico, foram medidos o peso, a altura e a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica (PAS, PAD). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o peso e a altura ao quadrado foi calculada como &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O software G*power foi usado para calcular um tamanho de amostra de 50 participantes com um erro do Tipo I de 5%, poder de 85% e um tamanho de efeito de 0,61 (Heinrich-Heine-Universit&#228;t D&#252;sseldorf, Ren&#226;nia do Norte-Vestf&#225;lia, Alemanha).</p>
        <p>Pacientes com VAB com velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima abaixo de 3 m/s e rela&#231;&#227;o di&#226;metro de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica/&#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC), &#237;ndice de vena contracta (IVC) de 2 mm/m<sup>2</sup> foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima foi medida nas pontas da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo prospectivo. O consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes participantes do estudo, e a aprova&#231;&#227;o foi concedida pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Ensino e Pesquisa Gazi Ya&#351;argil de Diyarbak&#305;r (parecer n&#186; 530/2023).</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada de forma cega. As medi&#231;&#245;es da VOP foram realizadas por dois observadores (1 e 2). As avalia&#231;&#245;es feitas pelo Observador 1 em momentos diferentes foram definidas como intraobservador, e as avalia&#231;&#245;es feitas pelos Observadores 1 e 2 foram definidas como interobservador.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram avaliados pelo mesmo cardiologista pedi&#225;trico, foi realizada anamnese e exame f&#237;sico detalhado. O ecocardiograma foi realizado em todos os pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo (Vivid S60, 9; General Electric Healthcare, GE Vingmed, Noruega). Utilizando um transdutor de 1,5-4 MHz, foram obtidas imagens apicais de quatro, duas e tr&#234;s c&#226;maras, al&#233;m de imagens paraesternais de eixo longo e curto para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos modos 2D, colorido e M, e os registros foram coletados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>Foram medidas a espessura da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e os achados da ecocardiografia em modo M no eixo longo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
        <p>Ao posicionar o cursor do Doppler pulsado (PW) na ponta da v&#225;lvula mitral na posi&#231;&#227;o apical de 4 c&#226;maras, foram medidas a velocidade E, a velocidade A, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e o tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o (TD). As velocidades teciduais iniciais e tardias (e e a, respectivamente) e a velocidade tecidual sist&#243;lica foram medidas na parede lateral da valva mitral na vista apical de quatro c&#226;maras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da morfologia da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica</title>
          <p>A valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide foi definida de acordo com a abertura da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica durante a s&#237;stole, observada em imagens paraesternais de eixo curto. Existem muitas classifica&#231;&#245;es de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da VAB. A forma com duas ou tr&#234;s c&#250;spides e duas c&#250;spides funcionais &#233; classificada como VAB fusionada; a forma com duas c&#250;spides e morfologia quase sim&#233;trica &#233; classificada como VAB do tipo 2-seio; e a forma com tr&#234;s c&#250;spides e tr&#234;s c&#250;spides funcionais &#233; classificada como tipo de fus&#227;o parcial. A VAB fusionada, forma em que h&#225; duas ou tr&#234;s c&#250;spides e duas c&#250;spides funcionais como resultado da fus&#227;o, &#233; classificada de acordo com a morfologia. Assim, a fus&#227;o da c&#250;spide coron&#225;ria esquerda (CCE) com a c&#250;spide coron&#225;ria direita (CCD) &#233; classificada como tipo 1, formada pela CCD, e a fus&#227;o da c&#250;spide n&#227;o coron&#225;ria (CNC) &#233; classificada como tipo 2. O tipo formado pela fus&#227;o CCE-CNC &#233; classificado como VAB fusionada tipo 3. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentou VAB fusionada tipo 3 em nosso estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Morfologias da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide. CCE: c&#250;spide coron&#225;ria esquerda; CCD: c&#250;spide coron&#225;ria direita; CNC: c&#250;spide n&#227;o coron&#225;ria; VAB: v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros da aorta</title>
          <p>Os di&#226;metros do anel a&#243;rtico (AAo), do seio de Valsalva (SV) e da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular (JST) foram medidos em meados da s&#237;stole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta foi definida como um escore z &gt;2 em pelo menos uma localiza&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta ou da aorta ascendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade da aorta</title>
          <p>A velocidade foi medida ao n&#237;vel da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica utilizando PW na vista supraesternal. Amostras de fluxo foram coletadas das aortas ascendente e descendente centrais utilizando PW. No eletrocardiograma (ECG) simult&#226;neo, calculou-se o tempo decorrido entre o pico da onda QRS e o in&#237;cio do tra&#231;ado de fluxo. A diferen&#231;a entre os tempos medidos na aorta descendente e na aorta ascendente &#233; denominada tempo de tr&#226;nsito. A dist&#226;ncia foi medida a partir dos pontos do cursor do PW nas aortas ascendente e descendente. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas a partir do centro da aorta, paralelamente &#224;s paredes do vaso. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre essa dist&#226;ncia e o tempo de tr&#226;nsito &#233; chamada de VOP e &#233; calculada medindo a dist&#226;ncia entre os pontos de medi&#231;&#227;o na aorta ascendente e na aorta descendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O tempo necess&#225;rio para atingir as aortas ascendente e descendente foi medido a uma velocidade de varredura de 100 mm/s. O fluxo turbulento na aorta ocorre em casos como estenose e dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, o que causa diferentes perfis de fluxo em diferentes partes do vaso. Portanto, o volume de amostragem no l&#250;men a&#243;rtico foi definido em 100 mm/s para aumentar a precis&#227;o da temporiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; C&#225;lculo dos tempos desde a onda QRS at&#233; o tra&#231;ado do fluxo na aorta (ascendente e descendente) no eletrocardiograma monitorado em um paciente com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide, e medi&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia entre os locais onde o fluxo &#233; medido na aorta ascendente e descendente. Tempo medido a partir da aorta ascendente (superior esquerdo), tempo medido a partir da aorta descendente (superior direito), medi&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia entre a aorta ascendente e descendente (inferior).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Os di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico (DAs e DAd, respectivamente) foram calculados usando o modo M ao longo do eixo longitudinal da aorta ascendente. As f&#243;rmulas de deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, &#237;ndice de rigidez a&#243;rtica e distensibilidade a&#243;rtica foram calculadas a partir desses di&#226;metros (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico. ADs: di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico sist&#243;lico; ADd: di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico diast&#243;lico.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica <inline-formula id="ii1"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DA</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>%</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msup><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DAs</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DAd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DAd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> ,</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#205;ndice de rigidez <inline-formula id="ii2"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>IR</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext> logaritmo natural</mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAS</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>PAD</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DA</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula>,</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>A distensibilidade <inline-formula id="ii3"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mi>A</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> press&#227;o de pulso</mml:mtext><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> &#233; calculada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>O software SPSS (SPSS, Chicago, vers&#227;o 27) foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (percentis 25 e 75).intervalo interquartil, IIQ), e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o expressas em porcentagens. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste-t de Student independente ou o teste de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados dependendo da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e o teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os testes de Pearson e Spearman foram utilizados para a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a homogeneidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros.</p>
      <p>Os valores de variabilidade interobservador e intraobservador foram obtidos avaliando vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por dois observadores e pelo mesmo observador em momentos diferentes, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise de Bland-Altman foi utilizada para avaliar a concord&#226;ncia entre as medi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Foram calculados a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia, o desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e o limite de concord&#226;ncia (LC) entre as medi&#231;&#245;es. A f&#243;rmula <inline-formula id="ii4"><mml:math><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext>m&#233;dia</mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>96</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> desvio padr&#227;o</mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mtext> ]</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> foi usada para calcular o intervalo do LC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foi utilizada para avaliar e modelar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis. O teste-t foi utilizado para determinar o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A confiabilidade foi avaliada pela an&#225;lise dos valores de alfa de Cronbach. Um alfa de Cronbach &gt; 0,7 foi considerado significativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os valores de idade, peso, altura, ASC, IMC, PAS, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e press&#227;o de pulso (PP) foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, sem diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas detectadas. 72% dos pacientes com VAB e 73% dos pacientes do grupo controle eram do sexo masculino.</p>
      <p>Nenhum procedimento cir&#250;rgico ou intervencionista foi realizado em nenhum dos pacientes com VAB. N&#227;o foram observadas anomalias extracard&#237;acas. Setenta e dois por cento dos pacientes com VAB apresentavam VAB fusionada tipo 1 e 28% apresentavam VAB fusionada tipo 2.</p>
      <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica estava presente em 44% dos pacientes com VAB. No grupo com VAB e regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, 72% apresentavam VAB tipo 1 e 28% VAB tipo 2 fusionada. A dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica estava presente em 16% dos pacientes com VAB.</p>
      <p>O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o encurtamento fracional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, e nenhuma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica foi detectada.</p>
      <p>As velocidades E e A do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/A e os valores de TD foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, e nenhuma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica foi detectada.</p>
      <p>As velocidades teciduais sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas da parede lateral da valva mitral e a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e foram semelhantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tabela comparativa dos par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th>Grupo VAB (n=50)</th>
                <th>Grupo de controle (n=50)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (M/F,%)</td>
                <td align="center">72/28</td>
                <td align="center">73/27</td>
                <td align="center">1,00<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">8,33 (5,31-12,81)</td>
                <td align="center">8,66 (5,56-13,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,77<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">31,00 (&#177; 16,91)</td>
                <td align="center">34,65 (&#177; 15,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">133,52 (&#177;25,39)</td>
                <td align="center">137,76 (&#177;24,68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,54<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (&#177; 0,38)</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (&#177; 0,35)</td>
                <td align="center">0,36<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">16,08 (&#177; 2,97)</td>
                <td align="center">17,29 (&#177; 2,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">108,76 (&#177;13,58)</td>
                <td align="center">110,07 (&#177;14,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">61,96 (&#177;8,53)</td>
                <td align="center">61,88 (&#177;10,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">45,00 (33,00-71,00)</td>
                <td align="center">44,50 (30,00-75,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,74<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">70,00 (&#177;5,83)</td>
                <td align="center">70,19 (&#177;6,78)</td>
                <td align="center">0,91<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39,25 (&#177;4,47)</td>
                <td align="center">39,38 (&#177;5,61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,92<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">40,91 (&#177;7,36)</td>
                <td align="center">39,60 (&#177;6,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (1,01-1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,94-1,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,06<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>A (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (&#177;0,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (&#177;0,14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
                <td align="center">1,63 (&#177;0,26)</td>
                <td align="center">1,68 (&#177;0,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">123,12 (&#177;28,48)</td>
                <td align="center">120,53 (&#177;15,94)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade mitral e (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (&#177; 0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (&#177; 0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade mitral a (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 (0,06-12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08 (0,06-0,12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade mitral s (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09 (0,07-0,16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10 (0,08-0,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/e</td>
                <td align="center">6,05 (&#177; 1,16)</td>
                <td align="center">5,54 (&#177; 1,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,52<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*: teste-t de Student; <sup>&#8224;</sup>Teste de Mann-Whitney; <sup>&#8225;</sup>Teste do qui-quadrado; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; EF: Encurtamento fracional; E: velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do fluxo mitral; A: velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do fluxo mitral; TD: tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o; e: velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do Doppler tecidual mitral; a: velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do Doppler tecidual mitral; s: velocidade sist&#243;lica do Doppler tecidual mitral</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima foi significativamente maior no grupo com VAB do que no grupo controle (p=0,003).</p>
      <p>Os di&#226;metros do DAs, DAd, AAo, SV e JST foram significativamente maiores no grupo VAB (valores de p 0,003, 0,005, 0,000, 0,000 e 0,000, respectivamente).</p>
      <p>A deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, a distensibilidade e o &#237;ndice de rigidez foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, sem diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas detectadas.</p>
      <p>A VOP foi significativamente maior no grupo VAB do que no grupo controle (p=0,000) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima, di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico, par&#226;metros de elasticidade a&#243;rtica, tempo para atingir a aorta ascendente e descendente, tempo de tr&#226;nsito e dist&#226;ncia entre a aorta ascendente e descendente nos grupos com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide e controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th>Grupo VAB (n=50)</th>
                <th>Grupo de controle (n=50)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">1,46 (&#177; 0,35)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (&#177; 0,22)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVC (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,55 (&#177; 0,57)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAs (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">21,54 (&#177; 4,92)</td>
                <td align="center">17,94 (&#177; 3,10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dad (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">18:00 (13-30)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10-19)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">18,57 (&#177; 3,51)</td>
                <td align="center">14,45 (&#177; 2,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">24,22 (&#177; 4,90)</td>
                <td align="center">18,55 (&#177; 3,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>JST (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20,92 (&#177; 3,94)</td>
                <td align="center">14,83 (&#177; 2,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19,90 (&#177; 8,30)</td>
                <td align="center">18,27 (&#177; 8,48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de rigidez</td>
                <td align="center">4,85 (2,95-10,93)</td>
                <td align="center">3,42 (2,33-4,96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Distensibilidade (10-6.cm<sup>2</sup>.dina<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004 (0,002-0,009)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007 (0,005-0,010)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">4,86 (3,50-7,56)</td>
                <td align="center">2,78 (2,00-3,29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo para atingir AA (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">88,46 (&#177; 14,84)</td>
                <td align="center">82,83 (&#177; 13,25)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo para atingir AD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">101,25 (&#177; 13,61)</td>
                <td align="center">105,55 (&#177; 13,98)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de tr&#226;nsito (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">11,50 (9:00-17:00)</td>
                <td align="center">21:00 (17:00-30:00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#226;ncia entre AA e AD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">57,06 (46,63-68,79)</td>
                <td align="center">56,88 (47,93-64,81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>*: teste t de Student; <sup>&#8224;</sup>: Teste de Mann-Whitney; AA: aorta ascendente; AD: aorta descendente; AAo: anel a&#243;rtico; SV: seio de Valsalva; JST: jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular da aorta; DAs: di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico sist&#243;lico; DAd: di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico diast&#243;lico; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; IVC: &#237;ndice da vena contracta</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Embora o tempo para atingir a aorta ascendente e descendente e a dist&#226;ncia entre a aorta ascendente e descendente fossem semelhantes em ambos os grupos, o tempo de tr&#226;nsito foi significativamente menor no grupo VAB (p=0,000).</p>
      <p>Ao comparar os VAB fundidos tipo 1 e tipo 2, os valores de idade, sexo, ASC, IMC, di&#226;metros da aorta e par&#226;metros de elasticidade da aorta foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos, di&#226;metros da aorta, velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima, &#237;ndice de vena contracta de insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, par&#226;metros de elasticidade da aorta, tempo para atingir a aorta ascendente e descendente, tempo de tr&#226;nsito e dist&#226;ncia entre a aorta ascendente e descendente em fen&#243;tipos de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>VAB fundida tipo 1 (n=36)</th>
                <th>VAB fundida tipo 2 (n=14)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">10.04 (6.37-13.08)</td>
                <td align="center">6,66 (4,91-13,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,60<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo (M/F, %)</td>
                <td align="center">86/14</td>
                <td align="center">71/29</td>
                <td align="center">0,96<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (&#177; 0,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (&#177; 0,39)</td>
                <td align="center">0,42<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">16,46 (&#177; 3,02)</td>
                <td align="center">15,89 (&#177; 3,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,68<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAs (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">22,14 (&#177; 5,00)</td>
                <td align="center">20,00 (&#177; 4,72)</td>
                <td align="center">0,34<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dad (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">19,61 (&#177; 4,64)</td>
                <td align="center">17,42 (&#177; 4,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AAo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">18,21 (&#177; 3,49)</td>
                <td align="center">20,52 (&#177; 4,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,57<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SV (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">24,38 (&#177; 5,52)</td>
                <td align="center">23,33 (&#177; 3,74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>JST (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20,84 (&#177; 4,19)</td>
                <td align="center">21,34 (&#177; 3,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">1,47 (&#177; 0,37)</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 (&#177; 0,30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,79<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVC (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1,56 (&#177; 0,52)</td>
                <td align="center">1,52 (&#177; 0,82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13,44 (&#177; 8,46)</td>
                <td align="center">15,09 (&#177; 8,40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de rigidez (IR)</td>
                <td align="center">4,41 (3,20-12,20)</td>
                <td align="center">4,45 (2,70-6,61)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Distensibilidade (10-6 cm<sup>2</sup> dina<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005 (0,002-0,008)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004 (0,005-0,010)</td>
                <td align="center">0,50<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center">5,03 (&#177; 2,01)</td>
                <td align="center">3,77 (&#177; 1,11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo para atingir AA (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">89,64 (&#177; 15,35)</td>
                <td align="center">83,42 (&#177; 9,21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo para atingir AD (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">102,47 (&#177; 13,56)</td>
                <td align="center">99,85 (&#177; 9,90)</td>
                <td align="center">0,65<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de tr&#226;nsito (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">12,82 (&#177; 4,42)</td>
                <td align="center">16,42 (&#177; 7,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,14<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#226;ncia entre AA e AD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">56,95 (&#177; 11,44)</td>
                <td align="center">59,90 (&#177; 20,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88<sup>*</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>*: teste-t de Student; <sup>&#8224;</sup>: Teste de Mann-Whitney; <sup>&#8225;</sup>: Teste do qui-quadrado; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal;; AAo: anel a&#243;rtico; SV: seio de Valsalva a&#243;rtico; JST: jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular; DAs: di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico sist&#243;lico; DAd: di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico diast&#243;lico; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso; AA: aorta ascendente; Ad: aorta descendente; IVC: &#237;ndice da vena contracta</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As correla&#231;&#245;es entre a VOP e o di&#226;metro da aorta s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>. Foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre a VOP e os di&#226;metros da raiz da aorta, a velocidade a&#243;rtica de pico, a vena contracta na regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e o tempo para atingir a aorta descendente; nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada entre a VOP e o tempo para atingir a aorta descendente, a deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, a distensibilidade ou o &#237;ndice de rigidez. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre a VOP e o tempo de tr&#226;nsito. Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a vena contracta da regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e os di&#226;metros da aorta. Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada entre a velocidade a&#243;rtica de pico e os di&#226;metros da aorta. Em nosso estudo, o aumento da VOP em pacientes VAB foi visualizado em uma ilustra&#231;&#227;o central com um dispositivo de ecocardiografia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#245;es entre v&#225;rios par&#226;metros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor- r</th>
                <th scope="col">Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="13">VOP</td>
                <td align="left">Anel a&#243;rtico</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
                <td align="center">0,10<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Seio de Valsalva</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,13<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>JST</td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,009<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
                <td align="center">0,005<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAd</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">-0,11</td>
                <td align="center">0,42<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rigidez a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,30<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Distensibilidade a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">-0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,21<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,03<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RA vena contracta</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
                <td align="center">0,001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo para atingir AA</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo para atingir AD</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,95<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de tr&#226;nsito</td>
                <td align="center">-0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">RA vena contracta</td>
                <td>DAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
                <td align="center">0,000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAd</td>
                <td align="center">0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,007<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade a&#243;rtica m&#225;xima</td>
                <td>DAs</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,12<sup>//</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p><sup>&#167;</sup>Teste de Spearman; <sup>//</sup>: Teste de Pearson; SJT: jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular da aorta; Das: di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico sist&#243;lico; Dad: di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico diast&#243;lico; RA: regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica; AA: aorta ascendente; AD: aorta descendente</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias, DPs, LCs e valores de confiabilidade da variabilidade intra e interobservador est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>. Os valores alfa de confiabilidade inter e intraobservador da VOP foram 0,84 e 0,92, respectivamente. Os valores alfa de confiabilidade inter e intraobservador da dist&#226;ncia foram 0,78 e 0,99, respectivamente. Os valores alfa de confiabilidade inter e intraobservador do tempo de tr&#226;nsito foram 0,86 e 0,93.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tabela com os seguintes par&#226;metros: velocidade da onda de pulso, dist&#226;ncia, tempo de tr&#226;nsito, valores de diferen&#231;a da variabilidade inter e intraobservador, m&#233;dia, desvio padr&#227;o, intervalo de valores superior e inferior do limite de concord&#226;ncia, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, alfa (&#945;) e valor-p</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="7">Velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) (m/s)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="2">n</th>
                <th colspan="3">Valor da diferen&#231;a</th>
                <th rowspan="2">IC de 95%</th>
                <th colspan="2">Confiabilidade</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>M&#233;dia (m/s)</th>
                <th>DP</th>
                <th>Intervalo LC</th>
                <th>Alfa (&#945;)</th>
                <th>Valor- p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Variabilidade interobservadores</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,54</td>
                <td align="center">-0,66, 1,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,72, 0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Variabilidade intraobservador</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,40</td>
                <td align="center">-0,50, 0,79</td>
                <td align="center">0,86, 0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="7">
                  <bold>Dist&#226;ncia (mm)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Valor da diferen&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>IC de 95%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Confiabilidade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Intervalo LC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Alfa (&#945;)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valor- p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Variabilidade interobservadores</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">2,36</td>
                <td align="center">7.23</td>
                <td align="center">-9,47, 14,18</td>
                <td align="center">0,60, 0,88</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Variabilidade intraobservador</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">-1,60</td>
                <td align="center">1,51</td>
                <td align="center">6,18, 2,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,98, 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="7">
                  <bold>Tempo de tr&#226;nsito (ms)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>n</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Valor da diferen&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>IC de 95%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Confiabilidade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>M&#233;dia (ms)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>DP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Intervalo LC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Alfa (&#945;)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Valor- p</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Variabilidade interobservadores</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06</td>
                <td align="center">2.07</td>
                <td align="center">-4,19, 4,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,75, 0,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Variabilidade intraobservador</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">-1,20</td>
                <td align="center">2,00</td>
                <td align="center">-6,31, 3,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,87, 0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,000</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; LC: limite de concord&#226;ncia; mm: mil&#237;metro; ms: milissegundo; m: metro; s: segundo; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman intra e interobservador dos valores de VOP e o gr&#225;fico de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as observa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de correla&#231;&#227;o intraobservador (A) e interobservador (B) da velocidade da onda de pulso, gr&#225;ficos de Bland-Altman intraobservador (C) e interobservador (D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O resultado mais b&#225;sico do nosso estudo &#233; que em pacientes com VAB com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular preservada e fun&#231;&#227;o valvar normal ou quase normal, a VOP medida por ecocardiografia &#8212; sem a necessidade de software adicional &#8212; mostra um aumento, indicativo de rigidez a&#243;rtica elevada. Acreditamos que a elasticidade da aorta est&#225; comprometida em pacientes com VAB, mesmo na primeira inf&#226;ncia, e que as medidas convencionais n&#227;o refletem a realidade devido &#224;s diferentes geometrias a&#243;rticas nesses pacientes. Acreditamos que at&#233; mesmo pequenas altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula afetam a geometria da aorta devido &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo. Acreditamos que o novo m&#233;todo que utilizamos &#233; importante porque &#233; pr&#225;tico, reproduz&#237;vel e fornece informa&#231;&#245;es precoces sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o el&#225;stica da aorta.</p>
      <p>O sistema arterial, tanto em estrutura quanto em fun&#231;&#227;o, consiste em grandes art&#233;rias el&#225;sticas e art&#233;rias musculares. Os grandes vasos el&#225;sticos armazenam o sangue ejetado durante a s&#237;stole ventricular devido &#224;s fibras el&#225;sticas que cont&#234;m.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Durante esse per&#237;odo, quase metade do sangue ejetado atinge as art&#233;rias musculares. Posteriormente, quando a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica se fecha e o ciclo diast&#243;lico se inicia, as art&#233;rias musculares mant&#234;m a press&#227;o e o fluxo sangu&#237;neo cont&#237;nuo pelo sistema vascular. A aorta tor&#225;cica &#233; composta por 40% de fibras el&#225;sticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A VAB &#233; uma das cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas mais comuns. Pode ocorrer isoladamente ou acompanhada por outras s&#237;ndromes ou anomalias. (1) A VAB &#233; formada embriologicamente pela fus&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica em graus vari&#225;veis. Juntamente com as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas que ocorrem como resultado da estenose e insufici&#234;ncia valvar, a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a degenera&#231;&#227;o das fibras el&#225;sticas da aorta ocorrem na VAB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Consequentemente, as propriedades el&#225;sticas da aorta s&#227;o alteradas em pacientes com VAB. O aumento da rigidez arterial em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares afeta significativamente a morbidade e a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Considerando a fisiologia dos vasos ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco, a deteriora&#231;&#227;o das propriedades el&#225;sticas da aorta pode causar problemas de perfus&#227;o em muitos &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade da aorta, s&#227;o utilizados m&#233;todos como ecocardiografia, tomografia computadorizada ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, que avaliam altera&#231;&#245;es no di&#226;metro ou na &#225;rea da sec&#231;&#227;o transversal da aorta ascendente, bem como exame Doppler tecidual da aorta, avalia&#231;&#227;o da espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia da car&#243;tida e medi&#231;&#245;es invasivas. V&#225;rios m&#233;todos, incluindo a medi&#231;&#227;o de velocidade, foram usados para este prop&#243;sito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Esses m&#233;todos apresentam diversas limita&#231;&#245;es, como a necessidade de pessoal treinado, requisitos de tempo e custo, problemas t&#233;cnicos e exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; anestesia e materiais de contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A VOP &#233; o padr&#227;o ouro para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A VOP pode ser medida tanto de forma invasiva quanto n&#227;o invasiva. As medi&#231;&#245;es invasivas e n&#227;o invasivas da VOP produzem resultados semelhantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O fato de a VOP ser afetada pela viscosidade sangu&#237;nea &#233; uma limita&#231;&#227;o da VOP a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Existem algumas desvantagens na avalia&#231;&#227;o da VOP usando medidas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas. Principalmente, as medidas foram obtidas das art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas. A dist&#226;ncia entre as duas art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas foi medida a partir da pele. A dist&#226;ncia medida a partir da pele, devido &#224; angula&#231;&#227;o e ao trajeto dos vasos, &#233; uma desvantagem dessa t&#233;cnica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, na medi&#231;&#227;o com essa t&#233;cnica, o tempo, os requisitos de dispositivos especiais, equipamentos espec&#237;ficos e o uso de contraste em medi&#231;&#245;es invasivas s&#227;o limita&#231;&#245;es dessa t&#233;cnica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Convencionalmente, as medidas de elasticidade da aorta por ecocardiografia se baseiam nas altera&#231;&#245;es do di&#226;metro durante a s&#237;stole e a di&#225;stole em cortes do modo M da aorta ascendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No entanto, hipotetizamos que essas medidas seriam pouco confi&#225;veis na VAB devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura geom&#233;trica da raiz da aorta. Al&#233;m disso, como a press&#227;o arterial &#233; medida de forma n&#227;o invasiva na periferia, ela pode n&#227;o refletir os par&#226;metros de distensibilidade ou rigidez da aorta. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi avaliar a precis&#227;o das medidas da VOP por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica sem equipamentos ou softwares adicionais. Com base no princ&#237;pio de que a dist&#226;ncia percorrida por unidade de tempo &#233; o percurso, calculamos o valor local da VOP pela raz&#227;o entre a dist&#226;ncia entre os pontos de medi&#231;&#227;o na aorta ascendente e descendente e a diferen&#231;a no tempo de percurso do sangue at&#233; a aorta ascendente e descendente. Em nosso estudo, apesar da dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica no grupo com VAB, os par&#226;metros de elasticidade obtidos pelo m&#233;todo convencional n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos. Resultados semelhantes aos nossos em um estudo corroboram essa hip&#243;tese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Na VAB, o eixo do segmento fundido &#233; longo, enquanto o eixo perpendicular ao segmento fundido &#233; mais curto. Na VAB tipo 1, o eixo longitudinal da aorta &#233; paralelo &#224; sonda de ecocardiografia, enquanto no tipo 2, &#233; perpendicular &#224; sonda (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Em nosso estudo, o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente no grupo com VAB tipo 1 foi maior do que no grupo com VAB tipo 2, embora a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o tenha sido estatisticamente significativa, o que refor&#231;a ainda mais essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Orienta&#231;&#227;o da sonda em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eixo da aorta de acordo com os fen&#243;tipos da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide. &#192; esquerda, o eixo longitudinal da VAB fundida tipo 1 &#233; perpendicular ao &#226;ngulo da sonda, enquanto &#224; direita, o eixo transversal da aorta na VAB fundida tipo 2 &#233; perpendicular ao di&#226;metro da sonda. CCE: c&#250;spide coron&#225;ria esquerda; CCD: c&#250;spide coron&#225;ria direita; CNC: c&#250;spide n&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica ventriculares foram normais no grupo com VAB. Os pacientes com VAB avaliados foram selecionados dentre aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o valvar normal ou quase normal. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a PP aumenta quando a elasticidade da aorta est&#225; comprometida. Os valores normais de press&#227;o arterial e PP observados em todos os grupos do nosso estudo podem estar relacionados ao fato de que a elasticidade a&#243;rtica comprometida ainda n&#227;o causou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou de outros &#243;rg&#227;os. Entretanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio um acompanhamento a longo prazo para confirmar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <p>A elasticidade intacta da aorta pode n&#227;o se refletir nos sistemas arteriais perif&#233;ricos. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial perif&#233;rica pode n&#227;o indicar a elasticidade da aorta. Estudos indicaram que a rigidez a&#243;rtica &#233; a primeira a ser afetada pela rigidez arterial, com a rigidez perif&#233;rica se desenvolvendo posteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O mecanismo de dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta na VAB pode ser o comprometimento do estresse da parede devido &#224; insufici&#234;ncia da valva a&#243;rtica ou &#224; turbul&#234;ncia que ocorre na estenose da valva a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup>O risco de dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta tamb&#233;m foi relatado como aumentado independentemente da fun&#231;&#227;o valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> A dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta foi relatada entre 15,1% e 39,1% em pacientes com VAB isolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a incid&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta foi de 16%. Como os pacientes do grupo VAB em nosso estudo foram selecionados com fun&#231;&#227;o valvar normal ou quase normal, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o da raiz da aorta n&#227;o fornecer&#225; resultados precisos. A VAB &#233; um fator de risco independente para dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos relatam que a VOP &#233; alta ou normal em pacientes com VAB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> O aumento da VOP pode prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica na determina&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Isso pode levar a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Os valores alfa de confiabilidade intraobservador e interobservador da VOP foram de 0,92 e 0,84, respectivamente. Os altos valores intraobservador e interobservador indicam a confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade da t&#233;cnica de medi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a diferen&#231;a nos valores m&#233;dios e de desvio padr&#227;o da VOP foi de 0,19 e 0,54 m/s entre os observadores, respectivamente. Isso demonstra excelente concord&#226;ncia de acordo com as diretrizes da <italic>ARTERY Society</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Embora nosso m&#233;todo de medi&#231;&#227;o tenha sido diferente, acreditamos que esses valores possam ser significativos. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; que n&#227;o comparamos as medi&#231;&#245;es da VOP obtidas por m&#233;todos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos com aquelas obtidas por ecocardiografia. Acreditamos que a praticidade da t&#233;cnica de medi&#231;&#227;o da VOP sem a necessidade de um aparelho extra, sua reprodutibilidade e sua alta confiabilidade fornecer&#227;o informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre o acompanhamento e o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O fato de o estudo ter sido realizado em um &#250;nico centro e apresentar um n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes foram as principais limita&#231;&#245;es. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi o n&#250;mero de pacientes no grupo com valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide tipo 2, inferior ao do grupo com valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide tipo 1. Na medi&#231;&#227;o da VOP, a dist&#226;ncia entre as aortas ascendente e descendente foi medida intermitentemente utilizando o dispositivo atual. Os erros de medi&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m representaram uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo. O valor alfa de confiabilidade interobservador foi de 0,78, o mais baixo j&#225; observado, e a medi&#231;&#227;o ininterrupta da dist&#226;ncia inclinada no dispositivo pode eliminar essa desvantagem. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a influ&#234;ncia da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea na VOP. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi realizado um estudo de viabilidade das t&#233;cnicas de medi&#231;&#227;o da VOP. Uma limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi a aus&#234;ncia de compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medi&#231;&#245;es da VOP obtidas por m&#233;todos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos e aquelas obtidas por ecocardiografia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O aumento da rigidez a&#243;rtica em pacientes com VAB foi demonstrado pelo valor da VOP com o mesmo dispositivo de ecocardiografia, sem a necessidade de um dispositivo adicional. Embora sejam normais quando avaliados com par&#226;metros de elasticidade derivados dos di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos por ecocardiografia, a elasticidade a&#243;rtica est&#225; reduzida mesmo no per&#237;odo inicial quando avaliada pela VOP. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com VAB com par&#226;metros de elasticidade a&#243;rtica medidos convencionalmente por ecocardiografia pode gerar resultados incorretos. Acreditamos que a medi&#231;&#227;o da VOP com um dispositivo de ecocardiografia, a avalia&#231;&#227;o e o acompanhamento em pacientes com VAB podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es mais &#250;teis. Em pacientes com VAB, mesmo uma doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica m&#237;nima, particularmente a regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, pode causar deteriora&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade a&#243;rtica. Acreditamos que, no acompanhamento de pacientes com VAB, especialmente na presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, a avalia&#231;&#227;o com VOP, em adi&#231;&#227;o ao m&#233;todo convencional de avalia&#231;&#227;o das propriedades de elasticidade a&#243;rtica, fornecer&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es mais precisas. A elevada confiabilidade intraobservador e interobservador da VOP medida por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica demonstra que se trata de uma t&#233;cnica clinicamente reprodut&#237;vel e confi&#225;vel.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Diyarbakir Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 530. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250560i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Evaluation of Pulse Wave Velocity using Transthoracic Echocardiography in Children with Bicuspid Aortic Valve</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3784-7849</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Erta&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Kerem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4415-4437</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;l</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;zlem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Pediatric Cardiology - Diyarbakir Children&#8217;s Hospital, Diyarbak&#305;r &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Kerem Erta&#351; &#8226; Department of Pediatric Cardiology - Diyarbakir Children&#8217;s Hospital, Diyarbak&#305;r, 21100, Yeni&#351;ehir - T&#252;rkiye E-mail: keremertas1982@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Increased aortic stiffness in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) may significantly affect morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> We aimed to evaluate aortic elasticity properties and the usability of the new technique by measuring pulse wave velocity (PWV) with a transthoracic echocardiography device in patients with BAV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Fifty patients with BAV and 50 healthy children with similar demographic characteristics were included in this study. Patients with BAV were grouped according to fused cusp morphology. Valve function was normal or near normal in the patients with BAV included in the study. All patients&#8217; left ventricular function, aortic root diameter, and aortic elasticity characteristics were evaluated. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> PWV was significantly higher in the BAV group (p=0.000). Aortic elasticity parameters obtained from ascending aorta diameters were similar between the groups. Ascending aorta diameters were significantly higher in the BAV group. There was a correlation between PWV, ascending aortic diameter, vena contracta in aortic regurgitation, and peak aortic velocity. PWV inter- and intraobserver reliability alpha values were 0.92 and 0.84, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> In the pediatric BAV group with normal or near-normal valve function, although aortic elasticity parameters were normal with conventional measurements based on ascending aorta diameters, PWV measurements with the same device were significantly higher without the need for an additional apparatus or program, and aortic stiffness increased in the BAV group. PWV measurement by echocardiography is a reliable and reproducible technique.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evaluation of Pulse Wave Velocity using Transthoracic Echocardiography in Children with Bicuspid Aortic Valve</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Pulse wave velocity value measurement with transthoracic echocardiography is practical, easily accessible, inexpensive, does not require additional devices, and can provide important information about aortic elasticity even in the early period compared with conventional measurements. PWV measurement with the new technique has similar inter-observer value measurements. PWV: pulse wave velocity; BAV: bicuspid aortic valve.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart disease. The incidence in the general population is approximately 1-2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>BAV occurs at varying degrees of valve fusion. As a result of valve fusion, pathologies such as valve stenosis and valve insufficiency develop. Aortic elasticity properties change in BAV due to the hemodynamic effects of the valve and decreased elastin in the aortic wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many imaging methods have been used to evaluate aortic elasticity properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Conventional measurements of aortic elasticity parameters using transthoracic echocardiography are based on measurements of the systolic and diastolic diameters of the ascending aorta in the longitudinal view of the left ventricle. These measurements were obtained from the anteroposterior diameters of the aorta. However, in BAV, the geometry of the ascending aorta varies because of the fused cusp anatomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, measurements based on the principle of diameter variation may not reflect the actual situation. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), the gold standard for aortic elasticity measurement, has limitations, such as the need for specialized equipment and time, the need for trained personnel, and the fact that the distance between vessels may not reflect the actual distance between vessels due to the skin measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> PWV is the ratio of the distance between the determined vessels to the time difference in blood reaching these vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In other words, it provides an idea of how fast the vessels are flowing. Impaired aortic elasticity naturally increases the flow velocity. In our study, we aimed to assess the local flow conduction properties of the aorta by measuring the distance between the ascending and descending aortas and dividing the time between blood reaching the ascending and descending aortas by the time difference. Thus, we aimed to measure aortic local PWV without requiring any specialized software or equipment and to assess the reliability of this measurement method.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Fifty patients with BAV and 50 healthy children with similar demographic characteristics were included in the study. Healthy patients consisted of those who visited the pediatric cardiology outpatient clinic with any complaints, and no cardiac pathology was detected as a result of the evaluations.</p>
          <p>Before all patients were evaluated by the same pediatric cardiologist, weight, height, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured. The ratio of weight to height in square meters was calculated as body mass index (BMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>G*power software was used to calculate a sample size of 50 participants with a 5% Type I error, 85% power, and an effect size of 0.61 (Heinrich-Heine-Universit&#228;t D&#252;sseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany).</p>
          <p>BAV patients with peak aortic velocity below 3m/s and aortic regurgitation diameter to body surface area (BSA) ratio, vena contracta index of 2mm/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> were included in the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Peak aortic velocity was measured at the aortic valve tips.</p>
          <p>This is a prospective study. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients in the study, and approval was obtained from the Diyarbak&#305;r Gazi Ya&#351;argil Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee (decision no.530/2023).</p>
          <p>Echocardiographic evaluation was performed blindly. PWV measurements were performed by two observers (1 and 2). The evaluations made by Observer 1 at different times were defined as intraobserver, and the evaluations made by Observers 1 and 2 were defined as interobserver.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>All patients were evaluated by the same pediatric cardiologist, anamnesis was performed, and a detailed physical examination was performed. Echocardiography was performed in all patients in the left lateral decubitus position (Vivid S60, 9; General Electric Healthcare, GE Vingmed, Norway). Using a 1.5-4 MHz transducer, apical four-, two-, and three-chamber, parasternal long-axis and short-axis images were used to evaluate 2D, color, and M-modes, and records were taken.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>Left ventricular wall thickness, left ventricular diameter, systolic function, and left ventricular long-axis M-mode echocardiography findings were measured.</p>
          <p>By placing the PW Doppler cursor on the mitral valve tip in the apical 4-chamber position, E velocity, A velocity, E/A ratio, and deceleration time (DT) were measured. Early and late tissue velocities (e and a, respectively) and systolic tissue velocity were measured from the mitral lateral wall in the apical 4-chamber view.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Classification of aortic valve morphology</title>
          <p>BAV was defined according to the opening of the aortic valve in systole on parasternal short-axis imaging. There are many classifications according to the BAV classification. The form with two or three cusps and two functional cusps is a fused BAV; the form with two cusps and almost symmetrical morphology is a 2-sinus type BAV; and the form with three cusps and three functional cusps is classified as the partial fusion type. Fused BAV, the form where there are two or three cusps and two functional cusps as a result of fusion, is classified according to morphology. Accordingly, the left coronary cusp (LCC)-right coronary cusp (RCC) fusion is classified as type 1, formed by the RCC, and the non-coronary cusp (NCC) fusion is classified as type 2. The type formed by LCC-NCC fusion is classified as type 3 fused BAV. None of the patients had type 3 fused BAV in our study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Bicuspid aortic valve morphologies. LCC: left coronary cusp; RCC: right coronary cusp; NCC: noncoronary cusp; BAV: bicuspid aortic valve.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of aortic diameters</title>
          <p>The aortic annulus (AAo), sinus of Valsalva (SV), and sinotubular junction (STJ) diameters were measured mid-systolically.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Aortic dilatation was defined as a z-score of &gt;2 at least one location of the aortic root diameter or ascending aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of aortic elasticity</title>
          <p>Velocity was measured at the aortic valve level using PW Doppler in the suprasternal view. Flow samples were taken from the central ascending and descending aortas using PW Doppler. In simultaneous electrocardiography, the time from the peak of the QRS wave to the region where the flow trace began was calculated. The difference between the times measured in the descending aorta and the ascending aorta is referred to as the transit time. Distance was measured from the PW cursor points of the ascending and descending aortas. Measurements were taken from the center of the aorta parallel to the vessel walls. The ratio of this distance to the transit time is called the PWV and is calculated by measuring the distance between the measured locations in the ascending aorta and the descending aorta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The time taken to reach the ascending and descending aortas was measured at a sweep speed of 100 mm/s. Turbulent flow in the aorta occurs in cases such as aortic stenosis and dilatation, and this causes different flow profiles in different parts of the vessel. Therefore, the sampling volume in the aortic lumen was set to 100 mm/s to increase timing accuracy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Calculation of times from the QRS wave to the flow trace in the aorta (ascending and descending) on monitor electrocardiography in a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve, and measurement of the distance between the locations where flow is measured in the ascending and descending aorta. Time measured from ascending aorta (top left), time measured from descending aorta (top right), measurement of distance between ascending and descending aorta (bottom).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Systolic and diastolic aortic diameters (ADs and ADd, respectively) were calculated using the M-mode along the long axis of the ascending aorta. The aortic strain, aortic stiffness index, and aortic distensibility formulas were calculated from these diameters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Measurement of systolic and diastolic aortic diameters. ADs: systolic aortic diameter; ADd: diastolic aortic diameter.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Aortic strain <inline-formula id="ii5"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>AS</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>%</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ADs</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ADd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ADd</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> ,</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Stiffness index <inline-formula id="ii6"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>SI</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>natural logarithm</mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>SBP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>DBP</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>AS</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> ,</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Distensibility <inline-formula id="ii7"><mml:math><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>D</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>AS</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> pulse pressure</mml:mtext><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> is calculated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS (SPSS, Chicago, version 27) software was used for the statistical analysis of the data. Continuous variables are expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation or median (percentile 25 and 75, interquartile range, IQR), and categorical variables are expressed as percentages. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normal distribution. Independent Student&#8217;s T-test or Mann-Whitney test was used depending on whether continuous variables were normally distributed, and the chi-square test was used for analysis of categorical variables. Pearson&#8217;s and Spearman&#8217;s tests were used for correlation analysis according to the homogeneity of the parameter distribution.</p>
          <p>Inter-observer and intra-observer variability values were obtained by evaluating continuous variables by two observers and the same observer at different times, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate the agreement between measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The mean difference, standard deviation (SD), and limit of agreement (LOA) values between measurements were measured. The formula <inline-formula id="ii8"><mml:math><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext>mean</mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>.</mml:mo><mml:mn>96</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> standard deviation</mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mtext> ]</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> was used to calculate the LOA range.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate and model the relationships between the variables. A t-test was used to determine the 95% confidence interval (CI). Reliability was evaluated by analyzing the Cronbach&#8217;s alpha values. Cronbach&#8217;s alpha &gt;0.7 was considered significant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Age, weight, height, BSA, BMI, SBP, DBP, and pulse pressure (PP) values were similar in both groups, with no statistical differences detected. 72% of the BAV patients and 73% of the control group patients were male.</p>
        <p>No surgical or interventional procedures were performed in any of the patients with BAV. There were no extracardiac anomalies. Seventy-two percent of BAV patients had type 1 fused BAV, and 28% had type 2 fused BAV.</p>
        <p>Aortic regurgitation was present in 44% of BAV patients. In the BAV group with aortic regurgitation, 72% had the type 1 and 28% had the type 2 fused BAV. Aortic dilatation was present in 16% of patients with BAV.</p>
        <p>The left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), and left ventricular fractional shortening (FS) were similar in both groups, and no statistical difference was detected.</p>
        <p>The left ventricular E and A velocities, E/A ratio, and DT values were similar in both groups, and no statistical difference was detected.</p>
        <p>The mitral lateral wall systolic and diastolic tissue velocities and E/e ratio were similar (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Table comparing demographic and echocardiographic parameters across groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th>BAV group (n=50)</th>
                  <th>Control group (n=50)</th>
                  <th>Valor-p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (M/F,%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72/28</td>
                  <td align="center">73/27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (year)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.33 (5.31-12.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.66 (5.56-13.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.00 (&#177; 16.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.65 (&#177; 15.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">133.52 (&#177;25.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">137.76 (&#177;24.68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (&#177; 0.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13 (&#177; 0.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.08 (&#177; 2.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.29 (&#177; 2.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">108.76 (&#177;13.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">110.07 (&#177;14.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.96 (&#177;8.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.88 (&#177;10.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.00 (33.00-71.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.50 (30.00-75.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.00 (&#177;5.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.19 (&#177;6.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.25 (&#177;4.47)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.38 (&#177;5.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEDd (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.91 (&#177;7.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.60 (&#177;6.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (1.01-1.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (0.94-1.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70 (&#177;0.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64 (&#177;0.14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/A ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63 (&#177;0.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.68 (&#177;0.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DT (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">123.12 (&#177;28.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">120.53 (&#177;15.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral e velocity (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (&#177; 0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (&#177; 0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral a velocity (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08 (0.06-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08 (0.06-0.12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral s velocity (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09 (0.07-0.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10 (0.08-0.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e</td>
                  <td align="center">6.05 (&#177; 1.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.54 (&#177; 1.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*: student-T test; <sup>&#8224;</sup>: Mann-Whitney test; <sup>&#8225;</sup>: Chi-square test; BSA: body surface area; BAV: bicuspid aortic valve; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; LVEDd: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; EF: ejection fraction; FS: fraction short; E: mitral inflow early diastolic velocity; A: mitral inflow late diastolic velocity; DT: deceleration time; e: mitral tissue doppler early diastolic velocity; a: mitral tissue doppler late diastolic velocity; s: mitral tissue doppler systolic velocity;</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The peak aortic velocity was significantly higher in the BAV group than in the control group (p=0.003).</p>
        <p>ADs, ADd, AAo, SV, and STJ diameters were significantly higher in the BAV group (p-values 0.003, 0.005, 0.000, 0.000, and 0.000, respectively).</p>
        <p>The aortic strain, distensibility, and stiffness index were similar in both groups, with no statistical differences detected.</p>
        <p>The PWV was significantly higher in the BAV group than in the control group (p=0.000) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of peak aortic velocity, aortic diameter, aortic elasticity parameters, time to reach the ascending and descending aorta, transit time, and distance between ascending and descending aorta values in the bicuspid aortic valve and control groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th>BAV group (n=50)</th>
                  <th>Control group (n=50)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak aortic velocity (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.46 (&#177; 0.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 (&#177; 0.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VCI (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.55 (&#177; 0.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADs (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.54 (&#177; 4.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.94 (&#177; 3.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADd (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.00 (13-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10-19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AAo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.57 (&#177; 3.51)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.45 (&#177; 2.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.22 (&#177; 4.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.55 (&#177; 3.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STJ (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.92 (&#177; 3.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.83 (&#177; 2.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic strain (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.90 (&#177; 8.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.27 (&#177; 8.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stiffness index</td>
                  <td align="center">4.85 (2.95-10.93)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.42 (2.33-4.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distensibility (10<sup>-6</sup>.cm<sup>2</sup>.dyne<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004 (0.002-0.009)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007 (0.005-0.010)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.86 (3.50-7.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.78 (2.00-3.29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time to reach the AA (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">88.46 (&#177; 14.84)</td>
                  <td align="center">82.83 (&#177; 13.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time to reach DA (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">101.25 (&#177; 13.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">105.55 (&#177; 13.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transit time (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.50 (9.00-17.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.00 (17.00-30.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distance between AA and DA (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.06 (46.63-68.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.88 (47.93-64.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>*: student-T test; <sup>&#8224;</sup>: Mann-Whitney test; BAV: bicuspid aortic valve; AA: ascending aorta; DA: descending aorta; AAo: aortic annulus; SV: sinus of valsalva; STJ: sinotubular junction; ADs: systolic aortic diameter; ADd: diastolic aortic diameter; PWV: pulse wave velocity; VCI: vena contracta index</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>While the time to reach the ascending and descending aorta and the distance between the ascending and descending aorta were similar in both groups, the transit time was significantly lower in the BAV group (p=0.000).</p>
        <p>When the type 1 and type 2 fused BAV were compared, the values for age, sex, BSA, BMI, aortic diameters, and aortic elasticity parameters were similar in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of demographic parameters, aortic diameters, peak aortic velocity, vena contracta index of aortic insufficiency, aortic elasticity parameters, time to reach the ascending and descending aorta, transit time, and distance between ascending and descending aorta in bicuspid aortic valve phenotypes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>Type 1 fused BAV (n=36)</th>
                  <th>Type 2 fused BAV (n=14)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (year)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.04 (6.37-13.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.66 (4.91-13.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex (M/F, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">86/14</td>
                  <td align="center">71/29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11 (&#177; 0.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (&#177; 0.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.46 (&#177; 3.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.89 (&#177; 3.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.68<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADs (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.14 (&#177; 5.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.00 (&#177; 4.72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ADd (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.61 (&#177; 4.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.42 (&#177; 4.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AAo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.21 (&#177; 3.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.52 (&#177; 4.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.38 (&#177; 5.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.33 (&#177; 3.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STJ (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.84 (&#177; 4.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.34 (&#177; 3.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak aortic velocity (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.47 (&#177; 0.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.43 (&#177; 0.30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VCI (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.56 (&#177; 0.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.52 (&#177; 0.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic strain (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.44 (&#177; 8.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.09 (&#177; 8.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stiffness index (SI)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.41 (3.20-12.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.45 (2.70-6.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distensibility (10<sup>-6</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> dyne<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005 (0.002-0.008)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004 (0.005-0.010)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.50<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV (m/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.03 (&#177; 2.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.77 (&#177; 1.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time to reach the AA (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.64 (&#177; 15.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">83.42 (&#177; 9.21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time to reach DA (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">102.47 (&#177; 13.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.85 (&#177; 9.90)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transit time (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.82 (&#177; 4.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.42 (&#177; 7.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distance between AA and DA (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.95 (&#177; 11.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.90 (&#177; 20.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88<sup>*</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>*: student-T test; <sup>&#8224;</sup>: Mann-Whitney test; <sup>&#8225;</sup>: Chi-square test; BSA: body surface area; BMI: body mass index; BAV: bicuspid aortic valve; AAo: aortic annulus; SV: aortic sinus of valsalva; STJ: sinotubular junction; ADs: systolic aortic diameter; ADd: diastolic aortic diameter; PWV: pulse wave velocity; AA: ascending aorta; DA: descending aorta; VCI: vena contracta index</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The correlations between PWV and aortic diameter are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>. A positive correlation was found between PWV and aortic root diameters, peak aortic velocity, vena contracta in aortic regurgitation, and time to reach the descending aorta; no correlation was found between PWV and time to reach the descending aorta, aortic strain, distensibility, or stiffness index. There was a negative correlation between PWV and transit time. There was a correlation between the vena contracta of aortic regurgitation and aortic diameters. No correlation was found between peak aortic velocity and aortic diameters. In our study, the increase in PWV in BAV patients was visualized in a central illustration with an echocardiography device (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlations between various parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Parameters</th>
                  <th>r-value</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="13" style="font-weight:normal">PWV</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Aortic anulus</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">0.27</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">0.10<sup>&#167;</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sinus valsalva</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">STJ</td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ADs</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ADd</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aortic strain</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aortic stiffness</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Aortic distensibility</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Peak aortic velocity</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">AR vena contracta</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Time to reach the AA</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Time to reach DA</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Transit time</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">AR vena contracta</td>
                  <td align="center">ADs</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ADd</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak aortic velocity</td>
                  <td align="center">ADs</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12<sup>//</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p><sup>&#167;</sup>: Spearman test; <sup>//</sup>: Pearson test; PWV: pulse wave velocity; STJ: sinotubular junction; ADs: systolic aortic diameter; ADd: diastolic aortic diameter; AR: aortic regurgitation; AA: ascending aorta; DA: descending aorta.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The intra- and inter-observer variability difference means, standard deviations (SD), limits of agreement (LOA), and reliability values are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>. PWV inter- and intra-observer reliability alpha values were 0.84 and 0.92, respectively. The distance inter- and intra-observer reliability alpha values were 0.78 and 0.99, respectively. Transit time inter- and intra-observer reliability alpha values were 0.86 and 0.93.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pulse wave velocity, distance, transit time parameters, inter- and intraobserver variability difference values, mean, standard deviation, limit of agreement upper and lower value range, and 95% confidence interval, alpha (&#945;), and p-value table</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="7">PWV (m/s)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th rowspan="2">n</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Value of difference</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">95% CI</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Reliability</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Mean (m/s)</th>
                  <th>SD</th>
                  <th>LOA range</th>
                  <th>Alpha (&#945;)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interobserver variability</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.66, 1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72, 0.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interobserver variability</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.50, 0.79</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86, 0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="7">
                    <bold>Distance (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Value of difference</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>95% CI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Reliability</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mean (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>LOA range</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Alpha (&#945;)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interobserver variability</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">2.36</td>
                  <td align="center">7.23</td>
                  <td align="center">-9.47, 14.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60, 0.88</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interobserver variability</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.60</td>
                  <td align="center">1.51</td>
                  <td align="center">6.18, 2.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98, 0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="7">
                    <bold>Transit time (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Value of difference</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>95% CI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Reliability</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Mean (ms)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>SD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>LOA range</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Alpha (&#945;)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p value</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interobserver variability</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">2.07</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.19, 4.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75, 0.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interobserver variability</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.20</td>
                  <td align="center">2.00</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.31, 3.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87,0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.000</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>PWV: Pulse wave velocity; CI: confidence interval, LOA: limit of agreement, mm: millimeter, ms: millisecond, m: meter, s: second, SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The intra- and inter-observer Bland-Altman plots of the PWV values and the correlation plot between the observations are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Intra-observer (A) and inter-observer (B) correlation plots of pulse wave velocity, intra-observer (C), and inter-observer (D) Bland-Altman plots.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The most basic result of our study is that in BAV patients with preserved ventricular function and normal or near-normal valve function, PWV measured through echocardiography&#8212;without the need for additional software&#8212;shows an increase, indicative of elevated aortic stiffness. We believe that aortic elasticity is impaired in patients with BAV, even in early childhood, and that conventional measurements do not reflect reality due to the different aortic geometries in these patients. We believe that even slight changes in valve function affect aortic geometry due to altered aortic flow. We believe that the new method we used is important because it is usable, reproducible, and provides early-stage information about aortic elastic function.</p>
        <p>The arterial system, both in structure and function, consists of large elastic arteries and muscular arteries. Large elastic vessels store blood ejected during ventricular systole owing to the elastic fibers they contain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> During this time, almost half of the ejected blood reaches the muscular arteries. Later, when the aortic valve closes, and the diastolic cycle begins, the muscular arteries maintain pressure and maintain continuous blood flow through the vascular system. The thoracic aorta consists of 40% elastic fibers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> BAV is one of the most common congenital heart diseases. It may be isolated or accompanied by other syndromes or anomalies. (1) BAV is embryologically formed by the fusion of the aortic valve to varying degrees. Along with the hemodynamic changes that occur as a result of valve stenosis and insufficiency, endothelial dysfunction and degeneration of aortic elastin fibers occur in BAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Consequently, aortic elasticity properties are altered in patients with BAV. Increased arterial stiffness in cardiovascular diseases significantly affects morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Considering the physiology of vessels throughout the cardiac cycle, deterioration of the aortic elastic properties can cause perfusion problems in many organs.</p>
        <p>In the evaluation of aortic elasticity, methods such as echocardiography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging, which assess changes in the diameter or cross-sectional area of the ascending aorta, as well as aortic tissue Doppler examination, carotid intima-media thickness assessment, and invasive measurements, are utilized. Several methods, including velocity measurement, have been used for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> These methods have various limitations, such as the need for trained personnel, time and cost requirements, technical problems, and exposure to anesthesia and contrast materials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PWV is the gold standard for the evaluation of arterial stiffness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> PWV can be measured both invasively and non-invasively. Non-invasive and invasive PWV measurements yield similar results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>The fact that PWV is affected by blood viscosity is a limitation of the aortic PWV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> There are some drawbacks to evaluating PWV using sonographic measurements. Primarily, measurements were obtained from the peripheral arteries. The distance between the two peripheral arteries was measured from the skin. The distance measured from the skin owing to the angulation and course of the vessels is a disadvantage of this technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In addition, in measurement with this technique, time, special device requirements, special equipment, and the use of contrast in invasive measurements are the limitations of this measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conventionally, aortic elasticity measurements using echocardiography are based on diameter changes in the systole and diastole of M-mode slices of the ascending aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, we hypothesized that these measurements would be unreliable in BAV due to changes in the geometric structure of the aortic root. Furthermore, because blood pressure is measured non-invasively from the periphery, it may not reflect aortic distensibility or stiffness parameters. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of PWV measurements using transthoracic echocardiography without additional equipment or software. Based on the principle that the distance traveled per unit of time is the path, we calculated the local PWV value by calculating the ratio of the distance between the measured locations between the ascending and descending aorta to the difference in blood travel time to the ascending and descending aortas. In our study, despite aortic dilatation in the BAV group, the elasticity parameters obtained using the conventional method did not differ between the groups. Findings similar to ours in one study support this hypothesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In BAV, the axis of the fused segment is long, whereas the axis perpendicular to the fused segment is shorter. In type 1 BAV, the long axis of the aorta is parallel to the echocardiography probe, whereas in type 2, it is perpendicular to the probe (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). In our study, the ascending aortic diameter in the type 1 BAV group was higher than that in the type 2 BAV group, although the difference was not statistically significant, which further supports this hypothesis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Orientation of the probe relative to the aortic axis according to bicuspid aortic valve phenotypes. On the left, the long axis of the type 1 fused bicuspid aortic valve is perpendicular to the probe angle, whereas on the right, the short axis of the aorta in the type 2 fused bicuspid aortic valve is perpendicular to the probe diameter. LCC: left coronary cusp; RCC: right coronary cusp; NCC: noncoronary cusp.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250560-50560-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In our study, the ventricular systolic and diastolic functions were normal in the BAV group. The BAV patients we evaluated were selected from those with normal or near-normal valve function. In clinical practice, pulse pressure increases when aortic elasticity is impaired. The normal blood pressure and pulse pressure values across the groups in our study may be related to the fact that impaired aortic elasticity has not yet caused ventricular or other organ dysfunction. However, long-term follow-up is necessary in this regard.</p>
        <p>The intact elasticity of the aorta may not be reflected in the peripheral arterial systems. Therefore, assessing peripheral arterial stiffness may not indicate aortic elasticity. Studies have indicated that aortic stiffness is the first to be affected by arterial stiffness, with peripheral stiffness developing later.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The mechanism of aortic dilatation in BAV may be impaired wall stress due to aortic valve insufficiency or turbulence occurring in aortic valve stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The risk of aortic dilatation has also been reported to increase regardless of valve function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Aortic root dilatation has been reported to be between 15.1 and 39.1% in patients with isolated BAV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In the present study, the incidence of aortic root dilatation was 16%. Since patients in the BAV group in our study were selected with normal or near-normal valve function, evaluation of the incidence of aortic root dilatation will not yield accurate results. BAV is an independent risk factor for aortic dissection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies report that PWV is high or normal in BAV patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Increased PWV may impair aortic function in determining blood distribution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>This may lead to cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> PWV intraobserver and interobserver reliability alpha values were 0.92 and 0.84, respectively. The high intraobserver and interobserver values indicate the reliability and reproducibility of the measurement technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> In our study, the difference in the PWV mean and standard deviation values was 0.19 and 0.54 m/s between observers, respectively. It shows excellent agreement according to the ARTERY Society guideline.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup>Although our measurement method was different, we believe that these values may be significant. A limitation of our study is that we did not compare PWV measurements using sonographic methods with those obtained using echocardiography. We believe that the practicality of the measurement technique of PWV without the need for an extra apparatus, its reproducibility, and its high reliability will provide important information about the follow-up and prognosis of the patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The single center and small number of patients were the main limitations of this study. Another limitation is that the number of patients in the type 2 BAV group was lower than that in the type 1 BAV group. In PWV measurement, the distance between the ascending and descending aortas was measured intermittently using the current device. Measurement errors were another limitation of this study. The interobserver reliability alpha value was 0.78, which is the lowest value, and uninterrupted measurement of the inclined distance on the device can eliminate this disadvantage. Another limitation is that PWV is affected by the blood viscosity. Another limitation is the lack of a feasibility study of PWV measurement techniques. A limitation of our study is that we did not compare PWV measurements using sonographic methods with those obtained using echocardiography.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The increase in aortic stiffness in patients with BAV was demonstrated by the PWV value with the same echocardiography device, without the need for an additional device. Although they are normal when evaluated with elasticity parameters derived from aortic diameters using echocardiography, aortic elasticity is reduced even in the early period when evaluated with PWV. Evaluation of patients with BAV with aortic elasticity parameters measured conventionally by echocardiography may yield incorrect results. We believe that PWV measurement with an echocardiography device, evaluation, and follow-up in patients with BAV can provide more useful information. In patients with BAV, even minimal aortic valve disease, particularly aortic regurgitation, may cause deterioration of aortic elasticity. We believe that, in the follow-up of patients with BAV, especially in the presence of aortic regurgitation, evaluation with PWV, in addition to the conventional method for evaluating aortic elasticity properties, will provide more accurate information. The high intraobserver and interobserver reliabilities of PWV measured using transthoracic echocardiography show that it is a clinically reproducible and reliable technique.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Diyarbakir Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 530. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Preprints:</label>
          <p> This article was previously posted as a preprint on Research Square: doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3987456/v1.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
