<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CSRpnXW8Hhcq7cMY7yX3Hpy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000300602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250440</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efic&#225;cia de um Substituto do Sal na Incid&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica com Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kelly</surname>
            <given-names>Francinny Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9661-8539</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Clara Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Menegaz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2587-4176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ba&#237;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6634-4138</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Division</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Buenos Aires</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Par&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Altamira</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Par&#225; (UFPA), Altamira, PA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Anhembi Morumbi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM), S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Clara Rocha Dantas Universidad de Buenos Aires &#8211; Paraguay, 2155, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina E-mail: <email>claradantasbaires@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250440</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Um substituto do sal enriquecido com pot&#225;ssio, no qual parte do cloreto de s&#243;dio &#233; substitu&#237;da por cloreto de pot&#225;ssio, tem demonstrado consider&#225;vel potencial como estrat&#233;gia em n&#237;vel populacional para reduzir a ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e prevenir doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, as pesquisas t&#234;m se concentrado principalmente em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o, demonstrando que os substitutos do sal podem influenciar a press&#227;o arterial (PA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Realizar uma metan&#225;lise para quantificar a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o que utilizam sal comum em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que utilizam um substituto do sal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science foram pesquisados em busca de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) que compararam sal comum com um substituto do sal. Diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (DM) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs) de 95% foram calculadas utilizando um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada por meio da estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup>. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Quatro ECRs envolvendo 1.430 participantes foram inclu&#237;dos, dos quais 725 (49,57%) receberam o substituto do sal. O uso do substituto do sal foi associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) (DM, &#8722;5,75 mmHg; IC 95%, &#8722;6,98 a &#8722;2,39 mmHg; I<sup>2</sup> = 37%; p &lt; 0,01) e a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) (DM, &#8722;1,62 mmHg; IC 95%, &#8722;2,34 a &#8722;0,91 mmHg; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, o uso de um substituto do sal est&#225; associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa tanto da PAS quanto da PAD em compara&#231;&#227;o com o sal comum.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efic&#225;cia de um Substituto do Sal na Incid&#234;ncia de Hipertens&#227;o: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica com Metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>DM: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CSRpnXW8Hhcq7cMY7yX3Hpy/b54cd5bd56e1f99c224a768620e55cced8f72936.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CSRpnXW8Hhcq7cMY7yX3Hpy/56260d09e509ca802898d009e4adf95785569f1a.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CSRpnXW8Hhcq7cMY7yX3Hpy/86a93c211a159541e8fbf1f3793f8f3ab3c99071.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="45"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o as condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis mais comuns em todo o mundo, sendo respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente um ter&#231;o de todas as mortes globais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nos Estados Unidos, estima-se que 62 milh&#245;es de pessoas tenham diagn&#243;stico de DCV. Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o estudo <italic>Global Burden of Disease</italic> (GBD) relatou que a cardiopatia hipertensiva ocupou a vig&#233;sima segunda posi&#231;&#227;o entre as principais causas de morte em indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 50 e 74 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em n&#237;vel mundial, cerca de 62% dos casos de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e 49% dos casos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica podem ser atribu&#237;dos ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial (PA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A ingest&#227;o excessiva de s&#243;dio &#233; um fator de risco causal para hipertens&#227;o, e a redu&#231;&#227;o do s&#243;dio proveniente do sal alimentar &#233; recomendada como tratamento de primeira linha para hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Isso levou a um debate cont&#237;nuo sobre se os n&#237;veis atuais de consumo de sal s&#227;o excessivamente elevados do ponto de vista da sa&#250;de e se podem desempenhar um papel importante na eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA.</p>
      <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de prop&#244;s que uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 30% na ingest&#227;o de sal pode diminuir o risco de hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o <italic>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</italic> recomenda uma ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de s&#243;dio n&#227;o superior a 2.300 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, o consumo de s&#243;dio nos Estados Unidos permanece elevado, com m&#233;dia de 3.330 mg/dia. Recentemente, um n&#250;mero crescente de pa&#237;ses adotou estrat&#233;gias nacionais de redu&#231;&#227;o do sal, incluindo a substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal comum por substitutos do sal, geralmente compostos por 65% de cloreto de s&#243;dio, 25% de cloreto de pot&#225;ssio e 10% de sulfato de magn&#233;sio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Essa formula&#231;&#227;o constitui uma alternativa com baixo teor de s&#243;dio, comercializada para reduzir a ingest&#227;o de sal e auxiliar na preven&#231;&#227;o e no controle da PA elevada, por meio da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e da PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) sem alterar o sabor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Ainda assim, persiste controv&#233;rsia significativa sobre se o consumo atual de sal &#233; excessivamente alto do ponto de vista da sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise anterior envolvendo indiv&#237;duos normotensos indicou que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o oral de pot&#225;ssio pode reduzir significativamente a PA, seja a PAS ou a PAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, estudos mais recentes focados exclusivamente em pacientes hipertensos tamb&#233;m demonstraram o efeito dos substitutos do sal na redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS e da PAD. Dessa forma, esta metan&#225;lise tem como objetivo avaliar a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o e analisar a efic&#225;cia de um substituto do sal em compara&#231;&#227;o com o sal comum.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo e registro</title>
        <p>Esta metan&#225;lise foi conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A revis&#227;o foi registrada no <italic>Prospective International Registry of Systematic Reviews</italic> sob o c&#243;digo de registro CRD42024568555.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Para esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, estudos originais foram selecionados com base em crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade previamente definidos. Apenas estudos publicados em peri&#243;dicos revisados por pares que inclu&#237;ram pacientes adultos (&#8805; 18 anos) com hipertens&#227;o confirmada foram inclu&#237;dos. Os estudos eleg&#237;veis deveriam comparar o sal comum com um substituto do sal e relatar altera&#231;&#245;es na PA como desfecho prim&#225;rio. Apenas artigos completos publicados em ingl&#234;s foram considerados.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram popula&#231;&#245;es sobrepostas, aus&#234;ncia de grupo controle ou placebo, ensaios cl&#237;nicos n&#227;o randomizados (ECRs), relatos de caso, revis&#245;es, artigos de opini&#227;o, relat&#243;rios t&#233;cnicos, diretrizes, estudos em animais e experimentos in vitro. Apenas artigos publicados em ingl&#234;s foram inclu&#237;dos, sem restri&#231;&#245;es quanto ao ano de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A quest&#227;o central que norteou esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi: &#8220;Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, como o uso de um substituto do sal impacta a PA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o sal comum?&#8221;. Essa quest&#227;o foi estruturada utilizando o modelo PICOT, no qual a popula&#231;&#227;o (P) consistiu em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o; a exposi&#231;&#227;o (E) foi definida como o uso de sal comum; o grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o (C) incluiu pacientes que utilizaram um substituto do sal; o desfecho (O) foi a mudan&#231;a na PAS e na PAD; e o delineamento do estudo (T) foi limitado a ECRs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de Busca</title>
        <p>Uma busca sistem&#225;tica da literatura foi realizada nas bases PubMed, Web of Science e Cochrane Central desde a cria&#231;&#227;o das bases at&#233; a data da busca final. A estrat&#233;gia foi elaborada para identificar estudos que avaliassem os efeitos de substitutos do sal ou sais com teor reduzido de s&#243;dio na incid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o. A busca combinou vocabul&#225;rio controlado (<italic>Medical Subject Headings</italic> [MeSH]) e termos livres relacionados a substitutos do sal (por exemplo, &#8220;salt substitutes&#8221;, &#8220;low-sodium salt&#8221;, &#8220;reduced sodium salt&#8221;, &#8220;potassium-enriched salt&#8221;, &#8220;dietary sodium&#8221;) e hipertens&#227;o (por exemplo, &#8220;hypertension&#8221;, &#8220;high blood pressure&#8221;, &#8220;incidence&#8221;, &#8220;new-onset hypertension&#8221;, &#8220;development of hypertension&#8221;), utilizando operadores booleanos (OR, AND), conforme segue:</p>
        <p>(&#8220;Salt Substitutes&#8221;[MeSH] OR &#8220;Dietary Sodium&#8221;[MeSH] OR &#8220;Potassium, Dietary&#8221;[MeSH] OR salt substitute OR low sodium salt OR reduced sodium salt OR potassium-enriched salt)* AND (&#8220;Hypertension&#8221;[MeSH] OR hypertension OR high blood pressure) AND (&#8220;Incidence&#8221;[MeSH] OR incidence OR new-onset hypertension OR development of hypertension).</p>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gias de busca equivalentes foram adaptadas para Web of Science e Cochrane Central, utilizando a sintaxe e o vocabul&#225;rio controlado espec&#237;ficos de cada base. Resumos, textos completos e anais de congressos cient&#237;ficos foram avaliados. As listas de refer&#234;ncias dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas relevantes foram revisadas manualmente para identificar estudos adicionais eleg&#237;veis.</p>
        <p>A triagem inicial foi baseada em t&#237;tulos e resumos, sem restri&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; data de publica&#231;&#227;o. Todos os registros recuperados foram importados para a plataforma Rayyan<sup>&#174;</sup> para facilitar o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nessa etapa, estudos n&#227;o relacionados &#224; pergunta de pesquisa foram exclu&#237;dos e duplicatas foram removidas. Tr&#234;s autores (C.R.D, L.E.R.S e F.B.B) realizaram a triagem de forma independente, e diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por meio de discuss&#227;o com um terceiro autor (F.A.K). Alertas autom&#225;ticos tamb&#233;m foram configurados nas bases de dados para notificar a equipe sobre novos estudos publicados durante o per&#237;odo de an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Para sintetizar os principais achados, tr&#234;s autores revisores (F.A.K, L.E.R.S e F.B.B) extra&#237;ram de forma independente os dados dos quatro artigos inclu&#237;dos. As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas inclu&#237;ram sobrenome do primeiro autor, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, delineamento do estudo, per&#237;odo de seguimento, caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes (idade, sexo e comorbidades), m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o e conclus&#245;es quanto &#224;s mudan&#231;as na PAS e na PAD. Diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso, e um terceiro autor revisor (C.R.D) tomou a decis&#227;o final quando necess&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos e Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio de interesse foi a mudan&#231;a na PAS e na PAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco de Vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>A ferramenta <italic>Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for Randomized Trials</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> foi utilizada para avaliar a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos ECRs inclu&#237;dos. Dois autores (C.R.D e L.E.R.S) avaliaram todos os estudos de forma independente, e diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso. Cada ensaio foi classificado como tendo risco de vi&#233;s alto, baixo ou incerto em cinco dom&#237;nios: processo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o, desvios das interven&#231;&#245;es pretendidas, dados de desfecho ausentes, mensura&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos e sele&#231;&#227;o dos resultados relatados.</p>
        <p>O potencial vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o e efeitos de estudos pequenos foram avaliados por meio da an&#225;lise de gr&#225;fico de funil, a fim de determinar se a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios era sim&#233;trica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os efeitos do tratamento para desfechos cont&#237;nuos foram agrupados e expressos como diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (DM) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs) de 95%. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pela amplitude dos tamanhos de efeito e pelas estat&#237;sticas I<sup>2</sup> e &#964;<sup>2</sup>. Um modelo de efeito fixo foi utilizado para desfechos com I<sup>2</sup> &lt; 25%, enquanto o modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de DerSimonian e Laird foi aplicado aos desfechos combinados com maior heterogeneidade, considerando tanto o I<sup>2</sup> quanto o &#964;<sup>2</sup> (vari&#226;ncia entre estudos). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o RStudio vers&#227;o 4.2.3, com o pacote &#8220;metafor&#8221; (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). Uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade foi conduzida para avaliar o impacto de estudos individuais, removendo sequencialmente cada ECR e reanalisando os dados restantes (an&#225;lise <italic>leave-one-out</italic>). A domin&#226;ncia do estudo foi definida quando a remo&#231;&#227;o de um estudo alterava a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica dos valores de p do tamanho de efeito combinado, seja de significativo para n&#227;o significativo ou vice-versa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos e caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Conforme detalhado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, a busca inicial identificou 221 registros. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de duplicatas e a triagem dos estudos com base em t&#237;tulo e resumo, cinco estudos permaneceram para revis&#227;o do texto completo, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-estabelecidos. Destes, quatro estudos foram inclu&#237;dos, totalizando 1.430 pacientes, dos quais 725 (50,6%) receberam o substituto do sal. A estrat&#233;gia de busca est&#225; resumida na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> apresenta os principais achados deste estudo.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>FIgura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagrama de fluxo do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses resumindo o processo de identifica&#231;&#227;o, triagem, elegibilidade e inclus&#227;o dos estudos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Entre os quatro estudos inclu&#237;dos, foram analisados 1.430 pacientes, com 725 (50,6%) recebendo o substituto do sal e 705 (49,3%) recebendo sal comum. O tempo de seguimento variou de 2 semanas a 2 anos. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo incluiu 777 (54,3%) homens e 653 (45,6%) mulheres; 292 (20,4%) tinham hist&#243;rico de tabagismo e 303 (21,1%) relataram consumo de &#225;lcool. A idade m&#233;dia variou de 61,5 a 71,8 anos, o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) variou de 23,1 a 31 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) variou de 121,9 a 177,6 mmHg e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) variou de 74,4 a 105,8 mmHg. As caracter&#237;sticas basais de cada estudo inclu&#237;do s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e de tratamento basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, apresentadas por estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Barros et al.<sup><bold>18</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>Zhao et al.<sup><bold>19</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>Yu et al.<sup><bold>20</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>Zhang et al.<sup><bold>21</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#250;mero de pacientes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 19;</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 16</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 141;</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 141</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 252;</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 250</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 313;</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GC: 298</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, anos (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 62,8 (11,1);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 63,5 (11,3)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 61,5 (11,1);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 61,7 (12,9)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 71 (9,7);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GC: 71,8 (10,3)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Seguimento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 semanas</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">2 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 56 (39,7%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 60 (42,6%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 105 (41,7%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 102 (40,8%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 231 (73,8%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GC: 223 (74,8%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC, kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 29,38 (5,55);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 31 (5,97)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 23,7 (3,1);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 23,6 (3,4)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 23,1 (4,7);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 23,6 (4,2)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 6 (8,2%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 7 (9,7%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 37 (14%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 34 (13,6%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 110 (35,1%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GC: 98 (32,9%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de etilismo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 8 (11%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 9 (12,5%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 115 (45,6%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 110 (44%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 33 (10,5%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GC: 28 (9,4%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAS, mmHg (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 142,95 (14,86);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 143,44 (13,99)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 176,1 (22,4);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 177,6 (23,3)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 132,8 (20,3);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 132,1 (22,5)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 122 (12);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GC: 121,9 (11,1)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PAS, mmHg (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 89,79 (9,10);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 91,19 (9,10)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 103,2 (12);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 105,8 (13,1)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 83,7 (12);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 82,9 (13,1)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 74,4 (8,5);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GC: 74,5 (7,7)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uso de anti-hipertensivos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 61 (47%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 71 (50,7%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Diuretic = GI: 0; CG: 1 (0,4%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CCB = GI: 6 (2,4%); CG: 9 (3,6%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>ACEi or ARB = GI: 70 (27,8%); CG: 80 (32%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#946;-blocker = GI: 63 (25%); CG: 50 (20%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>&#945;-blocker = GI: 107 (42,5%); CG: 97 (39%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Composi&#231;&#227;o do substituto do sal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: NaCl 27,3% + KCl 72,6%;</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: NaCl 100%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: NaCl 70% + KCl 30% + MgSO<sub>4</sub> 10%;</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: NaCl 100%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: NaCl 70% + KCl 30%;</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: NaCl 100%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: NaCl 62,5% + KCl 25% + 12,5% de aromatizantes;</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: NaCl 100%</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de DCV, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 3 (1,2%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 4 (1,6%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 56 (17,9%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 67 (22,5%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>GI: 59 (23,4%);</p>
                      </list-item>
                      <list-item>
                        <p>CG: 51 (20,5%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos adotaram n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5% (&#945; = 0,05). BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; GC: grupo controle; GI: grupo interven&#231;&#227;o; iECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</title>
        <p>A PAS foi significativamente reduzida no grupo que utilizou o substituto do sal em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo que utilizou sal comum (DM, &#8722;5,75 mmHg; IC 95%, &#8722;6,98 a &#8722;2,39 mmHg; I<sup>2</sup> = 37%; &#964;<sup>2</sup> = 1,31; p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Forest plots da DM nas mudan&#231;as da PA comparando substituto do sal versus sal comum. A) Mudan&#231;a na PAS; B) Mudan&#231;a na PAD. DM: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAD: PA diast&#243;lica; PAS: PA sist&#243;lica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal resultou em uma redu&#231;&#227;o aproximada de 5 mmHg na PAS entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos. Redu&#231;&#245;es dessa magnitude t&#234;m sido associadas a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 10%-15% no risco de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, incluindo acidente vascular cerebral e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, sugerindo um potencial impacto populacional sobre o risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;as na press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</title>
        <p>A PAD foi significativamente reduzida no grupo que utilizou o substituto do sal em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo que utilizou sal comum (DM, &#8722;1,62 mmHg; IC 95%, &#8722;2,34 a &#8722;0,91 mmHg; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; &#964;<sup>2</sup> = 0; p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>).</p>
        <p>Embora a redu&#231;&#227;o na PAD tenha sido menor, mesmo diminui&#231;&#245;es modestas na PAD t&#234;m sido associadas a menor risco de eventos cardiovasculares, especialmente em adultos mais velhos. Isso sugere que os substitutos do sal podem contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o global do risco cardiovascular, complementando os benef&#237;cios observados para a PAS.</p>
        <p>Os efeitos espec&#237;ficos por subgrupos n&#227;o puderam ser avaliados, pois nenhum dos estudos inclu&#237;dos relatou os desfechos separadamente para popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, como indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ou DCV estabelecida. Embora as redu&#231;&#245;es observadas na PAS (&#8722;5,75 mmHg) e na PAD (&#8722;1,62 mmHg) sejam clinicamente relevantes em n&#237;vel individual, as implica&#231;&#245;es subsequentes para a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular em larga escala permanecem incertas. Estudos de modelagem em grande escala demonstraram que at&#233; mesmo pequenas redu&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias na PA podem levar a redu&#231;&#245;es significativas na morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular; no entanto, esta metan&#225;lise n&#227;o disp&#244;s de dados suficientes para estimar diretamente esses benef&#237;cios. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios ECRs adicionais, com an&#225;lises estratificadas e seguimento mais prolongado, para esclarecer o real impacto em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica das interven&#231;&#245;es com substitutos do sal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar Online 1</xref> e a <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar Online 2</xref> resumem o risco de vi&#233;s de cada estudo inclu&#237;do. Todos os quatro estudos foram classificados como apresentando baixo risco de vi&#233;s, resultando em um risco global de vi&#233;s considerado baixo para a an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Os gr&#225;ficos de funil para os desfechos mostraram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar Online 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Funnel plot para avalia&#231;&#227;o de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o na an&#225;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Nenhum estudo foi exclu&#237;do devido &#224; heterogeneidade metodol&#243;gica; an&#225;lises de sensibilidade do tipo <italic>leave-one-out</italic> e gr&#225;ficos de Baujat foram realizadas para todos os desfechos cont&#237;nuos.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise <italic>leave-one-out</italic> para PAS, a exclus&#227;o de Barros et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e Zhao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> aumentou a heterogeneidade para 56% e 53%, respectivamente. Em contraste, a exclus&#227;o de Yu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> reduziu a heterogeneidade para 0% em ambas as an&#225;lises (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>). Para PAD, n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a significativa na heterogeneidade com a remo&#231;&#227;o individual dos estudos; no entanto, quando Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> foi exclu&#237;do, a heterogeneidade aumentou para 13% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Forest plots da an&#225;lise de sensibilidade leave-one-out para a DM da PA comparando substituto do sal versus sal comum. A) Mudan&#231;a na PAS; B) Mudan&#231;a na PAD. DM: diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAD: PA diast&#243;lica; PAS: PA sist&#243;lica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise por gr&#225;fico de Baujat indicou que Yu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> exerceu a maior influ&#234;ncia sobre os resultados globais tanto para PAS quanto para PAD. Al&#233;m disso, Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> foi o que mais contribuiu para a heterogeneidade geral em ambas as an&#225;lises (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de Baujat para press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de metarregress&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foi realizada uma metarregress&#227;o para investigar se a idade m&#233;dia e o IMC m&#233;dio poderiam explicar a heterogeneidade entre os estudos nos desfechos relacionados &#224; PA. Para a PAS, a idade apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o lim&#237;trofe com o efeito do tratamento, sugerindo uma tend&#234;ncia a maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em estudos que inclu&#237;ram participantes mais idosos (coeficiente: &#8722;0,26; p = 0,0557; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). Em contraste, o IMC n&#227;o se associou significativamente &#224; resposta sist&#243;lica &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o (coeficiente: &#8722;0,84; p = 0,4535; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%).</p>
        <p>Para a PAD, nem a idade (coeficiente: &#8722;0,04; p = 0,7387; I<sup>2</sup> = 29,9%) nem o IMC (coeficiente: &#8722;0,67; p = 0,3388; I<sup>2</sup> = 19,3%) foram moderadores significativos do efeito do tratamento. Esses achados sugerem que os efeitos redutores da PA dos substitutos do sal parecem consistentes independentemente da idade ou do IMC dos participantes dentro das faixas relatadas nos ensaios inclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar Online 5</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar Online 6</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar Online 7</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar Online 8</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise de quatro ECRs incluindo 1.430 participantes, os substitutos do sal, geralmente formulados por meio da substitui&#231;&#227;o parcial do cloreto de s&#243;dio por cloreto de pot&#225;ssio e/ou c&#225;lcio, foram associados a redu&#231;&#245;es significativas da PA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o sal comum. A hipertens&#227;o &#233; o principal fator de risco global e contribui para a perda de 174 milh&#245;es de anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade anualmente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e seu manejo permanece sub&#243;timo em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. Como o sal adicionado durante o preparo dos alimentos responde pela maior parte da ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio nesses contextos, os substitutos do sal podem representar uma interven&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel e de grande impacto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o combinada na PAS foi de &#8722;5,8 mmHg (IC 95%, &#8722;7 a &#8722;4,6 mmHg), enquanto a PAD diminuiu &#8722;1,6 mmHg (IC 95%, &#8722;2,3 a &#8722;0,9 mmHg). Esses achados demonstram um efeito consistente de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, compar&#225;vel em magnitude ao de interven&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas estabelecidas, e sustentam a substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal como uma estrat&#233;gia promissora para o controle populacional da PA.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados integram e ampliam pesquisas anteriores que avaliaram os efeitos dos substitutos do sal sobre a PA. Investiga&#231;&#245;es iniciais conduzidas antes de 2010 forneceram evid&#234;ncias limitadas de redu&#231;&#245;es clinicamente relevantes da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Uma exce&#231;&#227;o importante foi o ECR por conglomerados realizado na China por Mu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> que demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 4,2/1,9 mmHg na PAS e na PAD ao longo de 12 semanas. A redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS observada em nossa an&#225;lise combinada (&#8722;5,8 mmHg) &#233; amplamente consistente com esse sinal inicial e refor&#231;a que o efeito hipotensor dos substitutos do sal persiste entre diferentes faixas et&#225;rias e contextos culturais.</p>
      <p>Ensaios cl&#237;nicos mais recentes em adultos relataram redu&#231;&#245;es na PAS de aproximadamente 3-6 mmHg, valores muito pr&#243;ximos da magnitude estimada neste estudo. Barros et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> observaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o adicional de 5,6 mmHg na PAS com uma prepara&#231;&#227;o contendo 50% de NaCl/50% de KCl ao longo de 3 meses, enquanto Zhao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> relataram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de 4,8/1,7 mmHg ap&#243;s 6 meses. De forma semelhante, Yu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> documentaram redu&#231;&#245;es da PAS de 3-5 mmHg. A consist&#234;ncia entre nossos achados e esses ensaios refor&#231;a a robustez do tamanho de efeito e destaca sua reprodutibilidade em diferentes regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas, perfis de risco basal e formula&#231;&#245;es de sal enriquecido com pot&#225;ssio.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o da PAS observada nesta metan&#225;lise est&#225; alinhada com modelos epidemiol&#243;gicos em grande escala derivados do estudo <italic>INTERnational study of SALT and blood pressure</italic> e de estudos do GBD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> que associam redu&#231;&#245;es populacionais de aproximadamente 5 mmHg na PAS a diminui&#231;&#245;es significativas do risco cardiovascular. Embora essas estimativas forne&#231;am contexto para poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, elas permanecem extrapola&#231;&#245;es te&#243;ricas, e n&#227;o desfechos diretamente mensurados nos ensaios inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Nossos achados refor&#231;am o potencial dos substitutos do sal como uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz, baseada no ambiente familiar, para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A substitui&#231;&#227;o do cloreto de s&#243;dio por cloreto de pot&#225;ssio reduz o volume extracelular ao mesmo tempo em que aumenta a natriurese e a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Do ponto de vista da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, os substitutos do sal s&#227;o particularmente adequados para pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, onde o consumo de sal adicionado durante o preparo dos alimentos representa mais de 70% da ingest&#227;o total e a reformula&#231;&#227;o industrial permanece limitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> A combina&#231;&#227;o da substitui&#231;&#227;o do sal com estrat&#233;gias educativas voltadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo total para &#8804; 3 g/dia pode ampliar ainda mais o benef&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Nesta metan&#225;lise, os substitutos do sal enriquecidos com pot&#225;ssio reduziram a PAS com uma DM combinada de &#8722;5,8 mmHg (IC 95%, &#8722;7 a &#8722;4,6 mmHg) e a PAD em &#8722;1,6 mmHg (IC 95%, &#8722;2,3 a &#8722;0,9 mmHg) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o sal comum. Essas redu&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s alcanadas com medicamentos anti-hipertensivos de primeira linha.</p>
      <p>Apesar desses achados encorajadores, diversas limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos devem ser reconhecidas. Primeiro, a heterogeneidade entre os estudos, particularmente para a PAS, foi moderada, refletindo diferen&#231;as nas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes, na dura&#231;&#227;o do seguimento e nas composi&#231;&#245;es das interven&#231;&#245;es. Segundo, alguns ensaios apresentaram per&#237;odos de interven&#231;&#227;o curtos, limitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o da manuten&#231;&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o da PA e da seguran&#231;a em longo prazo. Terceiro, o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser completamente exclu&#237;do devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de ECRs e aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o relativamente restritos. Quarto, embora todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos tenham sido randomizados, os procedimentos de cegamento e o relato de ades&#227;o variaram, podendo introduzir vi&#233;s de desempenho ou de detec&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, o monitoramento do pot&#225;ssio s&#233;rico foi relatado de forma inconsistente, o que gera incerteza quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a em longo prazo dos sais enriquecidos com pot&#225;ssio, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de hipercalemia em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida ou em uso de f&#225;rmacos bloqueadores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise demonstra que o uso de substitutos do sal enriquecidos com pot&#225;ssio &#233; significativamente mais eficaz do que o sal comum na redu&#231;&#227;o tanto da PAS quanto da PAD em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o. Esses achados refor&#231;am o papel dos substitutos do sal como uma estrat&#233;gia pr&#225;tica e de baixo custo para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o manejo da hipertens&#227;o, com potencial para reduzir substancialmente eventos cardiovasculares em n&#237;vel populacional.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, quest&#245;es importantes permanecem em aberto, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a em longo prazo dessas interven&#231;&#245;es e aos seus efeitos hipotensores em indiv&#237;duos normotensos, que frequentemente foram exclu&#237;dos dos ECRs. Estudos cl&#237;nicos futuros, em larga escala, devem incluir essas popula&#231;&#245;es, incorporar monitoramento sistem&#225;tico do pot&#225;ssio e explorar os mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos redutores da PA promovidos pelos substitutos do sal. Tais investiga&#231;&#245;es ser&#227;o essenciais para caracterizar plenamente seu potencial preventivo e para orientar estrat&#233;gias de precis&#227;o no cuidado cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>De modo geral, esta metan&#225;lise sustenta o papel dos substitutos do sal como uma ferramenta acess&#237;vel e custo-efetiva para reduzir a PA e potencialmente prevenir eventos cardiovasculares. Ainda assim, para garantir uma implementa&#231;&#227;o segura, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios ECRs futuros com seguimento mais prolongado e monitoramento padronizado do pot&#225;ssio, a fim de confirmar a durabilidade dos efeitos, otimizar as propor&#231;&#245;es de composi&#231;&#227;o e avaliar desfechos em longo prazo, incluindo hipercalemia e mortalidade cardiovascular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Supplementary Material</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CSRpnXW8Hhcq7cMY7yX3Hpy/2bc9484ecf1376818e799f4f080ebe0133ab9244.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Joseph P, Leong D, McKee M, Anand SS, Schwalm JD, Teo K, et al. Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1: The Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Circ Res. 2017;121(6):677-94. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.308903.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joseph</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leong</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKee</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anand</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwalm</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teo</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reducing the Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease, Part 1: The Epidemiology and Risk Factors</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>677</fpage>
          <lpage>694</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.308903</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204-22. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Burden of 369 Diseases and Injuries in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>396</volume>
          <issue>10258</issue>
          <fpage>1204</fpage>
          <lpage>1222</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Ha SK. Dietary Salt Intake and Hypertension. Electrolyte Blood Press. 2014;12(1):7-18. doi: 10.5049/EBP.2014.12.1.7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ha</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary Salt Intake and Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Electrolyte Blood Press</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5049/EBP.2014.12.1.7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Nerenberg KA, Zarnke KB, Leung AA, Dasgupta K, Butalia S, McBrien K, et al. Hypertension Canada's 2018 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults and Children. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(5):506-25. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.02.022.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nerenberg</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zarnke</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dasgupta</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butalia</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McBrien</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertension Canada's 2018 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults and Children</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>506</fpage>
          <lpage>525</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2018.02.022</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42(9):1235-481. doi: 10.1038/s41440-019-0284-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Umemura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arima</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arima</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asayama</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dohi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hirooka</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2019)</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1235</fpage>
          <lpage>1481</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41440-019-0284-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Joint Committee for Guideline Revision. 2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension-A report of the Revision Committee of Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2019;16(3):182-241. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2019.03.014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Joint Committee for Guideline Revision</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension-A report of the Revision Committee of Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Geriatr Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>182</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2019.03.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Gupta N, Mocumbi A, Arwal SH, Jain Y, Haileamlak AM, Memirie ST, et al. Prioritizing Health-Sector Interventions for Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries in Low- and Lower-Middle Income Countries: National NCDI Poverty Commissions. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2021;9(3):626-39. doi: 10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00035.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gupta</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mocumbi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arwal</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jain</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haileamlak</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Memirie</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prioritizing Health-Sector Interventions for Noncommunicable Diseases and Injuries in Low- and Lower-Middle Income Countries: National NCDI Poverty Commissions</article-title>
          <source>Glob Health Sci Pract</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>626</fpage>
          <lpage>639</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Agarwal S, Fulgoni VL 3rd, Spence L, Samuel P. Sodium Intake Status in United States and Potential Reduction Modeling: An NHANES 2007-2010 Analysis. Food Sci Nutr. 2015;3(6):577-85. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.248.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Agarwal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fulgoni</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spence</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Samuel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sodium Intake Status in United States and Potential Reduction Modeling: An NHANES 2007-2010 Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Food Sci Nutr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>577</fpage>
          <lpage>585</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/fsn3.248</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Trieu K, Neal B, Hawkes C, Dunford E, Campbell N, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, et al. Salt Reduction Initiatives Around the World - A Systematic Review of Progress Towards the Global Target. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0130247. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130247.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trieu</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neal</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hawkes</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dunford</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez-Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Salt Reduction Initiatives Around the World - A Systematic Review of Progress Towards the Global Target</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0130247</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0130247</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Farrand C, MacGregor G, Campbell NRC, Webster J. Potential Use of Salt Substitutes to Reduce Blood Pressure. J Clin Hypertens. 2019;21(3):350-54. doi: 10.1111/jch.13482.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Farrand</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>MacGregor</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>NRC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webster</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Potential Use of Salt Substitutes to Reduce Blood Pressure</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Hypertens</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>350</fpage>
          <lpage>354</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jch.13482</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Geleijnse JM, Witteman JC, Bak AA, den Breeijen JH, Grobbee DE. Reduction in Blood Pressure with a Low Sodium, High Potassium, High Magnesium Salt in Older Subjects with Mild to Moderate Hypertension. BMJ. 1994;309(6952):436-40. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6952.436.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geleijnse</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Witteman</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bak</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>den Breeijen</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grobbee</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reduction in Blood Pressure with a Low Sodium, High Potassium, High Magnesium Salt in Older Subjects with Mild to Moderate Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>309</volume>
          <issue>6952</issue>
          <fpage>436</fpage>
          <lpage>440</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.309.6952.436</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Zhou B, Wang HL, Wang WL, Wu XM, Fu LY, Shi JP. Long-Term Effects of Salt Substitution on Blood Pressure in a Rural North Chinese Population. J Hum Hypertens. 2013;27(7):427-33. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2012.63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>XM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>LY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Effects of Salt Substitution on Blood Pressure in a Rural North Chinese Population</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>427</fpage>
          <lpage>433</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/jhh.2012.63</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative Group. Salt Substitution: A Low-Cost Strategy for Blood Pressure Control among Rural Chinese. A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Hypertens. 2007;25(10):2011-8. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282b9714b.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>China Salt Substitute Study Collaborative Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Salt Substitution: A Low-Cost Strategy for Blood Pressure Control among Rural Chinese. A Randomized, Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>2011</fpage>
          <lpage>2018</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282b9714b</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Peng YG, Li W, Wen XX, Li Y, Hu JH, Zhao LC. Effects of Salt Substitutes on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(6):1448-54. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.114.089235.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>YG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wen</surname>
              <given-names>XX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Salt Substitutes on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1448</fpage>
          <lpage>1454</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3945/ajcn.114.089235</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKenzie</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bossuyt</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutron</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulrow</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>372</volume>
          <size units="pages">n71</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.n71</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a Web and Mobile App for Systematic Reviews. Syst Rev. 2016;5(1):210. doi: 10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ouzzani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammady</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fedorowicz</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elmagarmid</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Rayyan-a Web and Mobile App for Systematic Reviews</article-title>
          <source>Syst Rev</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">210</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Sterne JAC, Savovic J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: A Revised Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomised Trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4898.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sterne</surname>
              <given-names>JAC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savovic</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elbers</surname>
              <given-names>RG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blencowe</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutron</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>RoB 2: A Revised Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomised Trials</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>366</volume>
          <size units="pages">l4898</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.l4898</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Barros CL, Sousa AL, Chinem BM, Rodrigues RB, Jardim TS, Carneiro SB, et al. Impact of Light Salt Substitution for Regular Salt on Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Patients. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015;104(2):128-35. doi: 10.5935/abc.20140174.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barros</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chinem</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carneiro</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Light Salt Substitution for Regular Salt on Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Patients</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>128</fpage>
          <lpage>135</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140174</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Zhao X, Yin X, Li X, Yan LL, Lam CT, Li S, et al. Using a Low-Sodium, High-Potassium Salt Substitute to Reduce Blood Pressure Among Tibetans with High Blood Pressure: A Patient-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110131. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110131.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>LL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Using a Low-Sodium, High-Potassium Salt Substitute to Reduce Blood Pressure Among Tibetans with High Blood Pressure: A Patient-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <elocation-id>e110131</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0110131</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Yu J, Thout SR, Li Q, Tian M, Marklund M, Arnott C, et al. Effects of a Reduced-Sodium Added-Potassium Salt Substitute on Blood Pressure in Rural Indian Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(1):185-93. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab054.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thout</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tian</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marklund</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arnott</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of a Reduced-Sodium Added-Potassium Salt Substitute on Blood Pressure in Rural Indian Hypertensive Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Am J Clin Nutr</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>185</fpage>
          <lpage>193</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ajcn/nqab054</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Zhang X, Yuan Y, Li C, Feng X, Wang H, Qiao Q, et al. Effect of a Salt Substitute on Incidence of Hypertension and Hypotension Among Normotensive Adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024;83(7):711-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.12.013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qiao</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of a Salt Substitute on Incidence of Hypertension and Hypotension Among Normotensive Adults</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>711</fpage>
          <lpage>722</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2023.12.013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Measuring the Global Burden of Disease. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(5):448-57. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1201534.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopez</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measuring the Global Burden of Disease</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>369</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>448</fpage>
          <lpage>457</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMra1201534</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries. Circulation. 2016;134(6):441-50. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mills</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bundy</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelly</surname>
              <given-names>TN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kearney</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reynolds</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies From 90 Countries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>134</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>450</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Mu J, Liu Z, Liu F, Xu X, Liang Y, Zhu D. Family-Based Randomized Trial to Detect Effects on Blood Pressure of a Salt Substitute Containing Potassium and Calcium in Hypertensive Adolescents. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22(9):943-7. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2009.136.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Family-Based Randomized Trial to Detect Effects on Blood Pressure of a Salt Substitute Containing Potassium and Calcium in Hypertensive Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>947</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ajh.2009.136</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Chang ET, Powell R, Reese T. Can These Salt Substitutes Prevent Complications of Hypertension? J Fam Pract. 2023;72(8):342-44. doi: 10.12788/jfp.0667.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Powell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reese</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can These Salt Substitutes Prevent Complications of Hypertension?</article-title>
          <source>J Fam Pract</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>342</fpage>
          <lpage>344</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12788/jfp.0667</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Greer RC, Marklund M, Anderson CAM, Cobb LK, Dalcin AT, Henry M, et al. Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitutes as a Means to Lower Blood Pressure: Benefits and Risks. Hypertension. 2020;75(2):266-74. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13241.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greer</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marklund</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>CAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cobb</surname>
              <given-names>LK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalcin</surname>
              <given-names>AT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Potassium-Enriched Salt Substitutes as a Means to Lower Blood Pressure: Benefits and Risks</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>266</fpage>
          <lpage>274</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13241</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Jafarnejad S, Mirzaei H, Clark CCT, Taghizadeh M, Ebrahimzadeh A. The Hypotensive Effect of Salt Substitutes in Stage 2 Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s12872-020-01347-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jafarnejad</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mirzaei</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>CCT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taghizadeh</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ebrahimzadeh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Hypotensive Effect of Salt Substitutes in Stage 2 Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>BMC Cardiovasc Disord</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">98</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12872-020-01347-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Newberry SJ, Chung M, Anderson CAM. Sodium and Potassium Intake: Effects on Chronic Disease Outcomes and Risks [Internet]. Rockville: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519330/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519330/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Newberry</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>CAM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Sodium and Potassium Intake: Effects on Chronic Disease Outcomes and Risks</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Rockville</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519330/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519330/</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Wu H, Ouyang W, Deng J, He Y, Yin L, Cao X, et al. Effects of Salt Substitute on Urinary Electrolytes and Blood Pressure in a Real-World Setting-Cohort Study in Hunan, China. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1504152. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1504152.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ouyang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Salt Substitute on Urinary Electrolytes and Blood Pressure in a Real-World Setting-Cohort Study in Hunan, China</article-title>
          <source>Front Nutr</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <size units="pages">1504152</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fnut.2024.1504152</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Moser M. Historical Perspectives on the Management of Hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2006;8(8 Suppl 2):15-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.05836.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moser</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Historical Perspectives on the Management of Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Hypertens</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1524-6175.2006.05836.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Hu J, Zhao L, Thompson B, Zhang Y, Wu Y. Effects of Salt Substitute on Home Blood Pressure Differs According to Age and Degree of Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients and their Families. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2018;40(7):664-72. doi: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1425415.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Salt Substitute on Home Blood Pressure Differs According to Age and Degree of Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients and their Families</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Hypertens</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>664</fpage>
          <lpage>672</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/10641963.2018.1425415</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Little R, Ellison DH. Modifying Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: An End to the 'Salt Wars'? Hypertension. 2024;81(3):415-25. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.19487.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Little</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ellison</surname>
              <given-names>DH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Modifying Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: An End to the 'Salt Wars'?</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>415</fpage>
          <lpage>425</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.19487</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. MacGregor GA. Sodium and Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 1983;5(5 Pt 2):79-84. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.5.5_pt_2.iii79.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>MacGregor</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sodium and Potassium Intake and Blood Pressure</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1983</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>5 Pt 2</issue>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.hyp.5.5_pt_2.iii79</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Smith SR, Klotman PE, Svetkey LP. Potassium Chloride Lowers Blood Pressure and Causes Natriuresis in Older Patients with Hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;2(8):1302-9. doi: 10.1681/ASN.V281302.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klotman</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Svetkey</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Potassium Chloride Lowers Blood Pressure and Causes Natriuresis in Older Patients with Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Nephrol</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1302</fpage>
          <lpage>1309</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1681/ASN.V281302</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Wu A, Wolley MJ, Wu Q, Cowley D, Palmfeldt J, Welling PA, et al. Acute Intravenous NaCl and Volume Expansion Reduces Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter Abundance and Phosphorylation in Urinary Extracellular Vesicles. Kidney360. 2022;3(5):910-921. doi: 10.34067/KID.0000362022.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wolley</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cowley</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palmfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Welling</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acute Intravenous NaCl and Volume Expansion Reduces Sodium-Chloride Cotransporter Abundance and Phosphorylation in Urinary Extracellular Vesicles</article-title>
          <source>Kidney360</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>910</fpage>
          <lpage>921</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.34067/KID.0000362022</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Egan BM, Lackland DT, Sutherland SE, Rakotz MK, Williams J, Commodore-Mensah Y, et al. PERSPECTIVE - The Growing Global Benefits of Limiting Salt Intake: An Urgent Call from the World Hypertension League for More Effective Policy and Public Health Initiatives. J Hum Hypertens. 2025;39(4):241-45. doi: 10.1038/s41371-025-00990-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Egan</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lackland</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sutherland</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rakotz</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Commodore-Mensah</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>PERSPECTIVE - The Growing Global Benefits of Limiting Salt Intake: An Urgent Call from the World Hypertension League for More Effective Policy and Public Health Initiatives</article-title>
          <source>J Hum Hypertens</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>245</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41371-025-00990-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Use of Lower-Sodium Salt Substitutes: WHO Guideline. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <source>Use of Lower-Sodium Salt Substitutes: WHO Guideline</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2025</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Menyanu E, Russell J, Charlton K. Dietary Sources of Salt in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Literature Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(12):2082. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16122082.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Menyanu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russell</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charlton</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dietary Sources of Salt in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Literature Review</article-title>
          <source>Int J Environ Res Public Health</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <size units="pages">2082</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijerph16122082</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Miranda JJ. WHO's Salt Substitution Guidelines for Population-Wide Impact: Act on Strong Evidence, Monitor for the Long Term. Glob Heart. 2025;20(1):32. doi: 10.5334/gh.1419.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>WHO's Salt Substitution Guidelines for Population-Wide Impact: Act on Strong Evidence, Monitor for the Long Term</article-title>
          <source>Glob Heart</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">32</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5334/gh.1419</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Ide N, Ajenikoko A, Steele L, Cohn J, Curtis CJ, Frieden TR, et al. Priority Actions to Advance Population Sodium Reduction. Nutrients. 2020;12(9):2543. doi: 10.3390/nu12092543.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ide</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ajenikoko</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steele</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frieden</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Priority Actions to Advance Population Sodium Reduction</article-title>
          <source>Nutrients</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2543</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu12092543</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Gritter M, Rotmans JI, Hoorn EJ. Role of Dietary K+ in Natriuresis, Blood Pressure Reduction, Cardiovascular Protection, and Renoprotection. Hypertension. 2019;73(1):15-23. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11209.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gritter</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rotmans</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoorn</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of Dietary K+ in Natriuresis, Blood Pressure Reduction, Cardiovascular Protection, and Renoprotection</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>73</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11209</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-Specific Relevance of Usual Blood Pressure to Vascular Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Data for One Million Adults in 61 Prospective Studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903-13. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lewington</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qizilbash</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Prospective Studies Collaboration</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age-Specific Relevance of Usual Blood Pressure to Vascular Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Data for One Million Adults in 61 Prospective Studies</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <issue>9349</issue>
          <fpage>1903</fpage>
          <lpage>1913</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of Blood Pressure Lowering Drugs in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Meta-Analysis of 147 Randomised Trials in the Context of Expectations from Prospective Epidemiological Studies. BMJ. 2009;338:b1665. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b1665.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Law</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wald</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Blood Pressure Lowering Drugs in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Meta-Analysis of 147 Randomised Trials in the Context of Expectations from Prospective Epidemiological Studies</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>338</volume>
          <size units="pages">b1665</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.b1665</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation>44. GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global Burden of 87 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223-49. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Burden of 87 Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>396</volume>
          <issue>10258</issue>
          <fpage>1223</fpage>
          <lpage>1249</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation>45. Stamler J, Rose G, Elliott P, Dyer A, Marmot M, Kesteloot H, et al. Findings of the International Cooperative INTERSALT Study. Hypertension. 1991;17(1 Suppl):I9-15. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.17.1_suppl.i9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stamler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rose</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elliott</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dyer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marmot</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kesteloot</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Findings of the International Cooperative INTERSALT Study</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>I9</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.hyp.17.1_suppl.i9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01fn">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0440_AO_Supplementary_Material_Salt.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250440i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efficacy of a Salt Substitute on the Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kelly</surname>
            <given-names>Francinny Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9661-8539</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dantas</surname>
            <given-names>Clara Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobreira</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Menegaz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-2587-4176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ba&#237;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6634-4138</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Par&#225; (UFPA), Altamira, PA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Anhembi Morumbi (UAM), S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Clara Rocha Dantas Universidad de Buenos Aires &#8211; Paraguay, 2155, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina E-mail: claradantasbaires@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> A potassium-enriched salt substitute, in which part of sodium chloride is replaced with potassium chloride, has shown considerable potential as a population-level strategy to reduce sodium intake and prevent cardiovascular disease. In recent years, research has focused primarily on individuals with hypertension, demonstrating that salt substitutes can influence blood pressure (BP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To perform a meta-analysis quantifying the magnitude of BP reduction in patients with hypertension using regular salt compared with those using a salt substitute.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing regular salt with a salt substitute. Mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I<sup>2</sup> statistic. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Four RCTs involving 1,430 participants were included, of whom 725 (49.57%) received the salt substitute. The use of a salt substitute was associated with a significant reduction in systolic BP (SBP) (MD, &#8722;5.75 mmHg; 95% CI, &#8722;6.98 to &#8722;2.39 mmHg; I<sup>2</sup> = 37%; p &lt; 0.01) and a significant reduction in diastolic BP (DBP) (MD, &#8722;1.62 mmHg; 95% CI, &#8722;2.34 to &#8722;0.91 mmHg; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In patients with hypertension, the use of a salt substitute is associated with a significant reduction in both SBP and DBP compared with regular salt.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Efficacy of a Salt Substitute on the Incidence of Hypertension: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>MD: mean difference; SBP: systolic blood pressure</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common noncommunicable cardiac conditions worldwide, accounting for approximately one-third of all deaths globally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the United States, an estimated 62 million people are diagnosed with CVD. In recent years, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study reported that hypertensive heart disease ranked as the twenty-second leading cause of death among individuals aged 50-74 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Worldwide, around 62% of cerebrovascular disease and 49% of ischemic heart disease cases can be attributed to increased blood pressure (BP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Excess sodium intake is a causal risk factor for hypertension, and reducing sodium from dietary salt is recommended as a first-line treatment for hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This has led to ongoing debate about whether current levels of salt intake are excessively high from a health perspective and may play a major role in the high BP burden.</p>
        <p>The World Health Organization has proposed that a 30% reduction in salt intake may reduce the risk of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a daily sodium intake of no more than 2,300 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, sodium consumption in the United States remains high, averaging 3,330 mg/day. Recently, an increasing number of countries have adopted national salt-reduction strategies, including replacing common salt with salt substitutes, typically composed of 65% sodium chloride, 25% potassium chloride, and 10% magnesium sulfate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This formulation is a low-sodium salt alternative marketed to reduce salt intake and help prevent and manage high BP by lowering systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) without affecting taste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nevertheless, significant controversy persists regarding whether current salt consumption is excessively high from a health perspective.</p>
        <p>A previous meta-analysis involving normotensive subjects indicated that oral potassium supplementation can significantly reduce BP, including both SBP and DBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, more recent studies focusing exclusively on hypertensive patients have also demonstrated the effect of salt substitutes in lowering SBP and DBP. Therefore, this meta-analysis aims to evaluate BP decrease in patients with hypertension and to assess the efficacy of a salt substitute compared with regular salt.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocol and Registration</title>
          <p>This meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The review was registered in the Prospective International Registry of Systematic Reviews under the registry code CRD42024568555.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>For this systematic review, original studies were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria. Only studies published in peer-reviewed journals that enrolled adult patients (&#8805; 18 years) with confirmed hypertension were included. Eligible studies were required to compare regular salt with a salt substitute and to report changes in BP as a primary endpoint. Only full-text articles published in English were considered.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were overlapping populations, absence of a control or placebo group, non-randomized clinical trials (RCTs), case reports, reviews, opinion articles, technical reports, guidelines, animal studies, and in vitro experiments. Only articles published in English were included, with no restrictions on year of publication.</p>
          <p>The central question guiding this systematic review was: &#8220;In patients with hypertension, how does the use of a salt substitute impact BP compared with regular salt?&#8221; This question was structured using the PICOT framework, in which the population (P) consisted of patients with hypertension; the exposure (E) was defined as the use of regular salt; the comparison (C) group included patients using a salt substitute; the outcome (O) was the change in SBP and DBP; and the study design (T) was limited to RCTs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Search Strategy</title>
          <p>A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central from database inception to the date of the final search. The strategy was designed to identify studies evaluating the effects of salt substitutes or reduced-sodium salts on hypertension incidence. The search combined controlled vocabulary (Medical Subject Headings [MeSH]) and free-text terms related to salt substitutes (e.g., &#8220;salt substitutes,&#8221; &#8220;low-sodium salt,&#8221; &#8220;reduced sodium salt,&#8221; &#8220;potassium-enriched salt,&#8221; &#8220;dietary sodium&#8221;) and hypertension (e.g., &#8220;hypertension,&#8221; &#8220;high blood pressure,&#8221; &#8220;incidence,&#8221; &#8220;new-onset hypertension,&#8221; &#8220;development of hypertension&#8221;) using Boolean operators (OR, AND), as follows:</p>
          <p>(&#8220;Salt Substitutes&#8221;[MeSH] OR &#8220;Dietary Sodium&#8221;[MeSH] OR &#8220;Potassium, Dietary&#8221;[MeSH] OR salt substitute OR low sodium salt OR reduced sodium salt OR potassium-enriched salt)* AND (&#8220;Hypertension&#8221;[MeSH] OR hypertension OR high blood pressure) AND (&#8220;Incidence&#8221;[MeSH] OR incidence OR new-onset hypertension OR development of hypertension).</p>
          <p>Equivalent search strategies were adapted for Web of Science and Cochrane Central using the syntax and controlled vocabulary specific to each database. Abstracts, full-text articles, and scientific conference proceedings were screened. Reference lists of included studies and relevant systematic reviews were manually reviewed to identify additional eligible studies.</p>
          <p>Initial screening was based on titles and abstracts, with no restrictions on publication date. All retrieved records were imported into the Rayyan<sup>&#174;</sup> platform to facilitate the screening process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> During this stage, studies unrelated to the research question were excluded, and duplicate entries were removed. Three review authors (C.R.D, L.E.R.S, and F.B.B) conducted the screening independently, and disagreements were resolved through discussion with a third review author (F.A.K). Automated alerts were also configured in the databases to notify the review team of newly published studies during the analysis period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>To summarize the main findings, three review authors (F.A.K, L.E.R.S, and F.B.B) independently extracted data from the four included articles. Data included first author&#8217;s surname, year of publication, study design, follow-up period, patient characteristics (age, sex, and comorbidities), assessment methods, and conclusions regarding changes in SBP and DBP. Disagreements were resolved by consensus, and a third review author (C.R.D) made the final decision when necessary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endpoints and definitions</title>
          <p>The primary outcome of interest was the change in SBP and DBP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of risk of bias</title>
          <p>The Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias Tool for Randomized Trials<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the included RCTs. Two authors (C.R.D and L.E.R.S) independently assessed all studies, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Each trial was classified as having a high, low, or unclear risk of bias across five domains: randomization process, deviations from intended interventions, missing outcome data, measurement of outcomes, and selection of reported results.</p>
          <p>Potential publication bias and minor study effects were assessed using funnel plot analysis to determine whether the distribution of trials was symmetrical.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Treatment effects for continuous outcomes were pooled and expressed as mean differences (MD) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed using the width of effect sizes and the I<sup>2</sup> and &#964;<sup>2</sup> statistics. A fixed-effect model was used for endpoints with I<sup>2</sup> &lt; 25%, whereas the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was applied for pooled outcomes with higher heterogeneity, considering both I<sup>2</sup> and &#964;<sup>2</sup> (between-study variance). A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using RStudio version 4.2.3, with the &#8220;metafor&#8221; package (R Foundation for Statistical Computing). A sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of individual studies by sequentially removing each RCT and reanalyzing the remaining data (leave-one-out analysis). Study dominance was defined when the removal of a study changed the statistical significance of the pooled effect size p-values, either from significant to nonsignificant or vice versa.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of studies and baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>As detailed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>, the initial search yielded 221 records. After removing duplicates and screening studies based on title and abstract, five studies remained for full-text review according to the prespecified criteria. Of these, four studies were included, comprising 1,430 patients, of whom 725 (50.6%) received the salt substitute. The search strategy is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> presents the main findings of this study.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flow diagram of study identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Across the four included studies, 1,430 patients were analyzed, with 725 (50.6%) receiving the salt substitute and 705 (49.3%) receiving regular salt. Follow-up duration ranged from 2 weeks to 2 years. The study population included 777 (54.3%) men and 653 (45.6%) women; 292 (20.4%) had a history of smoking, and 303 (21.1%) reported alcohol consumption. Mean age ranged from 61.5 to 71.8 years, body mass index (BMI) ranged from 23.1 to 31 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, SBP ranged from 121.9 to 177.6 mmHg, and DBP ranged from 74.4 to 105.8 mmHg. Baseline characteristics of each included study are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of the included studies, presented by study</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Barros et al.<sup><bold>18</bold></sup></th>
                    <th>Zhao et al.<sup><bold>19</bold></sup></th>
                    <th>Yu et al.<sup><bold>20</bold></sup></th>
                    <th>Zhang et al.<sup><bold>21</bold></sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Number of patients</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 19;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 16</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 141;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 141</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 252;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 250</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 313;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>GC: 298</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age, years (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 62.8 (11.1);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 63.5 (11.3)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 61.5 (11.1);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 61.7 (12.9)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 71 (9.7);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>GC: 71.8 (10.3)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Follow-up</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4 weeks</td>
                    <td align="center">3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">2 years</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 56 (39.7%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 60 (42.6%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 105 (41.7%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 102 (40.8%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 231 (73.8%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>GC: 223 (74.8%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI, kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup> (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 29.38 (5.55);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 31 (5.97)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 23.7 (3.1);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 23.6 (3.4)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 23.1 (4.7);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 23.6 (4.2)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoking history, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 6 (8.2%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 7 (9.7%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 37 (14%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 34 (13.6%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 110 (35.1%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>GC: 98 (32.9%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Alcohol consumption history, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 8 (11%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 9 (12.5%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 115 (45.6%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 110 (44%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 33 (10.5%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>GC: 28 (9.4%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SBP, mmHg (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 142.95 (14.86);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 143.44 (13.99)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 176.1 (22.4);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 177.6 (23.3)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 132.8 (20.3);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 132.1 (22.5)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 122 (12);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>GC: 121.9 (11.1)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>DBP, mmHg (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 89.79 (9.10);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 91.19 (9.10)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 103.2 (12);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 105.8 (13.1)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 83.7 (12);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 82.9 (13.1)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 74.4 (8.5);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>GC: 74.5 (7.7)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Use of antihypertensive drugs, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 61 (47%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 71 (50.7%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Diuretic = IG: 0;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 1 (0.4%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CCB = IG: 6 (2.4%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 9 (3.6%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>ACEi or ARB = IG: 70 (27.8%); CG: 80 (32%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>&#946;-blocker = IG: 63 (25%); CG: 50 (20%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>&#945;-blocker = IG: 107 (42.5%); CG: 97 (39%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Salt substitute composition</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: NaCl 27.3% + KCl 72.6%;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: NaCl 100%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: NaCl 70% + KCl 30% + MgSO<sub>4</sub> 10%;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: NaCl 100%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: NaCl 70% + KCl 30%;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: NaCl 100%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: NaCl 62.5% + KCl 25% + 12.5% of flavorings;</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: NaCl 100%</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>History of CVD, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 3 (1.2%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 4 (1.6%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 56 (17.9%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 67 (22.5%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>History of diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>IG: 59 (23.4%);</p>
                        </list-item>
                        <list-item>
                          <p>CG: 51 (20.5%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>All included studies adopted a statistical significance level of 5% (&#945; = 0.05). ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BP: blood pressure; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CG: control group; CVD: cardiovascular disease; IG: intervention group; SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Changes in systolic blood pressure</title>
          <p>SBP was significantly reduced in the salt substitute group compared with the regular salt group (MD, &#8722;5.75 mmHg; 95% CI, &#8722;6.98 to &#8722;2.39 mmHg; I<sup>2</sup> = 37%; &#964;<sup>2</sup> = 1.31; p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots of MD in changes in BP comparing salt substitute versus regular salt. A) Change in SBP; B) change in DBP. BP: blood pressure; DBP: diastolic BP; MD: mean difference; SBP: systolic BP.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Salt substitution resulted in an approximate 5 mmHg reduction in SBP across the included studies. Reductions of this magnitude have been associated with a 10%-15% decrease in the risk of major cardiovascular events, including stroke and myocardial infarction, which suggests a potential population-level impact on cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Changes in diastolic blood pressure</title>
          <p>DBP was significantly reduced in the salt substitute group compared with the regular salt group (MD, &#8722;1.62 mmHg; 95% CI, &#8722;2.34 to &#8722;0.91 mmHg; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%; &#964;<sup>2</sup> = 0; p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
          <p>Although the reduction in DBP was smaller, even modest decreases in DBP have been associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events, particularly in older adults. This suggests that salt substitutes may contribute to overall cardiovascular risk reduction, complementing the benefits observed for SBP.</p>
          <p>Subgroup-specific effects could not be evaluated, as none of the included studies reported outcomes separately for high-risk populations such as individuals with chronic kidney disease or established CVD. Although the observed reductions in SBP (&#8722;5.75 mmHg) and DBP (&#8722;1.62 mmHg) are clinically relevant at the individual level, the downstream implications for population-wide cardiovascular prevention remain uncertain. Large-scale modeling studies have shown that even small average decreases in BP can lead to meaningful reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; however, this meta-analysis lacked sufficient data to directly estimate those benefits. Further RCTs with stratified analyses and longer follow-up are required to clarify the true public health impact of salt substitute interventions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of risk of bias</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Online Resource Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Online Resource Figure 2</xref> summarize the risk of bias for each included study. All four studies were classified as having a low risk of bias, resulting in an overall low risk of bias across the analysis.</p>
          <p>The funnel plots for the outcomes showed an asymmetrical distribution of the included studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Online Supplementary Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Funnel plot assessing publication bias in the analysis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>No study was excluded due to methodological heterogeneity; leave-one-out and Baujat plot sensitivity analyses were performed for all continuous outcomes.</p>
          <p>In the leave-one-out analysis for SBP, omitting Barros et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and Zhao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> increased heterogeneity to 56% and 53%, respectively. In contrast, omitting Yu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> reduced heterogeneity to 0% in both analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>). For DBP, there was no meaningful change in heterogeneity when individual studies were removed; however, when Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> was excluded, heterogeneity increased to 13% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots of leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for MD in BP comparing salt substitute versus regular salt. A) Change in SBP; B) change in DBP. BP: blood pressure; DBP: diastolic BP; MD: mean difference; SBP: systolic BP.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Baujat plot analysis indicated that Yu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> had the greatest influence on the overall results for both SBP and DBP analyses. Additionally, Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> contributed most to overall heterogeneity in both analyses (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Online Supplementary Figure 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baujat plot for systolic blood pressure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250440-50440-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-regression analysis</title>
          <p>A meta-regression analysis was performed to investigate whether mean age and mean BMI could explain between-study heterogeneity in BP outcomes. For SBP, age showed a borderline association with treatment effect, suggesting a trend toward greater BP reduction in studies including older participants (coefficient: &#8722;0.26; p = 0.0557; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%). In contrast, BMI was not significantly associated with the systolic response to the intervention (coefficient: &#8722;0.84; p = 0.4535; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%).</p>
          <p>For DBP, neither age (coefficient: &#8722;0.04; p = 0.7387; I<sup>2</sup> = 29.9%) nor BMI (coefficient: &#8722;0.67; p = 0.3388; I<sup>2</sup> = 19.3%) were significant moderators of treatment effect. These findings suggest that the BP-lowering effects of salt substitutes appear consistent regardless of participants&#8217; age or BMI within the ranges reported in the included trials (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Online Supplementary Figure 5</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Online Supplementary Figure 6</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Online Supplementary Figure 7</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01001">Online Supplementary Figure 8</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this systematic review with meta-analysis of four RCTs including 1,430 participants, salt substitutes, typically formulated by partially replacing sodium chloride with potassium chloride and/or calcium, were associated with significant reductions in BP compared with regular salt. Hypertension is the leading global risk factor and contributes to the loss of 174 million disability-adjusted life years annually,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and its management remains suboptimal in low- and middle-income countries. Because discretionary salt added during cooking accounts for most sodium intake in these settings, salt substitutes may represent a feasible and impactful intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The pooled reduction in SBP was &#8722;5.8 mmHg (95% CI, &#8722;7 to &#8722;4.6 mmHg), while DBP decreased by &#8722;1.6 mmHg (95% CI, &#8722;2.3 to &#8722;0.9 mmHg). These findings demonstrate a consistent BP-lowering effect, comparable in magnitude to established antihypertensive interventions, and support salt substitution as a promising strategy for population-level BP control.</p>
        <p>Our findings integrate and extend previous research evaluating the effects of salt substitutes on BP. Early investigations conducted before 2010 provided limited evidence of clinically meaningful BP reductions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> One notable exception was the Chinese cluster RCT by Mu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> which demonstrated a 4.2/1.9 mmHg decrease in SBP and DBP over 12 weeks. The SBP reduction observed in our pooled analysis (&#8722;5.8 mmHg) is broadly consistent with this early signal and underscores that the hypotensive effect of salt substitutes persists across age groups and cultural contexts.</p>
        <p>More recent clinical trials in adults have reported reductions in SBP of approximately 3-6 mmHg, closely matching the magnitude of our overall estimate. Barros et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> observed a 5.6 mmHg greater reduction in SBP with a 50% NaCl/50% KCl preparation over 3 months, while Zhao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> reported a 4.8/1.7 mmHg decrease after 6 months. Similarly, Yu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> documented SBP reductions of 3-5 mmHg. The consistency between our findings and these trials reinforces the robustness of the effect size and highlights its reproducibility across geographical regions, baseline risk profiles, and formulations of potassium-enriched salt.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, the magnitude of SBP reduction observed in this meta-analysis aligns with large-scale epidemiological modeling from the INTERnational study of SALT and blood pressure and GBD studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> which associate population-level reductions of approximately 5 mmHg in SBP with meaningful decreases in cardiovascular risk. While these estimates provide context for potential public health benefits, they remain theoretical extrapolations rather than direct outcomes measured in the included trials.</p>
        <p>Our findings reinforce the potential of salt substitutes as an effective, family-based strategy for the primary prevention of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Replacing sodium chloride with potassium chloride lowers extracellular volume while enhancing natriuresis and vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> From a public health perspective, salt substitutes are particularly suited for low- and middle-income countries, where discretionary salt intake accounts for more than 70% of total intake and industrial reformulation remains limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Combining salt substitution with educational strategies aimed at reducing total salt intake to &#8804; 3 g/day may further amplify the benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> In this meta-analysis, potassium-enriched salt substitutes reduced SBP by a pooled MD of &#8722;5.8 mmHg (95% CI, &#8722;7 to &#8722;4.6 mmHg) and DBP by &#8722;1.6 mmHg (95% CI, &#8722;2.3 to &#8722;0.9 mmHg) compared with regular salt. These reductions are comparable to those achieved with first-line antihypertensive medications.</p>
        <p>Despite these encouraging findings, several methodological limitations of the included studies must be acknowledged. First, heterogeneity across studies, particularly for SBP, was moderate, which reflects differences in patient populations, follow-up durations, and intervention compositions. Second, some trials had short intervention periods, limiting the assessment of sustained BP reduction and long-term safety. Third, publication bias cannot be fully excluded because of the small number of RCTs and the relatively narrow inclusion criteria. Fourth, although all included studies were randomized, blinding procedures and compliance reporting varied, potentially introducing performance bias or detection bias. Finally, serum potassium monitoring was inconsistently reported, leaving uncertainty regarding the long-term safety of potassium-enriched salts, particularly the risk of hyperkalemia in patients with impaired renal function or those receiving renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-blocking drugs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis demonstrates that using potassium-enriched salt substitutes is significantly more effective than regular salt in lowering both SBP and DBP among patients with hypertension. These findings reinforce the role of salt substitutes as a practical and low-cost strategy for the prevention and management of hypertension, with the potential to substantially reduce cardiovascular events at the population level.</p>
        <p>However, important questions remain unanswered, particularly regarding the long-term safety of these interventions and their hypotensive effects in normotensive individuals, who have often been excluded from RCTs. Future large-scale clinical studies should include these populations, incorporate systematic potassium monitoring, and explore the mechanisms underlying the BP-lowering effects of salt substitutes. Such investigations will be essential to fully characterize their preventive potential and to inform precision strategies in cardiovascular care.</p>
        <p>Overall, this meta-analysis supports the role of salt substitutes as a cost-effective, accessible tool to reduce BP and potentially prevent cardiovascular events. Nevertheless, to ensure safe implementation, future RCTs with longer follow-up and standardized potassium monitoring are needed to confirm durability, optimize dosing ratios, and evaluate long-term outcomes, including hyperkalemia and cardiovascular mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl-en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01001" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Supplementary Material</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/CSRpnXW8Hhcq7cMY7yX3Hpy/2bc9484ecf1376818e799f4f080ebe0133ab9244.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01fn_en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0440_AO_Supplementary_Material_Salt.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
