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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DLxSxhbYhVzJ4XhHzyZN7tk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000300607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250322</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aprimorando a Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Edema Pulmonar na Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita Pedi&#225;trica: O Papel da Ultrassonografia Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4689-5888</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Donmez</surname>
            <given-names>Yasemin Nuran</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bako</surname>
            <given-names>Derya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alpat</surname>
            <given-names>Safak</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giray</surname>
            <given-names>Dilek</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Epcacan</surname>
            <given-names>Serdar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Van Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Van</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Van Training and Research Hospital, Van &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Yasemin Nuran Donmez Van Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Pediatric Cardiology &#8211; Van &#304;pekyolu Edremit Van, 65170 &#8211; Turquia Email: <email>yaseminnurandonmez@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250322</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O edema pulmonar &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o clinicamente significativa em crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC). Ocorre com maior frequ&#234;ncia em casos complexos e est&#225; associado a interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas. A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce &#233; essencial devido ao seu impacto direto nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a ultrassonografia pulmonar (USP) como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica para edema pulmonar e identificar fatores cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais associados em crian&#231;as com CC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;das crian&#231;as com CC submetidas &#224; USP entre setembro de 2020 e setembro de 2023. Os achados da USP foram comparados com dados cl&#237;nicos, resultados de radiografia de t&#243;rax e n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP). Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a categoria fisiopatol&#243;gica (hiperfluxo pulmonar, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ou outras).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram avaliadas 62 crian&#231;as, com mediana de idade de 5,5 meses (intervalo interquartil, 4-10,1 meses). Hiperfluxo pulmonar foi identificado em 49 pacientes (79%), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar em sete (11,3%) e outras condi&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas em seis (9,7%). O n&#237;vel mediano de BNP foi 815,5 pg/mL. O edema pulmonar foi detectado em 36 pacientes (58%) pela radiografia de t&#243;rax e em 33 pacientes (53%) pela USP. Observou-se sobreposi&#231;&#227;o significativa, uma vez que 79% dos pacientes com USP positiva tamb&#233;m apresentaram edema na radiografia de t&#243;rax (p &lt; 0,001). Em contraste, apenas 34,5% dos pacientes com USP negativa apresentaram evid&#234;ncia radiogr&#225;fica de edema. O edema pulmonar esteve significativamente associado a infec&#231;&#245;es recorrentes do trato respirat&#243;rio inferior, baixo peso, &#237;ndice de massa corporal abaixo de &#8211;2 desvios-padr&#227;o e n&#237;veis elevados de BNP. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada identificou falha no crescimento como preditor independente de edema pulmonar. Os achados da radiografia de t&#243;rax permaneceram como o principal fator associado ao edema pulmonar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A USP &#233; um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel e livre de radia&#231;&#227;o para a detec&#231;&#227;o de edema pulmonar em crian&#231;as com CC. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco associados pode facilitar o reconhecimento precoce de pacientes vulner&#225;veis e apoiar interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas oportunas e adequadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aprimorando a Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Edema Pulmonar na Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita Pedi&#225;trica: O Papel da Ultrassonografia Pulmonar</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; CC: cardiopatia cong&#234;nita; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ITRIs: infec&#231;&#245;es do trato respirat&#243;rio inferior; ROC: caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (curva em ingl&#234;s); USP: ultrassonografia pulmonar.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Edema Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiografia Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce e precisa do edema pulmonar &#233; essencial para otimizar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos em crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (CC). A congest&#227;o pulmonar contribui para complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias, interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas e deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica antes da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. Na CC, o edema pulmonar decorre do aumento do fluxo sangu&#237;neo pulmonar, do aumento da press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica capilar ou da drenagem linf&#225;tica prejudicada. Esses mecanismos comprometem a membrana alv&#233;olo-capilar em raz&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es nas press&#245;es hidrost&#225;tica e onc&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a radiografia de t&#243;rax permane&#231;a o m&#233;todo de imagem convencional para avaliar a congest&#227;o pulmonar, apresenta sensibilidade limitada e especificidade apenas moderada, o que restringe sua capacidade de detectar sobrecarga h&#237;drica precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, exames radiogr&#225;ficos repetidos resultam em exposi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, o que levanta preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a a longo prazo, especialmente em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas vulner&#225;veis. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es t&#234;m estimulado a investiga&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias alternativas de imagem que permitam a detec&#231;&#227;o mais precoce e segura do edema pulmonar.</p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia pulmonar (USP) tem se destacado como um m&#233;todo de imagem promissor, n&#227;o invasivo, de baixo custo, reprodut&#237;vel e livre de radia&#231;&#227;o, com alta sensibilidade para detectar congest&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Sua aplicabilidade &#224; beira leito e a capacidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica e em tempo real da aera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar a tornam particularmente adequada para a pr&#225;tica pedi&#225;trica. Al&#233;m do papel diagn&#243;stico, a USP pode auxiliar na determina&#231;&#227;o da necessidade e da urg&#234;ncia de interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas e fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas. Embora a USP j&#225; tenha sido explorada no manejo em terapia intensiva de crian&#231;as com CC, ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rias evid&#234;ncias adicionais para consolidar seu desempenho diagn&#243;stico na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar o edema pulmonar por meio da USP em crian&#231;as com CC e correlacionar seus achados com a radiografia de t&#243;rax e par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos relevantes, incluindo pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP), &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e hist&#243;rico de recorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#245;es do trato respirat&#243;rio inferior (ITRIs). Ao examinar essas associa&#231;&#245;es, buscou-se esclarecer se a USP pode atuar como m&#233;todo de imagem complementar ou alternativo na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da congest&#227;o pulmonar nessa popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica de alto risco.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo transversal retrospectivo foi conduzido no Hospital X entre setembro de 2020 e setembro de 2023. O objetivo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os achados da USP e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, a radiografia de t&#243;rax e os par&#226;metros laboratoriais em crian&#231;as com diagn&#243;stico de CC. A aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica foi obtida junto ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos local (Aprova&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 2023/19-01).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos hospitalizados com CC que realizaram USP como parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica por suspeita de congest&#227;o pulmonar. Os pacientes estavam internados na unidade de interna&#231;&#227;o ou foram avaliados no pronto-socorro devido &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Todos os pacientes eleg&#237;veis que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o durante o per&#237;odo do estudo foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Devido ao delineamento observacional retrospectivo, n&#227;o foi realizado c&#225;lculo pr&#233;vio do tamanho da amostra nem an&#225;lise de poder estat&#237;stico.</p>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos predefinidos, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e achados diagn&#243;sticos foram obtidos a partir dos prontu&#225;rios hospitalares. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram hist&#243;rico de prematuridade, sepse, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar idiop&#225;tica ou prim&#225;ria, s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio agudo, pneumonia, doen&#231;a pulmonar intersticial e outras condi&#231;&#245;es que afetassem a hemodin&#226;mica (por exemplo, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica ou renal).</p>
        <p>Foram registradas as seguintes vari&#225;veis: sexo, estatura, peso, IMC, presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es e interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas pr&#233;vias. A CC foi categorizada em tr&#234;s grupos fisiopatol&#243;gicos: hiperfluxo pulmonar, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e outras condi&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Anemia e hipoalbuminemia foram definidas de acordo com valores de refer&#234;ncia espec&#237;ficos para a idade. Hiponatremia foi definida como s&#243;dio s&#233;rico &lt; 135 mmol/L.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o da cardiopatia cong&#234;nita de acordo com o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Categoria fisiopatol&#243;gica</th>
                  <th>Diagn&#243;stico</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Hiperfluxo pulmonar (n = 49)</td>
                  <td align="center">Comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Defeito do septo atrioventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Drenagem an&#244;mala total das veias pulmonares</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Transposi&#231;&#227;o corrigida congenitamente das grandes art&#233;rias com insufici&#234;ncia grave da valva atrioventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (n = 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o pulmonar secund&#225;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o venosa pulmonar (obstru&#231;&#227;o venosa pulmonar p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria; coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria com estenose mitral)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Outros (n = 6)</td>
                  <td align="center">Atresia tric&#250;spide</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Atresia pulmonar</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Radiografia de t&#243;rax e ultrassonografia pulmonar</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes, exceto dois casos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios com hipertens&#227;o venosa pulmonar, foram avaliados no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. O momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames de imagem (USP e radiografia de t&#243;rax) n&#227;o foi padronizado.</p>
        <p>Os exames ultrassonogr&#225;ficos e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das radiografias de t&#243;rax foram realizados por um radiologista pedi&#225;trico experiente, que estava cego para os diagn&#243;sticos, as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e os demais resultados de imagem dos pacientes.</p>
        <p>As radiografias de t&#243;rax foram avaliadas quanto a sinais de edema pulmonar e congest&#227;o vascular, incluindo cefaliza&#231;&#227;o dos vasos pulmonares, cardiomegalia, linhas B de Kerley, espessamento perivascular, derrame pleural, opacidade hilar, proemin&#234;ncia do cone pulmonar e espessamento da parede br&#244;nquica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os exames de USP foram realizados em modo B, utilizando transdutor linear (7,7-10 MHz) em equipamento LOGIQ&#8482; P9 (GE HealthCare, Chicago, IL, EUA). Cada hemit&#243;rax foi dividido em tr&#234;s regi&#245;es anat&#244;micas (anterior, lateral e posterior), utilizando as linhas paraesternal, axilar anterior e axilar posterior como refer&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>O edema pulmonar foi considerado presente quando foi identificado mais de um s&#237;tio positivo por hemit&#243;rax, definido como mais de tr&#234;s linhas B bem espa&#231;adas ou presen&#231;a de linhas B coalescentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica incluiu a mensura&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e a estimativa da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito (PSVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em 39 crian&#231;as com shunts esquerda-direita, foi calculada a raz&#227;o entre fluxo pulmonar e fluxo sist&#234;mico (Qp/Qs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar apresentavam defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos subjacentes. A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar foi definida como velocidade m&#225;xima do jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide &gt; 3,0 m/s ao Doppler ecocardiogr&#225;fico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A hipercircula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi definida por evid&#234;ncia ecocardiogr&#225;fica de dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE associada a aumento do fluxo arterial pulmonar, especificamente velocidade de pico &gt; 1,8 m/s na art&#233;ria pulmonar principal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico de edema pulmonar</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de edema pulmonar foi estabelecido com base em avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica abrangente. Deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, achados respirat&#243;rios, hip&#243;xia e sinais de sobrecarga h&#237;drica foram considerados em conjunto com os achados da USP e da radiografia de t&#243;rax para defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o <italic>software</italic> SPSS Statistics for Windows, vers&#227;o 15 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; normalidade por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk, histogramas e gr&#225;ficos Q-Q. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o (DP), e aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens e comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou do teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado.</p>
        <p>Foram realizadas regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria e an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC, na sigla em ingl&#234;s) para avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es entre achados de imagem e par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e identificar preditores independentes de edema pulmonar. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Um total de 62 crian&#231;as foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise, com mediana de idade de 5,5 meses (intervalo interquartil, 4-10,1 meses). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas, laboratoriais e de imagem basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (60%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estatura, cm, mediana (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">62 (59,0-68,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Peso, kg, mediana (IQR)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 (4,8-7,47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14,6 &#177; 1,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de infec&#231;&#227;o recorrente, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">23 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Falha no crescimento, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixo peso*</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (47%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixa estatura<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">19 (31%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Achados laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumina, g/dl, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 &#177; 0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina, g/dl, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7 &#177; 2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP, pg/ml, mediana (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">815,5 (301-1724)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH, mIU/ml, mediana (IQR)<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4,02 (3,1-5,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>T<sub>4</sub> livre, pmol/l, m&#233;dia &#177; DP<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">19,9 &#177; 2,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Achados na radiografia de t&#243;rax</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de radiografias de t&#243;rax antes da opera&#231;&#227;o, mediana (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2,0-10,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Edema pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (58%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSVD, mmHg, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">51,3 &#177; 20,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qp/Qs, mediana (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 (1,67-2,3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>*Baixo peso definido como peso para idade &lt; &#8722;2 DPs. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Baixa estatura definida como estatura para idade &lt; &#8722;2 DPs. <sup>&#8225;</sup>Valores hormonais tireoidianos dispon&#237;veis apenas para crian&#231;as com hipotireoidismo. BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IQR: intervalo interquartil; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PSVD: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito; Qp/Qs: raz&#227;o entre fluxo pulmonar e fluxo sist&#234;mico; T<sub>4</sub>: tiroxina; TSH: horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Um total de 13 crian&#231;as apresentavam trissomia 21, e um paciente apresentava caracter&#237;sticas dism&#243;rficas sem diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico confirmado. Oito pacientes tinham hipotireoidismo, todos com s&#237;ndrome de Down e em uso de levotiroxina.</p>
        <p>A fisiopatologia da CC foi classificada como hiperfluxo pulmonar (n = 48), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (n = 7) e outras condi&#231;&#245;es (n = 6) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Cinco pacientes do grupo com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar estavam em uso de terapia espec&#237;fica (sildenafila e/ou antagonistas dos receptores de endotelina). No total, 48 pacientes (77%) estavam em uso de terapia descongestiva (captopril e/ou furosemida), enquanto 11 n&#227;o utilizavam medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Quatro pacientes haviam sido submetidos previamente a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica: dois realizaram corre&#231;&#227;o de drenagem an&#244;mala total das veias pulmonares, um foi submetido a procedimento de shunt por atresia pulmonar e um a procedimento de shunt por atresia tric&#250;spide.</p>
        <p>Os achados laboratoriais est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Hipoalbuminemia foi observada em 19 pacientes (31%), hiponatremia em 13 (21%) e anemia em sete (11%).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados radiol&#243;gicos e ultrassonogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Os achados radiogr&#225;ficos est&#227;o resumidos nas Tabelas 2 e 3. O edema pulmonar foi frequentemente observado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>), comumente acompanhado de cardiomegalia, linhas B de Kerley e opacifica&#231;&#227;o hilar bilateral.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Radiografia de t&#243;rax em incid&#234;ncia p&#243;stero-anterior de paciente com edema pulmonar secund&#225;rio &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os achados de imagem incluem cardiomegalia, espessamento peribr&#244;nquico/perivascular, aumento difuso bilateral das opacidades pulmonares, opacifica&#231;&#227;o hilar bilateral e sinais compat&#237;veis com edema alveolar.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250322-50322-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia demonstrou aumento da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar em 43 pacientes (69%). Entre as crian&#231;as com <italic>shunts</italic> esquerda-direita, dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE foi observada em 27 (43,5%).</p>
        <p>A USP demonstrou achados anormais em 33 pacientes (53%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Entre esses, 13 (39%) eram do sexo feminino e 20 (61%) do sexo masculino. S&#237;ndrome de Down esteve presente em 21% dos pacientes com USP alterada, e hipotireoidismo em 12%. Hist&#243;rico de ITRIs foi significativamente mais comum entre crian&#231;as com achados anormais na USP. Um resumo comparativo dos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos entre pacientes com e sem altera&#231;&#245;es na USP est&#225; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Achados representativos da ultrassonografia pulmonar no edema pulmonar. a) Linhas A dominantes na zona superior do pulm&#227;o esquerdo (setas). (b) Linhas B confluentes na zona m&#233;dia do pulm&#227;o esquerdo (setas). (c) Pequena consolida&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica na zona inferior do pulm&#227;o direito (seta) associada a linhas B que se misturam.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250322-50322-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais em crian&#231;as com e sem achados anormais na USP</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>USP anormal (n = 33)</th>
                  <th>USP normal (n = 29)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, meses, mediana (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4-9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,576</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso, kg, mediana (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 (4,65-7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (5,0-8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,646</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Falha no crescimento, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (68%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,024</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixo peso, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (58%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,023</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixa estatura, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,536</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">14,3 &#177; 2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">15,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipotireoidismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ITRI recorrente, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,048</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiponatremia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,960</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (18%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,264</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipoalbuminemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,265</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP, pg/mL, mediana (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.230 (670-2.200)</td>
                  <td align="center">380 (143-1.263)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,010</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Edema pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (79%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSVD elevada, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,624</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSVD, mmHg, m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">45 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,488</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,849</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qp/Qs, mediana (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1 (1,7-2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 (1,6-2,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,260</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Valores de p estatisticamente significativos est&#227;o destacados em negrito. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson ou pelo teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado. DP: desvio-padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IQR: intervalo interquartil; ITRI: infec&#231;&#227;o do trato respirat&#243;rio inferior; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; PSVD: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Qp/Qs: raz&#227;o entre fluxo pulmonar e fluxo sist&#234;mico.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Entre as crian&#231;as com edema pulmonar identificado pela USP, 79% tamb&#233;m apresentavam evid&#234;ncia radiogr&#225;fica de edema pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax. Em contraste, 34,5% dos pacientes com USP normal apresentaram edema pulmonar na radiografia. Essa diferen&#231;a foi estatisticamente significativa (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na frequ&#234;ncia de achados anormais na USP entre pacientes em uso de terapia descongestiva e aqueles sem tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre altera&#231;&#245;es na USP e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo Qp/Qs, dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE e PSVD.</p>
        <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as com baixo peso foi significativamente maior no grupo com USP alterada. ITRIs recorrentes tamb&#233;m foram mais frequentes entre pacientes com edema pulmonar identificado pela USP.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC demonstrou que o BNP foi preditor significativo de edema pulmonar na USP. Um valor de corte de 963,8 pg/mL apresentou sensibilidade de 70% e especificidade de 84% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). A &#225;rea sob a curva foi 0,768 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 0,607-0,930; p = 0,004).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas ROC para a raz&#227;o Qp/Qs e os n&#237;veis de BNP na predi&#231;&#227;o de edema pulmonar. A curva verde representa o BNP, e a curva azul representa a raz&#227;o Qp/Qs. A linha preta diagonal indica a linha de n&#227;o discrimina&#231;&#227;o. A &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) foi maior para o BNP. Um valor de corte de BNP de 963,8 pg/mL apresentou sensibilidade de 70% e especificidade de 84%.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250322-50322-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise multivariada</title>
        <p>Foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para identificar preditores independentes de edema pulmonar. O modelo global foi estatisticamente significativo segundo o teste Omnibus dos coeficientes do modelo (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 23,784; graus de liberdade = 5; p &lt; 0,001). O valor de R<sup>2</sup> de Nagelkerke foi 0,425, indicando que o modelo explicou 42,5% da vari&#226;ncia. O teste de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo (p = 0,177), indicando bom ajuste do modelo.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo foram hist&#243;rico de ITRIs recorrentes, falha no crescimento, uso de terapia descongestiva, hipoalbuminemia e presen&#231;a de edema pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica das vari&#225;veis associadas ao edema pulmonar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ITRI recorrente</td>
                  <td align="center">0,325 (0,084-1,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Falha no crescimento</td>
                  <td align="center">0,217 (0,058-0,818)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,024</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia descongestiva</td>
                  <td align="center">4,605 (0,817-25,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipoalbuminemia</td>
                  <td align="center">2,043 (0,376-11,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,408</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Edema pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax</td>
                  <td align="center">10,05 (2,6-38,83)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,01</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Valores de p estatisticamente significativos est&#227;o destacados em negrito. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; ITRI: infec&#231;&#227;o do trato respirat&#243;rio inferior; OR: odds ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Falha no crescimento esteve significativamente e negativamente associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de edema pulmonar. Em contraste, a presen&#231;a de edema pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax esteve fortemente associada ao aumento do risco. ITRIs recorrentes, uso de terapia descongestiva e hipoalbuminemia n&#227;o foram preditores estatisticamente significativos no modelo multivariado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo destaca o potencial diagn&#243;stico da USP na detec&#231;&#227;o de edema pulmonar em crian&#231;as com CC. Achados anormais na USP estiveram significativamente associados &#224; evid&#234;ncia radiogr&#225;fica de congest&#227;o pulmonar, bem como a importantes indicadores cl&#237;nicos, incluindo baixo peso, ITRIs e n&#237;veis elevados de BNP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). A s&#237;ndrome de Down n&#227;o esteve significativamente associada a altera&#231;&#245;es na USP nesta coorte. A an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que a presen&#231;a de edema pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax e falha no crescimento foram preditores independentes de edema pulmonar. Esses achados refor&#231;am o papel da USP como m&#233;todo de imagem pr&#225;tico e livre de radia&#231;&#227;o para identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares nessa popula&#231;&#227;o vulner&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>A USP &#233; uma ferramenta valiosa para avaliar a aera&#231;&#227;o e a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar em crian&#231;as com CC, que podem estar comprometidas devido &#224; les&#227;o por reperfus&#227;o ou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o pulmonar. O m&#233;todo permite monitoramento em tempo real da aera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e avalia&#231;&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de linhas B na USP reflete aumento do conte&#250;do de &#225;gua extravascular pulmonar e aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o ar-l&#237;quido no interst&#237;cio pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios, incluindo o de Wu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> demonstraram sensibilidade e especificidade superiores da USP em compara&#231;&#227;o com a radiografia de t&#243;rax na detec&#231;&#227;o de edema pulmonar. No entanto, nossos achados sugerem uma rela&#231;&#227;o mais complexa entre esses m&#233;todos de imagem. Aproximadamente 34,5% dos pacientes com USP normal apresentaram congest&#227;o pulmonar na radiografia de t&#243;rax. Diferentemente do estudo de Wu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> no qual os pacientes foram avaliados no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, uma propor&#231;&#227;o substancial de nossa coorte estava em uso de terapia descongestiva. Melhorias hemodin&#226;micas e alveolares relacionadas ao tratamento podem ter influenciado os achados da USP, enquanto altera&#231;&#245;es radiogr&#225;ficas podem persistir apesar da melhora cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essas observa&#231;&#245;es sugerem que, embora a USP seja um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para diferenciar edema pulmonar de origem card&#237;aca e n&#227;o card&#237;aca, o uso combinado de radiografia de t&#243;rax e USP pode aumentar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica em crian&#231;as com CC.</p>
      <p>Crian&#231;as com CC s&#227;o vulner&#225;veis a les&#227;o pulmonar independentemente da presen&#231;a de hiperfluxo pulmonar. Os mecanismos incluem disfun&#231;&#227;o do surfactante, edema pulmonar, extravasamento capilar, desequil&#237;brio ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o e aumento da resist&#234;ncia das vias a&#233;reas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Quando ITRIs ocorrem nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, est&#227;o associadas a pior progn&#243;stico, incluindo hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes, interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas e maior risco de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, ITRIs recorrentes estiveram associadas a maior preval&#234;ncia de edema pulmonar na USP. Esses achados indicam que crian&#231;as com ITRIs recorrentes requerem monitoramento rigoroso para reduzir o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares. Al&#233;m disso, a ades&#227;o rigorosa aos programas de imuniza&#231;&#227;o contra pat&#243;genos respirat&#243;rios pode ser particularmente relevante em lactentes com CC, a fim de mitigar desfechos adversos.</p>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es nos horm&#244;nios tireoidianos podem afetar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica por meio de mudan&#231;as no controle do c&#225;lcio, podendo levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Embora o hipotireoidismo seja reconhecido como fator contribuinte para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipotireoidismo e achados anormais na USP nesta coorte. Isso pode refletir reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal adequada e manuten&#231;&#227;o do estado eutireoidiano nos pacientes afetados. Pesquisas anteriores demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o entre horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide e n&#237;veis de BNP, o que sugere poss&#237;veis efeitos sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais sobre o estado tireoidiano em crian&#231;as com CC que apresentam deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica podem ser justificadas.</p>
      <p>N&#237;veis elevados de BNP estiveram significativamente associados a achados anormais na USP. O BNP &#233; um biomarcador consolidado que reflete gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, magnitude do shunt e sobrecarga volum&#233;trica ventricular na CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Kaya et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m relataram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre altera&#231;&#245;es na USP, aumento do proBNP, necessidade de diur&#233;ticos e suporte respirat&#243;rio. Em popula&#231;&#245;es em di&#225;lise, foi proposto um ponto de corte de BNP de 165 pg/mL para identificar congest&#227;o pulmonar confirmada pela USP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, um valor de BNP &gt; 963,8 pg/mL previu edema pulmonar na USP com sensibilidade de 70% e especificidade de 84%.</p>
      <p>A desnutri&#231;&#227;o em crian&#231;as com CC est&#225; associada a desfechos adversos, incluindo maior mortalidade, interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas e maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia em unidade de terapia intensiva no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes deste estudo apresentava baixo peso. O edema pulmonar detectado pela USP foi mais frequente entre crian&#231;as com baixo peso e IMC para a idade abaixo de &#8722;2 DPs. Embora estudos anteriores n&#227;o tenham demonstrado impacto significativo do IMC nos desfechos da CC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> nossos achados sugerem que o estado nutricional pode influenciar a presen&#231;a de edema pulmonar. A avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente de par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos pode, portanto, contribuir para melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e previs&#227;o progn&#243;stica.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas. Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, com tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno e heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica quanto ao tipo de CC, idade, uso de medica&#231;&#245;es e comorbidades. O momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames de imagem n&#227;o foi padronizado, o que pode ter influenciado a detec&#231;&#227;o de congest&#227;o pulmonar. Embora a maioria dos pacientes tenha sido avaliada no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, dois casos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram inclu&#237;dos. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, o estudo oferece achados preliminares que podem orientar o delineamento de futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es prospectivas. O vi&#233;s do observador foi minimizado por meio da interpreta&#231;&#227;o cega das imagens.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo avaliou o papel da USP na detec&#231;&#227;o de edema pulmonar em crian&#231;as com CC. Achados anormais na USP estiveram significativamente associados a baixo peso, ITRIs recorrentes e n&#237;veis elevados de BNP, o que refor&#231;a seu valor na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco. A s&#237;ndrome de Down n&#227;o esteve associada a altera&#231;&#245;es na USP, o que indica que n&#227;o predisp&#245;e independentemente &#224; congest&#227;o pulmonar detect&#225;vel por meio da USP.</p>
      <p>Devido &#224; sua aplicabilidade &#224; beira do leito e &#224; aus&#234;ncia de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o, a USP parece ser uma modalidade complementar &#250;til &#224; radiografia de t&#243;rax na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria da congest&#227;o pulmonar em crian&#231;as com CC. Estudos prospectivos, multic&#234;ntricos e com maior tamanho amostral s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para padronizar protocolos de USP, validar seu desempenho diagn&#243;stico e determinar seu impacto na tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica e nos desfechos dos pacientes em diferentes subtipos de CC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250322i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Improving Pulmonary Edema Assessment in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease: The Role of Lung Ultrasonography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4689-5888</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Donmez</surname>
            <given-names>Yasemin Nuran</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bako</surname>
            <given-names>Derya</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alpat</surname>
            <given-names>Safak</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giray</surname>
            <given-names>Dilek</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Epcacan</surname>
            <given-names>Serdar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Van Training and Research Hospital, Van &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Yasemin Nuran Donmez Van Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Pediatric Cardiology &#8211; Van &#304;pekyolu Edremit Van, 65170 &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: yaseminnurandonmez@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Pulmonary edema is a clinically significant complication in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). It occurs more frequently in complex cases and is associated with prolonged hospital stays. Early identification is essential because of its direct impact on clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate lung ultrasonography (LUS) as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary edema and to identify associated clinical and laboratory factors in children with CHD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Children with CHD who underwent LUS between September 2020 and September 2023 were included. LUS findings were compared with clinical data, chest radiography results, and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels. Patients were classified according to pathophysiological category (pulmonary overflow, pulmonary hypertension, or other).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 62 children were evaluated, with a median age of 5.5 months (interquartile range, 4-10.1 months). Pulmonary overflow was identified in 49 patients (79%), pulmonary hypertension in seven (11.3%), and other pathophysiological conditions in six (9.7%). The median BNP level was 815.5 pg/mL. Pulmonary edema was detected in 36 patients (58%) by chest radiography and in 33 patients (53%) by LUS. A significant overlap was observed, as 79% of patients with positive LUS findings also demonstrated edema on chest radiography (p &lt; 0.001). In contrast, only 34.5% of patients with negative LUS findings had radiographic evidence of edema. Pulmonary edema was significantly associated with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, underweight status, body mass index below &#8211;2 standard deviations, and increased BNP levels. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified failure to thrive as an independent predictor of pulmonary edema. Chest radiography findings remained the primary factor associated with pulmonary edema.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> LUS is a reliable, radiation-free modality for detecting pulmonary edema in children with CHD. Identification of associated risk factors may facilitate early recognition of vulnerable patients and support timely, appropriate clinical interventions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Improving Pulmonary Edema Assessment in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease: The Role of Lung Ultrasonography</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>BMI: body mass index; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CHD: congenital heart disease; LRTI: lower respiratory tract infection; LUS: lung ultrasonography; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250322-50322-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Edema</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Radiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Early, accurate identification of pulmonary edema is essential for optimizing clinical outcomes in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Pulmonary congestion contributes to respiratory complications, prolonged hospitalization, and clinical deterioration prior to surgical intervention. In CHD, pulmonary edema arises from increased pulmonary blood flow, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, or impaired lymphatic drainage. These mechanisms disrupt the alveolar-capillary membrane due to alterations in hydrostatic and oncotic pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although chest radiography remains the conventional imaging modality for assessing pulmonary congestion, it has limited sensitivity and only moderate specificity, which restrict its ability to detect early fluid overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Furthermore, repeated radiographic examinations result in cumulative radiation exposure, raising concerns about long-term safety, particularly in vulnerable pediatric populations. These limitations have prompted investigation into alternative imaging strategies that allow earlier, safer detection of pulmonary edema.</p>
        <p>Lung ultrasonography (LUS) has emerged as a promising noninvasive, low-cost, repeatable, and radiation-free imaging modality with high sensitivity for detecting pulmonary congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Its bedside applicability and capacity for dynamic, real-time assessment of lung aeration make it particularly well suited for pediatric practice. Beyond its diagnostic role, LUS may assist in determining the need and urgency of therapeutic interventions and may provide prognostic information. Although LUS has been explored in the critical care management of children with CHD, additional evidence is required to further establish its diagnostic performance in the assessment of pulmonary congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The primary objective of this study was to evaluate pulmonary edema using LUS in children with CHD and to correlate LUS findings with chest radiography and relevant clinical parameters, including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), body mass index (BMI), and a history of recurrent lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). By examining these associations, we sought to clarify whether LUS may serve as a complementary or alternative imaging modality for the preoperative assessment of pulmonary congestion in this high-risk pediatric population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at X Hospital between September 2020 and September 2023. The objective was to investigate the association between LUS findings and clinical presentation, chest radiography, and laboratory parameters in children diagnosed with CHD. Ethical approval was obtained from the local Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval No. 2023/19-01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population and data collection</title>
          <p>Hospitalized pediatric patients with CHD who underwent LUS as part of the clinical evaluation for suspected pulmonary congestion were included. Patients were either admitted to the inpatient unit or evaluated in the emergency department due to clinical deterioration. All eligible patients who met the inclusion criteria during the study period were included in the analysis. Because of the retrospective observational design, no prior sample size calculation or power analysis was performed.</p>
          <p>Predefined demographic data, clinical characteristics, and diagnostic findings were retrieved from hospital medical records. Exclusion criteria included a history of prematurity, sepsis, idiopathic or primary pulmonary hypertension, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, and other conditions affecting hemodynamics (e.g., liver or kidney failure).</p>
          <p>The following variables were recorded: sex, height, weight, BMI, presence of genetic syndromes, medications, and previous surgical interventions. CHD was categorized into three pathophysiological groups: pulmonary overflow, pulmonary hypertension, and other conditions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Anemia and hypoalbuminemia were defined according to age-specific reference ranges. Hyponatremia was defined as a serum sodium level &lt; 135 mmol/L.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Classification of congenital heart disease according to pathophysiological mechanism</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Pathophysiological category</th>
                    <th>Diagnosis</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="5">Pulmonary overflow (n = 49)</td>
                    <td align="center">Ventricular septal defect</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Atrioventricular septal defect</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Patent ductus arteriosus</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Total anomalous pulmonary venous return</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries with severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary hypertension (n = 7)</td>
                    <td align="center">Secondary pulmonary hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Pulmonary venous hypertension (postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction; postoperative coarctation of the aorta with mitral stenosis)</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">Other (n = 6)</td>
                    <td align="center">Tricuspid atresia</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Tetralogy of Fallot</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Pulmonary atresia</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chest radiography and lung ultrasonography</title>
          <p>All patients, except two postoperative cases with pulmonary venous hypertension, were evaluated in the preoperative period. The timing of imaging (LUS and chest radiography) was not standardized.</p>
          <p>Sonographic examinations and chest radiograph interpretations were performed by an experienced pediatric radiologist who was blinded to patients&#8217; diagnoses, clinical characteristics, and other imaging results.</p>
          <p>Chest radiographs were assessed for signs of pulmonary edema and vascular congestion, including cephalization of pulmonary vessels, cardiomegaly, Kerley B lines, perivascular cuffing, pleural effusion, hilar haziness, prominence of the pulmonary conus, and bronchial wall thickening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>LUS examinations were performed using B-mode imaging with a linear transducer (7.7-10 MHz) on a LOGIQ&#8482; P9 ultrasound system (GE HealthCare, Chicago, IL, USA). Each hemithorax was divided into three anatomical regions (anterior, lateral, and posterior), using the parasternal, anterior axillary, and posterior axillary lines as landmarks.</p>
          <p>Pulmonary edema was considered present when more than one positive site per hemithorax was identified, defined as more than three well-spaced B-lines or the presence of coalescent B-lines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Echocardiographic evaluation included measurement of left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameter and estimation of right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In 39 children with left-to-right shunts, the pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs) was calculated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>All patients with pulmonary hypertension had underlying congenital heart defects. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as a peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity &gt; 3.0 m/s on Doppler echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Pulmonary overcirculation was defined by echocardiographic evidence of LV dilatation accompanied by increased pulmonary arterial flow, specifically a peak velocity &gt; 1.8 m/s in the main pulmonary artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnosis of pulmonary edema</title>
          <p>Pulmonary edema was diagnosed based on comprehensive clinical evaluation. Clinical deterioration, respiratory findings, hypoxia, and signs of fluid overload were considered in conjunction with LUS and chest radiography findings to establish the diagnosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 15 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA).</p>
          <p>Continuous variables were assessed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test, histograms, and Q-Q plots. Normally distributed variables were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and non-normally distributed variables as median with interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages and compared using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test, as appropriate.</p>
          <p>Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to evaluate associations between imaging findings and clinical parameters and to identify independent predictors of pulmonary edema. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic and clinical features</title>
          <p>A total of 62 children were included in the analysis, with a median age of 5.5 months (interquartile range, 4-10.1 months). Clinical characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline demographic, anthropometric, laboratory, and imaging characteristics of the study population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Women</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (40%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Men</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (60%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Height, cm, median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">62 (59.0-68.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Weight, kg, median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">5.7 (4.8-7.47)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI, mean &#177; SD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">14.6 &#177; 1.79</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Recurrent infection history, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">23 (37%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Failure to thrive, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Underweight*</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (47%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stunting<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">19 (31%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Laboratory findings</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Albumin, g/dL, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2 &#177; 0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">12.7 &#177; 2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP, pg/mL, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">815.5 (301-1724)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TSH, mIU/mL, median (IQR)<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">4.02 (3.1-5.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Free T4, pmol/L, mean &#177; SD<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">19.9 &#177; 2.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Chest radiography findings</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of chest radiographies before operation, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (2.0-10.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary edema on chest radiography, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (58%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Echocardiographic findings</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVSP, mmHg, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">51.3 &#177; 20.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Qp/Qs, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1 (1.67-2.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>*Underweight defined as weight-for-age &lt; &#8722;2 SDs. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Stunting defined as height-for-age &lt; &#8722;2 SDs. <sup>&#8225;</sup>Thyroid hormone values were available only for children with hypothyroidism. BMI: body mass index; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; IQR: interquartile range; Qp/Qs: pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; SD: standard deviation; T<sub>4</sub>: thyroxine; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>A total of 13 children had trisomy 21, and one patient presented with dysmorphic features without a confirmed genetic diagnosis. A total of eight patients had hypothyroidism, all of whom had Down syndrome and were receiving levothyroxine therapy.</p>
          <p>CHD pathophysiology was classified as pulmonary overflow (n = 48), pulmonary hypertension (n = 7), and other conditions (n = 6) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Five patients in the pulmonary hypertension group were receiving targeted therapy (sildenafil and/or endothelin receptor antagonists). Overall, 48 patients (77%) were receiving anti-congestive therapy (captopril and/or furosemide), whereas 11 were not on any medication.</p>
          <p>Four patients had undergone prior surgical intervention: two had repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous return, one had a shunt procedure for pulmonary atresia, and one had a shunt procedure for tricuspid atresia.</p>
          <p>Laboratory findings are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Hypoalbuminemia was observed in 19 patients (31%), hyponatremia in 13 (21%), and anemia in seven (11%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Radiological and ultrasonographic findings</title>
          <p>Radiographic findings are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. Pulmonary edema was frequently observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>), commonly accompanied by cardiomegaly, Kerley B lines, and bilateral hilar haziness.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Posterior-anterior chest radiograph of a patient with pulmonary edema secondary to heart failure. Imaging findings include cardiomegaly, peribronchovascular cuffing, diffuse bilateral increase in pulmonary opacities, bilateral hilar haziness, and features consistent with alveolar edema.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250322-50322-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Echocardiography demonstrated increased pulmonary arterial pressure in 43 patients (69%). Among children with left-to-right shunts, LV dilatation was observed in 27 (43.5%).</p>
          <p>LUS demonstrated abnormal findings in 33 patients (53%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Among these, 13 (39%) were women and 20 (61%) were men. Down syndrome was present in 21% of patients with abnormal LUS findings, and hypothyroidism in 12%. A history of recurrent LRTIs was significantly more common among children with abnormal LUS findings. A comparative summary of clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters in patients with and without abnormal LUS findings is provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Representative lung ultrasonography findings in pulmonary edema. a) Dominant A-lines in the upper zone of the left lung (arrows). (b) Confluent B-lines in the middle zone of the left lung (arrows). (c) Small peripheral consolidation in the lower zone of the right lung (arrow) associated with confluent B-lines.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250322-50322-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics in children with and without abnormal LUS findings</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Abnormal LUS (n = 33)</th>
                    <th>Normal LUS (n = 29)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, months, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4-9)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4-12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.576</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight, kg, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4 (4.65-7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2 (5.0-8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.646</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Failure to thrive, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (68%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (38%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.024</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Underweight, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (58%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (29%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.023</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stunting, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (31%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (24%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.536</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">14.3 &#177; 2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">15.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypothyroidism, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (14%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Recurrent LRTI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (49%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (24%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.048</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyponatremia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.960</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (18%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.264</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypoalbuminemia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (33%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.265</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP, pg/mL, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,230 (670-2,200)</td>
                    <td align="center">380 (143-1,263)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.010</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary edema on chest radiography, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (79%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High RVSP, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (67%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (72%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.624</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVSP, mmHg, mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">53 &#177; 20</td>
                    <td align="center">45 &#177; 13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.488</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV dilatation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (45%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.849</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Qp/Qs, median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1 (1.7-2.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8 (1.6-2.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.260</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Statistically significant p values are shown in bold. Continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical variables were compared using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test, as appropriate. BMI: body mass index; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; IQR: interquartile range; LRTI: lower respiratory tract infection; LUS: lung ultrasonography; LV: left ventricle; Qp/Qs: pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Among children with pulmonary edema detected by LUS, 79% also had radiographic evidence of pulmonary edema on chest radiography. In contrast, 34.5% of patients with normal LUS findings demonstrated pulmonary edema on chest radiography. This difference was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <p>No statistically significant difference in abnormal LUS findings was observed between patients receiving anti-congestive therapy and those not receiving such treatment. Additionally, no significant association was found between abnormal LUS findings and echocardiographic parameters, including Qp/Qs, LV dilatation, and RVSP.</p>
          <p>The proportion of underweight children was significantly higher in the group with abnormal LUS findings. Recurrent LRTIs were also more frequent among patients with pulmonary edema identified by LUS.</p>
          <p>ROC curve analysis demonstrated that BNP was a significant predictor of pulmonary edema on LUS. A BNP cut-off value of 963.8 pg/mL yielded a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 84% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The area under the curve was 0.768 (95% CI, 0.607-0.930; p = 0.004).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ROC curves for Qp/Qs ratio and BNP levels in predicting pulmonary edema. The green curve represents BNP, and the blue curve represents the Qp/Qs ratio. The diagonal black line indicates the line of no discrimination. The AUC was higher for BNP. A BNP cutoff value of 963.8 pg/mL yielded a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 84%.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250322-50322-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate analysis</title>
          <p>Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of pulmonary edema. The overall model was statistically significant according to the Omnibus test of model coefficients (&#967;<sup>2</sup> = 23.784, degrees of freedom = 5, p &lt; 0.001). The Nagelkerke R<sup>2</sup> value was 0.425, which indicates that the model explained 42.5% of the variance. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was not statistically significant (p = 0.177), which indicates adequate model fit.</p>
          <p>Variables included in the model were history of recurrent LRTIs, failure to thrive, use of anti-congestive therapy, hypoalbuminemia, and presence of pulmonary edema on chest radiography (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Logistic regression analysis of variables associated with pulmonary edema</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Recurrent LRTI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.325 (0.084-1.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.104</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Failure to thrive</td>
                    <td align="center">0.217 (0.058-0.818)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.024</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anti-congestive therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">4.605 (0.817-25.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.084</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypoalbuminemia</td>
                    <td align="center">2.043 (0.376-11.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.408</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary edema on chest radiography</td>
                    <td align="center">10.05 (2.6-38.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt; 0.01</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Statistically significant p-values are shown in bold. LRTI: lower respiratory tract infection; OR: odds ratio.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Failure to thrive was significantly and negatively associated with pulmonary edema occurrence. In contrast, the presence of pulmonary edema on chest radiography was strongly associated with an increased risk. Recurrent LRTIs, use of anti-congestive therapy, and hypoalbuminemia were not statistically significant predictors in the multivariate model.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study underscores the diagnostic potential of LUS for detecting pulmonary edema in children with CHD. Abnormal LUS findings were significantly associated with radiographic evidence of pulmonary congestion as well as important clinical indicators, including underweight status, recurrent LRTIs, and increased BNP levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Down syndrome was not significantly associated with abnormal LUS findings in this cohort. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that chest radiography evidence of pulmonary edema and failure to thrive independently predicted pulmonary edema. These findings support the role of LUS as a practical, radiation-free imaging modality for early identification of pulmonary complications in this vulnerable population.</p>
        <p>LUS is a valuable tool for assessing lung aeration and compliance in children with CHD, which may be impaired due to reperfusion injury or reduced pulmonary perfusion. It allows real-time monitoring of lung aeration and evaluation of response to treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The presence of B-lines on LUS reflects an increased extravascular lung water content and an increased air-to-fluid ratio within the pulmonary interstitium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies, including that of Wu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> demonstrated superior sensitivity and specificity of LUS compared with chest radiography in detecting pulmonary edema. However, our findings suggest a more complex relationship between these imaging modalities. Approximately 34.5% of patients with normal LUS findings exhibited pulmonary congestion on chest radiography. In contrast to Wu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> whose patients were evaluated preoperatively, a substantial proportion of our cohort was receiving anti-congestive therapy. Treatment-related hemodynamic and alveolar improvements may have influenced LUS findings, whereas radiographic changes can persist despite clinical improvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These observations suggest that although LUS is a reliable modality for distinguishing cardiac from non-cardiac pulmonary edema, combined use of chest radiography and LUS may enhance diagnostic accuracy in children with CHD.</p>
        <p>Children with CHD are vulnerable to lung injury regardless of the presence of pulmonary overflow. Mechanisms include impaired surfactant function, pulmonary edema, capillary leak, ventilation-perfusion mismatch, and increased airway resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> When LRTIs occur in this population, they are associated with worse prognosis, including more frequent hospitalizations, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, recurrent LRTIs were associated with a higher prevalence of pulmonary edema on LUS. These findings suggest that children with recurrent LRTIs require close monitoring to reduce the risk of pulmonary complications. Furthermore, strict adherence to immunization programs targeting respiratory pathogens may be particularly important in infants with CHD to mitigate adverse outcomes.</p>
        <p>Thyroid hormone alterations can affect systolic and diastolic cardiac function through changes in calcium handling, potentially leading to reduced cardiac performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Although hypothyroidism is recognized as a contributor to heart failure, no association was observed between hypothyroidism and abnormal LUS findings in our cohort. This may reflect adequate hormone replacement therapy and maintained euthyroid status among affected patients. Prior research has demonstrated associations between thyroid-stimulating hormone and BNP levels, which suggests potential effects on cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Further investigation into thyroid status in children with CHD experiencing clinical deterioration may be warranted.</p>
        <p>Increased BNP levels were significantly associated with abnormal LUS findings. BNP is a well-established biomarker reflecting heart failure severity, shunt magnitude, and ventricular volume overload in CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Kaya et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> similarly reported significant associations between abnormal LUS findings, increased proBNP levels, diuretic requirement, and need for respiratory support. In dialysis populations, a BNP threshold of 165 pg/mL has been proposed to identify pulmonary congestion confirmed by LUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In our cohort, a BNP cutoff value &gt; 963.8 pg/mL predicted pulmonary edema on LUS with 70% sensitivity and 84% specificity.</p>
        <p>Malnutrition in children with CHD is associated with adverse outcomes, including increased mortality, prolonged hospitalization, and longer intensive care unit stays in the preoperative period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Approximately half of the patients in this study were underweight. Pulmonary edema detected by LUS was more frequent among underweight children and those with BMI-for-age below &#8722;2 SDs. Although previous studies have reported no significant impact of BMI on outcomes in CHD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> our findings suggest that nutritional status may influence the presence of pulmonary edema. Comprehensive assessment of anthropometric parameters may therefore contribute to improved risk stratification and prognosis prediction.</p>
        <p>Several limitations should be considered. This was a retrospective, single-center study with a relatively small sample size and clinical heterogeneity regarding CHD type, age, medication use, and comorbidities. Imaging timing was not standardized, which may have influenced detection of pulmonary congestion. Although most patients were evaluated preoperatively, two postoperative cases were included. Despite these limitations, the study provides preliminary insights that may inform the design of future prospective investigations. Observer bias was minimized through blinded image interpretation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study evaluated the role of LUS in detecting pulmonary edema in children with CHD. Abnormal LUS findings were significantly associated with underweight status, recurrent LRTIs, and increased BNP levels, which supports its value in identifying high-risk patients. Down syndrome was not associated with abnormal LUS findings, which suggests that it does not independently predispose patients to pulmonary congestion detectable by LUS.</p>
        <p>Because of its bedside applicability and absence of radiation exposure, LUS appears to be a useful complementary modality to chest radiography in the preoperative assessment of pulmonary congestion in children with CHD. Further large, multicenter, prospective studies are needed to standardize LUS protocols, validate diagnostic performance, and determine its impact on clinical decision-making and patient outcomes across different CHD subtypes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Van Training and Research Hospital Non-Interventional Clinical Research under the protocol number 2023/19-01. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
