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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">n8Lq4gcYhhYNWfsh7b3NHZw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000300606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00606</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o Causal entre Caracter&#237;sticas das C&#233;lulas Sangu&#237;neas e Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Valvar: Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana com Duas Amostras</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6632-8768</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Yufeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-4848-0919</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tian</surname>
            <given-names>Jinyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Ultrasound</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Panzhihua Central Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Panzhihua</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Ultrasound - Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Xiaoli Wu Panzhihua Central Hospital - Department of Ultrasound &#8211; Panzhihua, 617000 - China E-mail: <email>wxl13982323405@126.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Olivetti, Nat&#225;lia</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250063</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar (DCV) permanece incerta, o que destaca a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre os fatores de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Explorar as poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es causais entre as caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e quatro tipos de doen&#231;as valvares card&#237;acas: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica, doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral, doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo utilizou estat&#237;sticas resumidas de GWAS em larga escala e uma abordagem de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana de duas amostras, analisando treze caracter&#237;sticas de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas como exposi&#231;&#245;es e quatro fen&#243;tipos de DCV como desfechos. O principal m&#233;todo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana foi a vari&#226;ncia inversa ponderada (IVW), complementada pelos m&#233;todos MR-Egger, mediana ponderada e moda ponderada, com extensas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade para verificar a confiabilidade dos resultados, onde um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dentre as treze caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas examinadas, a contagem de neutr&#243;filos apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o causal positiva com doen&#231;a da valva mitral (OR = 1,46, IC 95%: 1,16-1,85, p &lt; 0,001) utilizando o m&#233;todo IVW. Esse achado foi corroborado pelo m&#233;todo MR-Egger (OR = 1,73, IC 95%: 1,09-2,75, p = 0,02), refor&#231;ando a evid&#234;ncia dessa rela&#231;&#227;o causal. Para essa an&#225;lise, 253 variantes gen&#233;ticas robustas foram utilizadas como vari&#225;veis instrumentais. Adicionalmente, o volume corpuscular m&#233;dio (VCM) apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o causal negativa com doen&#231;a da valva tric&#250;spide (OR = 0,65, IC 95%: 0,44-0,96, p = 0,03) utilizando o m&#233;todo IVW, com base em 268 vari&#225;veis instrumentais. Outras caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas n&#227;o apresentaram rela&#231;&#245;es causais significativas com a DCV. Uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade abrangente corroborou a robustez dos nossos resultados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os resultados deste estudo sugerem um poss&#237;vel envolvimento causal da contagem de neutr&#243;filos e do VCM no desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as da v&#225;lvula mitral e da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, respectivamente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o Causal entre Caracter&#237;sticas das C&#233;lulas Sangu&#237;neas e Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Valvar: Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana com Duas Amostras</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Descri&#231;&#227;o do desenho do estudo nesta an&#225;lise de RM.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Sangu&#237;neas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>The Panzhihua City science and technology Buzeau</funding-source>
          <award-id>2020ZD-S-25</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por The Panzhihua City science and technology Buzeau (2020ZD-S-25).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar (DCV) &#233; uma categoria de dist&#250;rbios card&#237;acos decorrentes do comprometimento da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas, compreendendo doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral, doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Assim como a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, as doen&#231;as valvares compartilham muitos fatores de risco e mecanismos patobiol&#243;gicos relacionados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e calcifica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Devido &#224; crescente preval&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, a valvopatia card&#237;aca se tornou uma causa importante de eventos cardiovasculares adversos, contribuindo para o &#244;nus econ&#244;mico global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Mesmo com os avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da DCV, sua patog&#234;nese subjacente permanece n&#227;o totalmente compreendida, o que ressalta a necessidade de pesquisas adicionais sobre os potenciais fatores de risco e mecanismos causais.</p>
      <p>As c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas humanas (CSH) s&#227;o vitais para o transporte de oxig&#234;nio, hemostasia e respostas imunes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o influenciadas pela inflama&#231;&#227;o e pelo estresse oxidativo, que podem se refletir nas caracter&#237;sticas das CSH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos t&#234;m explorado a rela&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> N&#237;veis elevados de gl&#243;bulos brancos, particularmente neutr&#243;filos, t&#234;m sido associados a um risco cardiovascular aumentado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os neutr&#243;filos contribuem para a aterosclerose e a desestabiliza&#231;&#227;o da placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os mon&#243;citos est&#227;o envolvidos na inflama&#231;&#227;o e remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular, afetando o risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Caracter&#237;sticas dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (hem&#225;cias), como volume corpuscular m&#233;dio (VCM), concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina e amplitude de distribui&#231;&#227;o dos gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW), t&#234;m sido investigadas em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> N&#237;veis baixos de VCM e hemoglobina podem aumentar o risco cardiovascular devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> N&#237;veis elevados de RDW t&#234;m sido associados a desfechos cardiovasculares adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Biomarcadores, incluindo hs-CRP, RDW e par&#226;metros eritrocit&#225;rios, t&#234;m demonstrado potencial como preditores de complica&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com doen&#231;as valvares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da investiga&#231;&#227;o das associa&#231;&#245;es entre caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em v&#225;rios estudos observacionais, as rela&#231;&#245;es causais espec&#237;ficas entre essas caracter&#237;sticas e os subtipos de DCV permanecem pouco compreendidas. Uma abordagem anal&#237;tica poderosa, a randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM), utiliza variantes gen&#233;ticas como vari&#225;veis instrumentais (VIs) para avaliar poss&#237;veis associa&#231;&#245;es causais entre exposi&#231;&#245;es e desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises de RM aproveitam a aloca&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria de variantes gen&#233;ticas durante a forma&#231;&#227;o dos gametas para abordar quest&#245;es de causalidade reversa e minimizar fatores de confus&#227;o, fornecendo evid&#234;ncias mais robustas de causalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com estudos observacionais tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Utilizando um delineamento de RM com duas amostras, investigamos neste estudo as associa&#231;&#245;es causais entre 13 caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e 4 tipos principais de DCV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo, um estudo de RM com duas amostras, se baseia em tr&#234;s pressupostos de VIs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Primeiro, pelo menos uma das exposi&#231;&#245;es est&#225; associada &#224; variante gen&#233;tica. Segundo, nenhum dos fatores de confus&#227;o de cada associa&#231;&#227;o exposi&#231;&#227;o-desfecho est&#225; associado &#224; variante. Terceiro, dadas as exposi&#231;&#245;es e os fatores de confus&#227;o, a variante n&#227;o est&#225; relacionada ao desfecho. O relato deste estudo seguiu rigorosamente as diretrizes do <italic>Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomization</italic> (STROBE-MR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados</title>
        <p>Do <italic>Blood Cell Consortium</italic> (BCX), obtivemos estat&#237;sticas resumidas para o instrumento de exposi&#231;&#227;o, extra&#237;das de um recente estudo de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS) em larga escala sobre caracter&#237;sticas de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas, que envolveu 563.085 indiv&#237;duos de ascend&#234;ncia europeia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A partir deste GWAS, obtivemos variantes gen&#233;ticas associadas aos n&#237;veis circulantes de leuc&#243;citos, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos, eosin&#243;filos, bas&#243;filos, plaquetas, contagem de eritr&#243;citos, hemat&#243;crito, hemoglobina, VCM, hemoglobina corpuscular m&#233;dia e concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina corpuscular m&#233;dia. A aplica&#231;&#227;o de GWA r&#225;pido ou GWA GLMM r&#225;pido a 3000 caracter&#237;sticas em 456.422 indiv&#237;duos de ascend&#234;ncia europeia com genotipagem em array e 49.960 indiv&#237;duos com sequenciamento de exoma completo do UK Biobank foi realizada por Jiang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Dispon&#237;veis para download no portal de dados GWAS r&#225;pidos (https://yanglab.westlake.edu.cn/data/ukb_fastgwa/imp_binary/), os dados resumidos do GWAS associados &#224; DCV abrangem doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica das v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas (275 casos e 456.073 controles), doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral (889 casos e 455.459 controles), doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (557 casos e 455.791 controles) e doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide (135 casos e 456.213 controles). Os dados sobre doen&#231;as s&#227;o derivados do UK Biobank e definidos com base no PheCode. As informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas de todos os dados do GWAS podem ser encontradas na <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Como os dados foram obtidos de GWAS publicamente dispon&#237;veis ou aprovados eticamente e que est&#227;o em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, nenhuma aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica adicional foi necess&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de VIs</title>
        <p>Aplicando um conjunto uniforme de crit&#233;rios, nosso estudo selecionou meticulosamente SNPs como VIs. Abrangendo diversas fases cruciais, o paradigma de sele&#231;&#227;o foi implementado. Durante a fase de inicia&#231;&#227;o, as VIs potenciais foram identificadas como SNPs que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia em todo o genoma (p &lt; 5 &#215; 10<sup>&#8722;8</sup>, R<sup>2</sup> &lt; 0,001, kb = 10.000).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em seguida, foi realizado um procedimento de agrupamento (R<sup>2</sup> &lt; 0,001, tamanho da janela = 10.000 kb) utilizando a fun&#231;&#227;o de agrupamento de dados, projetada para garantir que os SNPs selecionados n&#227;o estivessem em desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o (DL) entre si.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O valor da estat&#237;stica F foi calculado para cada vari&#225;vel instrumental (VI) que apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o com a exposi&#231;&#227;o. SNPs com valor F menor ou igual a 10 foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise para garantir que apenas VIs com associa&#231;&#245;es fortes fossem selecionadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Antes da an&#225;lise de RM, realizamos um procedimento de harmoniza&#231;&#227;o para garantir que o efeito de cada SNP na exposi&#231;&#227;o e no desfecho correspondesse ao mesmo alelo de efeito. Removemos SNPs palindr&#244;micos com frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas intermedi&#225;rias para evitar ambiguidade. As estimativas de efeito para todas as caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas foram escalonadas para representar um aumento por desvio padr&#227;o (DP), garantindo que as raz&#245;es de chance para DCV sejam interpretadas de forma consistente em diferentes exposi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, foram empregados m&#250;ltiplos m&#233;todos complementares para explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre as caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e a doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca, incluindo o m&#233;todo de vari&#226;ncia inversa ponderada (IVW), a abordagem da mediana ponderada, a regress&#227;o MR-Egger e a moda ponderada, que foram utilizados como m&#233;todos de an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria para estimativas causais. O m&#233;todo IVW, empregado como an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria para estimativas causais, apresentou a maior precis&#227;o quando todas as VIs eram v&#225;lidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Quando pelo menos metade dos SNPs serviu como VIs eficazes, a abordagem da mediana ponderada estimou consistentemente o efeito causal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Utilizada para confirmar a presen&#231;a de pleiotropia horizontal entre as vari&#225;veis independentes, a regress&#227;o MR-Egger fornece uma estimativa do efeito da pleiotropia horizontal por meio de seu intercepto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Como an&#225;lises complementares, foi realizada a an&#225;lise de moda ponderada.</p>
        <p>An&#225;lises de sensibilidade adicionais foram conduzidas para avaliar a confiabilidade de nossas descobertas, nas quais o intercepto MR-Egger foi empregado para identificar pleiotropia horizontal direcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em seguida, o teste de soma residual de pleiotropia por RM e detec&#231;&#227;o de outliers (MR-PRESSO) foi utilizado para identificar a pleiotropia horizontal potencial e, posteriormente, corrigi-la por meio da elimina&#231;&#227;o de outliers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da heterogeneidade entre os SNPs foi realizada utilizando o teste Q de Cochran.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre se um &#250;nico SNP influenciava a rela&#231;&#227;o causal gen&#233;tica entre as exposi&#231;&#245;es e os desfechos foi conduzida utilizando a an&#225;lise leave-one-out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Utilizando o software R (vers&#227;o 4.3.1), todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com os pacotes &#8220;TwoSampleMR&#8221; e &#8220;MR-PRESSO&#8221;. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para as estimativas causais prim&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de VIs</title>
        <p>Como exposi&#231;&#245;es, foram avaliadas 13 caracter&#237;sticas de c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas, enquanto 4 fen&#243;tipos de DCV foram considerados como desfechos. Identificamos um conjunto de variantes gen&#233;ticas robustas para servirem como VIs para cada par exposi&#231;&#227;o-desfecho ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios rigorosos de sele&#231;&#227;o de VIs (Tabela Suplementar 2). Todas as VIs t&#234;m um valor F superior a 10, indicando que eram suficientemente fortes para evitar vi&#233;s de instrumento fraco. Todos os SNPs foram encontrados nos desfechos; nenhum SNP substituto foi utilizado. Detalhes sobre o n&#250;mero de SNPs s&#227;o fornecidos na Tabela Suplementar 3.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de RM</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise IVW prim&#225;ria revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal positiva geneticamente prevista entre uma contagem mais elevada de neut = &#243;filos e um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>). Este achado foi consistente com os resultados do m&#233;todo MR-Egger, refor&#231;ando a evid&#234;ncia para esta rela&#231;&#227;o causal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#245;es causais entre caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca. Gr&#225;ficos de floresta de A) contagem de neutr&#243;filos na doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral; B) volume corpuscular m&#233;dio na doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide. Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o de C) contagem de neutr&#243;filos na doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral; D) volume corpuscular m&#233;dio na doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250063-50063-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e DCV</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">N&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Desfecho</th>
                  <th>N.SNPs</th>
                  <th>M&#233;todos</th>
                  <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>ou_lci95</th>
                  <th>ou_uci95</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">Baso</td>
                  <td align="center">Mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">MR. Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">3,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">2,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">3.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">Eosino</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">MR. Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">Linf&#225;tico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">Mono</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">MR. Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">Neutro</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">347</td>
                  <td align="center">MR. Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1,73</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">2,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">347</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">2,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">347</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46</td>
                  <td align="center">1.16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">347</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">2,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">Plaq</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">MR. Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">Hem&#225;cias</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">MR. Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">387</td>
                  <td align="center">MR. Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1,93</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">3.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">387</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">1,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">387</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">1,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">387</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">2.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">Ht</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">Hb</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">362</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">1,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">362</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">362</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">1,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">362</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11</td>
                  <td align="center">VCM</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">430</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">430</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">430</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">430</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td align="center">MCH</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13</td>
                  <td align="center">MCHC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">Baso</td>
                  <td align="center">Tric&#250;spide</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">6,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">4,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">1,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">9,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">Eosino</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">2,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">383</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">Linf&#225;tico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">2,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">2.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                  <td align="center">1,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">3.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">Mono</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">2,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">2,92</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">1,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">479</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">2,89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">Neutro</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">347</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">2,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">347</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">1,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">347</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">2.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">347</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">2,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">Plaq</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">2.20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                  <td align="center">1.31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">478</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">2,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7</td>
                  <td align="center">Hem&#225;cias</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">3,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.22</td>
                  <td align="center">8,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">6.26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">2,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">410</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">3.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11</td>
                  <td align="center">8,68</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8</td>
                  <td align="center">Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">387</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">2,99</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">387</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">1,94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">387</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                  <td align="center">2.29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">387</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>9</td>
                  <td align="center">Ht</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">3,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">3,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">338</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">5,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10</td>
                  <td align="center">Hb</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">362</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">4.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">362</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">3.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">362</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">362</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">3,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>11</td>
                  <td align="center">VCM</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">430</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">430</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">430</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">430</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>12</td>
                  <td align="center">MCH</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">1.18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">1.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>13</td>
                  <td align="center">MCHC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">MR.Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">4.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">4.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">IVW</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">2,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">4.07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>IVW: vari&#226;ncia inversa ponderada; VCM: volume corpuscular m&#233;dio; MCH: hemoglobina corpuscular m&#233;dia; MCHC: concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina corpuscular m&#233;dia; Ht: hemat&#243;crito; Hb: hemoglobina; Plaq: plaquetas.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, nossa an&#225;lise identificou uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal negativa geneticamente prevista entre o VCM e o risco de doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide usando o m&#233;todo IVW (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). O gr&#225;fico de floresta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>) representou visualmente as estimativas causais obtidas a partir de VIs individuais. Embora a mediana ponderada n&#227;o tenha atingido signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (OR = 0,61, IC 95%: 0,31-1,20, p = 0,16) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), a estimativa de MR-Egger corroborou essa associa&#231;&#227;o (OR = 0,48, IC 95%: 0,26-0,90, p = 0,02) (Tabela= 1). N&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncias robustas de associa&#231;&#245;es causais para as demais caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e a DCV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). O gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>-D) visualizou os tamanhos de efeito estimados para os SNPs ligados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas que afetam a DCV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas diversas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade para avaliar a robustez de nossas descobertas e a validade das premissas da RM. Para as associa&#231;&#245;es entre a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e a doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral, e entre o VCM e a doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, o teste Q de Cochran n&#227;o indicou heterogeneidade significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). O teste de intercepto MR-Egger n&#227;o mostrou evid&#234;ncias de pleiotropia horizontal direcional, sugerindo que &#233; improv&#225;vel que nossos resultados sejam enviesados por efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foram identificados valores discrepantes para as associa&#231;&#245;es entre contagem de neutr&#243;filos e doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral e entre VCM e doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide pelo teste global MR-PRESSO, exceto para o par contagem de neutr&#243;filos e doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, onde um valor discrepante foi detectado (Tabela Suplementar 4). A remo&#231;&#227;o desse valor discrepante n&#227;o afetou a consist&#234;ncia da estimativa causal (OR = 1,13, IC 95%: 0,83-1,52, p = 0,44) (Tabela Suplementar 4). Os gr&#225;ficos de funil exclu&#237;ram os vieses de publica&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 1A-B</xref>), enquanto as an&#225;lises de exclus&#227;o de um por vez confirmaram que as estimativas causais n&#227;o foram impulsionadas por nenhum SNP influente isolado, refor&#231;ando ainda mais a robustez de nossas descobertas (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figura Suplementar 1C-D</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados do teste de heterogeneidade e do teste de pleiotropia das vari&#225;veis instrumentais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Desfecho</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Heterogeneidade</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Pleiotropia</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Estat&#237;sticas Q (IVW)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>Intercepto MR-Egger</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baso</td>
                  <td align="center">Reum&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">150,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eosino</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">399,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,810</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf&#225;tico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">389,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,679</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mono</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">514,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,447</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutro</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">319,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plaq</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">480,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,930</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hem&#225;cias</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">440,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">0,449</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">440,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,017</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ht</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">337,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">343,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,937</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VCM</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">425,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,387</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCH</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">446,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,020</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCHC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">184,43</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,698</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baso</td>
                  <td align="center">Mitral</td>
                  <td align="center">143,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">0,378</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eosino</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">331,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,929</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf&#225;tico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">373,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,234</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mono</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">481,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutro</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">367,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,407</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plaq</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">507,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hem&#225;cias</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">429,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">0,750</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">438,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ht</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">385,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,567</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">370,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,838</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VCM</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">449,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,166</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCH</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">407,96</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCHC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">165,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,409</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baso</td>
                  <td align="center">A&#243;rtico</td>
                  <td align="center">163,77</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,619</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eosino</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">400,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,547</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf&#225;tico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">384,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,603</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mono</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">498,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,323</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutro</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">393,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,954</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plaq</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">469,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,59</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hem&#225;cias</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">448,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,012</td>
                  <td align="center">0,102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">425,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">0,982</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ht</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">324,57</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">382,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,214</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VCM</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">441,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,008</td>
                  <td align="center">0,197</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCH</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">391,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCHC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">165,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,319</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baso</td>
                  <td align="center">Tric&#250;spide</td>
                  <td align="center">139,49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,721</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eosino</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">358,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,672</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Linf&#225;tico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">366,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,479</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mono</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">453,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,725</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutro</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">321,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,517</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Plaq</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">452,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,418</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hem&#225;cias</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">389,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,026</td>
                  <td align="center">0,058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">398,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,507</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ht</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">331,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">0,337</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">350,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,194</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VCM</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">416,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                  <td align="center">0,221</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCH</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">395,75</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  <td align="center">0,438</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MCHC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">189,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,859</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IVW: vari&#226;ncia inversa ponderada; VCM: volume corpuscular m&#233;dio; MCH: hemoglobina corpuscular m&#233;dia; MCHC: concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina corpuscular m&#233;dia; Ht: hemat&#243;crito; Hb: hemoglobina; Plaq: plaquetas.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo abrangente de RM com duas amostras investigou as potenciais rela&#231;&#245;es causais entre 13 caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e os 4 principais tipos de DCV: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica, doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral, doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide. Nossos achados corroboram fortemente uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal positiva entre a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e o risco de doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral, bem como uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal negativa entre o VCM e o risco de doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide. Nossos resultados, que demonstram consist&#234;ncia em m&#250;ltiplos m&#233;todos de RM e robustez em an&#225;lises de sensibilidade rigorosas, destacam a for&#231;a e a confiabilidade dessas associa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo revelou uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal positiva entre a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e o risco de doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral, consistente com o papel estabelecido da inflama&#231;&#227;o na patog&#234;nese da DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Os neutr&#243;filos, como mediadores-chave da inflama&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente contribuem para o desenvolvimento de les&#245;es valvares por meio de v&#225;rios mecanismos, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estresse oxidativo e remodelamento da matriz extracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Esses resultados sugerem que a inflama&#231;&#227;o mediada por neutr&#243;filos pode desempenhar um papel crucial no in&#237;cio e na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral, destacando potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos nas vias inflamat&#243;rias impulsionadas por neutr&#243;filos.</p>
      <p>Curiosamente, n&#227;o encontramos evid&#234;ncias de uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal entre a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e o risco de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica ou doen&#231;a da valva a&#243;rtica. Esse efeito diferencial nos subtipos de DCV pode ser explicado por mecanismos patog&#234;nicos distintos. A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca reum&#225;tica &#233; impulsionada principalmente por linf&#243;citos e mecanismos mediados por anticorpos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> enquanto a doen&#231;a valvar a&#243;rtica calcificada est&#225; mais intimamente ligada &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios e &#224;s vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o osteog&#234;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra descoberta intrigante &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o causal negativa entre o VCM e o risco de doen&#231;a da valva tric&#250;spide. Um VCM baixo, indicativo de anemia microc&#237;tica, tem sido associado a diversas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares devido ao aumento do estresse oxidativo e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do transporte de oxig&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os mecanismos subjacentes a essa rela&#231;&#227;o causal podem envolver disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, danos valvares e respostas imunes alteradas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo n&#227;o encontrou evid&#234;ncias robustas de associa&#231;&#245;es causais entre outras caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e os subtipos de DCV. Isso sugere que os pap&#233;is causais das caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas na patog&#234;nese da DCV podem ser espec&#237;ficos para certos tipos celulares ou subtipos da doen&#231;a. Alternativamente, outros fatores n&#227;o mensurados podem desempenhar pap&#233;is mais dominantes nessas condi&#231;&#245;es de DCV.</p>
      <p>As potenciais implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas dessas descobertas merecem uma an&#225;lise cuidadosa. Embora o direcionamento direto dos n&#237;veis de neutr&#243;filos ou do VCM possa n&#227;o ser vi&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, explorar abordagens para modular as vias subjacentes pode levar a novas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas para o tratamento da doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>&#201; crucial destacar as limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo e a necessidade de interpretar os resultados com a devida cautela. Primeiro, como em todos os estudos de RM, nossos resultados podem ser influenciados por pleiotropia biol&#243;gica n&#227;o contabilizada, embora tenhamos nos esfor&#231;ado para avaliar e mitigar rigorosamente essa possibilidade por meio de m&#233;todos complementares de RM e an&#225;lises de sensibilidade. Segundo, uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante do nosso estudo &#233; que as estat&#237;sticas resumidas do GWAS foram derivadas exclusivamente de indiv&#237;duos de ascend&#234;ncia europeia. Consequentemente, nossos resultados podem n&#227;o ser generaliz&#225;veis para popula&#231;&#245;es de outras ascend&#234;ncias, onde as arquiteturas gen&#233;ticas e os fatores ambientais podem diferir. Pesquisas futuras em diversos grupos ancestrais s&#227;o essenciais para validar essas rela&#231;&#245;es causais globalmente. Terceiro, nossos resultados oferecem informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre os potenciais pap&#233;is causais da contagem de neutr&#243;filos e do VCM na patog&#234;nese da DCV, mas as vias celulares e moleculares espec&#237;ficas envolvidas permanecem especulativas e requerem investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional. Quarto, embora algumas caracter&#237;sticas patol&#243;gicas (como estenose e regurgita&#231;&#227;o) sejam de grande interesse e cruciais para a compreens&#227;o da DCV, n&#227;o encontramos dados suficientes para esses subtipos nos recursos de GWAS dispon&#237;veis. Consequentemente, n&#227;o conseguimos analisar esses importantes fen&#243;tipos patol&#243;gicos, o que limita nossa capacidade de explorar plenamente suas associa&#231;&#245;es causais. Pesquisas futuras devem se concentrar na coleta de dados de GWAS mais detalhados sobre os subtipos de DCV e no aprimoramento do registro detalhado das diferentes caracter&#237;sticas patol&#243;gicas. Em quinto lugar, existe um potencial de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de amostras entre os conjuntos de dados GWAS de exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho, o que pode introduzir vi&#233;s em an&#225;lises de RM de duas amostras, particularmente quando as VIs s&#227;o fracas. No entanto, as VIs selecionadas para nossas an&#225;lises prim&#225;rias apresentaram estat&#237;sticas F significativamente superiores a 10, qualificando-se, portanto, como instrumentos fortes. Consequentemente, a probabilidade de tal sobreposi&#231;&#227;o influenciar substancialmente nossos resultados &#233; m&#237;nima. N&#227;o obstante, futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es utilizando subconjuntos de dados n&#227;o sobrepostos s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para mitigar ainda mais os potenciais vieses. Al&#233;m disso, os fen&#243;tipos de DCV neste estudo foram definidos usando PheCodes, que podem incluir condi&#231;&#245;es clinicamente heterog&#234;neas. Por exemplo, a doen&#231;a valvar mitral pode abranger tanto estenose quanto regurgita&#231;&#227;o, condi&#231;&#245;es com patologias distintas. Devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de dados GWAS dispon&#237;veis publicamente para esses subtipos espec&#237;ficos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar an&#225;lises de sensibilidade em fen&#243;tipos mais granulares. Essa heterogeneidade fenot&#237;pica pode obscurecer ou diluir efeitos causais espec&#237;ficos de cada subtipo, destacando a necessidade de estudos futuros com defini&#231;&#245;es de desfecho mais precisas. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, nossas descobertas contribuem para o crescente conjunto de evid&#234;ncias que relacionam caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas &#224; patog&#234;nese de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis pap&#233;is causais da contagem de neutr&#243;filos e do VCM na doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula mitral e na doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide, respectivamente, fornece novas perspectivas e incentiva uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada dos mecanismos biol&#243;gicos subjacentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo abrangente de RM com duas amostras lan&#231;a luz sobre as associa&#231;&#245;es causais entre caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas e certos subtipos de DCV. A rela&#231;&#227;o causal positiva entre a contagem de neutr&#243;filos e o risco de doen&#231;a da valva mitral, bem como a associa&#231;&#227;o causal negativa entre o VCM e o risco de doen&#231;a da valva tric&#250;spide, ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de considerar essas caracter&#237;sticas das c&#233;lulas sangu&#237;neas como potenciais fatores de risco e alvos terap&#234;uticos no contexto da DCV. Essas descobertas abrem caminho para futuras pesquisas com o objetivo de traduzir esses conhecimentos em estrat&#233;gias aprimoradas de preven&#231;&#227;o, detec&#231;&#227;o precoce e tratamento da DCV, al&#233;m de inaugurar novas perspectivas para a explora&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos biol&#243;gicos subjacentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01">
        <label>Supplementary material</label>
        <p>Para Figura Suplementar, por favor, clique aqui.<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_figure_01.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_figure_01.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/n8Lq4gcYhhYNWfsh7b3NHZw/4006aba0d944aa74814290e7e901f9ba1a4c7586.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl02">
        <label>Supplementary material</label>
        <p>Para Tabelas suplementares, por favor, clique aqui. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_tables_02.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_tables_02.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/n8Lq4gcYhhYNWfsh7b3NHZw/0220df109d26da9a48754eaa27964ebe47908b71.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl03">
        <label>Supplementary material</label>
        <p>Para Tabela suplementar 3, por favor, clique aqui. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_Table_03.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_Table_03.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/n8Lq4gcYhhYNWfsh7b3NHZw/14c515c3fcc5498b35261f4120b611bdfb351a27.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250063i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Causal Relationship between Blood Cell Traits and Valvular Heart Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6632-8768</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Yufeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-4848-0919</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tian</surname>
            <given-names>Jinyu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Ultrasound - Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Xiaoli Wu Panzhihua Central Hospital - Department of Ultrasound &#8211; Panzhihua, 617000 - China. E-mail: wxl13982323405@126.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Olivetti, Nat&#225;lia</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The pathogenesis of valvular heart disease (VHD) remains unclear, highlighting the need for further research on risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To explore the potential causal links between blood cell traits and four types of VHD: rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease, and tricuspid valve disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This study utilized summary statistics from large-scale GWAS and a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach, analyzing thirteen blood cell traits as exposures and four VHD phenotypes as outcomes. The primary MR method was inverse-variance weighted (IVW), supplemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods, with extensive sensitivity analyses to verify result reliability, where a p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among the thirteen blood cell traits examined, neutrophil count displayed a positive causal association with mitral valve disease (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.16-1.85, p &lt; 0.001) using the IVW method. This finding was further corroborated by the MR-Egger method (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.09-2.75, p = 0.02), strengthening the evidence for this causal relationship. For this analysis, 253 robust genetic variants were used as instrumental variables. Additionally, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) showed a negative causal association with tricuspid valve disease (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.44-0.96, p = 0.03) using the IVW method, based on 268 instrumental variables. Other blood cell traits did not show significant causal relationships with VHD. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis supported the robustness of our results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The findings of this study suggest potential causal involvement of neutrophil count and MCV in the development of mitral valve disease and tricuspid valve disease, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The Causal Relationship between Blood Cell Traits and Valvular Heart Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Description of the study design in this MR analysis.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250063-50063-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Blood Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>The Panzhihua City science and technology Buzeau</funding-source>
          <award-id>2020ZD-S-25</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by The Panzhihua City science and technology Buzeau (2020ZD-S-25).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a category of cardiac disorders arising from the impaired structure and function of the heart valves, comprising aortic valve disease, mitral valve disease, tricuspid valve disease, and rheumatic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Like coronary artery disease, valve disorders share many risk factors and pathobiological mechanisms related to inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and calcification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Due to the growing prevalence of other cardiovascular diseases and the aging population worldwide, VHD has become a notable cause of adverse cardiovascular events, contributing to the global economic burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Even with advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of VHD, its underlying pathogenesis remains not fully understood, underscoring the need for additional research into potential risk factors and causal mechanisms.</p>
        <p>Human blood cells are vital for oxygen transport, hemostasis, and immune responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Cardiovascular disorders are influenced by inflammation and oxidative stress, which may be reflected in human blood cells traits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Studies have explored the relationship between blood cell traits and cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Elevated white blood cell counts, particularly neutrophils, have been linked to increased cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Neutrophils contribute to atherosclerosis and plaque destabilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Monocytes are involved in vascular inflammation and remodeling, affecting cardiovascular disease risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Red blood cell (RBC) traits such as mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hemoglobin concentration, and red cell distribution width (RDW) have been investigated in cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Lower MCV and hemoglobin levels may increase cardiovascular risk due to impaired oxygen delivery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Higher RDW has been associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Biomarkers, including hs-CRP, RDW, and RBC parameters, have shown potential as predictors of complications in valve disease patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the exploration of associations between blood cell traits and various cardiovascular diseases in several observational studies, the specific causal relationships between these traits and subtypes of VHD remain poorly understood. A powerful analytical approach, Mendelian randomization (MR), utilizes genetic variants as instrumental variables (IVs) to evaluate potential causal associations between exposures and outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> MR analyses leverage the random allocation of genetic variants during gamete formation to address issues of reverse causation and minimize confounding, providing more robust evidence for causality compared to traditional observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Using a two-sample MR design, we investigate the causal associations between 13 blood cell traits and 4 major types of VHD in this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This study, a two-sample MR study, relies on three instrumental variable assumptions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). First, at least one of the exposures is associated with the genetic variant. Second, none of the confounders of each exposure-outcome association is associated with the variant. Third, given the exposures and confounders, the variant is unrelated to the outcome. The reporting of this study strictly adhered to the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomization (STROBE-MR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources</title>
          <p>From the Blood Cell Consortium (BCX), we obtained summary statistics for the exposure instrument, drawn from a recent large-scale GWAS on blood cell traits, which involved 563,085 individuals of European ancestry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> From this GWAS, we acquired genetic variants associated with circulating levels of white blood cell, lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, platelet, RBC count, hematocrit, hemoglobin, MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. The application of fast GWA or fast GWA GLMM to 3000 traits in 456,422 array-genotyped and 49,960 whole-exome-sequenced individuals of European ancestry from the UK Biobank was conducted by Jiang LD et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Available for download from the fast GWA data portal (https://yanglab.westlake.edu.cn/data/ukb_fastgwa/imp_binary/), the GWAS summary data associated with VHD cover rheumatic disease of the heart valves (275 cases and 456,073 controls), mitral valve disease (889 cases and 455,459 controls), aortic valve disease (557 cases and 455,791 controls), and tricuspid valve disease (135 cases and 456,213 controls). The disease data are derived from the UK Biobank and are defined using PheCode. The detailed information for all GWAS data could be found in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02-en">Supplementary</xref>Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association between blood cell traits and VHD</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">No</th>
                    <th>Exposure</th>
                    <th>Outcome</th>
                    <th>N.SNPs</th>
                    <th>Methods</th>
                    <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>or_lci95</th>
                    <th>or_uci95</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">Baso</td>
                    <td align="center">Mitral</td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.69</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">3.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.55</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">2.75</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">1.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">3.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2</td>
                    <td align="center">Eosino</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">383</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">1.45</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">383</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">383</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">383</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3</td>
                    <td align="center">Lym</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">1.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4</td>
                    <td align="center">Mono</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">1.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5</td>
                    <td align="center">Neutro</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">347</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.73</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">2.75</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">347</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">2.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">347</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.46</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16</td>
                    <td align="center">1.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">347</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">2.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6</td>
                    <td align="center">Plt</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">478</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">478</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">478</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">478</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>7</td>
                    <td align="center">RBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">410</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                    <td align="center">1.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">410</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                    <td align="center">1.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">410</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">410</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8</td>
                    <td align="center">WBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">387</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.93</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">3.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">387</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">1.77</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">387</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">1.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">387</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">2.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>9</td>
                    <td align="center">Ht</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">338</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">338</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">338</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">338</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10</td>
                    <td align="center">Hb</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">362</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">1.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">362</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">362</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">1.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">362</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>11</td>
                    <td align="center">MCV</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">430</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">430</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">430</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">430</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12</td>
                    <td align="center">MCH</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">1.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>13</td>
                    <td align="center">MCHC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">1.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">1.43</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1</td>
                    <td align="center">Baso</td>
                    <td align="center">Tricuspid</td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">6.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">4.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">1.88</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">152</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">9.70</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2</td>
                    <td align="center">Eosino</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">383</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">2.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">383</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">383</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">383</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3</td>
                    <td align="center">Lym</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">2.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">2.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                    <td align="center">1.90</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">3.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4</td>
                    <td align="center">Mono</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                    <td align="center">2.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">2.92</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">1.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">479</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">2.89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5</td>
                    <td align="center">Neutro</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">347</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">2.70</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">347</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">1.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">347</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">2.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">347</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">2.77</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6</td>
                    <td align="center">Plt</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">478</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32</td>
                    <td align="center">1.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">478</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">2.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">478</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                    <td align="center">1.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">478</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">2.98</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>7</td>
                    <td align="center">RBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">410</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">3.27</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22</td>
                    <td align="center">8.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">410</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">2.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">6.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">410</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.45</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">2.43</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">410</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">3.11</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11</td>
                    <td align="center">8.68</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>8</td>
                    <td align="center">WBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">387</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                    <td align="center">2.99</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">387</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.28</td>
                    <td align="center">1.94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">387</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73</td>
                    <td align="center">2.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.38</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">387</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">2.37</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>9</td>
                    <td align="center">Ht</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">338</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">3.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">338</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">3.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">338</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">1.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">338</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                    <td align="center">5.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10</td>
                    <td align="center">Hb</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">362</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">4.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">362</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">3.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">362</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">362</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">3.45</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>11</td>
                    <td align="center">MCV</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">430</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">430</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">430</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">430</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>12</td>
                    <td align="center">MCH</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>13</td>
                    <td align="center">MCHC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">MR-Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">4.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">4.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">IVW</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">2.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">187</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted Mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">4.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>IVW: inverse-variance weighted; RBC: Red blood cell; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC: white blood cell; Ht: hematocrit; Hb: hemoglobin; Plt: platelet.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Since the data were obtained from publicly available or ethically approved GWAS that comply with the Helsinki Declaration, no further ethical approval was necessary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of IVs</title>
          <p>Implementing a uniform set of criteria, our study meticulously selected SNPs as IVs. Encompassing several pivotal phases, the selection paradigm was implemented. During the initiation phase, potential IVs were identified as SNPs demonstrating genome-wide significance (p &lt; 5 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup>, R<sup>2</sup> &lt; 0.001, kb = 10,000).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Following this, a clumping procedure (R<sup>2</sup> &lt; 0.001, window size = 10,000 kb) was conducted using the clump data function, designed to ensure that the selected SNPs were not in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The F-statistic value was computed for each IV that correlated with exposure. SNPs with an F-value less than or equal to 10 were excluded from the analysis to ensure that only IVs with strong associations were selected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Before the MR analysis, we performed a harmonization procedure to ensure that the effect of each SNP on the exposure and the outcome corresponded to the same effect allele. We removed palindromic SNPs with intermediate allele frequencies to prevent ambiguity. The effect estimates for all blood cell traits were scaled to represent a per standard deviation (SD) increase, ensuring that the odds ratios for VHD are interpreted consistently across different exposures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Multiple complementary methods were employed in this study to explore the causal relationship between blood cell traits and VHD, including the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, the weighted median approach, MR-Egger regression, and weighted mode. Employed as the primary analysis for causal estimates, the IVW method exhibited the highest precision when all IVs were valid.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> When at least half of the SNPs served as effective IVs, the weighted median approach consistently estimated the causal effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Employed to confirm the presence of horizontal pleiotropy among IVs, the MR-Egger regression yields an effect estimate of horizontal pleiotropy via its intercept.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> As complementary analyses, the weighted mode was performed.</p>
          <p>Sensitivity analyses were conducted additionally to evaluate the reliability of our findings, wherein the MR-Egger intercept was employed to identify directional horizontal pleiotropy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Following this, the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) test were utilized to identify potential horizontal pleiotropy and subsequently correct it by eliminating outliers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The evaluation of heterogeneity between SNPs was conducted using the Cochran&#8217;s Q test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The investigation into whether a single SNP influenced the genetic causal relationship between exposures and outcomes was conducted using the leave-one-out analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Using the R software (version 4.3.1), all statistical analyses were carried out with the &#8220;TwoSampleMR&#8221; and &#8220;MR-PRESSO&#8221; packages. A two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for the primary causal estimates.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>IVs selection</title>
          <p>As exposures, a total of 13 blood cell traits were evaluated, while 4 VHD phenotypes were considered as outcomes. We identified a set of robust genetic variants to serve as IVs for each exposure-outcome pair after applying the stringent IV selection criteria (Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). All IVs have an F value of more than 10, indicating they were strong enough to avoid weak instrument bias. All SNPs were found in the outcomes; no proxy SNPs were used. Details regarding the number of SNPs are provided in Supplementary Table 3.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Results of the heterogeneity test and the pleiotropy test of instrumental variables</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Exposure</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Outcome</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Heterogeneity</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Pleiotropy</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Q statistics (IVW)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>MR-Egger Intercept</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baso</td>
                    <td align="center">Rheumatic</td>
                    <td align="center">150.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                    <td align="center">0.101</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eosino</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">399.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.810</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lym</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">389.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.679</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mono</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">514.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.447</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutro</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">319.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                    <td align="center">0.105</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plt</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">480.83</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.930</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">440.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">0.449</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">440.60</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.017</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ht</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">337.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020</td>
                    <td align="center">0.063</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">343.67</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.937</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCV</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">425.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.387</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCH</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">446.84</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.020</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCHC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">184.43</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.698</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baso</td>
                    <td align="center">Mitral</td>
                    <td align="center">143.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">0.378</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eosino</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">331.83</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.929</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lym</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">373.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.234</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mono</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">481.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutro</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">367.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.407</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plt</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">507.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">0.623</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">429.80</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">0.750</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">438.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ht</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">385.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.567</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">370.77</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.838</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCV</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">449.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.166</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCH</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">407.96</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.823</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCHC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">165.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.409</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baso</td>
                    <td align="center">Aortic</td>
                    <td align="center">163.77</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.619</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eosino</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">400.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.547</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lym</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">384.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.603</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mono</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">498.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.323</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutro</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">393.65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.954</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plt</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">469.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.59</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">0.134</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">448.82</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.012</td>
                    <td align="center">0.102</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">425.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">0.982</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ht</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">324.57</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.380</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">382.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">0.214</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCV</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">441.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.008</td>
                    <td align="center">0.197</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCH</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">391.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.339</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCHC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">165.56</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">0.319</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Baso</td>
                    <td align="center">Tricuspid</td>
                    <td align="center">139.49</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">0.721</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eosino</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">358.88</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.672</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lym</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">366.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">0.011</td>
                    <td align="center">0.479</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mono</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">453.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.725</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neutro</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">321.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.517</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plt</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">452.79</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.418</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">389.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.026</td>
                    <td align="center">0.058</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WBC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">398.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.507</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ht</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">331.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">0.337</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">350.72</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.018</td>
                    <td align="center">0.194</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCV</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">416.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                    <td align="center">0.221</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCH</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">395.75</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    <td align="center">0.438</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MCHC</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">189.32</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.859</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>IVW: inverse-variance weighted; RBC: Red blood cell; MCV: mean corpuscular volume; MCH: mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; WBC: white blood cell; Ht: hematocrit; Hb: hemoglobin; Plt: platelet.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MR analyses</title>
          <p>The primary IVW analysis revealed a genetically predicted positive causal association between a higher neutrophil count and an increased risk of mitral valve disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1A</xref>). This finding was consistent with the results from the MR-Egger method, strengthening the evidence for this causal relationship (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>In addition, our analysis identified a genetically predicted negative causal relationship between MCV and the risk of tricuspid valve disease using the IVW method (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The forest plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>) visually represented the causal estimates obtained from individual IVs. Although the weighted median did not reach statistical significance (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.31-1.20, p = 0.16) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>), the MR-Egger estimate supported this association (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.26-0.90, p = 0.02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). There was no robust evidence of causal associations for the remaining blood cell traits and VHD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The scatter plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1C</xref>-D) visualized the estimated effect sizes for SNPs linked to blood cell traits affecting VHD.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Causal associations between blood cell traits and VHD. Forest plots of A) neutrophil count on mitral valve disease; B) MCV on tricuspid valve disease. Scatter plots of C) neutrophil count on mitral valve disease; D) MCV on tricuspid valve disease.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20250063-50063-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analyses</title>
          <p>Several sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of our findings and the validity of the MR assumptions. For the associations of neutrophil count with mitral valve disease and MCV with tricuspid valve disease, the Cochran&#8217;s Q test did not indicate significant heterogeneity (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). The MR-Egger intercept test showed no evidence of directional horizontal pleiotropy, suggesting that our results are unlikely to be biased by pleiotropic effects (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Furthermore, no outliers were identified for the neutrophil count-mitral valve disease and MCV-tricuspid valve disease associations by the MR-PRESSO global test, except for the neutrophil count-aortic valve disease pair, where one outlier was detected (Supplementary Table 4). Removing this outlier did not affect the consistency of the causal estimate (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.83-1.52, p = 0.44) (SupplementaryTable 4). Funnel plots excluded the publication biases (Supplementary <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>-B), while the leave-one-out analyses confirmed that the causal estimates were not driven by any single influential SNP, further strengthening the robustness of our findings (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01-en">Supplementary</xref> <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C-D</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This comprehensive two-sample MR study investigated the potential causal relationships between 13 blood cell traits and 4 major types of VHD: rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve disease, aortic valve disease, and tricuspid valve disease. A positive causal association between neutrophil count and mitral valve disease risk, along with a negative causal association between MCV and tricuspid valve disease risk, is strongly supported by our findings. Our results, demonstrating consistency across multiple MR methods and robustness in rigorous sensitivity analyses, highlight the strength and reliability of these associations.</p>
        <p>Our study revealed a positive causal link between neutrophil count and mitral valve disease risk, consistent with the established role of inflammation in VHD pathogenesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Neutrophils, as key mediators of inflammation, likely contribute to valvular lesion development through various mechanisms, including endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> These findings suggest that neutrophil-mediated inflammation may play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of mitral valve disease, highlighting potential therapeutic targets in neutrophil-driven inflammatory pathways.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, we did not find evidence for a causal association between neutrophil count and rheumatic heart disease or aortic valve disease risk. This differential effect on VHD subtypes may be explained by distinct pathogenic mechanisms. Rheumatic heart disease is primarily driven by lymphocytes and antibody-mediated mechanisms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>M. W.&lt;/author&gt;&lt;/authors&gt;&lt;secondary-authors&gt;&lt;author&gt;Ferretti, J. J.&lt;/author&gt;&lt;author&gt;Stevens, D. L.&lt;/author&gt;&lt;author&gt;Fischetti, V. A.&lt;/author&gt;&lt;/secondary-authors&gt;&lt;/contributors&gt;&lt;auth-address&gt;University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OKVA Medical Center, Boise, IDThe Rockefeller University, New York, NYDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Biomedical Research Center, Oklahoma City, OK&lt;/auth-address&gt;&lt;titles&gt;&lt;title&gt;Post-Streptococcal Autoimmune Sequelae: Rheumatic Fever and Beyond&lt;/title&gt;&lt;secondary-title&gt;Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations&lt;/secondary-title&gt;&lt;/titles&gt;&lt;dates&gt;&lt;year&gt;2016&lt;/year&gt;&lt;/dates&gt;&lt;pub-location&gt;Oklahoma City (OK while calcific aortic valve disease is more closely linked to lipid deposition and osteogenic signaling pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another intriguing finding is the negative causal association between MCV and tricuspid valve disease risk. Lower MCV, indicative of microcytic anemia, has been associated with various cardiovascular disorders due to increased oxidative stress and impaired oxygen delivery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The mechanisms underlying this causal link may involve endothelial dysfunction, valvular damage, and altered immune responses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study did not find robust evidence for causal associations between other blood cell traits and VHD subtypes. This suggests that the causal roles of blood cell traits in VHD pathogenesis may be specific to certain cell types or disease subtypes. Alternatively, other unmeasured factors may play more dominant roles in these VHD conditions.</p>
        <p>The potential therapeutic implications of these findings warrant careful consideration. While directly targeting neutrophil levels or MCV may not be feasible in clinical practice, exploring approaches to modulate the underlying pathways could lead to novel therapeutic strategies for VHD management.</p>
        <p>Crucial to note are the limitations of our study and the need to interpret the findings with appropriate caution. First, like all MR studies, our results could potentially be influenced by unaccounted biological pleiotropy, though we aimed to rigorously evaluate and mitigate this possibility through complementary MR methods and sensitivity analyses. Second, a key limitation of our study is that the GWAS summary statistics were derived exclusively from individuals of European ancestry. Consequently, our findings may not be generalizable to populations of other ancestries, where genetic architectures and environmental factors may differ. Future research in diverse ancestral groups is essential to validate these causal relationships globally. Third, our findings offer valuable insights into the potential causal roles of neutrophil count and MCV in VHD pathogenesis, yet the specific cellular and molecular pathways involved remain speculative and require further investigation. Fourth, while some pathological features (such as stenosis and regurgitation) are of significant interest and are critical to understanding VHD, we were unable to find sufficient data for these subtypes in the available GWAS resources. As a result, we were unable to analyze these important pathological phenotypes, limiting our ability to fully explore their causal associations. Future research should focus on collecting more granular GWAS data on VHD subtypes and enhancing the detailed recording of different pathological features. Fifth, there exists a potential for sample overlap between the exposure and outcome GWAS datasets, which may introduce bias into two-sample MR analyses, particularly when IVs are weak. However, the IVs selected for our primary analyses exhibited F-statistics significantly exceeding 10, thereby qualifying as strong instruments. Consequently, the likelihood of such overlap substantially influencing our results is minimal. Nonetheless, future investigations utilizing non-overlapping subsets of data are warranted to further mitigate potential biases. Additionally, the VHD phenotypes in this study were defined using PheCodes, which may include clinically heterogeneous conditions. For example, mitral valve disease may encompass both stenosis and regurgitation, conditions with distinct pathologies. Due to the absence of publicly available GWAS data for these specific subtypes, we could not conduct sensitivity analyses on more granular phenotypes. This phenotypic heterogeneity could obscure or dilute subtype-specific causal effects, highlighting the need for future studies with more precise outcome definitions. Despite these limitations, our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence linking blood cell traits to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The identification of potential causal roles for neutrophil count and MCV in mitral valve disease and tricuspid valve disease, respectively, provides novel insights and encourages further exploration of the underlying biological mechanisms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This comprehensive two-sample MR study sheds light on the causal associations between specific blood cell traits and certain VHD subtypes. The positive causal link between neutrophil count and mitral valve disease risk, as well as the negative causal association between MCV and tricuspid valve disease risk, underscores the importance of considering these blood cell traits as potential risk factors and therapeutic targets in the context of VHD. These findings pave the way for future research aimed at translating these insights into improved prevention, early detection, and management strategies for VHD, while also opening new avenues for exploring the underlying biological mechanisms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01-en">
          <label>Supplementary material</label>
          <p>For Supplementary Figure, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_figure_01.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_figure_01.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/n8Lq4gcYhhYNWfsh7b3NHZw/4006aba0d944aa74814290e7e901f9ba1a4c7586.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl02-en">
          <label>Supplementary material</label>
          <p>For Supplementary Tables, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href=" https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_tables_02.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_tables_02.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/n8Lq4gcYhhYNWfsh7b3NHZw/0220df109d26da9a48754eaa27964ebe47908b71.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl03-en">
          <label>Supplementary material</label>
          <p>For Supplementary Table 3, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_Table_03.pdf">https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0063_supplementary_Table_03.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/n8Lq4gcYhhYNWfsh7b3NHZw/14c515c3fcc5498b35261f4120b611bdfb351a27.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by The Panzhihua City science and technology Buzeau (2020ZD-S-25).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
