<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dRgSVTHjqV8LYBpM73qVg6g</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000300608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240820</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar Extracorp&#243;rea para Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria Intra-Hospitalar: Experi&#234;ncia de um Centro na Am&#233;rica Latina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3999-1265</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Burgos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucrecia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seoane</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spaccavento</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furmento</surname>
            <given-names>Juan F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costabel</surname>
            <given-names>Juan P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vila</surname>
            <given-names>Rocio C. Baro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortoli</surname>
            <given-names>Maria A. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navia</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccinini</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vrancic</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diez</surname>
            <given-names>Mirta</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pulmonary Hypertension and Transplant Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Transplant Department, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Critical Care Cardiology Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Critical Care Cardiology Department, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiac Surgery Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Cardiac Surgery Department, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Lucrecia Mar&#237;a Burgos</bold> &#8226; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires - Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Transplant Department, Blanco Encalada 1543, CABA, Buenos Aires, CP1428 - Argentina Email: <email>lburgos@icba.com.ar</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240820</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar extracorp&#243;rea (ECPR) consiste na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO) em pacientes nos quais as medidas convencionais de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar n&#227;o obtiveram retorno sustentado da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea ap&#243;s parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria. As informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis em centros na Am&#233;rica Latina s&#227;o limitadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos intra-hospitalares e de longo prazo de pacientes adultos tratados com ECPR ap&#243;s parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) intra-hospitalar em um centro de alta complexidade na Argentina</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foi realizado um estudo de coorte unic&#234;ntrico. Pacientes adultos consecutivos submetidos a ECPR entre 2014 e 2023 foram analisados retrospectivamente. Foram inclu&#237;dos casos de PCR intra-hospitalar presenciados e de prov&#225;vel origem card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 15 pacientes na an&#225;lise, representando 16% dos casos de ECMO venoarterial implantados no centro durante esse per&#237;odo. A mediana de idade foi de 46 anos (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]: 34 a 57), sendo 33% do sexo feminino. A canula&#231;&#227;o foi perif&#233;rica em 93,3% dos casos e 66% dos procedimentos de ECMO foram realizados com uma estrat&#233;gia inicial de ponte para recupera&#231;&#227;o. A dura&#231;&#227;o mediana do suporte circulat&#243;rio foi de 5 dias (IIQ: 2 a 9). A ECMO venoarterial foi removida com sucesso em 60% dos pacientes e a sobrevida hospitalar foi de 46%. O acompanhamento mediano ap&#243;s a alta foi de 12 meses (IIQ: 3 a 34), com 100% de sobrevida em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A ECMO venoarterial, como tratamento para PCR intra-hospitalar em nosso centro, demonstrou sobrevida at&#233; a alta hospitalar e sobrevida em longo prazo aceit&#225;veis. A ECMO venoarterial pode ser um tratamento eficaz em pacientes criteriosamente selecionados quando as terapias convencionais falham e pode ser &#250;til e aplic&#225;vel em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, onde o acesso a outros dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria &#233; limitado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Ressuscita&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar Extracorp&#243;rea para Parada Cardiorrespirat&#243;ria Intra-Hospitalar: Experi&#234;ncia de um Centro na Am&#233;rica Latina</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea; ECPR: ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar extracorp&#243;rea; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; PCR: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria; VA: venoarterial. Gerado com https://BioRender.com.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dRgSVTHjqV8LYBpM73qVg6g/ca02c5edad84118400109bd848616d74b3313309.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dRgSVTHjqV8LYBpM73qVg6g/b8973595fd28e2248679f26b80a7847fe32c84b1.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dRgSVTHjqV8LYBpM73qVg6g/7fd64ca8ca7cbd809f95213bf9035717f7e2b1ff.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Reanima&#231;&#227;o Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) intra-hospitalar &#233; um evento agudo que pode afetar qualquer paciente hospitalizado. A PCR &#233; uma das principais causas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#231;os significativos na administra&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, medicamentos, compress&#245;es tor&#225;cicas e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ao longo dos &#250;ltimos 50 anos, alcan&#231;ar o retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea (RCE) por meio da ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP) convencional ainda representa um desafio. Al&#233;m disso, mesmo ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do RCE, alguns pacientes podem apresentar nova PCR e/ou desfechos neurol&#243;gicos desfavor&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar extracorp&#243;rea (ECPR, do ingl&#234;s, <italic>extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation</italic>) consiste na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO, do ingl&#234;s, <italic>extracorporeal membrane oxygenation</italic>) em pacientes nos quais as medidas convencionais de RCP falharam em alcan&#231;ar o RCE sustentado ap&#243;s uma PCR.<sup>i</sup> A ECPR pode ser considerada quando o tempo sem circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea &#233; curto e as tentativas de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o adequadas (ou seja, RCP &gt; 10 minutos, uso apropriado de medicamentos guiados por diretrizes, como epinefrina e vasopressina, e desfibrila&#231;&#227;o para ritmos choc&#225;veis).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ECPR &#233; cada vez mais utilizada em todo o mundo como t&#233;cnica de resgate em pacientes com PCR refrat&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Embora atualmente n&#227;o existam recomenda&#231;&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas para a indica&#231;&#227;o de ECMO nesse contexto, ela pode ser considerada como uma terapia emergencial quando a RCP convencional falha em casos selecionados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; relatos de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados controlados comparando os resultados da ECPR com a RCP convencional em PCR intra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, existem alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos em PCR extra-hospitalar, com resultados heterog&#234;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos de coorte pareados por propens&#227;o relataram que os desfechos associados ao uso de ECMO s&#227;o superiores aos da RCP convencional isolada em pacientes com PCR intra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma metan&#225;lise recente constatou que a ECPR pode reduzir a mortalidade intra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, h&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. As barreiras &#224; sua aplica&#231;&#227;o incluem acessibilidade, falta de recursos, potenciais complica&#231;&#245;es e a necessidade de uma equipe especializada para implanta&#231;&#227;o e manejo adequados.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar e relatar as caracter&#237;sticas e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de uma coorte consecutiva de pacientes adultos tratados com ECPR ap&#243;s uma PCR intra-hospitalar em um centro de alta complexidade na Argentina.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foi realizado um estudo de coorte unic&#234;ntrico. Relatamos as caracter&#237;sticas e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos de uma coorte consecutiva de pacientes adultos tratados com ECPR ap&#243;s PCR intra-hospitalar em um centro de alta complexidade na Argentina.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram analisados pacientes adultos consecutivos submetidos a ECPR entre janeiro de 2014 e julho de 2023. Em nosso hospital, os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para ECPR foram: idade entre 18 e 70 anos, PCR intra-hospitalar presenciada e prov&#225;vel origem card&#237;aca (principalmente taquicardia ventricular ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular como ritmo inicial). A aus&#234;ncia de comorbidades limitantes da vida previamente conhecidas (doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia renal terminal, insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;a terminal), aus&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica grave, e tempo estimado entre a PCR e o fluxo de ECMO &lt; 60 minutos foram crit&#233;rios adicionais para inclus&#227;o no presente estudo. Pacientes que receberam suporte de ECMO para choque cardiog&#234;nico e posteriormente apresentaram PCR foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o da equipe e do centro de ECMO</title>
        <p>A equipe de ECMO, embora fa&#231;a parte da cl&#237;nica de transplante e assist&#234;ncia ventricular, &#233; composta por especialistas de diversos servi&#231;os: cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares, cardiologistas de terapia intensiva, especialistas em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, perfusionistas, enfermeiros, cinesiologistas, cardiologistas especializados em ultrassom, anestesiologistas, cardiologistas intervencionistas, nutricionistas, hematologistas e infectologistas. A equipe de ECMO &#233; um componente da equipe de choque, focada especificamente na ECMO venoarterial como suporte circulat&#243;rio. Os principais membros da equipe (cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares, perfusionistas, cardiologistas e enfermeiros) devem estar dispon&#237;veis 24 horas por dia, 365 dias por ano, para canula&#231;&#227;o de emerg&#234;ncia ou para tratar prontamente complica&#231;&#245;es da ECMO. Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; canula&#231;&#227;o, como les&#227;o vascular e isquemia de membros, foram prevenidas pelo uso rotineiro de cateteres de perfus&#227;o distal. A canula&#231;&#227;o para ECMO foi realizada por cardiologistas intervencionistas ou cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares, dependendo do contexto.</p>
        <p>Os principais objetivos da cria&#231;&#227;o de uma equipe de ECMO foram padronizar os processos, determinar crit&#233;rios unificados de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o para o implante de ECMO venoarterial e garantir assist&#234;ncia ventricular oportuna em casos de choque cardiog&#234;nico ou PCR refrat&#225;rios. Ap&#243;s o implante, a equipe &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo monitoramento e acompanhamento di&#225;rio do paciente, determinando o momento e o modo de desmame da assist&#234;ncia. O foco inicial foi a cria&#231;&#227;o de listas de verifica&#231;&#227;o para montagem, purga e implante da ECMO, bem como protocolos de ativa&#231;&#227;o da equipe. Posteriormente, foram desenvolvidos protocolos para implante percut&#226;neo e cir&#250;rgico, manejo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ultrassom (para implante, monitoramento e desmame), profilaxia de infec&#231;&#245;es, nutri&#231;&#227;o e cuidados de enfermagem.</p>
        <p>A cria&#231;&#227;o da equipe de ECMO, al&#233;m da organiza&#231;&#227;o e padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos processos, envolveu aprendizado te&#243;rico e treinamento de habilidades psicof&#237;sicas.</p>
        <p>Todos os membros principais da equipe de ECMO completam um programa de treinamento institucional estruturado, incluindo exerc&#237;cios de simula&#231;&#227;o de alta fidelidade realizados pelo menos duas vezes por ano, com o objetivo de manter a profici&#234;ncia t&#233;cnica e a coordena&#231;&#227;o da equipe. Desde 2021, nosso centro &#233; certificado pela Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). Segundo dados da ELSO, o volume m&#233;dio anual de ECMO venoarterial em adultos em centros certificados da Am&#233;rica Latina em 2022 foi de 5 a 6 sess&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Atualmente, nosso centro tem um volume m&#233;dio de 15 procedimentos de ECMO venoarterial por ano.</p>
        <p>Nossa institui&#231;&#227;o aplica protocolos de n&#227;o ressuscitar sob supervis&#227;o &#233;tica padronizada, principalmente em pacientes com doen&#231;a em est&#225;gio terminal ou diretivas antecipadas de vontade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Suporte ECMO e manejo p&#243;s-parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</title>
        <p>A equipe de ECMO era acionada em pacientes com PCR refrat&#225;ria que n&#227;o obtiveram RCE ap&#243;s 10 minutos de RCP convencional. No caso de implanta&#231;&#227;o da ECMO no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo, a pun&#231;&#227;o e a canula&#231;&#227;o foram iniciadas por cardiologistas intervencionistas, enquanto o procedimento foi conduzido por cirurgi&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> descreve o estabelecimento do suporte ECMO e o manejo p&#243;s-PCR.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estabelecimento de suporte ECMO e manejo dos cuidados p&#243;s-parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;nula: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><label>&#8211;</label><p>Eliminar todo o ar do circuito. Verificar a presen&#231;a de ar ou bolhas no circuito, na membrana ou nas conex&#245;es.</p></list-item><list-item><label>&#8211;</label><p>Aumentar as RPM e remover as pin&#231;as do circuito.</p></list-item><list-item><label>&#8211;</label><p>O fluxo sangu&#237;neo da ECMO venoarterial deve ser &#8805;3 L/min. Interromper as compress&#245;es mec&#226;nicas. As infus&#245;es de vasopressores e inotr&#243;picos podem precisar ser reduzidas rapidamente para atingir uma PAM &#8805; 60 mmHg para press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o org&#226;nica e &lt; 80 mmHg para minimizar o risco de distens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p></list-item></list> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Confirmar a posi&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;nula com fluoroscopia ou ecocardiografia antes de fix&#225;-la e realizar o curativo.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Medir a PAM com uma linha arterial no membro superior direito (radial ou braquial).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ajustar o fluxo de g&#225;s de varredura da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica para evitar hipocapnia e hiper&#243;xia.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Corrigir a poss&#237;vel insufici&#234;ncia de drenagem com fluidos/transfus&#227;o/redu&#231;&#227;o gradual do fluxo sangu&#237;neo da ECMO venoarterial, caso exceda a necessidade; a circula&#231;&#227;o total &#233; composta pelo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco nativo, se presente, mais o fluxo sangu&#237;neo da ECMO venoarterial.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Garantir o posicionamento correto do tubo endotraqueal e do cateter venoso central.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Seda&#231;&#227;o e analgesia.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Controle da temperatura alvo: 33 a 36 &#176;C por 24 horas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Realizar ultrassonografia &#224; beira do leito para identificar poss&#237;veis complica&#231;&#245;es e avaliar a compet&#234;ncia valvar e a distens&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea; PAM: press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia; RPM: rota&#231;&#245;es por minuto. Adaptado de Richardson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A massagem card&#237;aca externa foi mantida durante toda a fase de canula&#231;&#227;o. Utilizamos uma t&#233;cnica de Seldinger modificada para canular a veia femoral e a art&#233;ria femoral com c&#226;nulas de 19-25 Fr e 15-21 Fr, respectivamente. O fluxo sangu&#237;neo da ECMO foi ajustado para atingir uma meta de 2,5 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, de acordo com as necessidades metab&#243;licas dos pacientes. O fluxo de g&#225;s da ECMO foi ajustado para manter uma pCO<sub>2</sub> arterial de aproximadamente 40 a 45 mmHg. A infus&#227;o de heparina foi utilizada para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, a fim de manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativada entre 160 e 180 segundos. O alvo de hemat&#243;crito era de 30% a 35%. Um cateter percut&#226;neo adicional de 7-9 Fr foi colocado distalmente &#224; c&#226;nula arterial da ECMO na art&#233;ria femoral para prevenir isquemia de membro inferior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foi realizada ecocardiografia di&#225;ria. O desmame da ECMO era considerado pelo menos 24 a 48 horas ap&#243;s o RCE, seguindo o mesmo protocolo em cada paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A ECMO venoarterial central foi inserida sob anestesia geral por meio de uma incis&#227;o de esternotomia, implantando uma c&#226;nula na aorta e a outra na veia cava superior.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a sobrevida hospitalar. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram o desmame da ECMO venoarterial, a sobrevida condicional em longo prazo, o estado neurol&#243;gico na alta hospitalar, eventos hemorr&#225;gicos e tromb&#243;ticos, necessidade de terapia renal substitutiva e complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. O estado neurol&#243;gico foi avaliado de acordo com a categoria de desempenho cerebral (<italic>cerebral performance category</italic> &#8211; CPC). As categorias de desempenho foram definidas da seguinte forma: CPC 1, consciente e alerta com fun&#231;&#227;o normal ou apenas leve incapacidade; CPC 2, consciente e alerta com incapacidade moderada; CPC 3, consciente com incapacidade grave; CPC 4, em coma ou em estado vegetativo persistente; e CPC 5, morte cerebral certificada ou &#243;bito pelos crit&#233;rios tradicionais. Um desfecho neurol&#243;gico favor&#225;vel foi definido como uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 1 ou 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gias de ponte durante o suporte ECMO</title>
        <p>Como parte do padr&#227;o de atendimento do centro e dos protocolos da equipe de ECMO, ao instalar a ECMO venoarterial, uma ponte inicial &#233; estabelecida e o dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico (SCM) &#233; implantado conforme a finalidade cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Para pacientes que apresentaram PCR sem hist&#243;rico cardiovascular pr&#233;vio, a ponte inicial visa a recupera&#231;&#227;o dos &#243;rg&#227;os. As pontes e as caracter&#237;sticas que orientam sua respectiva sele&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o descritas a seguir:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>Ponte para decis&#227;o: O SCM &#233; indicado para manter o paciente vivo em casos de colapso circulat&#243;rio agudo refrat&#225;rio ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, com risco imediato de morte, at&#233; que uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente da condi&#231;&#227;o e op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas possa ser realizada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>Ponte para elegibilidade: Visa melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os danificados por baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou para melhorar condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que aumentam o risco de transplante, como hipertens&#227;o pulmonar ou caquexia card&#237;aca, entre outras. O uso do SCM permite que o paciente se torne um candidato a transplante card&#237;aco.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>Ponte para transplante: &#201; indicada como suporte de vida para pacientes de alto risco na lista de espera at&#233; que um &#243;rg&#227;o esteja dispon&#237;vel.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>Ponte para recupera&#231;&#227;o: O SCM permite que o paciente seja mantido vivo at&#233; que sua fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca melhore o suficiente para a explanta&#231;&#227;o. &#201; utilizado em situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas onde se presume melhora, como miocardite aguda, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, cardiomiopatia periparto, entre outras.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>Terapia de destino: Uso a longo prazo de SCM como alternativa ao transplante card&#237;aco em pacientes que n&#227;o s&#227;o candidatos ao transplante.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos basais, comorbidades, exame f&#237;sico na admiss&#227;o (frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica), apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, resultados laboratoriais, tratamento m&#233;dico pr&#233;vio e terapia implementada para cada paciente foram coletados em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico do centro. O acompanhamento foi realizado por meio da revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos e contato telef&#244;nico foi estabelecido para pacientes sem acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), de acordo com a distribui&#231;&#227;o observada. Foram utilizados os testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov ou Shapiro-Wilk dependendo do tamanho da amostra e das caracter&#237;sticas da distribui&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens. O SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY) foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa institucional e registrado na plataforma PRIISA.BA da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de da Cidade de Buenos Aires. No momento da interna&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento para a transfer&#234;ncia de seus dados pessoais para fins cient&#237;ficos. O estudo foi realizado em conformidade com as normas nacionais e internacionais de prote&#231;&#227;o de participantes de pesquisa, incluindo a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#176; 1480/2011 do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de Nacional, a Lei n&#176; 3301 da Cidade de Buenos Aires, a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#176; 6677/10 da ANMAT e suas emendas 4008 e 4009.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 15 pacientes na an&#225;lise, representando 16% dos procedimentos de ECMO venoarterial implantados no centro durante esse per&#237;odo. Dos procedimentos, 40% foram realizados no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo e o restante na unidade de terapia intensiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>A mediana da idade foi de 46 anos (IIQ: 34 a 57), sendo 33% do sexo feminino. Nenhum paciente tinha hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular cerebral ou anemia. As principais etiologias subjacentes foram: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (53,3%), tempestade el&#233;trica em cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica (6,7%), cardiomiopatia idiop&#225;tica (13,4%), cardiomiopatia restritiva idiop&#225;tica (6,7%) e miocardite (6,7%). As demais caracter&#237;sticas basais est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Todos os pacientes (100%) apresentavam ritmo prim&#225;rio choc&#225;vel.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color: #76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">n = 15</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade, anos, mediana (IIQ)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">46 (34-57)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (33,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (33,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (6,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (6,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (6,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anemia</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DPOC</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A canula&#231;&#227;o foi perif&#233;rica em 93,3% dos casos e 66% dos procedimentos de ECMO foram iniciados com uma estrat&#233;gia inicial de ponte para recupera&#231;&#227;o. O tempo mediano de baixo fluxo (intervalo entre a PCR e o in&#237;cio da ECMO) foi de 41 minutos (IIQ: 25 a 57). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estrat&#233;gias de descompress&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, 66,6% necessitaram de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; 2 pacientes necessitaram de descompress&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, e 2 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; descompress&#227;o percut&#226;nea.</p>
      <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o mediana do suporte circulat&#243;rio foi de 5 dias (IIQ: 2 a 9), e a mediana do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 14 dias (IIQ: 11 a 21).</p>
      <p>A ECMO venoarterial foi removida com sucesso em 60% dos pacientes e a sobrevida hospitalar foi de 46% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Um paciente necessitou de transplante card&#237;aco de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sobrevida hospitalar e sobrevida condicional a longo prazo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20240820-40820-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es mais comuns durante o suporte com ECMO venoarterial foram sangramento (46,6%), infec&#231;&#245;es (46,6%), les&#227;o renal aguda (46,6%) e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica prolongada com necessidade de traqueostomia (26,6%), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Complica&#231;&#245;es da oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color: #76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Complica&#231;&#227;o</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">N = 15</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hemorragia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">7 (46,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Les&#227;o renal aguda, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">7 (46,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Infec&#231;&#245;es, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">7 (46,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Traqueostomia, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (26,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Arritmias, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">6 (40,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tamponamento, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Isquemia de membro inferior, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (26,6%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Convuls&#245;es, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Morte encef&#225;lica, n (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O sangramento mais frequente ocorreu no local da canula&#231;&#227;o, em 4 pacientes (26,6%), seguido por tamponamento card&#237;aco (13,3%). Apenas um paciente apresentou sangramento gastrointestinal (6,6%). Embora a insufici&#234;ncia renal tenha ocorrido em 46,6% dos casos, apenas 4 pacientes necessitaram de hemodi&#225;lise (26,6%).</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s infec&#231;&#245;es, o microrganismo mais frequentemente isolado foi <italic>Klebsiella</italic> sp. (13,3%). Houve 5 casos de bacteremia sem foco. Um caso foi de pneumonia associada &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e um caso de diarreia clostridial.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas associadas &#224; ECMO. Em 5 pacientes (33,3%), trombos foram visualizados no sistema, sem necessidade de troca do circuito. Arritmias foram frequentes: 40% dos pacientes apresentaram arritmia supraventricular, sendo a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial a mais comum.</p>
      <p>Com respeito &#224; canula&#231;&#227;o, 4 pacientes apresentaram sangramento, 4 pacientes (26,6%) apresentaram isquemia de membro inferior, necessitando de fasciotomia em 3 (20%), e amputa&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em apenas 1 paciente (6,6%). Uma c&#226;nula de perfus&#227;o distal foi implantada em todos os pacientes, mas em 5 casos, foi implantada ap&#243;s a canula&#231;&#227;o devido a complica&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas, embora ainda dentro de 24 horas.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas, 2 pacientes sofreram acidente vascular cerebral (um isqu&#234;mico e um hemorr&#225;gico) e convuls&#245;es foram observadas em 2 casos (13,3%). No entanto, a CPC na alta hospitalar foi de 1 ou 2 em 100% dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Nos pacientes que receberam alta hospitalar, o acompanhamento mediano foi de 12 meses (IIQ: 3 a 34), com sobrevida condicional em longo prazo de 100%. Um paciente inicialmente inclu&#237;do na lista de transplante eletivo ap&#243;s a alta foi submetido a transplante card&#237;aco de emerg&#234;ncia 2 anos ap&#243;s a ECPR. No momento do &#250;ltimo acompanhamento, o paciente apresentava boa fun&#231;&#227;o do enxerto e nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-transplante importante.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso centro, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de ECMO venoarterial como tratamento para PCR intra-hospitalar tem demonstrado resultados promissores, observando taxas de sobrevida e desfechos neurol&#243;gicos aceit&#225;veis na alta hospitalar. A ECMO venoarterial serve como uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica eficaz em pacientes cuidadosamente selecionados, particularmente quando as terapias convencionais se mostram insuficientes para alcan&#231;ar resultados adequados. Al&#233;m disso, sua aplicabilidade e utilidade se estendem at&#233; mesmo a pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, onde o acesso a outros dispositivos de assist&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria pode ser limitado.</p>
      <p>A ECPR continua sendo uma terapia pouco comum, mesmo em centros de grande volume. Uma an&#225;lise observacional de PCR intra-hospitalar em adultos nos Estados Unidos constatou que, entre os anos de 2000 e 2018, menos de 1% dos pacientes com PCR intra-hospitalar relatados foram tratados com ECPR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atualmente, n&#227;o h&#225; dados suficientes para identificar os pacientes que poderiam se beneficiar da ECPR. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais sugerem que cada centro deve estabelecer crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o acordados para orientar os m&#233;dicos no equil&#237;brio do uso inteligente de recursos entre pacientes considerados com maior probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s uma PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Embora a coorte do estudo reflita uma popula&#231;&#227;o criteriosamente selecionada, as decis&#245;es sobre a ECPR foram tomadas de acordo com crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o padronizados e por meio de discuss&#227;o em tempo real dentro da equipe de ECMO. Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, a disponibilidade de recursos e de pessoal n&#227;o foram fatores limitantes, sendo todas as decis&#245;es sobre a ECPR baseadas na elegibilidade cl&#237;nica, e n&#227;o em restri&#231;&#245;es log&#237;sticas.</p>
      <p>O tempo de baixo fluxo (a dura&#231;&#227;o entre o in&#237;cio da RCP convencional e o estabelecimento da ECPR) pode ser um dos fatores preditivos de desfechos bem-sucedidos da ECPR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Diretrizes e opini&#245;es de especialistas afirmam que a janela terap&#234;utica ideal para ECPR &#233; de at&#233; 60 minutos ap&#243;s a PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias para esse ponto de corte s&#227;o baseadas em dados limitados de popula&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas. Estudo recente relatou que o grupo ECPR com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 38 minutos apresentou uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente maior de sobrevida at&#233; a alta hospitalar em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo ECPR com dura&#231;&#227;o &gt; 38 minutos (40,0% versus 24,7%, p = 0,032). Al&#233;m disso, a incid&#234;ncia de resultados neurol&#243;gicos favor&#225;veis na alta hospitalar tendeu a ser maior no grupo ECPR &#8804; 38 minutos do que no grupo ECPR &gt; 38 minutos (35,5% versus 24,7%, p = 0,102).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tempo necess&#225;rio para estabelecer o suporte ECMO depende muito das capacidades da equipe de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e de fatores do paciente. Em nosso centro, a forma&#231;&#227;o de uma equipe multidisciplinar de ECMO nos permitiu padronizar os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, considerando que a tomada de decis&#227;o para ECPR &#233; frequentemente cr&#237;tica em termos de tempo e influenciada por fatores externos, como a hora do dia e o dia da semana. Portanto, &#233; crucial ter um sistema log&#237;stico eficiente em vigor, com pessoal treinado dispon&#237;vel 24 horas por dia, 7 dias por semana, para canula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a equipe de sa&#250;de precisa ser capaz de identificar potenciais candidatos &#224; ECPR em at&#233; 10 minutos ap&#243;s a PCR, para facilitar a r&#225;pida instala&#231;&#227;o e prepara&#231;&#227;o do equipamento durante emerg&#234;ncias.</p>
      <p>As taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a ECPR apresentam um amplo espectro, variando de menos de 15% a mais de 50%, embora a maioria dos estudos tenda a convergir em torno de aproximadamente 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Num amplo registo nacional de melhoria da qualidade, Girotra et al. referiram uma sobreviv&#234;ncia global at&#233; &#224; alta hospitalar de 17% ap&#243;s paragem card&#237;aca intra-hospitalar tratada com RCP convencional, com melhoria tanto na sobreviv&#234;ncia como nos resultados neurol&#243;gicos ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> No entanto, a varia&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de sobrevida entre a RCP convencional e a ECPR provavelmente &#233; influenciada por um potencial vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, em que pacientes considerados com maior probabilidade de sobreviver t&#234;m maior probabilidade de receber ECPR. Compara&#231;&#245;es pareadas por propens&#227;o entre casos de ECPR e RCP convencional revelaram resultados divergentes entre indiv&#237;duos que apresentaram PCR intra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em dois estudos distintos com pareamento por propens&#227;o, os pesquisadores encontraram dificuldades em parear 50% e 25% dos pacientes submetidos a ECPR com pacientes submetidos a RCP convencional, o que implica diferen&#231;as substanciais entre esses dois grupos. Isso pode limitar a aplicabilidade de achados observacionais relacionados &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; sobrevida da ECPR, tamb&#233;m podendo indicar obst&#225;culos ao recrutamento de pacientes para ensaios cl&#237;nicos e &#224; obten&#231;&#227;o de equil&#237;brio de randomiza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Protocolos e algoritmos visam rapidamente identificar casos com maior probabilidade de sobrevida com desfechos neurol&#243;gicos favor&#225;veis, como pacientes com PCR presenciada em que a RCP de alta qualidade foi iniciada prontamente, bem como aqueles que apresentam condi&#231;&#245;es potencialmente revers&#237;veis, como obstru&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Outros fatores que tamb&#233;m podem influenciar a indica&#231;&#227;o de ECPR s&#227;o idade, causa e momento da PCR, comorbidades e o ritmo card&#237;aco inicial no in&#237;cio da PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, foi publicado o escore de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco chamado RESCUE-IHCA, derivado de 1.075 pacientes. Desses pacientes, 28% sobreviveram at&#233; a alta hospitalar, e as seguintes seis vari&#225;veis foram identificadas como associadas &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar: idade, hor&#225;rio do dia, ritmo inicial, hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia renal, tipo de paciente (card&#237;aco versus n&#227;o card&#237;aco e cl&#237;nico versus cir&#250;rgico) e dura&#231;&#227;o da PCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A maior probabilidade de sucesso &#233; tipicamente observada em pacientes mais jovens (em alguns grupos de trabalho, indiv&#237;duos de at&#233; 50 anos s&#227;o considerados para ECPR), com poucas comorbidades, PCR presenciada, preferencialmente durante o dia (quando a log&#237;stica &#233; mais simples e h&#225; maior acesso a pessoal treinado), manobras de RCP imediatas e apropriadas (preferencialmente em unidades de terapia intensiva) e causa card&#237;aca com ritmo inicialmente desfibril&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Nossas taxas de sobrevida s&#227;o altas e compar&#225;veis &#224;s relatadas no registro multic&#234;ntrico internacional da ELSO, onde a sobrevida com ECMO foi de 41% e a sobrevida at&#233; a alta hospitalar foi de 30% globalmente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> bem como aos achados do estudo RESCUE-IHCA. Al&#233;m disso, foi documentado desfecho neurol&#243;gico favor&#225;vel na maioria dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Os resultados de um ensaio cl&#237;nico avaliando a ECPR precoce para PCR extra-hospitalar refrat&#225;ria foram publicados. Nesse ensaio multic&#234;ntrico, pragm&#225;tico e randomizado, tanto a ECPR quanto a RCP convencional mostraram efeitos semelhantes na sobrevida, com desfecho neurol&#243;gico favor&#225;vel em 30 dias em pacientes que sofreram PCR extra-hospitalar refrat&#225;ria desencadeada por uma arritmia ventricular inicial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora os benef&#237;cios potenciais da ECPR em um ambiente adequado possam parecer evidentes, os resultados desse ensaio sugerem que a obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados consistentemente superiores n&#227;o &#233; garantida ao implementar a ECPR de forma pragm&#225;tica. Isso se aplica mesmo em centros de cirurgia card&#237;aca onde os profissionais possuem experi&#234;ncia em sua aplica&#231;&#227;o. As institui&#231;&#245;es que atualmente oferecem ou consideram a ECPR devem examinar minuciosamente suas considera&#231;&#245;es log&#237;sticas e, posteriormente, avaliar a efic&#225;cia do procedimento.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PCR extra-hospitalar, tr&#234;s ensaios randomizados (ensaio ARREST, estudo Prague OHCA e ensaio INCEPTION) que abordaram o eventual benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico da ECPR apresentaram resultados divergentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As evid&#234;ncias derivadas desses tr&#234;s ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados recentes n&#227;o s&#227;o contradit&#243;rias, mas sim complementares. No primeiro, a ECPR melhorou significativamente a sobrevida, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a RCP convencional. Em contraste, nos ensaios Prague OHCA e INCEPTION, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos. No entanto, em uma an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria do Prague OHCA, excluindo pacientes com RCE pr&#233;-hospitalar, a ECPR foi associada a uma melhor sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma recente metan&#225;lise apoia essas evid&#234;ncias favor&#225;veis, mostrando no grupo ECPR uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade intra-hospitalar, melhores desfechos neurol&#243;gicos e melhor sobrevida em 30 dias em ambos os cen&#225;rios: PCR intra-hospitalar e extra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a ECMO venoarterial n&#227;o esteja isenta de complica&#231;&#245;es potenciais, como sangramento, insufici&#234;ncia renal, infec&#231;&#245;es e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, a sele&#231;&#227;o meticulosa de pacientes e o manejo especializado contribuem significativamente para desfechos satisfat&#243;rios. Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de casos relatados de morte cerebral e os favor&#225;veis desfechos neurol&#243;gicos na alta hospitalar, bem como a ocorr&#234;ncia de apenas dois casos de acidente vascular cerebral em nossa coorte, atestam a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia geral do procedimento.</p>
      <p>O sangramento foi uma das principais complica&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. Comparado ao total de procedimentos de ECMO venoarterial realizados em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico, na ECPR, a taxa de sangramento foi menor (46,6% versus 61%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> No entanto, no ramo invasivo do estudo Prague OHCA, o sangramento foi ainda menor (31%), assim como no registro ELSO (21,8%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Neste &#250;ltimo caso, provavelmente h&#225; subnotifica&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que nem todos os centros que realizam ECMO s&#227;o relatados; al&#233;m disso, quantificou apenas o sangramento intestinal, pulmonar, no local da canula&#231;&#227;o e no local cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras complica&#231;&#245;es, como acidente vascular cerebral, necessidade de di&#225;lise e les&#227;o renal aguda, a taxa foi semelhante &#224; descrita no registro ELSO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes em nosso estudo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com esse registro, foram sangramento no local da canula&#231;&#227;o (26,6% versus 8,3%) e isquemia de membros inferiores (26,6% versus 4,1%). Embora existam publica&#231;&#245;es que mostram que as complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares em pacientes submetidos a ECMO aumentam a mortalidade, no registro ELSO, esses pacientes apresentaram sobrevida semelhante &#224; m&#233;dia dos pacientes assistidos por PCR (28% a 35%). Isso provavelmente demonstra que, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, apesar da maior incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares, a sobrevida hospitalar foi igual ou at&#233; superior &#224; relatada no registro ELSO (46% versus 30%). A sele&#231;&#227;o rigorosa de pacientes, com crit&#233;rios estritos para o manejo da PCR, pode ser um fator explicativo para essa taxa de sobrevida.</p>
      <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o da ECMO venoarterial em nosso centro evidenciou seu potencial para fornecer suporte vital e preencher a lacuna entre eventos card&#237;acos cr&#237;ticos e a recupera&#231;&#227;o. Ao oferecer suporte circulat&#243;rio e respirat&#243;rio tempor&#225;rio, a ECMO venoarterial permite que os profissionais de sa&#250;de estabilizem os pacientes e ganhem tempo precioso para tratar as causas subjacentes da PCR. Uma vantagem not&#225;vel da ECMO venoarterial reside em sua adequa&#231;&#227;o a ambientes com recursos limitados, onde o acesso a outras tecnologias avan&#231;adas de suporte circulat&#243;rio pode ser restrito. Ao aproveitar os recursos da ECMO venoarterial, as institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda podem aprimorar sua capacidade de gerenciar casos card&#237;acos cr&#237;ticos e, potencialmente, melhorar as taxas de sobrevida dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao seu desenho retrospectivo, bem como &#224; aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle. Os resultados podem n&#227;o ser diretamente aplic&#225;veis a outros centros da regi&#227;o, visto que nossa institui&#231;&#227;o &#233; um centro cardiovascular especializado de alta complexidade, com experi&#234;ncia consolidada em ECMO venoarterial, programa de assist&#234;ncia estruturado e mais de 9 anos de atua&#231;&#227;o, realizando atualmente mais de 15 implantes por ano. Embora o n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos na presente s&#233;rie seja limitado, at&#233; onde sabemos, ela representa a primeira s&#233;rie sobre ECPR na Am&#233;rica Latina. N&#227;o inclu&#237;mos um grupo controle de pacientes tratados apenas com RCP convencional, pois n&#227;o havia dados abrangentes dispon&#237;veis para an&#225;lise sobre essa popula&#231;&#227;o. Isso limita nossa capacidade de estabelecer conclus&#245;es comparativas diretas sobre o potencial benef&#237;cio de sobrevida da ECPR em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s estrat&#233;gias padr&#227;o de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ECMO venoarterial demonstrou ser uma estrat&#233;gia vi&#225;vel para o tratamento da PCR intra-hospitalar em nosso centro, oferecendo uma oportunidade de sobrevida e recupera&#231;&#227;o em pacientes adequadamente selecionados. &#192; medida que evolui a compreens&#227;o dessa tecnologia e de sua aplica&#231;&#227;o, o papel da ECMO venoarterial no tratamento de emerg&#234;ncias card&#237;acas pode ser ainda mais otimizado, beneficiando pacientes tanto em nosso centro quanto em institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de semelhantes ao redor do mundo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1002-043. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para tradu&#231;&#227;o e corre&#231;&#227;o gramatical. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parnia</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singer</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edelman</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Adults with Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
          <source>J Intensive Care Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>359</fpage>
          <lpage>368</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0885066615583651</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Patel JK, Schoenfeld E, Parnia S, Singer AJ, Edelman N. Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Adults with Cardiac Arrest. J Intensive Care Med. 2016;31(6):359-68. doi: 10.1177/0885066615583651.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andersen</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holmberg</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donnino</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>321</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1200</fpage>
          <lpage>1210</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2019.1696</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Andersen LW, Holmberg MJ, Berg KM, Donnino MW, Granfeldt A. In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Review. JAMA. 2019;321(12):1200-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.1696.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>WN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>XY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Research Trends in Cardiac Arrest Research: A Visual Analysis of the Literature Based on CiteSpace</article-title>
          <source>World J Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>290</fpage>
          <lpage>296</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.071</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Yan SJ, Chen M, Wen J, Fu WN, Song XY, Chen HJ, et al. Global Research Trends in Cardiac Arrest Research: A Visual Analysis of the Literature Based on CiteSpace. World J Emerg Med. 2022;13(4):290-6. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2022.071.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobs</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nadkarni</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bahr</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Billi</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bossaert</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcome Reports: Update and Simplification of the Utstein Templates for Resuscitation Registries: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from a Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Councils of Southern Africa)</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>3385</fpage>
          <lpage>3397</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000147236.85306.15</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Jacobs I, Nadkarni V, Bahr J, Berg RA, Billi JE, Bossaert L, et al. Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcome Reports: Update and Simplification of the Utstein Templates for Resuscitation Registries: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from a Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (American Heart Association, European Resuscitation Council, Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, InterAmerican Heart Foundation, Resuscitation Councils of Southern Africa). Circulation. 2004;110(21):3385-97. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000147236.85306.15.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Keebler</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haddad</surname>
              <given-names>EV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGrane</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zalawadiya</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schlendorf</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Cardiogenic Shock</article-title>
          <source>JACC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>503</fpage>
          <lpage>516</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jchf.2017.11.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Keebler ME, Haddad EV, Choi CW, McGrane S, Zalawadiya S, Schlendorf KH, et al. Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Cardiogenic Shock. JACC Heart Fail. 2018;6(6):503-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.11.017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shin</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jo</surname>
              <given-names>IJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>YB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hahn</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Two-Year Survival and Neurological Outcome of in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Rescued by Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>168</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>3424</fpage>
          <lpage>3430</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.183</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Shin TG, Jo IJ, Sim MS, Song YB, Yang JH, Hahn JY, et al. Two-Year Survival and Neurological Outcome of in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Rescued by Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(4):3424-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.183.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Richardson</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellegrino</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rycus</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pilcher</surname>
              <given-names>DV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ECMO Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR), Trends in Survival from an International Multicentre Cohort Study Over 12-Years</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <fpage>34</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.12.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Richardson AS, Schmidt M, Bailey M, Pellegrino VA, Rycus PT, Pilcher DV. ECMO Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR), Trends in Survival from an International Multicentre Cohort Study Over 12-Years. Resuscitation. 2017;112:34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.12.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Richardson</surname>
              <given-names>ASC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tonna</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nanjayya</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nixon</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abrams</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raman</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults. Interim Guideline Consensus Statement from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization</article-title>
          <source>ASAIO J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>221</fpage>
          <lpage>228</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MAT.0000000000001344</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Richardson ASC, Tonna JE, Nanjayya V, Nixon P, Abrams DC, Raman L, et al. Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults. Interim Guideline Consensus Statement from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ASAIO J. 2021;67(3):221-8. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001344.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yannopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raveendran</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walser</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connett</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murray</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Advanced Reperfusion Strategies for Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation (ARREST): A Phase 2, Single Centre, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>396</volume>
          <issue>10265</issue>
          <fpage>1807</fpage>
          <lpage>1816</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32338-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Yannopoulos D, Bartos J, Raveendran G, Walser E, Connett J, Murray TA, et al. Advanced Reperfusion Strategies for Patients with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation (ARREST): A Phase 2, Single Centre, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet. 2020;396(10265):1807-16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32338-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Belohlavek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smalcova</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rob</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franek</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smid</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pokorna</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Intra-Arrest Transport, Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, and Immediate Invasive Assessment and Treatment on Functional Neurologic Outcome in Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>737</fpage>
          <lpage>747</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2022.1025</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Belohlavek J, Smalcova J, Rob D, Franek O, Smid O, Pokorna M, et al. Effect of Intra-Arrest Transport, Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, and Immediate Invasive Assessment and Treatment on Functional Neurologic Outcome in Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327(8):737-47. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.1025.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suverein</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delnoij</surname>
              <given-names>TSR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorusso</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruinsma</surname>
              <given-names>GJBB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Otterspoor</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elzo Kraemer</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Early Extracorporeal CPR for Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>388</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>299</fpage>
          <lpage>309</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2204511</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Suverein MM, Delnoij TSR, Lorusso R, Bruinsma GJBB, Otterspoor L, Elzo Kraemer CV, et al. Early Extracorporeal CPR for Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(4):299-309. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2204511.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jerng</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparing the Survival between Extracorporeal Rescue and Conventional Resuscitation in Adult in-Hospital Cardiac Arrests: Propensity Analysis of Three-Year Data</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>796</fpage>
          <lpage>803</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.03.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Lin JW, Wang MJ, Yu HY, Wang CH, Chang WT, Jerng JS, et al. Comparing the Survival between Extracorporeal Rescue and Conventional Resuscitation in Adult in-Hospital Cardiac Arrests: Propensity Analysis of Three-Year Data. Resuscitation. 2010;81(7):796-803. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.03.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shin</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jo</surname>
              <given-names>IJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>HG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>YK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Patients with Inhospital Cardiac Arrest: A Comparison with Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feb339</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Shin TG, Choi JH, Jo IJ, Sim MS, Song HG, Jeong YK, et al. Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Patients with Inhospital Cardiac Arrest: A Comparison with Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(1):1-7. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feb339.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klee</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kern</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Review of ECMO for Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
          <source>Resusc Plus</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <fpage>100083</fpage>
          <lpage>100083</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100083</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Klee TE, Kern KB. A Review of ECMO for Cardiac Arrest. Resusc Plus. 2021;5:100083. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100083.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Low</surname>
              <given-names>CJW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramanathan</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rochwerg</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kitamura</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation versus Conventional CPR in Cardiac Arrest: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13054-024-04830-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Low CJW, Ling RR, Ramanathan K, Chen Y, Rochwerg B, Kitamura T, et al. Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation versus Conventional CPR in Cardiac Arrest: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s13054-024-04830-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Extracorporeal Life Support Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>ELSO Registry International Summary [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Ann Arbor</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Extracorporeal Life Support Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2026 Mar 03]</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.elso.org/registry/internationalsummaryandreports/internationalsummary.aspx">https://www.elso.org/registry/internationalsummaryandreports/internationalsummary.aspx</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Extracorporeal Life Support Organization. ELSO Registry International Summary [Internet]. Ann Arbor: Extracorporeal Life Support Organization; 2023 [cited 2026 Mar 03]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.elso.org/registry/internationalsummaryandreports/internationalsummary.aspx">https://www.elso.org/registry/internationalsummaryandreports/internationalsummary.aspx</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pavlushkov</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berman</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valchanov</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cannulation Techniques for Extracorporeal Life Support</article-title>
          <source>Ann Transl Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>70</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/atm.2016.11.47</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Pavlushkov E, Berman M, Valchanov K. Cannulation Techniques for Extracorporeal Life Support. Ann Transl Med. 2017;5(4):70. doi: 10.21037/atm.2016.11.47.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ortuno</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delmas</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diehl</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailleul</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lancelot</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naili</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Weaning from Veno-Arterial Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Which Strategy to Use?</article-title>
          <source>Ann Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>E1</fpage>
          <lpage>E8</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21037/acs.2018.08.05</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Ortuno S, Delmas C, Diehl JL, Bailleul C, Lancelot A, Naili M, et al. Weaning from Veno-Arterial Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Which Strategy to Use? Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;8(1):E1-E8. doi: 10.21037/acs.2018.08.05.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aissaoui</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El-Banayosy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Combes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How to Wean a Patient from Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</article-title>
          <source>Intensive Care Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>902</fpage>
          <lpage>905</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00134-015-3663-y</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Aissaoui N, El-Banayosy A, Combes A. How to Wean a Patient from Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41(5):902-5. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3663-y.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cummins</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chamberlain</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abramson</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baskett</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommended Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Data from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The Utstein Style. A Statement for Health Professionals from a Task Force of the American Heart Association, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and the Australian Resuscitation Council</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>960</fpage>
          <lpage>975</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.84.2.960</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Cummins RO, Chamberlain DA, Abramson NS, Allen M, Baskett PJ, Becker L, et al. Recommended Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Data from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The Utstein Style. A Statement for Health Professionals from a Task Force of the American Heart Association, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and the Australian Resuscitation Council. Circulation. 1991;84(2):960-75. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.2.960.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peura</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin-Adams</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grady</surname>
              <given-names>KL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jessup</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for the use of Mechanical Circulatory Support: Device Strategies and Patient Selection: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>126</volume>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <fpage>2648</fpage>
          <lpage>2667</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182769a54</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Peura JL, Colvin-Adams M, Francis GS, Grady KL, Hoffman TM, Jessup M, et al. Recommendations for the use of Mechanical Circulatory Support: Device Strategies and Patient Selection: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;126(22):2648-67. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182769a54.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Feldman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pamboukian</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teuteberg</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Birks</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lietz</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moore</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for Mechanical Circulatory Support: Executive Summary</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>187</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Feldman D, Pamboukian SV, Teuteberg JJ, Birks E, Lietz K, Moore SA, et. The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for Mechanical Circulatory Support: Executive Summary. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32(2):157-87. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.09.013.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tonna</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selzman</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girotra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Presson</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiagarajan</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patient and Institutional Characteristics Influence the Decision to Use Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <elocation-id>e015522</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.119.015522</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Tonna JE, Selzman CH, Girotra S, Presson AP, Thiagarajan RR, Becker LB, et al. Patient and Institutional Characteristics Influence the Decision to Use Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9(9):e015522. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015522.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagnoul</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Combes</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Backer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</article-title>
          <source>Curr Opin Crit Care</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>259</fpage>
          <lpage>265</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MCC.0000000000000098</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Fagnoul D, Combes A, De Backer D. Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014;20(3):259-65. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000098.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soar</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nolan</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;ttiger</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perkins</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lott</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carli</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 3. Adult Advanced Life Support</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <fpage>100</fpage>
          <lpage>147</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Soar J, Nolan JP, B&#246;ttiger BW, Perkins GD, Lott C, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 3. Adult Advanced Life Support. Resuscitation. 2015;95:100-47. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.016.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>IH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jang</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chun</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>YH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Significance of Low-Flow Time in Patients Undergoing Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Results from the RESCUE Registry</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>3588</fpage>
          <lpage>3588</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm9113588</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Park IH, Yang JH, Jang WJ, Chun WJ, Oh JH, Park YH, et al. Clinical Significance of Low-Flow Time in Patients Undergoing Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Results from the RESCUE Registry. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):3588. doi: 10.3390/jcm9113588.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yannopoulos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartos</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raveendran</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Missov</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conterato</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Minnesota Resuscitation Consortium's Advanced Perfusion and Reperfusion Cardiac Life Support Strategy for Out-of-Hospital Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Heart Assoc</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e003732</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/JAHA.116.003732</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Yannopoulos D, Bartos JA, Martin C, Raveendran G, Missov E, Conterato M, et al. Minnesota Resuscitation Consortium's Advanced Perfusion and Reperfusion Cardiac Life Support Strategy for Out-of-Hospital Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(6):e003732. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.003732.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stub</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernard</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellegrino</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Walker</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sheldrake</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Refractory Cardiac Arrest Treated with Mechanical CPR, Hypothermia, ECMO and Early Reperfusion (the CHEER Trial)</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <fpage>88</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Stub D, Bernard S, Pellegrino V, Smith K, Walker T, Sheldrake J, et al. Refractory Cardiac Arrest Treated with Mechanical CPR, Hypothermia, ECMO and Early Reperfusion (the CHEER Trial). Resuscitation. 2015;86:88-94. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.09.010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sakamoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morimura</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nagao</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asai</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yokota</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nara</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation versus Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Prospective Observational Study</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>762</fpage>
          <lpage>768</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.01.031</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Sakamoto T, Morimura N, Nagao K, Asai Y, Yokota H, Nara S, et al. Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation versus Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Prospective Observational Study. Resuscitation. 2014;85(6):762-8. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.01.031.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>YS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ko</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jerng</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with Assisted Extracorporeal Life-Support versus Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults with in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: An Observational Study and Propensity Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>372</volume>
          <issue>9638</issue>
          <fpage>554</fpage>
          <lpage>561</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60958-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30 Chen YS, Lin JW, Yu HY, Ko WJ, Jerng JS, Chang WT, et al. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with Assisted Extracorporeal Life-Support versus Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Adults with in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: An Observational Study and Propensity Analysis. Lancet. 2008;372(9638):554-61. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60958-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Girotra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nallamothu</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spertus</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krumholz</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trends in Survival after in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>367</volume>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <fpage>1912</fpage>
          <lpage>1920</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa1109148</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31 Girotra S, Nallamothu BK, Spertus JA, Li Y, Krumholz HM, Chan PS, et al. Trends in Survival after in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(20):1912-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1109148.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tonna</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selzman</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girotra</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Presson</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thiagarajan</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Becker</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resuscitation Using ECPR during In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (RESCUE-IHCA) Mortality Prediction Score and External Validation</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>237</fpage>
          <lpage>247</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcin.2021.09.032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32 Tonna JE, Selzman CH, Girotra S, Presson AP, Thiagarajan RR, Becker LB, et al. Resuscitation Using ECPR during In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (RESCUE-IHCA) Mortality Prediction Score and External Validation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2022;15(3):237-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2021.09.032.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rob</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smalcova</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smid</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kral</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kovarnik</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zemanek</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Extracorporeal versus Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Secondary Analysis of the Prague OHCA Trial</article-title>
          <source>Crit Care</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>330</fpage>
          <lpage>330</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13054-022-04199-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33 Rob D, Smalcova J, Smid O, Kral A, Kovarnik T, Zemanek D, et al. Extracorporeal versus Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Refractory Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Secondary Analysis of the Prague OHCA Trial. Crit Care. 2022;26(1):330. doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04199-3.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seoane</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgos</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Furmento</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spaletra</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vranci</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Refractory Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiac Arrest: An Initial 7-Year Experience in an Adult Cardiology Center</article-title>
          <source>Rev Argent Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>422</fpage>
          <lpage>428</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34 Seoane LA, Burgos LM, Furmento JF, Garcia W, Spaletra P, Vranci M, et al. Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Refractory Cardiogenic Shock and Cardiac Arrest: An Initial 7-Year Experience in an Adult Cardiology Center. Rev Argent Cardiol. 2021;89(5):422-28.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240820i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Single-Center Experience in Latin America</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3999-1265</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Burgos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucrecia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Seoane</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Spaccavento</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furmento</surname>
            <given-names>Juan F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costabel</surname>
            <given-names>Juan P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vila</surname>
            <given-names>Rocio C. Baro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bortoli</surname>
            <given-names>Maria A. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navia</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccinini</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vrancic</surname>
            <given-names>Mariano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diez</surname>
            <given-names>Mirta</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Transplant Department, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Critical Care Cardiology Department, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Argentina</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires (ICBA), Cardiac Surgery Department, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Lucrecia Mar&#237;a Burgos</bold> &#8226; Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires - Heart Failure, Pulmonary Hypertension and Transplant Department, Blanco Encalada 1543, CABA, Buenos Aires, CP1428 - Argentina Email: <email>lburgos@icba.com.ar</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients in whom conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures have failed to achieve a sustained return of spontaneous circulation after cardiorespiratory arrest. Limited information is available in centers in Latin America.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes of adult patients treated with ECPR after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in a high-complexity center in Argentina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A single-center cohort study was performed. Consecutive adult patients who underwent ECPR between 2014 and 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Witnessed IHCA cases of probable cardiac origin were included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Fifteen patients were included in the analysis, representing 16% of the venoarterial ECMO cases implanted at the center during this period. The median age was 46 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 34 to 57); 33% were female. Cannulation was peripheral in 93.3%, and 66% of ECMO runs were placed with an initial bridging strategy to recovery. The median duration of circulatory support was 5 days (IQR: 2 to 9). Venoarterial ECMO was successfully removed in 60% of patients, and in-hospital survival was 46%. Median follow-up after discharge was 12 months (IQR: 3 to 34), with 100% long-term survival.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Venoarterial ECMO as a treatment for IHCA in our center demonstrated acceptable survival to hospital discharge and long-term survival. Venoarterial ECMO may be an effective treatment in highly selected patients when conventional therapies fail and may be useful and applicable in a low- and middle-income country with limited access to other circulatory assist devices.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Single-Center Experience in Latin America</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ECPR: extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation; IHCA: in-hospital cardiac arrest; IQR: interquartile range; VA: venoarterial. Created in https://BioRender.com</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20240820-40820-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is an acute event that can potentially affect any hospitalized patient. Cardiac arrest (CA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Despite significant advancements in ventilation administration, medications, chest compressions, and electrical defibrillation over the last 50 years, achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) still poses challenges. Moreover, even after ROSC is achieved, some patients may face re-arrest and/or unfavorable neurological outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) is the utilization of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients in whom conventional CPR measures have failed to achieve sustained ROSC after a CA.<sup>i</sup> It may be considered when the time without spontaneous circulation is short and resuscitation attempts are adequate (i.e., CPR &gt; 10 minutes, appropriate use of guideline-directed medications such as epinephrine and vasopressin, and defibrillation for shockable rhythms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ECPR is increasingly used worldwide as a rescue technique among patients with refractory CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> While there are currently no systematic recommendations for the indication of ECMO in this setting, it could be considered as an emergent therapy when conventional CPR fails in selected cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Currently, there are no reports of controlled randomized trials comparing the outcomes of ECPR with conventional CPR in IHCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In contrast, there are some trials in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) with heterogeneous results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Propensity-matched cohort studies have reported outcomes associated with ECMO use to be superior to those of conventional CPR alone in in-hospital patients with CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Furthermore, a recent meta-analysis found that ECPR could reduce in-hospital mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, limited information is available in low- and middle-income countries. Barriers to its application include accessibility, lack of resources, potential complications, and the need for a specialized team for proper implantation and management.</p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to analyze and report the characteristics and clinical outcomes of a consecutive cohort of adult patients treated with ECPR after an IHCA at a high-complexity center in Argentina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <p>A single-center cohort study was performed. We reported the characteristics and clinical outcomes of a consecutive cohort of adult patients treated with ECPR after an IHCA at a high-complexity center in Argentina.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>Consecutive adult patients who underwent ECPR between January 2014 and July 2023 were analyzed. In our hospital, ECPR enrollment criteria included age between 18 and 70 years, witnessed IHCA, and probable cardiac origin (mainly ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation as the initial rhythm). Absence of previously known life-limiting comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal failure, liver failure, terminal illness), absence of aortic dissection and severe peripheral arterial disease, and estimated time from CA to ECMO flow &lt; 60 minutes were additional criteria for inclusion in this study. Patients who received ECMO support for cardiogenic shock and later experienced CA were excluded from this analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ECMO team and center description</title>
          <p>The ECMO team, although part of the transplant and ventricular assistance clinic, is composed of specialists from various services: cardiovascular surgeons, critical care cardiologists, heart failure specialists, perfusionists, nurses, kinesiologists, cardiologists specializing in ultrasound, anesthesiologists, interventional cardiologists, nutritionists, hematologists, and infectious disease specialists. The ECMO team is a component of the shock team, focused specifically on venoarterial (VA) ECMO as circulatory support. The key team members (cardiovascular surgeons, perfusionists, cardiologists, and nurses) must be available 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, for emergency cannulation or to promptly address ECMO complications. Cannulation-related complications such as vascular injury and limb ischemia were prevented by routine use of distal perfusion catheters. ECMO cannulation was performed by interventional cardiologists or cardiovascular surgeons, depending on the setting.</p>
          <p>The primary objectives of establishing an ECMO team were to standardize processes, determine unified criteria for inclusion and exclusion for VA ECMO implantation, and ensure timely ventricular assistance in cases of refractory cardiogenic shock or CA. After implantation, the team is responsible for daily patient monitoring and follow-up, determining the timing and mode of weaning from assistance. The initial focus was on creating checklists for ECMO assembly, purging, and implantation, as well as team activation protocols. Subsequently, protocols were developed for both percutaneous and surgical implantation, anticoagulation management, ultrasound utilization (for implantation, monitoring, and weaning), infection prophylaxis, nutrition, and nursing care.</p>
          <p>Establishing the ECMO team, in addition to organizing and standardizing processes, involved theoretical learning and psychophysical skills training.</p>
          <p>All core ECMO team members complete a structured institutional training program, including high-fidelity simulation exercises held at least twice a year, aimed at maintaining technical proficiency and team coordination. Since 2021, our center has been certified by the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). According to ELSO data, the mean annual adult VA ECMO volume in certified Latin American centers in 2022 was 5 to 6 runs. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Currently, our center has an average volume of 15 VA ECMO runs per year.</p>
          <p>Our institution applies do not resuscitate protocols under standardized ethical oversight, primarily in patients with end-stage illness or prior advanced directives.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ECMO support and post-cardiac arrest care management</title>
          <p>The ECMO team was activated for patients with refractory CA who did not achieve ROSC after 10 minutes of conventional CPR. In the case of ECMO placement in the catheterization lab, the puncture and cannulation were initiated by interventional cardiologists, whereas in patients located in the intensive care unit, the procedure was led by cardiovascular surgeons. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> outlines the establishment of ECMO support and post-CA care management.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Establishment of ECMO support and post-cardiac arrest care management</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">After cannula insertion: <list list-type="simple"><list-item><label>&#8211;</label><p>Purge all air from circuit. Check for air or bubbles in circuit, membrane or connections.</p></list-item><list-item><label>&#8211;</label><p>Increase RPM and remove clamps on circuit.</p></list-item><list-item><label>&#8211;</label><p>VA ECMO blood flow should be &#8805;3 L/min. Discontinue mechanical compressions. Vasopressor and inotrope infusions, may need to be weaned rapidly to MAP target &#8805; 60 mmHg for organ perfusion pressure and &lt; 80 mmHg to minimize risk of left ventricle distension.</p></list-item></list> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Confirm cannula position with fluoroscopy or echocardiography prior to cannula securing and dressing.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">MAP measurement with right-sided upper limb arterial line (radial or brachial).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Titrate sweep gas flow mechanical ventilation to avoid hypocarbia and hyperoxia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Address potential drainage insufficiency with fluids/transfusion/weaning of VA ECMO blood flow if it exceeds requirement; total circulation is made up of native cardiac output, if present, plus VA ECMO blood flow.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ensure correct placement of endotracheal tube and central venous catheter.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sedation and analgesia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Targeted temperature management: 33 to 36 &#176;C for 24 hours.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Perform bedside ultrasound to identify possible complications and assess valve competence and left ventricle distension.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>MAP: mean arterial pressure; RPM: revolutions per minute; VA ECMO: venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Adapted from Richardson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>External cardiac massage was continued throughout the cannulation phase. We used a modified Seldinger technique to cannulate the femoral vein and femoral artery with cannulas of 19-25 Fr and 15-21 Fr, respectively. ECMO blood flow was adjusted to achieve a target of 2.5 L/min/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, tailored to the patients&#8217; metabolic needs. ECMO gas flow was set to maintain an arterial pCO<sub>2</sub> of approximately 40 to 45 mm Hg. Heparin infusion was used for anticoagulation to maintain the activated clotting time between 160 and 180 seconds. The target hematocrit was 30% to 35%. An additional 7-9 Fr percutaneous catheter was placed distal to the ECMO arterial cannula in the femoral artery to prevent limb ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Daily echocardiography was performed. Weaning from ECMO was considered at least 24 to 48 hours after ROSC, following the same protocol in each patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Central VA ECMO was inserted under general anesthesia using a sternotomy incision, implanting one cannula in the aorta and the other in the superior vena cava.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endpoints</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint was in-hospital survival. Secondary outcomes included VA ECMO weaning, long-term conditional survival, neurological status at hospital discharge, bleeding and thrombotic events, need for renal replacement, and vascular complications. Neurological status was assessed according to the cerebral performance category (CPC). The performance categories were defined as follows: CPC 1, conscious and alert with normal function or only slight disability; CPC 2, conscious and alert with moderate disability; CPC 3, conscious with severe disability; CPC 4, comatose or in a persistently vegetative state; and CPC 5, certified brain death or dead by traditional criteria. Favorable neurological outcome was defined as a score of 1 or 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Bridge strategy during ECMO support</title>
          <p>As part of the center's standard of care and the ECMO team's protocols, when placing VA ECMO, an initial bridge is established, and the mechanical circulatory support (MCS) device is implanted accordingly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> For patients who have experienced CA without prior cardiovascular history, the initial bridge is to organ recovery. The bridges and the characteristics that guide their selection are described below:</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <label>&#8211;</label>
              <p>Bridge to decision: MCS is indicated to keep the patient alive in cases of acute circulatory collapse refractory to pharmacological treatment with an immediate risk of death until a comprehensive assessment of their condition and therapeutic options can be conducted.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <label>&#8211;</label>
              <p>Bridge to candidacy: Used to improve the function of organs damaged by low output or to improve clinical conditions that increase the risk of transplantation, such as pulmonary hypertension or cardiac cachexia, among others. The use of MCS allows the patient to become a candidate for heart transplantation.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <label>&#8211;</label>
              <p>Bridge to transplant: Indicated as life support for high-risk patients on the waiting list until an organ becomes available.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <label>&#8211;</label>
              <p>Bridge to recovery: The MCS allows the patient to be kept alive until their cardiac function improves sufficiently for explantation. It is used in clinical situations where improvement is presumed, such as acute myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, peripartum cardiomyopathy, among others.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <label>&#8211;</label>
              <p>Destination therapy: Long-term use of MCS as an alternative to heart transplantation in patients who are not candidates for transplantation.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and follow-up</title>
          <p>Baseline demographic and clinical data, comorbid conditions, physical examination on admission (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), clinical presentation, laboratory findings, previous medical treatment, and therapy implemented for each patient were collected in a dedicated center database. The follow-up was conducted through the review of medical records, and phone contact was established for patients without follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR), according to the observed distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov or Shapiro-Wilk tests were used depending on sample size and distribution characteristics. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages. SPSS Statistics, version 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY) was used for statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>The study was approved by the institutional research and ethics board and was registered on the PRIISA.BA platform of Buenos Aires City Ministry of Health. At the time of hospitalization, patients signed consent for the transfer of personal data for scientific purposes. The study was carried out in accordance with national and international standards for the protection of research subjects, including the Declaration of Helsinki, Resolution of the Ministry of National Health 1480/2011, Ciudad de Buenos Aires law 3301, ANMAT resolution 6677/10, and amendments 4008 and 4009.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Fifteen patients were included in the analysis, representing 16% of the VA ECMO runs implanted at the center during this period. Forty percent of ECMO procedures were carried out in the catheterization lab, and the rest were performed in the intensive care unit (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>The median age was 46 years (IQR: 34 to 57); 33% were female. No patients had a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, cerebrovascular accident, or anemia. The main underlying etiologies were as follows: acute coronary syndrome (53.3%), electrical storm in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (6.7%), idiopathic cardiomyopathy (13.4%), idiopathic restrictive cardiomyopathy (6.7%), and myocarditis (6.7%). The other baseline characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>. One hundred percent of the patients had primary shockable rhythm.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color: #76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">n = 15</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age, years, median (IQR)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">46 (34-57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arterial hypertension</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (33.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">5 (33.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (6.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoking</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Chronic kidney disease</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Coronary artery disease</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (6.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peripheral artery disease</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1 (6.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anemia</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">COPD</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR: interquartile range.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Cannulation was peripheral in 93.3%, and 66% of ECMO runs were placed with an initial bridging strategy to recovery. The median low-flow time (from CA to ECMO run) was 41 minutes (IQR: 25 to 57). Regarding left ventricular decompression strategies, 66.6% required intra-aortic balloon pump; 2 patients required surgical venting, and 2 patients underwent percutaneous venting.</p>
        <p>The median duration of circulatory support was 5 days (IQR: 2 to 9), and length of stay was 14 days (IQR: 11 to 21).</p>
        <p>VA ECMO was successfully removed in 60% of patients, and in-hospital survival was 46% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>). One patient required an emergency heart transplant.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>In-hospital and conditional long-term survival.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20240820-40820-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The most common complications during VA ECMO support were bleeding (46.6%), infections (46.6%), acute kidney injury (46.6%), and prolonged mechanical ventilation requiring tracheostomy (26.6%), as displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color: #76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Complication</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">N = 15</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Bleeding, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">7 (46.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Acute kidney injury, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">7 (46.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Infections, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">7 (46.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tracheostomy, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (26.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Arrhythmias, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">6 (40.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tamponade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lower limb ischemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (26.6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Seizures, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (13.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color: #C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Brain death, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">0 (0%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The most frequent bleeding was from the cannulation site, occurring in 4 patients (26.6%), followed by tamponade (13.3%). Only one patient presented gastrointestinal bleeding (6.6%). Although renal failure occurred in 46.6% of cases, only 4 patients required hemodialysis (26.6%).</p>
        <p>Regarding infections, the most frequently isolated microorganism was <italic>Klebsiella</italic> sp. (13.3%). There were 5 cases of bacteremia without focus. One case was ventilation-associated pneumonia, and one case was clostridial diarrhea.</p>
        <p>There were no associated ECMO mechanical complications. Thrombi were visualized in the system, without circuit change in 5 patients (33.3%). Arrhythmias were frequent: 40% of patients presented supraventricular arrhythmia, with atrial fibrillation being the most common.</p>
        <p>In relation to cannulation, 4 patients had bleeding, 4 patients (26.6%) lower limb ischemia, requiring fasciotomy in 3 (20%), and amputation in only one patient (6.6%). A distal perfusion cannula was implanted in all patients, but in 5 cases it was performed after cannulation due to technical complications, although still within 24 hours.</p>
        <p>Regarding neurological complications, 2 patients had stroke (one ischemic and one hemorrhagic), and seizures were observed in 2 cases (13.3%). However, CPC at discharge was 1 or 2 in 100% of patients.</p>
        <p>In patients discharged from the hospital, median follow-up was 12 months (IQR: 3 to 34), with 100% long-term conditional survival. One patient initially placed on the elective transplant list after discharge underwent emergency heart transplantation 2 years after ECPR. At the time of last follow-up, the patient exhibited good graft function and no major post-transplant complications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In our center, the utilization of VA ECMO as a treatment for IHCA has shown promising results, with acceptable survival rates and neurological outcomes observed at hospital discharge. VA ECMO serves as an effective therapeutic option in carefully selected patients, particularly when conventional therapies prove insufficient in achieving successful outcomes. Moreover, its applicability and usefulness extend even to low- and middle-income countries, where access to other circulatory assist devices may be limited.</p>
        <p>ECPR remains an uncommon therapy, even in high-volume centers. An observational analysis of adult IHCA in the United States found that between the years 2000 and 2018, less than 1% of reported IHCA patients were treated with ECPR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Currently, we lack sufficient data to identify those who could benefit from ECPR. International recommendations suggest that each center should establish agreed-upon inclusion criteria to guide physicians in balancing the intelligent use of resources among patients deemed to have a better likelihood of survival after a CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Although the study cohort reflects a highly selected population, ECPR decisions were made according to standardized inclusion criteria and through real-time discussion within the ECMO team. During the study period, resource availability and personnel coverage were not limiting factors, and all ECPR decisions were based on clinical eligibility rather than logistical constraints.</p>
        <p>Low-flow time, the duration between the initiation of conventional CPR and the establishment of ECPR, might be one of the predictive factors of successful outcomes of ECPR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Guidelines and expert opinions state that the ideal therapeutic window for ECPR is within 60 minutes of arrest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> However, the evidence for this cutoff is based on limited data from heterogeneous populations. A recent study reported that the ECPR group with a duration of &#8804; 38 minutes showed a significantly higher incidence of survival to discharge compared to the ECPR group with a duration of &gt; 38 minutes (40.0% versus 24.7%, p = 0.032). Additionally, the incidence of favorable neurological outcomes at discharge tended to be higher in the ECPR &#8804; 38 minute group than in the ECPR &gt; 38 minute group (35.5% versus 24.7%, p = 0.102).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The time required to establish ECMO support is highly dependent upon the capabilities of the resuscitation team and patient factors. In our center, the formation of a multidisciplinary ECMO team has enabled us to standardize the inclusion criteria, considering that decision-making for ECPR is often time-critical and influenced by external factors such as the time of day and the day of the week. Therefore, it is crucial to have an efficient logistics system in place with trained personnel available 24/7 for cannulation. Additionally, healthcare staff need to be capable of identifying potential ECPR candidates within 10 minutes of the CA to facilitate rapid setup and priming of the equipment during emergencies.</p>
        <p>Survival rates following ECPR exhibit a broad spectrum, ranging from below 15% to over 50%, although most studies tend to converge around approximately 30%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In a large national quality-improvement registry, Girotra et al. reported an overall survival to discharge of 17% after in-hospital cardiac arrest treated with conventional CPR, with both survival and neurologic outcomes improving over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the variation in survival rates between conventional CPR and ECPR is likely influenced by potential selection bias, where patients believed to have a higher chance of survival are more likely to receive ECPR. Propensity-matched comparisons between ECPR and conventional CPR cases have revealed divergent outcomes among individuals experiencing IHCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In two separate propensity-matched studies, researchers encountered difficulties in matching 50% and 25% of ECPR patients with conventional CPR patients, implying substantial differences between these two groups. This could limit the applicability of observational findings related to ECPR utilization and survival, and it might also indicate obstacles to enrolling patients in clinical trials and achieving randomization equipoise.</p>
        <p>Protocols and algorithms aim to swiftly identify cases with a higher likelihood of surviving with favorable neurological outcomes, such as patients with witnessed CAs where high-quality CPR was promptly initiated, and those experiencing potentially reversible conditions like acute coronary obstructions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Other factors that can also influence the indication for ECPR are age, cause of CA, timing, comorbidities, and the initial cardiac rhythm at the onset of the arrest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, the risk prediction score called RESCUE-IHCA, derived from 1075 patients, was published. Of these patients, 28% survived to discharge, and the following six variables were identified to be associated with in-hospital mortality: age, time of day, initial rhythm, history of renal insufficiency, patient type (cardiac versus non-cardiac and medical versus surgical), and duration of the CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The highest probability of success is typically observed in younger patients (in some working groups, individuals up to 50 years old are considered for ECPR), with few comorbidities, a witnessed CA, preferably during the day (when logistics are more straightforward, and there is greater accessibility to trained personnel), immediate and appropriate CPR maneuvers (preferably in critical care units), and a cardiac cause with an initially defibrillable rhythm.</p>
        <p>Our observed survival rates are high and comparable to those reported in the international multicenter registry by the ELSO, where ECMO survival was 41% and survival to hospital discharge was 30% globally,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> as well as the findings from the RESCUE-IHCA study. Furthermore, a good neurological outcome was documented in most of the patients.</p>
        <p>The results of a clinical trial evaluating early ECPR for refractory OHCA were published. In this multicenter, pragmatic, randomized trial, both ECPR and conventional CPR showed similar effects on survival with a favorable neurological outcome at 30 days in patients experiencing refractory OHCA triggered by an initial ventricular arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> While the potential benefits of ECPR in a suitable setting may seem apparent, the results of this trial suggest that achieving consistently superior outcomes is not guaranteed when pragmatically implementing ECPR. This holds true even in cardiosurgical centers where providers possess experience in its application. Institutions currently offering or contemplating ECPR should thoroughly examine their logistical considerations and subsequently assess the procedure's efficacy.</p>
        <p>In OHCA, three randomized trials (ARREST trial, Prague OHCA study, and INCEPTION trial) addressing the eventual clinical benefit of ECPR had diverging results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The evidence derived from these three recent randomized controlled trials is not contradictory but rather complementary. In the first one, ECPR significantly improved survival, compared to conventional CPR. In contrast, in the Prague OHCA and INCEPTION trials, there was no significant difference between both groups. However, in a secondary analysis of Prague OHCA, excluding patients with prehospital ROSC, ECPR was associated with improved survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent meta-analysis supports this favorable evidence, showing in the ECPR group a reduction in in-hospital mortality, improved neurological outcomes, and improved 30-day survival in both scenarios: IHCA and OHCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>While VA ECMO is not without potential complications such as bleeding, renal failure, infections, and thromboembolic events, meticulous patient selection and expert management significantly contribute to successful outcomes. Moreover, the absence of reported brain death cases and good neurological outcomes at discharge and the occurrence of only two strokes in our cohort attest to the procedure's overall safety and effectiveness.</p>
        <p>Bleeding was one of the main complications in our study. Compared to our total VA ECMO runs assisted by cardiogenic shock, in ECPR the bleeding rate was lower (46.6% versus 61%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> However, in the invasive branch of the Prague OHCA trial, bleeding was even lower (31%), as was the case in the ELSO Registry (21.8%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the latter case, there is probably underreporting, since not all centers that perform ECMO are reported, in addition to quantifying only intestinal, pulmonary, cannulation site, and surgical site bleeding.</p>
        <p>In relation to other complications, such as stroke, need for dialysis, and acute kidney injury, the rate was similar to those described in the ELSO Registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The complications that were most frequent in our study, in relation to this registry, were bleeding from the cannulation site (26.6% versus 8.3%) and lower limb ischemia (26.6% versus 4.1%). Although there are publications that show that vascular complications in ECMO patients increase mortality, in the ELSO Registry, those patients had similar survival to the average of patients assisted in CA (28% to 35%). This probably demonstrates that in our population, even with greater vascular complications, in-hospital survival has been equal to, or even greater than that reported in the ELSO Registry (46% versus 30%). The strict selection, with rigorous criteria of patients to manage in CA, may be a reason that explains this survival rate.</p>
        <p>The implementation of VA ECMO in our center has highlighted its potential to provide life-saving support and bridge the gap between critical cardiac events and eventual recovery. By offering temporary circulatory and respiratory assistance, VA ECMO allows healthcare providers to stabilize patients and buy precious time to address the underlying causes of CA. One notable advantage of VA ECMO lies in its suitability for resource-constrained settings, where access to other advanced circulatory support technologies might be limited. By leveraging VA ECMO's capabilities, healthcare facilities in low- and middle-income countries can enhance their ability to manage critical cardiac cases and potentially improve patient survival rates.</p>
        <p>This study has certain limitations inherent in its retrospective design, as well as the absence of a control group. These results may not be directly applicable to other centers in the region, since our institution is a specialized high-complexity cardiovascular center, renowned for VA ECMO, with a well-established assistance program and over 9 years of experience, currently performing more than 15 implants annually. Although the number of patients included in this series is limited, to the best of our knowledge it represents the first series on ECPR in Latin America. We did not include a control group of patients treated with conventional CPR alone, as comprehensive data on this population were not available for analysis. This limits our ability to draw direct comparative conclusions regarding the potential survival benefit of ECPR over standard resuscitation strategies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>VA ECMO has demonstrated its value as a viable option for treating IHCA in our center, offering an opportunity for survival and recovery in appropriately selected patients. As our understanding of this technology and its application continues to evolve, VA ECMO's role in managing cardiac emergencies can be further optimized, benefiting patients both in our center and in similar healthcare settings worldwide.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Cardiovascular de Buenos Aires under the protocol number 1002-043. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT for translation and correct grammar. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
