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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Byj5Pw4WYLzvXT9H3g374KQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000301802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01802</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240757</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre Biomarcadores e Imagem na Amiloidose Card&#237;aca do Tipo Selvagem Ap&#243;s Tratamento com Patisiran</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3988-4304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yahiro</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Shunji</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Pereira dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Giovane Leal de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Robert</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>R&#233;gina Limongi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0477-480X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gripp</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Xavier</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role> Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Davi Shunji Yahiro Universidade Federal Fluminense - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP 24220-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>daviyahiro@id.uff.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>Os Drs. Claudio Tinoco Mesquita, Eliza de Almeida Gripp e Roberta Pereira dos Santos Coelho receberam Bolsa da Alnylam.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240757</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold>Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Alnylan. O Prof. Claudio Tinoco Mesquita &#233; apoiado por bolsas de pesquisa da FAPERJ (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) e do CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico). Davi Shunji Yahiro &#233; bolsista da CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A amiloidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a progressiva e complexa causada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o extracelular de prote&#237;nas fibrilares insol&#250;veis em &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entre os diferentes tipos de amiloidose, a amiloidose card&#237;aca apresenta desafios &#250;nicos devido ao seu impacto direto na fun&#231;&#227;o, estrutura e condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o pode levar &#224; cardiomiopatia restritiva, resultando em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, arritmias e outras complica&#231;&#245;es potencialmente fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) &#233; uma das formas mais comuns de amiloidose card&#237;aca, ocorrendo tanto na forma heredit&#225;ria quanto na n&#227;o heredit&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A forma heredit&#225;ria &#233; causada por muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, enquanto a forma n&#227;o heredit&#225;ria, conhecida como amiloidose por transtirretina do tipo selvagem (ATTRwt), afeta predominantemente adultos mais velhos e n&#227;o envolve muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos recentes no tratamento da amiloidose, particularmente da ATTRwt card&#237;aca, abriram caminhos promissores para a redu&#231;&#227;o da carga amiloide em pacientes afetados. O patisiran, uma terapia baseada em interfer&#234;ncia de RNA (RNAi), tem como alvo a s&#237;ntese hep&#225;tica de transtirretina, reduzindo assim os n&#237;veis circulantes da prote&#237;na transtirretina dispon&#237;veis para formar dep&#243;sitos amiloides nos tecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Esse mecanismo representa um grande avan&#231;o, porque reduz diretamente a fonte da patologia, em vez de apenas controlar os sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O monitoramento preciso da amiloidose card&#237;aca continua sendo um desafio, pois a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e a resposta ao tratamento podem variar significativamente entre os pacientes. T&#233;cnicas de imagem n&#227;o invasivas, como ecocardiografia e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular, ganharam reconhecimento por seu potencial para avaliar a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, essas ferramentas ainda apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es no rastreamento confi&#225;vel das altera&#231;&#245;es na carga amiloide, especialmente ao avaliar a efic&#225;cia de novas terapias. A imagem SPECT seriada com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP/DPD/HMDP ainda n&#227;o &#233; recomendada para esse fim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O manejo da ATTRwt card&#237;aca &#233; complexo, e uma abordagem multimodal pode melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Relatamos o caso de um paciente idoso com ATTRwt que apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva nos par&#226;metros da cintilografia com pirofosfato (PYP) ap&#243;s tratamento com o agente de RNAi patisiran.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Um homem de 86 anos, com hist&#243;rico de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio h&#225; 28 anos, duas angioplastias coron&#225;rias h&#225; 3 anos, hipotireoidismo controlado, s&#237;ndrome da apneia-hipopneia do sono, diabetes e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, apresentou-se no pronto-socorro com palpita&#231;&#245;es e dispneia. Ele havia sido diagnosticado anteriormente com flutter atrial inst&#225;vel. Foi realizada cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica, ap&#243;s a qual ele desenvolveu graus vari&#225;veis de bloqueio atrioventricular. Os exames laboratoriais descartaram amiloidose por cadeia leve de imunoglobulina (AL), e a ATTRwt foi confirmada por cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com PYP. O teste gen&#233;tico para muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da transtirretina foi negativo.</p>
      <p>Os resultados laboratoriais mostraram hemat&#243;crito de 44%, hemoglobina de 15 g/dL, contagem de leuc&#243;citos de 7.770/&#956;L, contagem de plaquetas de 256.000/&#956;L, hemoglobina glicada de 6,8%, glicose de 120 mg/dL, s&#243;dio de 141 mmol/L, pot&#225;ssio de 4,5 mmol/L, ureia de 58 mg/dL, creatinina de 1,6 mg/dL, horm&#244;nio tireoestimulante de 3,46 mUI/L, T4 livre de 1,21 ng/dL, prote&#237;na C-reativa de 0,08 mg/dL, troponina de 42,3 pg/mL e NT-proBNP de 1800 pg/mL. O monitoramento Holter em abril de 2021 revelou flutter atrial com bloqueio atrioventricular de alto grau e pausas de at&#233; 3 segundos. Um marcapasso permanente foi implantado ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o de flutter atrial em junho de 2021. O ecocardiograma revelou volumes atriais esquerdo (94 mL) e direito (78 mL) aumentados, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com uma rela&#231;&#227;o E/E&#8242; de 15,2, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global moderada do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com uma deforma&#231;&#227;o de &#8722;11,2%, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 41,5% e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar de 46 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s 2 anos de tratamento com patisiran, a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do paciente permaneceu est&#225;vel, sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ou biomarcadores. A SPECT com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP foi realizada com aquisi&#231;&#245;es planares 1 hora e 3 horas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o. Regi&#245;es de interesse foram desenhadas manualmente sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o e o t&#243;rax contralateral, e foi calculada a rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral (H/CL). A capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de PYP diminuiu progressivamente com a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao patisiran. Ap&#243;s 5 meses, a rela&#231;&#227;o H/CL diminuiu de 1,62 para 1,42 e caiu ainda mais para 1,25 ap&#243;s 24 meses.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No caso relatado, a cintilografia com PYP demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada na capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ao longo de 2 anos de tratamento com patisiran. Especificamente, a rela&#231;&#227;o H/CL do PYP diminuiu de 1,62 na linha de base para 1,47 aos 12 meses e 1,25 aos 24 meses, sugerindo uma redu&#231;&#227;o na carga amiloide mioc&#225;rdica. Esses achados s&#227;o consistentes com estudos recentes que indicam que terapias de RNAi, como o patisiran, podem reduzir os dep&#243;sitos de amiloide mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com ATTR. Rettl et al. relataram que a terapia com RNAi reduziu significativamente a capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica quantitativa de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD em pacientes com cardiomiopatia heredit&#225;ria por ATTR, com resultados compar&#225;veis ao tratamento com tafamidis na cardiomiopatia por ATTRwt, sem impacto na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, sugerindo que pode servir como uma ferramenta potencial para monitorar a resposta ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Um estudo recente de Hung et al. mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na rela&#231;&#227;o volum&#233;trica cora&#231;&#227;o-pulm&#227;o em pacientes com ATTR heredit&#225;ria ap&#243;s terapia com RNAi.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dados da subpopula&#231;&#227;o brasileira do ensaio APOLLO-B mostraram que apenas os pacientes em uso ativo de patisiran, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o placebo, demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o na capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP, indicando benef&#237;cio do direcionamento da deposi&#231;&#227;o de amiloide card&#237;aco por meio do <italic>knockdown</italic> de TTR ou mecanismos imunomediados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Papathanasiou et al. estudaram 14 pacientes tratados com tafamidis por uma m&#233;dia de 44 meses. Cinco pacientes demonstraram regress&#227;o do grau de Perugini no <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD, embora n&#227;o tenham ocorrido altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no NT-proBNP ou nas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em uma coorte prospectiva de 23 pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca ATTR em terapia de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da transtirretina, o SPECT/CT com <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP mostrou redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nas m&#233;tricas de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, enquanto os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e os biomarcadores permaneceram est&#225;veis, sugerindo estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a em vez de regress&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, outros estudos recentes relataram o uso de medidas quantitativas do valor de capta&#231;&#227;o padronizado (SUV) ap&#243;s terapia com tafamidis com benef&#237;cios significativos para a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e direita e biomarcadores card&#237;acos, embora sejam necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas para validar as m&#233;tricas ideais e a reprodutibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a imagem nuclear tenha indicado uma resposta favor&#225;vel ao tratamento, o mecanismo subjacente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o de PYP permanece obscuro. Uma hip&#243;tese &#233; que as terapias de RNAi suprimem a produ&#231;&#227;o de transtirretina, interrompendo assim a deposi&#231;&#227;o adicional de amiloide e reduzindo indiretamente a capta&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ador. &#201; importante considerar se a cintilografia com PYP deve ser complementada por outras modalidades para avaliar a melhora funcional e o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico geral. Al&#233;m disso, vale ressaltar que o m&#233;todo semiquantitativo da rela&#231;&#227;o H/CL apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, visto que a confirma&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; crucial para o diagn&#243;stico e a valida&#231;&#227;o prospectiva com SPECT/CT quantitativo &#233; necess&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Para os m&#233;dicos que tratam a amiloidose card&#237;aca, o objetivo terap&#234;utico vai al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o dos dep&#243;sitos de amiloide, buscando melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, aliviar os sintomas e aumentar a qualidade de vida. Rettl et al. demonstraram que a capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca quantitativa de DPD se correlaciona com a carga de amiloide mioc&#225;rdica, altera&#231;&#245;es longitudinais na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, biomarcadores card&#237;acos, capacidade de exerc&#237;cio e est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a, fornecendo uma ferramenta valiosa para quantificar e monitorar a carga da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os autores sugerem que o &#237;ndice de reten&#231;&#227;o de SUV pode ter valor progn&#243;stico na cardiomiopatia por ATTRwt e que a quantifica&#231;&#227;o pode servir como uma ferramenta valiosa para monitorar a carga da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>No caso relatado, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da carga amiloide na cintilografia, sem melhorias correspondentes nos biomarcadores ou na fun&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, sugere que o tratamento pode interromper a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, mas &#233; prov&#225;vel que o amiloide previamente depositado permane&#231;a no mioc&#225;rdio. Estudos adicionais de longo prazo s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar se os tra&#231;adores com alta afinidade por amiloide s&#227;o mais sens&#237;veis do que as modalidades de imagem estabelecidas para monitorar a progress&#227;o e os desfechos da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, uma abordagem multimodal que combine imagem, biomarcadores e avalia&#231;&#245;es funcionais pode ser considerada. Estudos longitudinais que examinem a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da carga amiloide na avalia&#231;&#227;o por imagem e as altera&#231;&#245;es nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, particularmente em pacientes com ATTRwt, podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre o manejo e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o das respostas terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diminui&#231;&#227;o progressiva da rela&#231;&#227;o H/CL ao longo do tratamento com patisiran. Todas as imagens mostradas foram adquiridas 3 horas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o. H/CL: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/contralateral.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20240757-40757-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da ESHO Empresa de Servicos Hospitalares S.A. sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 77683124.8.0000.5533. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Alnylan. O Prof. Claudio Tinoco Mesquita &#233; apoiado por bolsas de pesquisa da FAPERJ (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) e do CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico). Davi Shunji Yahiro &#233; bolsista da CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240757i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarker&#8211;Imaging Dissociation in Wild-Type Cardiac Amyloidosis after Treatment with Patisiran</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3988-4304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yahiro</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Shunji</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Pereira dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Giovane Leal de</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Robert</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>R&#233;gina Limongi de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0477-480X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gripp</surname>
            <given-names>Eliza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7432-576X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#193;vila</surname>
            <given-names>Diane Xavier</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Davi Shunji Yahiro Universidade Federal Fluminense - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code 24220-900, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: daviyahiro@id.uff.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> Drs. Claudio Tinoco Mesquita, Eliza de Almeida Gripp and Roberta Pereira dos Santos Coelho has received Research/Grant from Alnylam.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold>This study was partially funded by Alnylan. Prof. Claudio Tinoco Mesquita is supported by research grants from FAPERJ (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico). Davi Shunji Yahiro receives a scholarship from CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Amyloidosis is a progressive and complex disease caused by the extracellular deposition of insoluble fibrillar proteins in organs and tissues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Among the different types of amyloidosis, cardiac amyloidosis poses unique challenges due to its direct impact on cardiac function, structure, and electrical conduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This condition can lead to restrictive cardiomyopathy, resulting in heart failure, arrhythmias, and other potentially life-threatening complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is one of the more common forms of cardiac amyloidosis, occurring in both hereditary and non-hereditary forms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The hereditary form is caused by genetic mutations, whereas the non-hereditary form, known as wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRwt), predominantly affects older adults and does not involve genetic mutations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent therapeutic advances in the treatment of amyloidosis, particularly cardiac ATTRwt, have opened promising avenues for reducing amyloid burden in affected patients. Patisiran, an RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapy, targets the hepatic synthesis of transthyretin, thereby lowering circulating transthyretin protein levels available to form amyloid deposits in tissues.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This mechanism represents a major advance because it directly reduces the source of the pathology rather than merely managing symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Accurate monitoring of cardiac amyloidosis remains challenging, as disease progression and treatment response can vary significantly among patients. Noninvasive imaging techniques such as echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance have gained recognition for their potential to evaluate cardiac structure and function in amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, these tools still have limitations in reliably tracking changes in amyloid burden, especially when assessing the effectiveness of novel therapies. Serial SPECT imaging with <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP/DPD/HMDP is not yet recommended for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Management of cardiac ATTRwt is complex, and a multimodal approach may improve disease evaluation. We report the case of an elderly man with ATTRwt who demonstrated a progressive reduction in pyrophosphate (PYP) scintigraphy parameters after treatment with the RNAi agent patisiran.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>An 86-year-old man with a history of coronary artery bypass surgery 28 years prior, two coronary angioplasties 3 years earlier, controlled hypothyroidism, sleep apnea&#8211;hypopnea syndrome, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease presented to the emergency department with palpitations and dyspnea. He had previously been diagnosed with unstable atrial flutter. Electrical cardioversion was performed, after which he developed varying degrees of atrioventricular block. Laboratory testing ruled out immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, and ATTRwt was confirmed by myocardial PYP scintigraphy. Genetic testing for transthyretin mutations was negative.</p>
        <p>Laboratory results showed hematocrit 44%, hemoglobin 15 g/dL, leukocyte count 7,770/&#956;L, platelet count 256,000/&#956;L, glycated hemoglobin 6.8%, glucose 120 mg/dL, sodium 141 mmol/L, potassium 4.5 mmol/L, urea 58 mg/dL, creatinine 1.6 mg/dL, thyroid-stimulating hormone 3.46 mIU/L, free T4 1.21 ng/dL, C-reactive protein 0.08 mg/dL, troponin 42.3 pg/mL, and NT-proBNP 1800 pg/mL. Holter monitoring in April 2021 revealed atrial flutter with high-degree atrioventricular block and pauses of up to 3 seconds. A permanent pacemaker was implanted after atrial flutter ablation in June 2021. Echocardiography revealed enlarged left (94 mL) and right atrial volumes (78 mL), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with an E/E&#8242; ratio of 15.2, moderate global left ventricular systolic dysfunction with a strain of &#8722;11.2%, left ventricular ejection fraction of 41.5%, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 46 mmHg.</p>
        <p>After 2 years of patisiran treatment, the patient&#8217;s heart failure remained stable, with no significant changes in echocardiographic parameters or biomarkers. <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP SPECT was performed using both 1-hour and 3-hour post-injection planar acquisitions. Regions of interest were manually drawn over the heart and contralateral chest, and the heart-to-contralateral (H/CL) ratio was calculated. Cardiac PYP uptake decreased progressively with patisiran exposure. After 5 months, the H/CL ratio decreased from 1.62 to 1.42 and further declined to 1.25 after 24 months.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this case, PYP scintigraphy demonstrated a marked reduction in myocardial uptake over 2 years of patisiran treatment. Specifically, the H/CL PYP ratio decreased from 1.62 at baseline to 1.42 at 12 months and 1.25 at 24 months, suggesting a reduction in myocardial amyloid burden. These findings are consistent with recent studies indicating that RNAi therapies such as patisiran can reduce myocardial amyloid deposits in patients with ATTR. Rettl et al. reported that RNAi therapeutics significantly reduced <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD quantitative myocardial uptake in patients with hereditary ATTR cardiomyopathy, with results comparable to tafamidis treatment in ATTRwt cardiomyopathy, without impact on cardiac function, suggesting that it may serve as a potential tool to monitor treatment response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A recent study by Hung et al. showed a significant decrease in volumetric heart-to-lung ratio in patients with hereditary ATTR after RNAi therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Data from the Brazilian subpopulation of the APOLLO-B trial showed that only patients on active patisiran, compared with placebo, demonstrated reduced myocardial <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP uptake, indicating a benefit of targeting cardiac amyloid deposition by TTR knockdown or immune-mediated mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Papathanasiou et al. studied 14 patients treated with tafamidis for an average of 44 months. Five patients demonstrated regression of Perugini grade on <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD, although there were no significant changes in NT-proBNP or echocardiographic measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Moreover, in a prospective cohort of 23 patients with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis on transthyretin stabilization therapy, <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP SPECT/CT showed significant reductions in myocardial uptake metrics, while echocardiographic parameters and biomarkers remained stable, suggesting disease stabilization rather than regression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, other recent studies have reported the use of quantitative standardized uptake value (SUV) measurements after tafamidis therapy with significant benefits for left and right ventricular function and cardiac biomarkers, though further research is needed to validate optimal metrics and reproducibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although nuclear imaging indicated a favorable response to treatment, the mechanism underlying reduced PYP uptake remains unclear. One hypothesis is that RNAi therapies suppress transthyretin production, thereby interrupting further amyloid deposition and indirectly reducing tracer uptake. It is important to consider whether PYP scintigraphy should be complemented by other modalities to assess functional improvement and overall clinical benefit. Additionally, it is worth noting that the semiquantitative H/CL ratio method has limitations, as myocardial uptake confirmation is crucial for diagnosis, and prospective validation using quantitative SPECT/CT is necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> For clinicians managing cardiac amyloidosis, the therapeutic goal extends beyond reducing amyloid deposits to improving cardiac function, alleviating symptoms, and enhancing quality of life. Rettl et al. demonstrated that quantitative cardiac DPD uptake correlates with myocardial amyloid load, longitudinal cardiac function, cardiac biomarkers, exercise capacity, and disease stage, providing a valuable tool to quantify and monitor cardiac disease burden.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The authors suggest that the SUV retention index may have prognostic value in ATTRwt cardiomyopathy and that quantification may serve as a valuable tool for monitoring cardiac disease burden in this population.</p>
        <p>In our case, decreased amyloid load on scintigraphy without corresponding improvements in biomarkers or echocardiographic function suggests that treatment may interrupt disease progression, but previously deposited amyloid likely remains within the myocardium. Further long-term studies are necessary to investigate whether amyloid-avid tracers are more sensitive than established imaging modalities for monitoring disease progression and outcomes.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, a multimodal approach combining imaging, biomarkers, and functional assessments may be considered. Longitudinal studies examining the relationship between reduced amyloid burden on imaging and changes in clinical outcomes, particularly in patients with ATTRwt, could provide valuable insights into the management and interpretation of therapeutic responses.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Progressive decrease in H/CL ratio over the course of patisiran treatment. All images shown were acquired at 3 hours post-injection. H/CL: heart-to-contralateral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-e20240757-40757-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the ESHO Empresa de Servicos Hospitalares S.A. under the protocol number 77683124.8.0000.5533. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Alnylan. Prof. Claudio Tinoco Mesquita is supported by research grants from FAPERJ (Funda&#231;&#227;o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro) and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico). Davi Shunji Yahiro receives a scholarship from CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
