<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Zq8VTFMHpCQrzDQzXv8qRCm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000300601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250127</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana de Duas Amostras sobre Polui&#231;&#227;o do Ar/Tabagismo e Parada Card&#237;aca</article-title>
        <alt-title alt-title-type="right-running-head">A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study of Air Pollution/Smoking and Cardiac Arrest</alt-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tian</surname>
            <given-names>Xuelin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9894-7141</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Yu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Qingzhao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Liying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Xiamen</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Xiamen University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Emergency</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Xiamen</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Xiamen University - Department of Emergency, Xiamen &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Yu Wang &#8226; Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004 - China. E-mail: shrs13579@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>20250127</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Estudos observacionais sugeriram uma liga&#231;&#227;o entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e parada card&#237;aca (PC); no entanto, o papel causal da polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo na PC permanece incerto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo elucidar a associa&#231;&#227;o causal entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e PC usando uma abordagem de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana (RM) de duas amostras.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo utilizou dados resumidos de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS). A an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria empregou o m&#233;todo de pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa (IVW), complementado pelos m&#233;todos MR-Egger, mediana ponderada e moda ponderada. Para a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, os m&#233;todos MR-Egger e MR-PRESSO foram utilizados para lidar com a pleiotropia horizontal. O teste Q de Cochran foi usado para avaliar a heterogeneidade, e a an&#225;lise de <italic>leave-one-out</italic> foi aplicada para identificar a influ&#234;ncia de outliers. Um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para as estimativas causais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O m&#233;todo IVW mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o status de tabagismo e a PC (OR = 2,182, IC de 95%:1,137&#8211; 4.188, p = 0,019). N&#227;o foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es causais significativas para nenhuma das m&#233;tricas de polui&#231;&#227;o do ar ou outras caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao tabagismo. Os resultados dos m&#233;todos MR Egger e mediana ponderada revelaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o causal insignificante entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e PC. Pleiotropia horizontal ou outliers n&#227;o foram detectados pelos testes de sensibilidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os resultados deste estudo de randomiza&#231;&#227;o mendeliana indicam que o tabagismo tem um efeito causal na incid&#234;ncia do desenvolvimento de PC. No entanto, os resultados nulos para a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar devem ser interpretados com cautela, visto que o poder estat&#237;stico para detectar efeitos modestos foi limitado. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para verificar os resultados deste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Um Estudo de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana de Duas Amostras sobre Polui&#231;&#227;o do Ar/Tabagismo e Parada Card&#237;aca. Descri&#231;&#227;o do desenho do estudo. Um fluxograma ilustra como a an&#225;lise de Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana foi conduzida neste estudo. PC: parada card&#237;aca.</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Zq8VTFMHpCQrzDQzXv8qRCm/b707f07e179708390ef2f05f647d61d1e0e63e01.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Zq8VTFMHpCQrzDQzXv8qRCm/b2a97e895f0667c0c37fab77e8bebc1b2b2fe751.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Zq8VTFMHpCQrzDQzXv8qRCm/94a92d1302fd8368b898521ecef860556228d949.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Polui&#231;&#227;o do Ar</kwd>
        <kwd>Tabagismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="76"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A parada card&#237;aca (PC) significa a fal&#234;ncia da atividade mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca, associada &#224; aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas observ&#225;veis de circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Globalmente, a PC &#233; respons&#225;vel por cerca de 15% de todas as fatalidades e representa metade, ou 50%, de todas as mortes relacionadas a problemas card&#237;acos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As diferen&#231;as fisiopatol&#243;gicas subjacente e nos sistemas de atendimento exigem o exame da epidemiologia por meio de duas categorias distintas: parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria intra-hospitalar e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria extra-hospitalar (PCREH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A PCREH, definida como a cessa&#231;&#227;o da atividade mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca que ocorre fora do ambiente hospitalar, &#233; a condi&#231;&#227;o mais comum e cr&#237;tica, caracterizada por uma baixa taxa de sobrevida. Fatores de estilo de vida, como tabagismo, n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica e dieta, tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido associados &#224; PC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a crescente preocupa&#231;&#227;o levou ao reconhecimento de que os fatores ambientais desempenham um papel crucial no in&#237;cio das PCREHs; consequentemente, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o aguda a poluentes atmosf&#233;ricos e a incid&#234;ncia de PCREHs se tornou um ponto central das pesquisas recentes.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo prospectivo que examinou a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tabagismo e a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo no risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) em 101.018 mulheres, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as n&#227;o fumantes, as fumantes atuais apresentaram um risco 2,44 vezes maior de PC (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% IC: 1,80 - 3,31), ap&#243;s ajustes para fatores de risco coronariano. Em an&#225;lises multifatoriais, tanto a quantidade di&#225;ria de cigarros fumados (P para tend&#234;ncia &lt;0,0001) quanto a dura&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo (P para tend&#234;ncia &lt;0,0001) demonstraram correla&#231;&#245;es lineares com o aumento do risco de PC entre as fumantes atuais, correspondendo a um aumento de 8% no risco de PC (raz&#227;o de risco (RR) = 1,08; IC 95% = 1,05&#8211;1,12; P &lt; 0,0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Um estudo anterior documentou que a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo pode levar a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o substancial do risco de PC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em um estudo multic&#234;ntrico de caso-controle realizado em 17 hospitais na Coreia, os resultados mostraram que o tabagismo atual estava associado &#224; incid&#234;ncia de PC (raz&#227;o de chances ajustada (OR) = 1,39, IC 95%: 1,08&#8211;1,79).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pesquisas epidemiol&#243;gicas t&#234;m revelado consistentemente um risco elevado de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade associado &#224; presen&#231;a de material particulado (MP) na polui&#231;&#227;o do ar ambiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em particular, estudos anteriores investigaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de polui&#231;&#227;o do ar e a incid&#234;ncia de PCREH. O risco de PCREH foi correlacionado com eleva&#231;&#245;es de curto prazo na exposi&#231;&#227;o a MP, especificamente part&#237;culas finas com di&#226;metro aerodin&#226;mico inferior a 2,5 micr&#244;metros (MP2,5) ou MP ultrafinas, e, por vezes, part&#237;culas mais grossas com di&#226;metros inferiores a 10 micr&#244;metros (MP10), juntamente com poluentes gasosos como o oz&#244;nio (O<sub>3</sub>), que podem ter origem em diversas fontes, incluindo atividades industriais e emiss&#245;es veiculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, os resultados de estudos observacionais s&#227;o suscet&#237;veis &#224; influ&#234;ncia de fatores de confus&#227;o, principalmente relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais e ao desenho do estudo. A Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana (RM) &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia sofisticada de vari&#225;vel instrumental (VI) que utiliza polimorfismos de nucleot&#237;deo &#250;nico (SNPs) como VIs naturais inerentes, facilitando a an&#225;lise das rela&#231;&#245;es causais entre caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esta metodologia mitiga inerentemente os vieses decorrentes de vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o e contorna a quest&#227;o da causalidade reversa, aumentando assim a credibilidade das rela&#231;&#245;es causais inferidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e o risco de PC. Os resultados deste estudo podem auxiliar na elucida&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos gen&#233;ticos e das vias biol&#243;gicas implicadas na PC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo de RM foi conduzido sob tr&#234;s pressupostos fundamentais: (1) Relev&#226;ncia: A variante gen&#233;tica est&#225; significativamente associada &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o em investiga&#231;&#227;o; (2) Independ&#234;ncia: A variante gen&#233;tica &#233; independente de quaisquer fatores de confus&#227;o que possam influenciar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o e o desfecho; e (3) Restri&#231;&#227;o de Exclus&#227;o: A variante gen&#233;tica impacta o desfecho unicamente por meio de sua associa&#231;&#227;o com a exposi&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o exercendo nenhum efeito independente direto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Este estudo empregou uma an&#225;lise RM de duas amostras para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o causal entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e o risco de PC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, a PC foi considerada o desfecho, e a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar e o tabagismo foram considerados a exposi&#231;&#227;o. Os dados resumidos sobre PC foram obtidos do conjunto de dados FinnGen. O tamanho da amostra foi de 118.055. Os dados sobre tabagismo foram obtidos do projeto IEU Open GWAS (https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/) e os dados sobre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar foram obtidos da <italic>Medical Research Council-Integrative Epidemiology Unit</italic> (MRC-IEU).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O modelo de regress&#227;o de uso do solo (LUR) do projeto ESCAPE foi utilizado para estimar as concentra&#231;&#245;es de poluentes atmosf&#233;ricos nas proximidades das resid&#234;ncias, que foram ent&#227;o integradas aos dados gen&#244;micos do sequenciamento sangu&#237;neo dispon&#237;vel no conjunto de dados da coorte do UK Biobank (UKB).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas s&#227;o fornecidas na <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela S1</xref>. Todos os dados s&#227;o de dom&#237;nio p&#250;blico, e a aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e o consentimento informado foram obtidos nos estudos originais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis instrumentais (VIs)</title>
        <p>Para atender &#224;s premissas mencionadas, o banco de dados GWAS foi consultado para a sele&#231;&#227;o de SNPs. Posteriormente, um limiar de signific&#226;ncia de P &lt; 5 &#215; 10<sup>-6</sup> foi utilizado para selecionar SNPs como potenciais vari&#225;veis instrumentais (VIs). Esse limiar ligeiramente menos rigoroso, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia gen&#244;mica estrito (P &lt; 5 &#215; 10<sup>-8</sup>), &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia comumente empregada em estudos de RM para aumentar o n&#250;mero de instrumentos dispon&#237;veis, aprimorando assim o poder estat&#237;stico da an&#225;lise, especialmente para exposi&#231;&#245;es com um n&#250;mero limitado de resultados significativos em todo o genoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o para a frequ&#234;ncia do alelo minorit&#225;rio (MAF) das variantes em investiga&#231;&#227;o foi definido em 0,01.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Todos os SNPs identificados foram submetidos a agrupamento para evitar problemas de desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o, utilizando um par&#226;metro de janela de agrupamento rigoroso definido com um limite de R<sup>2</sup> de 0,001 e um kb de 10.000.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Quando as vari&#225;veis instrumentais estavam ausentes no conjunto de dados de resultados, foram buscadas e utilizadas substitutas com alto desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o (DL), com um R<sup>2</sup> superior a 0,8.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Para avaliar a for&#231;a do instrumento e lidar com o potencial vi&#233;s de instrumento fraco, a estat&#237;stica F foi calculada para cada SNP dentro do conjunto de vari&#225;veis instrumentais. Esse c&#225;lculo seguiu a f&#243;rmula: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mtext> / (1 - </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo/><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, em que R<sup>2</sup> representa a propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia na exposi&#231;&#227;o explicada pelo SNP e N representa o tamanho da amostra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Para garantir a robustez do instrumento e evitar vi&#233;s de instrumento fraco, apenas os SNPs que apresentaram um valor F &gt; 10 foram mantidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise RM de duas amostras foi conduzida utilizando o software R, vers&#227;o 4.3.3, empregando os pacotes TwoSampleMR e MR-PRESSO. A an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria de RM foi executada utilizando o m&#233;todo da pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa (IVW), partindo do pressuposto de que n&#227;o h&#225; efeitos pleiotr&#243;picos m&#233;dios. O m&#233;todo IVW &#233; considerado a abordagem mais eficaz para estimar a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e PC, utilizando raz&#245;es de chances (ORs) juntamente com seus respectivos IC de 95% para quantificar a associa&#231;&#227;o. Para avaliar a robustez dos nossos achados, m&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos adicionais, incluindo regress&#227;o MR-Egger, mediana ponderada e moda ponderada, foram empregados como an&#225;lises complementares. A abordagem MR-Egger incorpora um termo de intercepto, permitindo a obten&#231;&#227;o de estimativas n&#227;o viesadas dos efeitos causais mesmo na presen&#231;a de pleiotropia horizontal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A abordagem da mediana ponderada se baseia na premissa de que pelo menos metade das vari&#225;veis instrumentais estima com precis&#227;o a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre a exposi&#231;&#227;o e o desfecho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A estrat&#233;gia de modo ponderado identifica o efeito causal concentrando-se em um subconjunto de SNPs que exibem a maior densidade de efeitos, o que &#233; conseguido agrupando os SNPs de acordo com a similaridade nos impactos causais inferidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Foram realizados ajustes para testes m&#250;ltiplos utilizando o procedimento de taxa de descoberta falsa (FDR) de Benjamini-Hochberg, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o n&#250;mero efetivo de caracter&#237;sticas independentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Um gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o foi usado para representar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e PC. Um gr&#225;fico de floresta foi empregado para mostrar a an&#225;lise de MR e o IC de 95% para cada SNP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de sensibilidade para verificar a confiabilidade das estimativas de MR. Na an&#225;lise IVW, o teste I<sup>2</sup> e o teste Q de Cochran foram empregados para avaliar a heterogeneidade entre os efeitos dos SNPs associados aos desfechos de PC, com um valor de p superior a 0,05 indicando aus&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade estatisticamente significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A regress&#227;o MR-Egger &#233; empregada para detectar pleiotropia potencial e avaliar seu impacto na estimativa de risco, sendo o teste de intercepto fundamental. Um valor p &gt; 0,05 sugere aus&#234;ncia de pleiotropia significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Um gr&#225;fico de funil foi utilizado para inspecionar visualmente e ilustrar a presen&#231;a de pleiotropia horizontal. Al&#233;m disso, o m&#233;todo MR-PRESSO (<italic>MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier</italic>) foi empregado para avaliar sistematicamente a pleiotropia horizontal e identificar e, posteriormente, remover quaisquer SNPs discrepantes que pudessem distorcer a infer&#234;ncia causal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de vari&#225;veis instrumentais (VIs) discrepantes, examinamos se havia uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nos resultados em compara&#231;&#227;o com os resultados anteriores &#224; sua remo&#231;&#227;o. Uma an&#225;lise de valida&#231;&#227;o cruzada <italic>leave-one-out</italic> (LOO) foi realizada para determinar a influ&#234;ncia de cada SNP na rela&#231;&#227;o causal geral, garantindo assim a robustez de nossas descobertas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Poder estat&#237;stico</title>
        <p>O poder estat&#237;stico da nossa an&#225;lise de MR foi avaliado usando a ferramenta online &#8220;mRnd&#8221; (https://shiny.cnsgenomics.com/mRnd/), que &#233; especificamente projetada para c&#225;lculos de poder em an&#225;lises de vari&#225;veis instrumentais. Essas calculadoras estimam o poder para detectar um efeito de determinada magnitude para um desfecho cont&#237;nuo, com base em v&#225;rios par&#226;metros-chave: (1) a propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia na exposi&#231;&#227;o explicada pela VI (R<sup>2</sup>), (2) o verdadeiro tamanho do efeito causal, (3) o tamanho da amostra do GWAS do desfecho, (4) o n&#250;mero de instrumentos gen&#233;ticos utilizados e (5) o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia pr&#233;-especificado (&#945;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de VIs</title>
        <p>Este estudo identificou 1138 vari&#225;veis instrumentais (VIs) associadas &#224; polui&#231;&#227;o do ar e ao tabagismo. Ao calcular as estat&#237;sticas F para essas VIs, a estat&#237;stica F m&#233;dia foi de 29,26. &#201; importante ressaltar que a estat&#237;stica F m&#237;nima para qualquer SNP inclu&#237;do foi de 20,34, valor substancialmente superior ao limiar convencional de 10, indicando que nossas an&#225;lises provavelmente n&#227;o foram afetadas por vi&#233;s de instrumento fraco (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela S2</xref>). Na an&#225;lise RM com PC como desfecho, 56 SNPs n&#227;o foram pareados nos dados resumidos e 19 SNPs n&#227;o tinham SNPs substitutos apropriados (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela S3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o Mendeliana</title>
        <p>Os resultados do IVW mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o status de tabagismo e a PC (OR = 2,182, IC de 95%:1,137&#8211; 4.188, p = 0,019). As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref> apresentam os diagramas de dispers&#227;o e os diagramas de floresta do efeito do status de tabagismo na PC. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados do IVW n&#227;o mostraram evid&#234;ncias de uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre v&#225;rias m&#233;tricas de polui&#231;&#227;o do ar (incluindo MP2,5, absorb&#226;ncia de MP2,5, MP10 e di&#243;xido de nitrog&#234;nio) ou outras caracter&#237;sticas relacionadas ao tabagismo (tabagismo pr&#233;vio, idade de in&#237;cio do tabagismo e nunca ter fumado) e o risco de PC. Os resultados detalhados dessas an&#225;lises s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. O gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o para os resultados negativos &#233; mostrado nas <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figuras S1-S2</xref>, e o gr&#225;fico de floresta para os resultados negativos &#233; mostrado nas <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figuras S3-S4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status de tabagismo e a parada card&#237;aca. As inclina&#231;&#245;es representam as associa&#231;&#245;es causais, com cada linha representando uma metodologia diferente.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;ficos de floresta da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status de tabagismo e a parada card&#237;aca. A estimativa de RM derivada dos m&#233;todos MR-Egger e IVW foi apresentada para compara&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados da rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e parada card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Resultado</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Significado do SNP</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">N. SNPs</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">M&#233;todos</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">OR (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Status de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">5*10-6</td>
                  <td align="center">317</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,374 ( 0,031, 4,501 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,439</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Status de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">317</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,793 ( 0,669, 4,804 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,245</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Status de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">317</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">2,182 ( 1,137, 4,188 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Status de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">317</td>
                  <td align="center">Modo ponderado</td>
                  <td align="center">0,673 ( 0,039, 11,63 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,786</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade de inicia&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">2,091 ( 0,243, 17,968)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,505</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade de inicia&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,424 ( 0,439, 4,622 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,556</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade de inicia&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">1,208 ( 0,517, 2,823 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,663</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade de inicia&#231;&#227;o ao tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">Modo ponderado</td>
                  <td align="center">4,125 ( 0,355, 47,936 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,263</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,383 ( 0,081, 1,81 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,386 ( 0,078, 1,909 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,243</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,683 ( 0,269, 1,736 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,424</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,435 ( 0,092, 2,051 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,298</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Absorb&#226;ncia da polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,717 ( 0,193, 2,658 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,621</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Absorb&#226;ncia da polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,819 ( 0,2, 3,358 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,781</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Absorb&#226;ncia da polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,658 ( 0,275, 1,577 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Absorb&#226;ncia da polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,547 ( 0,157, 1,906 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,348</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP10)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,228 ( 0,004, 11,78 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP10)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 ( 0,071, 7,477 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,791</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP10)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">1,234 ( 0,187, 8,123 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,827</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas finas (MP10)</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53 ( 0,012, 24,257 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,747</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">241</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,967 ( 0,214, 4,373 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,965</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">241</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,747 ( 0,414, 1,348 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">241</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">1,007 ( 0,681, 1,489 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,972</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">241</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,508 ( 0,116, 2,221 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,369</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por di&#243;xido de nitrog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,877 ( 0,286, 2,694 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,819</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por di&#243;xido de nitrog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996 ( 0,302, 3,289 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,995</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por di&#243;xido de nitrog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,582 ( 0,281, 1,202 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por di&#243;xido de nitrog&#234;nio</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,473 ( 0,458, 4,741 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,518</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo: Nunca fumou</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">226</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">6,496 (0,221, 191,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo: Nunca fumou</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">226</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,433 ( 0,39, 5,267 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,588</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo: Nunca fumou</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">226</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">1,075 ( 0,435, 2,654 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,876</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo: Nunca fumou</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">226</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,996 (0,054, 73,131)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,707</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas de 2,5 a 10 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                  <td align="center">0,798 ( 0,356, 1,79 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas de 2,5 a 10 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Mediana ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,198 ( 0,698, 2,057 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,513</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas de 2,5 a 10 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Pondera&#231;&#227;o pela vari&#226;ncia inversa</td>
                  <td align="center">1,162 ( 0,766, 1,764 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,481</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas de 2,5 a 10 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">Moda ponderada</td>
                  <td align="center">1,222 ( 0,647, 2,306 )</td>
                  <td align="center">0,564</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o MR-Egger indicou aus&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s devido &#224; pleiotropia horizontal (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela S4</xref>). Foi detectada heterogeneidade na an&#225;lise que relaciona a polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por part&#237;culas (MP2,5) &#224; PC, enquanto nenhuma heterogeneidade foi observada nas demais an&#225;lises (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela S4</xref>). As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">4</xref> apresentam os gr&#225;ficos de funil e os gr&#225;ficos <italic>leave-one-out</italic> do efeito do status de tabagismo na PC. As <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figuras S5-S6</xref> representam os gr&#225;ficos de funil dos resultados negativos, e as <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01">Figuras S7-S8</xref> mostram os gr&#225;ficos <italic>leave-one-out</italic> dos resultados negativos. De acordo com a an&#225;lise MR-PRESSO, um SNP discrepante (rs1537371) foi identificado na associa&#231;&#227;o entre MP2,5 e PC; no entanto, mesmo ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o deste SNP, nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa persistiu. Nenhum outro valor discrepante foi detectado nas demais an&#225;lises. (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela S5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de funil da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status de tabagismo e a PC. Cada ponto representa uma variante gen&#233;tica, plotada de acordo com o tamanho do efeito estimado e o erro padr&#227;o. O gr&#225;fico ajuda a identificar assimetrias, que podem indicar potenciais vieses, como pleiotropia ou vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de <italic>leave-one-out</italic> da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tabagismo e a PC. Cada ponto indica o tamanho do efeito estimado quando uma variante gen&#233;tica &#233; removida da an&#225;lise. As linhas horizontais representam os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%, enquanto a linha vertical mostra a estimativa do efeito agrupado geral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Poder estat&#237;stico</title>
        <p>Os c&#225;lculos de poder estat&#237;stico para nossas an&#225;lises de RM s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela S6</xref>. Os resultados indicam um poder estat&#237;stico geralmente baixo (&lt;80%) para detectar efeitos causais na maioria das associa&#231;&#245;es exposi&#231;&#227;o-desfecho investigadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, esta &#233; a primeira an&#225;lise RM a examinar se a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo tem um papel causal no desenvolvimento de PC. Os resultados deste estudo revelaram uma conex&#227;o causal entre uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica ao tabagismo e a PC. Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo identificou que a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar n&#227;o est&#225; causalmente relacionada &#224; PC.</p>
      <p>Diversas investiga&#231;&#245;es avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o risco de MSC e a ades&#227;o a pr&#225;ticas de estilo de vida saud&#225;veis. Dentre esses fatores, o tabagismo se destaca como o atributo de estilo de vida mais frequentemente examinado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em um estudo de coorte prospectivo com mulheres sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana no come&#231;o, foi descoberta uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta entre o tabagismo e o risco de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Al&#233;m disso, se demonstrou que a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo levou a uma redu&#231;&#227;o substancial e, por fim, &#224; elimina&#231;&#227;o do risco elevado de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora os resultados estivessem de acordo com o presente estudo, a popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da foi limitada a mulheres. Em um estudo caso-controle realizado por Park et al., o n&#227;o tabagismo demonstrou ser um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o contra o risco de PC (OR = 0,36, IC 95%: 0,27&#8211;0,47) ap&#243;s ajuste para idade, sexo, &#225;rea de resid&#234;ncia, comorbidades cardiovasculares e h&#225;bitos de vida saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em uma metan&#225;lise recente que incluiu 12 estudos prospectivos, o risco relativo (RR) agrupado foi estimado em 3,06 (IC 95%: 2,46 &#8211; 3,82) para indiv&#237;duos que fumam atualmente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que nunca fumaram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Aproximadamente 80% das PCs podem ser atribu&#237;das a taquiarritmias ventriculares, e uma maior vulnerabilidade tanto a epis&#243;dios iniciais quanto a recorr&#234;ncias dessas arritmias, bem como &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular entre fumantes, pode ser atribu&#237;da a dist&#250;rbios nos &#237;ndices de dispers&#227;o do tempo de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A nicotina, um componente chave dos cigarros, demonstrou em estudos com animais provocar um espectro de dist&#250;rbios do ritmo card&#237;aco, incluindo pausas sinusais transit&#243;rias, bradicardia, taquicardia sinusal, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bloqueio sinoatrial, bloqueio atrioventricular e taquiarritmias ventriculares, o que refor&#231;a seu papel na fisiopatologia do risco arritmog&#234;nico relacionado ao tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Os resultados deste estudo refor&#231;aram a import&#226;ncia de pol&#237;ticas e estrat&#233;gias populacionais para o abandono do tabagismo na redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de mortes s&#250;bitas card&#237;acas.</p>
      <p>Em estudos observacionais anteriores, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de poluentes atmosf&#233;ricos, incluindo MP2,5, MP10, NO<sub>2</sub> e O<sub>3</sub>, foram identificadas como fatores de risco para PC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Kang et al. realizaram uma an&#225;lise para avaliar os efeitos da exposi&#231;&#227;o elevada a MP10 e MP2,5 na ocorr&#234;ncia de PCREH em um contexto populacional. Seus resultados revelaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis mais altos de exposi&#231;&#227;o a MP2,5 e um risco aumentado de PCREH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Um estudo realizado em Estocolmo, na Su&#233;cia, revelou uma not&#225;vel rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta, associando um maior risco de PCREH a n&#237;veis elevados de O<sub>3</sub>, enquanto nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o semelhante foi observada para MP2,5 ou NO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Por outro lado, um estudo separado sobre PCREH realizado na Lombardia, It&#225;lia, empregando metodologias distintas, demonstrou que as concentra&#231;&#245;es de todos os poluentes estudados estavam significativamente elevadas em dias com alta incid&#234;ncia de PCREH, com exce&#231;&#227;o do O<sub>3</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise abrangendo 15 estudos que investigaram a rela&#231;&#227;o entre PCREH e a exposi&#231;&#227;o a diversos poluentes atmosf&#233;ricos, com foco principal nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de MP10, MP2,5, NO<sub>2</sub> e O<sub>3</sub>, revelou uma liga&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o aumento do risco de PC e n&#237;veis elevados de MP2,5, MP10 e O<sub>3</sub> no ambiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, outro estudo de Sielski et al. tamb&#233;m relatou a influ&#234;ncia de MP2,5 e MP10 nos par&#226;metros de PCREH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> A disparidade em alguns dos resultados dos estudos mencionados pode ser atribu&#237;da &#224;s diferentes metodologias de estudo, caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes, m&#233;todos de medi&#231;&#227;o dos poluentes, misturas de exposi&#231;&#245;es e graus de suscetibilidade individual. &#201; importante notar que os resultados de nossas an&#225;lises de RM revelaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal insignificante entre poluentes atmosf&#233;ricos, incluindo MP10, MP2,5, NO<sub>2</sub> e MP de 2,5 a 10 &#956;m. Uma considera&#231;&#227;o primordial na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dessas associa&#231;&#245;es nulas &#233; o poder estat&#237;stico de nossa an&#225;lise. Como elucidam nossos c&#225;lculos de poder (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02">Tabela S6</xref>), o estudo, em geral, n&#227;o teve poder suficiente para detectar efeitos causais de pequena a moderada intensidade para as m&#233;tricas de polui&#231;&#227;o do ar. Portanto, a aus&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa n&#227;o deve ser interpretada como evid&#234;ncia definitiva de aus&#234;ncia de efeito causal, mas sim como um reflexo das limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo em detectar tal rela&#231;&#227;o. Os mecanismos subjacentes aos achados insignificantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar e PC podem ser varia&#231;&#245;es na magnitude ou no car&#225;ter da resposta inflamat&#243;ria, decorrentes de diferen&#231;as na composi&#231;&#227;o qu&#237;mica das part&#237;culas e na dura&#231;&#227;o ou intensidade das exposi&#231;&#245;es. Algumas pessoas provavelmente s&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis, com evid&#234;ncias sugerindo que aquelas com riscos cardiovasculares subjacentes e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica podem apresentar associa&#231;&#245;es mais fortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Por outro lado, medicamentos anti-inflamat&#243;rios, como as estatinas, podem neutralizar os efeitos das part&#237;culas ambientais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A magnitude e a consist&#234;ncia dessas altera&#231;&#245;es variam entre os diferentes biomarcadores e popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes estudados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> &#201; importante notar que a RM estima o efeito causal de n&#237;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o ao longo da vida, geneticamente previstos. Em contraste, muitos estudos observacionais associaram a PC a picos agudos e de curto prazo na polui&#231;&#227;o do ar. &#201; plaus&#237;vel que a exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica a n&#237;veis mais baixos (representada pela gen&#233;tica) n&#227;o tenha um efeito causal detect&#225;vel, enquanto a exposi&#231;&#227;o aguda a n&#237;veis elevados atue como um gatilho para eventos card&#237;acos em indiv&#237;duos suscet&#237;veis. Nosso estudo n&#227;o foi projetado para capturar tais efeitos de curto prazo. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar e PC pode ser n&#227;o linear, com o risco aumentando significativamente apenas acima de um determinado limiar de exposi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o capturado pelos instrumentos gen&#233;ticos. Embora a RM seja robusta contra muitos fatores de confus&#227;o, n&#227;o podemos descartar completamente mediadores n&#227;o mensurados ou vias de pleiotropia horizontal. Por exemplo, o status socioecon&#244;mico &#233; um fator de confus&#227;o complexo associado tanto aos n&#237;veis de polui&#231;&#227;o do ar residencial quanto &#224; sa&#250;de cardiovascular, e seus efeitos podem n&#227;o ser totalmente capturados.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta v&#225;rios pontos fortes. Ele contribui com informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para a compreens&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre polui&#231;&#227;o do ar/tabagismo e PC, oferecendo uma base emp&#237;rica para pesquisas futuras nessa &#225;rea. Al&#233;m disso, ao questionar a no&#231;&#227;o de que o tabagismo possa ser um fator de risco confi&#225;vel para PC, nossas descobertas trazem implica&#231;&#245;es importantes. No entanto, reconhecemos algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. Primeiramente, nossa an&#225;lise se restringiu a coortes de ascend&#234;ncia europeia, o que limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados. A arquitetura gen&#233;tica, como frequ&#234;ncias al&#233;licas e padr&#245;es de desequil&#237;brio de liga&#231;&#227;o, pode diferir entre popula&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, as intera&#231;&#245;es gene-ambiente podem variar; por exemplo, o impacto da predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica ao tabagismo pode ser modificado por diferentes normas sociais ou n&#237;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o a outros fatores de risco em popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o europeias. Portanto, futuros estudos de RM em diversos grupos ancestrais, como aqueles de ascend&#234;ncia africana ou asi&#225;tica, s&#227;o cruciais para validar nossas descobertas e avaliar suas implica&#231;&#245;es para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica global. Em segundo lugar, embora n&#227;o possamos excluir definitivamente a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de participantes entre os conjuntos de dados para exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho, quantificar essa sobreposi&#231;&#227;o com precis&#227;o representa um desafio metodol&#243;gico. Apesar disso, a elevada robustez de nossas vari&#225;veis instrumentais, evidenciada por estat&#237;sticas F &gt; 10, atenua significativamente o potencial vi&#233;s decorrente de qualquer sobreposi&#231;&#227;o, estando em conson&#226;ncia com os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em terceiro lugar, uma limita&#231;&#227;o significativa &#233; o poder estat&#237;stico insuficiente para v&#225;rias de nossas an&#225;lises, particularmente para as exposi&#231;&#245;es &#224; polui&#231;&#227;o do ar. Isso limita nossa capacidade de tirar conclus&#245;es firmes a partir dos resultados nulos e destaca que a aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia n&#227;o &#233; evid&#234;ncia de aus&#234;ncia. Essa quest&#227;o ressalta a necessidade de estudos futuros utilizando conjuntos de dados resumidos de GWAS maiores, o que proporcionaria maior poder para detectar potenciais efeitos causais de pequena ou moderada intensidade. Dadas essas limita&#231;&#245;es, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o cautelosa dos resultados deste estudo &#233; justificada, ressaltando a necessidade de estudos futuros que abordem essas limita&#231;&#245;es e expandam o escopo da investiga&#231;&#227;o para popula&#231;&#245;es mais amplas e com um conjunto mais abrangente de SNPs para aumentar a precis&#227;o e a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os resultados desta an&#225;lise RM de duas amostras fornecem evid&#234;ncias de uma liga&#231;&#227;o causal geneticamente inferida entre o tabagismo e parada card&#237;aca. Estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas para a cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para reduzir a ocorr&#234;ncia de parada card&#237;aca. Para consolidar os resultados do presente estudo, an&#225;lises futuras devem empregar conjuntos de dados resumidos de estudos de associa&#231;&#227;o gen&#244;mica ampla (GWAS) maiores, baseados em m&#250;ltiplas popula&#231;&#245;es e um repert&#243;rio expandido de instrumentos gen&#233;ticos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01">
        <label>Figura(s) Suplementar(es)</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Zq8VTFMHpCQrzDQzXv8qRCm/0fd142166eb22d813fba51f968aa322234434c8a.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl02">
        <label>Tabela(s) suplementar(es)</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Zq8VTFMHpCQrzDQzXv8qRCm/d87de6c47b2bd531d2532e12152f52b19db25bae.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Gill R, Pitcher M, Ruland S. Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Arrest. Handb Clin Neurol. 2021;177:193-209. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819814-8.00029-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gill</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pitcher</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruland</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Arrest</chapter-title>
          <source>Handb Clin Neurol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>177</volume>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>209</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/B978-0-12-819814-8.00029-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Albert CM, Stevenson WG. Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death. In: Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Albert</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stevenson</surname>
              <given-names>WG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death</chapter-title>
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Jameson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fauci</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasper</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hauser</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loscalzo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</source>
          <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>McGraw-Hill Education</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Chiuve SE, Fung TT, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Adherence to a Low-Risk, Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death among Women. JAMA. 2011;306(1):62-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.907.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chiuve</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fung</surname>
              <given-names>TT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rexrode</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spiegelman</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stampfer</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adherence to a Low-Risk, Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death among Women</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>306</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>62</fpage>
          <lpage>69</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2011.907</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Sandhu RK, Jimenez MC, Chiuve SE, Fitzgerald KC, Kenfield SA, Tedrow UB, et al. Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Women. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5(6):1091-7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.112.975219.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sandhu</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jimenez</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiuve</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenfield</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tedrow</surname>
              <given-names>UB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Women</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1091</fpage>
          <lpage>1097</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.112.975219</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Goldenberg I, Jonas M, Tenenbaum A, Boyko V, Matetzky S, Shotan A, et al. Current Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(19):2301-5. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.19.2301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldenberg</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tenenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boyko</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matetzky</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shotan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Current Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>163</volume>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <fpage>2301</fpage>
          <lpage>2305</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archinte.163.19.2301</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Jung E, Park JH, Ro YS, Ryu HH, Cha KC, Do Shin S, et al. Family History, Socioeconomic Factors, Comorbidities, Health Behaviors, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):21341. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48357-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jung</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ro</surname>
              <given-names>YS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ryu</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cha</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Do Shin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Family History, Socioeconomic Factors, Comorbidities, Health Behaviors, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">21341</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-023-48357-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, et al. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004;109(21):2655-71. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franklin</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cascio</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hong</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lipsett</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2655</fpage>
          <lpage>2671</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Particulate Matter air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(21):2331-78. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rajagopalan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pope</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhatnagar</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diez-Roux</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Particulate Matter air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2331</fpage>
          <lpage>2378</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Abecasis GR, Altshuler D, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, et al. A Map of Human Genome Variation from Population-Scale Sequencing. Nature. 2010;467(7319):1061-73. doi: 10.1038/nature09534.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abecasis</surname>
              <given-names>GR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altshuler</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auton</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brooks</surname>
              <given-names>LD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durbin</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbs</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Map of Human Genome Variation from Population-Scale Sequencing</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>467</volume>
          <issue>7319</issue>
          <fpage>1061</fpage>
          <lpage>1073</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature09534</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Long Y, Tang L, Zhou Y, Zhao S, Zhu H. Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Cancers: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-02761-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Long</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Cancers: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Study</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">66</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12916-023-02761-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Burgess S, Smith GD, Davies NM, Dudbridge F, Gill D, Glymour MM, et al. Guidelines for Performing Mendelian Randomization Investigations: Update for Summer 2023. Wellcome Open Res. 2023;4:186. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dudbridge</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gill</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glymour</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for Performing Mendelian Randomization Investigations: Update for Summer 2023</article-title>
          <source>Wellcome Open Res</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <size units="pages">186</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Battram T, Yousefi P, Crawford G, Prince C, Sheikhalil Babei M, Sharp G, et al. The EWAS Catalog: A Database of Epigenome-Wide Association Studies. Wellcome Open Res. 2022;7:41. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17598.2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Battram</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yousefi</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crawford</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prince</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sheikhalil Babei</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharp</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The EWAS Catalog: A Database of Epigenome-Wide Association Studies</article-title>
          <source>Wellcome Open Res</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <size units="pages">41</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17598.2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Montagne D, Hoek G, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Lanki T, Pennanen A, Portella M, et al. The Association of LUR Modeled PM2.5 Elemental Composition with Personal Exposure. Sci Total Environ. 2014;493:298-306. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.057.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Montagne</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoek</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieuwenhuijsen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanki</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pennanen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Portella</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Association of LUR Modeled PM2.5 Elemental Composition with Personal Exposure</article-title>
          <source>Sci Total Environ</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>493</volume>
          <fpage>298</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.057</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001779. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sudlow</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallacher</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beral</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burton</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Danesh</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age</article-title>
          <source>PLoS Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1001779</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Ference BA, Majeed F, Penumetcha R, Flack JM, Brook RD. Effect of Naturally Random Allocation to Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Mediated by Polymorphisms in NPC1L1, HMGCR, or Both: A 2 &#215; 2 Factorial Mendelian Randomization Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(15):1552-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.020.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ference</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Majeed</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Penumetcha</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flack</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Naturally Random Allocation to Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Mediated by Polymorphisms in NPC1L1, HMGCR, or Both: A 2 &#215; 2 Factorial Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>65</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1552</fpage>
          <lpage>1561</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Deng MG, Liu F, Liang Y, Wang K, Nie JQ, Liu J. Association between Frailty and Depression: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. Sci Adv. 2023;9(38):eaadi3902. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3902.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nie</surname>
              <given-names>JQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between Frailty and Depression: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
          <source>Sci Adv</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>38</issue>
          <elocation-id>eaadi3902</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.adi3902</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Burgess S, Thompson SG; CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration. Avoiding Bias from Weak Instruments in Mendelian Randomization Studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):755-64. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr036.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Avoiding Bias from Weak Instruments in Mendelian Randomization Studies</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>755</fpage>
          <lpage>764</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyr036</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Bowden J, Smith GD, Burgess S. Mendelian Randomization with Invalid Instruments: Effect Estimation and Bias Detection Through Egger Regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512-25. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv080.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bowden</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mendelian Randomization with Invalid Instruments: Effect Estimation and Bias Detection Through Egger Regression</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>512</fpage>
          <lpage>525</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyv080</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Bowden J, Smith GD, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent Estimation in Mendelian Randomization with Some Invalid Instruments Using a Weighted Median Estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(4):304-14. doi: 10.1002/gepi.21965.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bowden</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haycock</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Consistent Estimation in Mendelian Randomization with Some Invalid Instruments Using a Weighted Median Estimator</article-title>
          <source>Genet Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>304</fpage>
          <lpage>314</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/gepi.21965</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Hartwig FP, Smith GD, Bowden J. Robust Inference in Summary data Mendelian Randomization Via the Zero Modal Pleiotropy Assumption. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6):1985-98. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyx102.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hartwig</surname>
              <given-names>FP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bowden</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Robust Inference in Summary data Mendelian Randomization Via the Zero Modal Pleiotropy Assumption</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1985</fpage>
          <lpage>1998</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyx102</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J R Statist Soc B. 2018;57(1):289-300. doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamini</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hochberg</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing</article-title>
          <source>J R Statist Soc B</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>289</fpage>
          <lpage>300</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Greco MF D, Minelli C, Sheehan NA, Thompson JR. Detecting Pleiotropy in Mendelian Randomisation Studies with Summary Data and a Continuous Outcome. Stat Med. 2015;34(21):2926-40. doi: 10.1002/sim.6522.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greco</surname>
              <given-names>MF D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Minelli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sheehan</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detecting Pleiotropy in Mendelian Randomisation Studies with Summary Data and a Continuous Outcome</article-title>
          <source>Stat Med</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2926</fpage>
          <lpage>2940</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/sim.6522</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting Findings from Mendelian Randomization Using the MR-Egger Method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377-89. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0255-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burgess</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Interpreting Findings from Mendelian Randomization Using the MR-Egger Method</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>389</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-017-0255-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of Widespread Horizontal Pleiotropy in Causal Relationships Inferred from Mendelian Randomization between Complex Traits and Diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693-8. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verbanck</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neale</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Do</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Detection of Widespread Horizontal Pleiotropy in Causal Relationships Inferred from Mendelian Randomization between Complex Traits and Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Nat Genet</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>693</fpage>
          <lpage>698</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Brion MJ, Shakhbazov K, Visscher PM. Calculating Statistical Power in Mendelian Randomization Studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(5):1497-501. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt179.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brion</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shakhbazov</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Visscher</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Calculating Statistical Power in Mendelian Randomization Studies</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1497</fpage>
          <lpage>1501</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyt179</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Adabag AS, Luepker RV, Roger VL, Gersh BJ. Sudden Cardiac Death: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(4):216-25. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adabag</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luepker</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roger</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gersh</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sudden Cardiac Death: Epidemiology and Risk Factors</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>216</fpage>
          <lpage>225</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrcardio.2010.3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Park JH, Cha KC, Ro YS, Song KJ, Shin SD, Jung WJ, et al. Healthy Lifestyle Factors, Cardiovascular Comorbidities, and the Risk of Sudden cardiac Arrest: A Case-Control Study in Korea. Resuscitation. 2022;175:142-9. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.03.030.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cha</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ro</surname>
              <given-names>YS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shin</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jung</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Healthy Lifestyle Factors, Cardiovascular Comorbidities, and the Risk of Sudden cardiac Arrest: A Case-Control Study in Korea</article-title>
          <source>Resuscitation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>175</volume>
          <fpage>142</fpage>
          <lpage>149</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.03.030</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Aune D, Schlesinger S, Norat T, Riboli E. Tobacco Smoking and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(6):509-21. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0351-y.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aune</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schlesinger</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norat</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Riboli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Tobacco Smoking and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>509</fpage>
          <lpage>521</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-017-0351-y</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Ghaeeart PJ, De Buyzere ML, Taeymans YM, Gillebert TC, Henriques JP, De Backer G, et al. Risk Factors for Primary Ventricular Fibrillation during Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(21):2499-510. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl218.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghaeeart</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Buyzere</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taeymans</surname>
              <given-names>YM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillebert</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henriques</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Backer</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors for Primary Ventricular Fibrillation during Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2499</fpage>
          <lpage>2510</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehl218</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, McNitt S, Zareba W, Daubert JP, Hall WJ, et al. Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Supraventricular and Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in High-Risk Cardiac Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(9):931-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00526.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goldenberg</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moss</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNitt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zareba</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daubert</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Supraventricular and Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in High-Risk Cardiac Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>931</fpage>
          <lpage>936</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00526.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Plank B, Kutyifa V, Moss AJ, Huang DT, Ruwald AC, McNitt S, et al. Smoking is Associated with an Increased Risk of First and Recurrent Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Ischemic and Nonischemic Patients with Mild Heart Failure: A MADIT-CRT Substudy. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(5):822-7. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.02.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Plank</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kutyifa</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moss</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruwald</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNitt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Smoking is Associated with an Increased Risk of First and Recurrent Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Ischemic and Nonischemic Patients with Mild Heart Failure: A MADIT-CRT Substudy</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>822</fpage>
          <lpage>827</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.02.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. D'Alessandro A, Boeckelmann I, Hammw&#246;hner M, Goette A. Nicotine, Cigarette Smoking and Cardiac Arrhythmia: An Overview. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19(3):297-305. doi: 10.1177/1741826711411738.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'Alessandro</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boeckelmann</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hammw&#246;hner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goette</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nicotine, Cigarette Smoking and Cardiac Arrhythmia: An Overview</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>297</fpage>
          <lpage>305</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1741826711411738</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Kang SH, Heo J, Oh Y, Kim J, Lim WH, Cho Y, et al. Ambient Air Pollution and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:1086-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.100.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lim</surname>
              <given-names>WH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ambient Air Pollution and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>203</volume>
          <fpage>1086</fpage>
          <lpage>1092</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.100</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Raza A, Bellander T, Bero-Bedada G, Dahlquist M, Hollenberg J, Jonsson M, et al. Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Stockholm. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(13):861-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht489.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raza</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellander</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bero-Bedada</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahlquist</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hollenberg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonsson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Stockholm</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>861</fpage>
          <lpage>868</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht489</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Gentile FR, Primi R, Baldi E, Compagnoni S, Mare C, Contri E, et al. Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest and Ambient Air Pollution: A Dose-Effect Relationship and an Association with OHCA Incidence. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256526. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256526.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gentile</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Primi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baldi</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Compagnoni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mare</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Contri</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest and Ambient Air Pollution: A Dose-Effect Relationship and an Association with OHCA Incidence</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0256526</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0256526</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Zhao R, Chen S, Wang W, Huang J, Wang K, Liu L, et al. The Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollutants on the Onset of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2017;226:110-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.053.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollutants on the Onset of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>226</volume>
          <fpage>110</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.053</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Sielski J, Kazir&#243;d-Wolski K, J&#243;zwiak MA, J&#243;zwiak M. The Influence of Air Pollution by PM2.5, PM10 and Associated Heavy Metals on the Parameters of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Sci Total Environ. 2021;788:147541. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147541.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sielski</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kazir&#243;d-Wolski</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>J&#243;zwiak</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>J&#243;zwiak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Influence of Air Pollution by PM2.5, PM10 and Associated Heavy Metals on the Parameters of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
          <source>Sci Total Environ</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>788</volume>
          <size units="pages">147541</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147541</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Mehra R. Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death. J Electrocardiol. 2007;40(6 Suppl):S118-S122.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mehra</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
          <fpage>S118</fpage>
          <lpage>S122</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p> Para Figura(s) Suplementar(es), por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0127_supplementary_figures.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para Tabela(s) suplementar(es), por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0127_supplementary_tables.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250127i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study of Air Pollution/Smoking and Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Xuelin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis, interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_en_arc">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-9894-7141</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Yu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis</role>
          <role>interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2_en_arc">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tan</surname>
            <given-names>Qingzhao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis</role>
          <role>interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_en_arc">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Liying</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis, interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1_en_arc">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1_en_arc">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Xiamen</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2_en_arc">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Xiamen University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Emergency</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Xiamen</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Xiamen University - Department of Emergency, Xiamen &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01_en_arc"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Yu Wang &#8226; Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004 - China. E-mail: shrs13579@163.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Observational studies have suggested a connection between air pollution/smoking and cardiac arrest (CA); nevertheless, the causal role of air pollution/smoking in CA remains uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> This study aimed to elucidate the causal association between air pollution/smoking and CA using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This study utilized summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The primary analysis employed the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods. For sensitivity analysis, MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO were employed to address horizontal pleiotropy. Cochran&#8217;s Q test was used to assess heterogeneity, and leave-one-out analysis was applied to identify the influence of outliers. A two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for the causal estimates.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> IVW method showed a significant association between smoking status and CA (OR = 2.182, 95% CI: 1.137 &#8211; 4.188, p = 0.019). No significant causal associations were found for any of the air pollution metrics or other smoking-related traits. Results of MR Egger and weighted median methods revealed an insignificant causal association between air pollution/smoking and CA. Horizontal pleiotropy or outliers were not detected by sensitivity tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Findings of this MR study indicate that smoking has a causal effect on the incidence of developing CA. However, the null findings for air pollution should be interpreted with caution, as the statistical power to detect modest effects was limited. More studies are warranted to verify the outcomes of this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study of Air Pollution/Smoking and Cardiac Arrest. Description of the study design. A flow chart depicts how the MR analysis was conducted in this study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Air Pollution</kwd>
        <kwd>Tobacco Use Disorder</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest</kwd>
        <kwd>Mendelian Randomization Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac arrest (CA) signifies the failure of mechanical cardiac activity, coupled with the lack of observable clinical evidence of systemic circulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1_en_arc">1</xref></sup> Globally, CA is responsible for an estimated 15% of all fatalities and comprises half, or 50%, of all cardiac-related deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2_en_arc">2</xref></sup> Differences in underlying pathophysiology and systems of care necessitate the examination of epidemiology through two distinct categories: in-hospital cardiac arrest and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1_en_arc">1</xref></sup> OHCA, defined as the cessation of cardiac mechanical activity occurring outside a hospital setting, is the most common and critical condition marked by a low survival rate. Lifestyle factors, such as smoking, levels of physical activity, and diet, have also been found to be associated with CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3_en_arc">3</xref></sup> In addition, growing concerns have led to the recognition of environmental factors as playing a crucial role in the initiation of OHCAs; consequently, the association between acute exposure to air pollutants and OHCA incidence has risen to prominence as a focal point of recent research.</p>
        <p>In a prospective study examining the association between cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on the risk of SCD among 101,018 women, compared to never smokers, current smokers exhibited a 2.44-fold elevated risk of CA (95% confidence interval CI: 1.80 - 3.31), with adjustments made for coronary risk factors, In multifactorial analyses, both the daily quantity of cigarettes smoked (P for trend &lt;0.0001) and the duration of smoking (P for trend &lt;0.0001) demonstrated linear correlations with augmented CA risk among current smokers compared to an 8% rise in CA risk (hazard ratio (HR)=1.08; 95% CI=1.05&#8211;1.12; p &lt; 0.0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4_en_arc">4</xref></sup> A prior study has documented that smoking cessation can lead to a substantial decrease in the risk of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5_en_arc">5</xref></sup> In a multicenter case-control study at 17 hospitals in Korea, results showed that current smoking was associated with CA incidence (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.08&#8211;1.79).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6_en_arc">6</xref></sup> In addition, epidemiological researches have consistently revealed an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality linked to the presence of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air pollution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7_en_arc">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8_en_arc">8</xref></sup> Especially, previous studies have investigated the correlation between air pollution levels and the incidence of OHCA. The risk of OHCA has been correlated with short-term elevations in exposure to PM, specifically fine particles with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) or ultrafine PM, and at times, coarser particles with diameters less than 10 micrometers (PM10), along with gaseous pollutants such as ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), which can originate from various sources including industrial activities and vehicular emissions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9_en_arc">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nonetheless, the findings from observational studies are susceptible to being influenced by confounding factors, notably from baseline characteristics and study design. Mendelian Randomization (MR) is a sophisticated instrumental variable (IV) strategy that employs single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as inherent natural IVs, facilitating the dissection of causal relationships between phenotypic traits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10_en_arc">10</xref></sup> This methodology inherently mitigates biases arising from confounding variables and sidesteps the issue of reverse causality, thereby enhancing the credibility of inferred causal links. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between air pollution/smoking and the risk of CA. Findings of this study may assist in illuminating the genetic underpinnings and biological pathways implicated in CA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The present MR study was conducted under three fundamental assumptions: (1) Relevance: The genetic variant is significantly associated with the exposure under investigation; (2) Independence: The genetic variant is independent of any confounding factors that might influence the relationship between the exposure and outcome; and (3) Exclusion Restriction: The genetic variant impacts the outcome solely through its connection with the exposure, exerting no direct independent effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11_en_arc">11</xref></sup> This study employed a two-sample MR analysis to evaluate the causal association between air pollution/smoking and the risk of CA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source</title>
          <p>In this study, CA was regarded as the outcome, and air pollution and smoking were regarded as exposure. The summary-level data on CA were obtained from the FinnGen dataset. The sample size was 118055. Data on smoking were obtained from the IEU Open GWAS project (https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/), and data on air pollution were obtained from the Medical Research Council- Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC-IEU).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12_en_arc">12</xref></sup> Land use regression (LUR) model from the ESCAPE project was utilized to estimate concentrations of air pollutants in the vicinity of households, which were then integrated with genomic data from blood sequencing available in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort dataset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13_en_arc">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14_en_arc">14</xref></sup> Detailed information is provided in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02_en">Table S1</xref>. All data are publicly available, and ethical approval and informed consent have been obtained in the original studies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Instrumental variables (IVs) selection</title>
          <p>To adhere to the aforementioned assumptions, the GWAS database was queried for SNP selection. Subsequently, a significance threshold of P &lt; 5 &#215; 10<sup>6</sup> was used to select SNPs as potential instrumental variables (IVs), this slightly relaxed threshold, compared to the strict genome-wide significance level (P &lt; 5 &#215; 10<sup>8</sup>), is a commonly employed strategy in MR studies to increase the number of available instruments, thereby enhancing the statistical power of the analysis, especially for exposures with a limited number of genome-wide significant hits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15_en_arc">15</xref></sup> The inclusion criterion for the minor allele frequency (MAF) of the variants under investigation was set at 0.01.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10_en_arc">10</xref></sup> All identified SNPs were subjected to clumping to preclude linkage disequilibrium issues, employing a stringent clump window parameter set at an R<sup>2</sup> threshold of 0.001 and a kb of 10,000.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9_en_arc">9</xref></sup> When instrumental variables were absent in the outcome dataset, high-linkage disequilibrium (LD) proxies, with an R<sup>2</sup> exceeding 0.8, were sought out and utilized as replacements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16_en_arc">16</xref></sup> For assessing instrument strength and to address potential weak instrument bias, the F-statistic was calculated for every SNP within the IV set. This computation adhered to the formula: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, wherein R<sup>2</sup> signifies the proportion of variance in exposure explained by the SNP, and N represents the sample size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17_en_arc">17</xref></sup> To ensure robust instrument potency and avoid weak instrument bias, only SNPs yielding an F-statistic &gt; 10 were retained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17_en_arc">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mendelian Randomization</title>
          <p>The two-sample MR analysis was conducted utilizing the R software, version 4.3.3, employing the TwoSampleMR package and the MR-PRESSO package. The primary MR analysis was executed employing the Inverse-Variance Weighted (IVW) method, premised on the assumption that no average pleiotropic effects are present. The IVW method is considered the most effective approach for estimating the causal link between air pollution/smoking and CA, utilizing ORs alongside their respective 95% CIs to quantify the association. To assess the robustness of our findings, additional analytical methods, including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode approaches, were employed as complementary analyses. The MR-Egger approach incorporates an intercept term, allowing for the provision of unbiased estimates of causal effects even when horizontal pleiotropy is present.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18_en_arc">18</xref></sup> The weighted median approach is predicated on the assumption that at least half of the instrumental variables accurately estimate the causal relationship between the exposure and the outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19_en_arc">19</xref></sup> The weighted mode strategy identifies the causal effect by focusing on a subset of SNPs that exhibit the highest density of effects, accomplished by clustering SNPs into groups according to their similarity in inferred causal impacts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20_en_arc">20</xref></sup> Multiple testing adjustments were carried out employing the Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) procedure, taking into account the effective number of independent traits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21_en_arc">21</xref></sup> A scatter plot was used to depict the association between air pollution/smoking and CA. A forest plot was employed to show the MR analysis and 95% CI for each SNP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>Sensitivity analyses were conducted to verify the reliability of MR estimates. In the IVW analysis, the I<sup>2</sup> statistic and Cochran&#8217;s Q test were employed to assess heterogeneity among the effects of SNPs associated with CA outcomes, with a p-value greater than 0.05 indicating no statistically significant heterogeneity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22_en_arc">22</xref></sup> The MR-Egger regression is employed to detect potential pleiotropy and assess its impact on risk estimation, with the intercept test being pivotal. A p-value &gt; 0.05 suggests an absence of significant pleiotropy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23_en_arc">23</xref></sup> A funnel plot was utilized to visually inspect and illustrate the presence of horizontal pleiotropy. Moreover, the MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) method was employed to systematically assess horizontal pleiotropy and to identify and subsequently remove any outlier SNPs that could distort the causal inference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24_en_arc">24</xref></sup> Furthermore, after excluding outlier instrumental variables (IVs), we examined whether there was a statistically significant difference in the results compared to before their removal. A leave-one-out (LOO) analysis was conducted to ascertain the influence of each SNP on the overall causal relationship, thus ensuring the robustness of our findings.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical power</title>
          <p>The statistical power of our MR analysis was assessed using the online tool &#8220;mRnd&#8221; (https://shiny.cnsgenomics.com/mRnd/), which is specifically designed for power calculations in IV analyses. These calculators estimate the power to detect an effect of a given magnitude for a continuous outcome, based on several key parameters: (1) the proportion of variance in the exposure explained by the IV (R<sup>2</sup>), (2) the true causal effect size, (3) the sample size of the outcome GWAS, (4) the number of genetic instruments used, and (5) the pre-specified significance level (&#945;).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25_en_arc">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>IVs selection</title>
          <p>This study identified 1138 IVs associated with air pollution and smoking. Upon calculating the F-statistics for these IVs, the mean F-statistic was 29.26. Importantly, the minimum F-statistic for any included SNP was 20.34, which is substantially higher than the conventional threshold of 10, indicating that our analyses are unlikely to be affected by weak instrument bias (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02_en">Table S2</xref>). In the MR analysis with CA as the endpoint, 56 SNPs were unmatched in the summary data, and 19 SNPs lacked appropriate proxy SNPs (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02_en">Table S3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mendelian Randomization</title>
          <p>Results of IVW showed a significant association between smoking status and CA (OR = 2.182, 95% CI: 1.137 &#8211; 4.188, p = 0.019). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> depict the scatter plots and forest plots for the effect of smoking status on CA. In addition, the IVW results showed no evidence of a causal relationship between various air pollution metrics (including PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10, and nitrogen dioxide) or other smoking-related traits (past tobacco smoking, age of initiation, and never smoking status) and the risk of CA. The detailed results for these analyses are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The scatter plot for the negative results is shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01_en">Figures S1 -S2</xref>, and the forest plot for the negative results is shown in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01_en">Figures S3 &#8211;S4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Scatter plots of the association between Smoking status and CA. The slopes depicted the causal associations, with each line representing a different methodology.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Forest plots of the association between Smoking status and CA. The MR estimate derived from the MR-Egger and IVW methods was shown for comparison.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Results of the causal relationship between air pollution/smoking and CA</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Exposure</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Outcome</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Significance of SNP</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">N. SNPs</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Methods</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">OR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">P</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking status</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center">5*10<sup>-6</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">317</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.374 ( 0.031, 4.501 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.439</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking status</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">317</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.793 ( 0.669, 4.804 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.245</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking status</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">317</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">2.182 ( 1.137, 4.188 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking status</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">317</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.673 ( 0.039, 11.63 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.786</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age Of Smoking Initiation</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">2.091 (0.243, 17.968 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.505</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age Of Smoking Initiation</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.424 ( 0.439, 4.622 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.556</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age Of Smoking Initiation</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">1.208 ( 0.517, 2.823 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.663</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age Of Smoking Initiation</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">4.125 ( 0.355, 47.936 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.263</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.383 ( 0.081, 1.81 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.231</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.386 ( 0.078, 1.909 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.243</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">0.683 ( 0.269, 1.736 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.424</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">55</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.435 ( 0.092, 2.051 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.298</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) absorbance</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">56</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.717 ( 0.193, 2.658 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.621</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) absorbance</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">56</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.819 ( 0.2, 3.358 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.781</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) absorbance</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">56</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">0.658 ( 0.275, 1.577 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.348</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) absorbance</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">56</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.547 ( 0.157, 1.906 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.348</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM10)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.228 ( 0.004, 11.78 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.469</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM10)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73 ( 0.071, 7.477 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.791</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM10)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">1.234 ( 0.187, 8.123 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.827</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution (PM10)</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53 ( 0.012, 24.257 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.747</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Past tobacco smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">241</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.967 ( 0.214, 4.373 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.965</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Past tobacco smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">241</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.747 ( 0.414, 1.348 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.333</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Past tobacco smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">241</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">1.007 ( 0.681, 1.489 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.972</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Past tobacco smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">241</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">0.508 ( 0.116, 2.221 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.369</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrogen dioxide air pollution</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">98</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.877 ( 0.286, 2.694 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.819</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrogen dioxide air pollution</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">98</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">0.996 ( 0.302, 3.289 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.995</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrogen dioxide air pollution</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">98</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">0.582 ( 0.281, 1.202 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrogen dioxide air pollution</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">98</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.473 ( 0.458, 4.741 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.518</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking status: Never</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">226</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">6.496 (0.221, 191.07 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.279</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking status: Never</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">226</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.433 ( 0.39, 5.267 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.588</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking status: Never</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">226</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">1.075 ( 0.435, 2.654 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.876</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking status: Never</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">226</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.996 (0.054, 73.131 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.707</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution 2.5.-10um</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">MR Egger</td>
                    <td align="center">0.798 ( 0.356, 1.79 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.614</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution 2.5.-10um</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted median</td>
                    <td align="center">1.198 ( 0.698, 2.057 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.513</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution 2.5.-10um</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">Inverse variance weighted</td>
                    <td align="center">1.162 ( 0.766, 1.764 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.481</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Particulate matter air pollution 2.5.-10um</td>
                    <td align="center">Cardiac arrest</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">Weighted mode</td>
                    <td align="center">1.222 ( 0.647, 2.306 )</td>
                    <td align="center">0.564</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analyses</title>
          <p>The MR-Egger regression analysis indicated an absence of bias due to horizontal pleiotropy (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02_en">Table S4</xref>). Heterogeneity was detected in the analysis linking particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) to CA, whereas no heterogeneity was observed in the remaining analyses (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02_en">Table S4</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">4</xref> depict the Funnel plots and Leave-one-out plots of the effect of smoking status on CA. <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01_en">Figures S5-S6</xref> depict the Funnel plots of the negative results, and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl01_en">Figures S7-S8</xref> depict the Leave-one-out plots of the negative results. According to the MR-PRESSO analysis, one outlier SNP (rs1537371) was identified in the PM2.5-CA association; however, even upon exclusion of this SNP, no statistically significant association persisted. No other outliers were detected in the rest of the analyses (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02_en">Table S5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Funnel plots of the association between Smoking status and CA. Each point represents a genetic variant, plotted according to the estimated effect size and standard error. The plot helps identify asymmetry, which could indicate potential biases such as pleiotropy or publication bias.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Leave-one-out plots of the association between Smoking status and CA. Each point indicates the estimated effect size when one genetic variant is removed from the analysis. The horizontal lines represent the 95% confidence intervals, while the vertical line shows the overall pooled effect estimate.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-03-20250127-50127-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical power</title>
          <p>The statistical power calculations for our MR analyses are presented in <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02_en">Table S6</xref>. The results indicate a generally low statistical power (&lt; 80%) to detect causal effects for the majority of the exposure-outcome associations investigated.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first MR analysis examining whether air pollution/smoking has a causal role in the development of CA. Findings of this study uncovered a causal connection between a genetic predisposition to smoking and CA. Additionally, our study has identified that air pollution was not causally related to CA.</p>
        <p>Numerous investigations have assessed the association between SCA risk and adherence to healthy lifestyle practices. Chief among these factors, smoking stands out as the most recurrently examined lifestyle attribute in relation to CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5_en_arc">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26_en_arc">26</xref></sup> In a prospective cohort study comprising women who were free of coronary heart disease at baseline, a robust dose-response relationship was uncovered between cigarette smoking and the risk of CA. Moreover, it was demonstrated that smoking cessation led to a substantial reduction and ultimately eradicated the elevated risk of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4_en_arc">4</xref></sup> Although the results were in line with the current study, the enrolled population was limited to women. In a case-control study by Park et al., non-smoking was proven to be a protective factor for CA risk (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.27&#8211;0.47) when age, sex, residential area, cardiovascular comorbidities, and healthy lifestyle habits were adjusted.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27_en_arc">27</xref></sup> Moreover, in a recent meta-analysis including 12 prospective studies, the pooled relative risk (RR) was estimated at 3.06 (95% CI: 2.46 &#8211; 3.82) for individuals who currently smoke, in comparison to those who have never smoked.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28_en_arc">28</xref></sup> Approximately 80% of CA can be attributed to ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and a heightened vulnerability to both initial and recurrent incidents of these arrhythmias, as well as ventricular fibrillation among smokers, may be attributed to disturbances in ventricular repolarization time dispersion indices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29_en_arc">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31_en_arc">31</xref></sup> Nicotine, a key component of cigarettes, has been demonstrated in animal studies to provoke a spectrum of cardiac rhythm disorders, encompassing transient sinus pauses, bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, sinoatrial block, atrioventricular block, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, further implicating its role in the pathophysiology of smoking-related arrhythmogenic risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32_en_arc">32</xref></sup> Findings of this study reinforced the importance of population-wide policies and strategies for smoking cessation in the reduction of the incidence of sudden cardiac deaths.</p>
        <p>In previous observational studies, concentrations of air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, NO<sub>2</sub>, and O<sub>3</sub> have been manifested as risk factors for CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26_en_arc">26</xref></sup> Kang et al. conducted an analysis to assess the effects of elevated exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 on the occurrence of OHCA in a population setting. Their findings revealed a significant correlation between higher levels of PM2.5 exposure and an augmented risk of OHCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33_en_arc">33</xref></sup> A study conducted in Stockholm, Sweden, revealed a notable exposure-response relationship, associating higher OHCA risk with increased O<sub>3</sub> levels, whereas no such association was observed for PM2.5 or NO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34_en_arc">34</xref></sup> Conversely, a separate OHCA study undertaken in Lombardy, Italy, employing distinct methodologies, demonstrated that concentrations of all studied pollutants were significantly elevated on days with a high incidence of OHCA, except for O<sub>3</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35_en_arc">35</xref></sup> A recent systematic review and meta-analysis encompassing 15 studies that investigated the relationship between OHCA and exposure to various atmospheric pollutants, with a primary focus on the pollutant concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, NO<sub>2</sub>, and O<sub>3</sub>, their analysis revealed a significant linkage between heightened OHCA risk and elevated levels of PM2.5, PM10, and O<sub>3</sub> in the ambient air.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36_en_arc">36</xref></sup> Similarly, another study by Sielski et al. also reported on the influence of PM2.5 and PM10 on the parameters of out-of-hospital CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37_en_arc">37</xref></sup> Disparity in some of the results from the aforementioned studies may be attributed to the different study designs, characteristics of participants, methodology of pollutant measurement, mixtures of exposures, and degrees of individual susceptibility. Of note, results of our MR analyses revealed an insignificant causal relation between air pollutants including PM10, PM2.5, NO<sub>2</sub>, and Particulate matter air pollution 2.5-10 um.</p>
        <p>A primary consideration when interpreting these null associations is the statistical power of our analysis. As our power calculations indicate (<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl02_en">Table S6</xref>), the study was generally underpowered to detect small to moderate causal effects for air pollution metrics. Therefore, the absence of a statistically significant association should not be interpreted as definitive evidence of no causal effect, but rather may reflect the limitations of the current study to detect such a relationship. The underlying mechanisms for the insignificant findings with regard to the causal relationship between air pollution and CA could be that variations in the magnitude or character of the inflammatory response may emerge due to differences in particulate chemistry and the duration or intensity of exposures. Some individuals are likely more vulnerable, with evidence suggesting that those with underlying cardiovascular risks and metabolic syndrome may demonstrate stronger associations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37_en_arc">37</xref></sup> Conversely, anti-inflammatory medications, like statins, might counteract the effects of ambient particles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30_en_arc">30</xref></sup> The magnitude and consistency of these changes vary across a range of biomarkers and patient populations studied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8_en_arc">8</xref></sup> It is important to note that MR estimates the causal effect of lifelong, genetically predicted exposure levels. In contrast, many observational studies have linked CA to acute, short-term spikes in air pollution. It is plausible that chronic, lower-level exposure (as proxied by genetics) does not have a detectable causal effect, whereas acute high-level exposure acts as a trigger for cardiac events in susceptible individuals. Our study was not designed to capture such short-term effects. Furthermore, the relationship between air pollution and CA might be non-linear, with risk increasing significantly only above a certain exposure threshold not captured by the genetic instruments. While MR is robust against many confounding factors, we cannot completely rule out unmeasured mediators or pathways of horizontal pleiotropy. For example, socioeconomic status is a complex confounder linked to both residential air pollution levels and cardiovascular health, and its effects may not be fully captured.</p>
        <p>Our study boasts several strengths. It contributes valuable insights to the understanding of the causal relationship between air pollution/smoking and CA, offering empirical grounding for further research in this domain. Additionally, by challenging the notion that cigarette smoking could be a dependable risk factor for CA, our findings carry important implications. However, we acknowledge several limitations of this study. Primarily, our analysis was confined to cohorts of European descent, which limits the generalizability of our findings. Genetic architecture, such as allele frequencies and linkage disequilibrium patterns, can differ across populations. Moreover, gene-environment interactions may vary; for instance, the impact of genetic predisposition to smoking could be modified by different social norms or exposure levels to other risk factors in non-European populations. Therefore, future MR studies in diverse ancestral groups, such as those of African or Asian descent, are crucial to validate our findings and assess their global public health implications. Secondly, though we cannot definitively exclude participant overlap between datasets for exposure and outcome, quantifying this overlap accurately poses a methodological challenge. Despite this, the high robustness of our IVs, as evidenced by F statistics &gt; 10, significantly mitigates potential bias arising from any such overlap, aligning with established criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17_en_arc">17</xref></sup> Thirdly, a significant limitation is the insufficient statistical power for several of our analyses, particularly for air pollution exposures. This limits our ability to draw firm conclusions from the null findings and highlights that the absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. This issue underscores the need for future studies using larger GWAS summary datasets, which would provide greater power to detect potential small to moderate causal effects. Given these limitations, cautious interpretation of the outcomes of this study is warranted, underscoring the need for future studies that address these constraints and expand the scope of investigation to broader populations and with a more comprehensive set of SNPs to enhance the precision and generalizability of findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The results from this two-sample MR analysis provide evidence for a genetically inferred causal link between cigarette smoking and CA. Specific strategies for smoking cessation are needed to reduce the occurrence of CA. To solidify outcomes of the current study, future analyses should employ larger GWAS summary datasets based on multiple populations and an expanded repertoire of genetic instruments.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en">
          <label>Supplementary Figure(s)</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Zq8VTFMHpCQrzDQzXv8qRCm/0fd142166eb22d813fba51f968aa322234434c8a.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl02_en">
          <label>Supplementary Table(s)</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Zq8VTFMHpCQrzDQzXv8qRCm/d87de6c47b2bd531d2532e12152f52b19db25bae.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ref-list>
        <title>REFERENCES</title>
        <ref id="B1_en_arc">
          <label>1</label>
          <mixed-citation>1. Gill R, Teitcher M, Ruland S. Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Arrest. Handb Clin Neurol. 2021;177:193-209. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819814-8.00029-9.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="book">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Gill</surname>
                <given-names>R</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Teitcher</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Ruland</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <chapter-title>Neurologic Complications of Cardiac Arrest</chapter-title>
            <source>Handb Clin Neurol</source>
            <year>2021</year>
            <volume>177</volume>
            <fpage>193</fpage>
            <lpage>209</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/B978-0-12-819814-8.00029-9</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B2_en_arc">
          <label>2</label>
          <mixed-citation>2. Albert CM, Stevenson WG. Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death. In: Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2018.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="book">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Albert</surname>
                <given-names>CM</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Stevenson</surname>
                <given-names>WG</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <chapter-title>Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death</chapter-title>
            <person-group person-group-type="editor">
              <name>
                <surname>Jameson</surname>
                <given-names>JL</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Fauci</surname>
                <given-names>AS</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Kasper</surname>
                <given-names>DL</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Hauser</surname>
                <given-names>SL</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Longo</surname>
                <given-names>DL</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Loscalzo</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <role>editors</role>
            </person-group>
            <source>Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</source>
            <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc>
            <publisher-name>McGraw-Hill Education</publisher-name>
            <year>2018</year>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B3_en_arc">
          <label>3</label>
          <mixed-citation>3. Chiuve SE, Fung TT, Rexrode KM, Spiegelman D, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Adherence to a Low-Risk, Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death among Women. JAMA. 2011;306(1):62-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.907.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Chiuve</surname>
                <given-names>SE</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Fung</surname>
                <given-names>TT</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Rexrode</surname>
                <given-names>KM</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Spiegelman</surname>
                <given-names>D</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Manson</surname>
                <given-names>JE</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Stampfer</surname>
                <given-names>MJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Adherence to a Low-Risk, Healthy Lifestyle and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death among Women</article-title>
            <source>JAMA</source>
            <year>2011</year>
            <volume>306</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <fpage>62</fpage>
            <lpage>69</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2011.907</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B4_en_arc">
          <label>4</label>
          <mixed-citation>4. Sandhu RK, Jimenez MC, Chiuve SE, Fitzgerald KC, Kenfield SA, Tedrow UB, et al. Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Women. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2012;5(6):1091-7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.112.975219.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Sandhu</surname>
                <given-names>RK</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Jimenez</surname>
                <given-names>MC</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Chiuve</surname>
                <given-names>SE</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Fitzgerald</surname>
                <given-names>KC</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Kenfield</surname>
                <given-names>SA</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Tedrow</surname>
                <given-names>UB</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Women</article-title>
            <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
            <year>2012</year>
            <volume>5</volume>
            <issue>6</issue>
            <fpage>1091</fpage>
            <lpage>1097</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.112.975219</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B5_en_arc">
          <label>5</label>
          <mixed-citation>5. Goldenberg I, Jonas M, Tenenbaum A, Boyko V, Matetzky S, Shotan A, et al. Current Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(19):2301-5. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.19.2301.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Goldenberg</surname>
                <given-names>I</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Jonas</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Tenenbaum</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Boyko</surname>
                <given-names>V</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Matetzky</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Shotan</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Current Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
            <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
            <year>2003</year>
            <volume>163</volume>
            <issue>19</issue>
            <fpage>2301</fpage>
            <lpage>2305</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archinte.163.19.2301</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B6_en_arc">
          <label>6</label>
          <mixed-citation>6. Jung E, Park JH, Ro YS, Ryu HH, Cha KC, Do Shin S, et al. Family History, Socioeconomic Factors, Comorbidities, Health Behaviors, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):21341. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48357-1.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Jung</surname>
                <given-names>E</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Park</surname>
                <given-names>JH</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Ro</surname>
                <given-names>YS</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Ryu</surname>
                <given-names>HH</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Cha</surname>
                <given-names>KC</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Do Shin</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Family History, Socioeconomic Factors, Comorbidities, Health Behaviors, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
            <source>Sci Rep</source>
            <year>2023</year>
            <volume>13</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <size units="pages">21341</size>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-023-48357-1</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B7_en_arc">
          <label>7</label>
          <mixed-citation>7. Brook RD, Franklin B, Cascio W, Hong Y, Howard G, Lipsett M, et al. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004;109(21):2655-71. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Brook</surname>
                <given-names>RD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Franklin</surname>
                <given-names>B</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Cascio</surname>
                <given-names>W</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Hong</surname>
                <given-names>Y</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Howard</surname>
                <given-names>G</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Lipsett</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Expert Panel on Population and Prevention Science of the American Heart Association</article-title>
            <source>Circulation</source>
            <year>2004</year>
            <volume>109</volume>
            <issue>21</issue>
            <fpage>2655</fpage>
            <lpage>2671</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.CIR.0000128587.30041.C8</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B8_en_arc">
          <label>8</label>
          <mixed-citation>8. Brook RD, Rajagopalan S, Pope CA 3rd, Brook JR, Bhatnagar A, Diez-Roux AV, et al. Particulate Matter air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2010;121(21):2331-78. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Brook</surname>
                <given-names>RD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Rajagopalan</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Pope</surname>
                <given-names>CA</given-names>
                <suffix>3rd</suffix>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Brook</surname>
                <given-names>JR</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Bhatnagar</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Diez-Roux</surname>
                <given-names>AV</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Particulate Matter air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
            <source>Circulation</source>
            <year>2010</year>
            <volume>121</volume>
            <issue>21</issue>
            <fpage>2331</fpage>
            <lpage>2378</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B9_en_arc">
          <label>9</label>
          <mixed-citation>9. Abecasis GR, Altshuler D, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, et al. A Map of Human Genome Variation from Population-Scale Sequencing. Nature. 2010;467(7319):1061-73. doi: 10.1038/nature09534.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Abecasis</surname>
                <given-names>GR</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Altshuler</surname>
                <given-names>D</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Auton</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Brooks</surname>
                <given-names>LD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Durbin</surname>
                <given-names>RM</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Gibbs</surname>
                <given-names>RA</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>A Map of Human Genome Variation from Population-Scale Sequencing</article-title>
            <source>Nature</source>
            <year>2010</year>
            <volume>467</volume>
            <issue>7319</issue>
            <fpage>1061</fpage>
            <lpage>1073</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nature09534</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B10_en_arc">
          <label>10</label>
          <mixed-citation>10. Long Y, Tang L, Zhou Y, Zhao S, Zhu H. Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Cancers: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Study. BMC Med. 2023;21(1):66. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-02761-6.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Long</surname>
                <given-names>Y</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Tang</surname>
                <given-names>L</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Zhou</surname>
                <given-names>Y</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Zhao</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Zhu</surname>
                <given-names>H</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Causal Relationship between Gut Microbiota and Cancers: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomisation Study</article-title>
            <source>BMC Med</source>
            <year>2023</year>
            <volume>21</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <size units="pages">66</size>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12916-023-02761-6</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B11_en_arc">
          <label>11</label>
          <mixed-citation>11. Burgess S, Smith GD, Davies NM, Dudbridge F, Gill D, Glymour MM, et al. Guidelines for Performing Mendelian Randomization Investigations: Update for Summer 2023. Wellcome Open Res. 2023;4:186. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.3.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Burgess</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Smith</surname>
                <given-names>GD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Davies</surname>
                <given-names>NM</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Dudbridge</surname>
                <given-names>F</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Gill</surname>
                <given-names>D</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Glymour</surname>
                <given-names>MM</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Guidelines for Performing Mendelian Randomization Investigations: Update for Summer 2023</article-title>
            <source>Wellcome Open Res</source>
            <year>2023</year>
            <volume>4</volume>
            <size units="pages">186</size>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15555.3</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B12_en_arc">
          <label>12</label>
          <mixed-citation>12. Battram T, Yousefi P, Crawford G, Prince C, Sheikhalil Babaei M, Sharp G, et al. The EWAS Catalog: A Database of Epigenome-Wide Association Studies. Wellcome Open Res. 2022;7:41. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17598.2.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Battram</surname>
                <given-names>T</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Yousefi</surname>
                <given-names>P</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Crawford</surname>
                <given-names>G</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Prince</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Sheikhalil Babaei</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Sharp</surname>
                <given-names>G</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>The EWAS Catalog: A Database of Epigenome-Wide Association Studies</article-title>
            <source>Wellcome Open Res</source>
            <year>2022</year>
            <volume>7</volume>
            <size units="pages">41</size>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17598.2</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B13_en_arc">
          <label>13</label>
          <mixed-citation>13. Montagne D, Hoek G, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Lanki T, Pennanen A, Portella M, et al. The Association of LUR Modeled PM2.5 Elemental Composition with Personal Exposure. Sci Total Environ. 2014;493:298-306. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.057.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Montagne</surname>
                <given-names>D</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Hoek</surname>
                <given-names>G</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Nieuwenhuijsen</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Lanki</surname>
                <given-names>T</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Pennanen</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Portella</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>The Association of LUR Modeled PM2.5 Elemental Composition with Personal Exposure</article-title>
            <source>Sci Total Environ</source>
            <year>2014</year>
            <volume>493</volume>
            <fpage>298</fpage>
            <lpage>306</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.057</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B14_en_arc">
          <label>14</label>
          <mixed-citation>14. Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, Beral V, Burton P, Danesh J, et al. UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age. PLoS Med. 2015;12(3):e1001779. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Sudlow</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Gallacher</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Allen</surname>
                <given-names>N</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Beral</surname>
                <given-names>V</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Burton</surname>
                <given-names>P</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Danesh</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>UK Biobank: An Open Access Resource for Identifying the Causes of a Wide Range of Complex Diseases of Middle and Old Age</article-title>
            <source>PLoS Med</source>
            <year>2015</year>
            <volume>12</volume>
            <issue>3</issue>
            <elocation-id>e1001779</elocation-id>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B15_en_arc">
          <label>15</label>
          <mixed-citation>15. Ference BA, Majeed F, Penumetcha R, Flack JM, Brook RD. Effect of Naturally Random Allocation to Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Mediated by Polymorphisms in NPC1L1, HMGCR, or Both: A 2 &#215; 2 Factorial Mendelian Randomization Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(15):1552-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.020.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ference</surname>
                <given-names>BA</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Majeed</surname>
                <given-names>F</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Penumetcha</surname>
                <given-names>R</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Flack</surname>
                <given-names>JM</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Brook</surname>
                <given-names>RD</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Effect of Naturally Random Allocation to Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Mediated by Polymorphisms in NPC1L1, HMGCR, or Both: A 2 &#215; 2 Factorial Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
            <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
            <year>2015</year>
            <volume>65</volume>
            <issue>15</issue>
            <fpage>1552</fpage>
            <lpage>1561</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2015.02.020</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B16_en_arc">
          <label>16</label>
          <mixed-citation>16. Deng MC, Liu F, Liang Y, Wang K, Nie JQ, Liu J. Association between Frailty and Depression: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. Sci Adv. 2023;9(38):eadi3902. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3902.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Deng</surname>
                <given-names>MC</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Liu</surname>
                <given-names>F</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Liang</surname>
                <given-names>Y</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Wang</surname>
                <given-names>K</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Nie</surname>
                <given-names>JQ</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Liu</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Association between Frailty and Depression: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study</article-title>
            <source>Sci Adv</source>
            <year>2023</year>
            <volume>9</volume>
            <issue>38</issue>
            <elocation-id>eadi3902</elocation-id>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/sciadv.adi3902</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B17_en_arc">
          <label>17</label>
          <mixed-citation>17. Burgess S, Thompson SG; CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration. Avoiding Bias from Weak Instruments in Mendelian Randomization Studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):755-64. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr036.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Burgess</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Thompson</surname>
                <given-names>SG</given-names>
              </name>
              <collab>CRP CHD Genetics Collaboration</collab>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Avoiding Bias from Weak Instruments in Mendelian Randomization Studies</article-title>
            <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
            <year>2011</year>
            <volume>40</volume>
            <issue>3</issue>
            <fpage>755</fpage>
            <lpage>764</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyr036</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B18_en_arc">
          <label>18</label>
          <mixed-citation>18. Bowden J, Smith GD, Burgess S. Mendelian Randomization with Invalid Instruments: Effect Estimation and Bias Detection Through Egger Regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512-25. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv080.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Bowden</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Smith</surname>
                <given-names>GD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Burgess</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Mendelian Randomization with Invalid Instruments: Effect Estimation and Bias Detection Through Egger Regression</article-title>
            <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
            <year>2015</year>
            <volume>44</volume>
            <issue>2</issue>
            <fpage>512</fpage>
            <lpage>525</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyv080</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B19_en_arc">
          <label>19</label>
          <mixed-citation>19. Bowden J, Smith GD, Haycock PC, Burgess S. Consistent Estimation in Mendelian Randomization with Some Invalid Instruments Using a Weighted Median Estimator. Genet Epidemiol. 2016;40(4):304-14. doi: 10.1002/gepi.21965.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Bowden</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Smith</surname>
                <given-names>GD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Haycock</surname>
                <given-names>PC</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Burgess</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Consistent Estimation in Mendelian Randomization with Some Invalid Instruments Using a Weighted Median Estimator</article-title>
            <source>Genet Epidemiol</source>
            <year>2016</year>
            <volume>40</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>304</fpage>
            <lpage>314</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/gepi.21965</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B20_en_arc">
          <label>20</label>
          <mixed-citation>20. Hartwig FP, Smith GD, Bowden J. Robust Inference in Summary data Mendelian Randomization Via the Zero Modal Pleiotropy Assumption. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(6):1985-98. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyx102.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Hartwig</surname>
                <given-names>FP</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Smith</surname>
                <given-names>GD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Bowden</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Robust Inference in Summary data Mendelian Randomization Via the Zero Modal Pleiotropy Assumption</article-title>
            <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
            <year>2017</year>
            <volume>46</volume>
            <issue>6</issue>
            <fpage>1985</fpage>
            <lpage>1998</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyx102</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B21_en_arc">
          <label>21</label>
          <mixed-citation>21. Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J R Statist Soc B. 2018;57(1):289-300. doi: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Benjamini</surname>
                <given-names>Y</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Hochberg</surname>
                <given-names>Y</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing</article-title>
            <source>J R Statist Soc B</source>
            <year>2018</year>
            <volume>57</volume>
            <issue>1</issue>
            <fpage>289</fpage>
            <lpage>300</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B22_en_arc">
          <label>22</label>
          <mixed-citation>22. Greco M FD, Minelli C, Sheehan NA, Thompson JR. Detecting Pleiotropy in Mendelian Randomisation Studies with Summary Data and a Continuous Outcome. Stat Med. 2015;34(21):2926-40. doi: 10.1002/sim.6522.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Greco</surname>
                <given-names>M FD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Minelli</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Sheehan</surname>
                <given-names>NA</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Thompson</surname>
                <given-names>JR</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Detecting Pleiotropy in Mendelian Randomisation Studies with Summary Data and a Continuous Outcome</article-title>
            <source>Stat Med</source>
            <year>2015</year>
            <volume>34</volume>
            <issue>21</issue>
            <fpage>2926</fpage>
            <lpage>2940</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/sim.6522</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B23_en_arc">
          <label>23</label>
          <mixed-citation>23. Burgess S, Thompson SG. Interpreting Findings from Mendelian Randomization Using the MR-Egger Method. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):377-89. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0255-x.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Burgess</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Thompson</surname>
                <given-names>SG</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Interpreting Findings from Mendelian Randomization Using the MR-Egger Method</article-title>
            <source>Eur J Epidemiol</source>
            <year>2017</year>
            <volume>32</volume>
            <issue>5</issue>
            <fpage>377</fpage>
            <lpage>389</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-017-0255-x</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B24_en_arc">
          <label>24</label>
          <mixed-citation>24. Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, Do R. Detection of Widespread Horizontal Pleiotropy in Causal Relationships Inferred from Mendelian Randomization between Complex Traits and Diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693-8. doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Verbanck</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Chen</surname>
                <given-names>CY</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Neale</surname>
                <given-names>B</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Do</surname>
                <given-names>R</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Detection of Widespread Horizontal Pleiotropy in Causal Relationships Inferred from Mendelian Randomization between Complex Traits and Diseases</article-title>
            <source>Nat Genet</source>
            <year>2018</year>
            <volume>50</volume>
            <issue>5</issue>
            <fpage>693</fpage>
            <lpage>698</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B25_en_arc">
          <label>25</label>
          <mixed-citation>25. Brion MJ, Shakhbazov K, Visscher PM. Calculating Statistical Power in Mendelian Randomization Studies. Int J Epidemiol. 2013;42(5):1497-501. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyt179.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Brion</surname>
                <given-names>MJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Shakhbazov</surname>
                <given-names>K</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Visscher</surname>
                <given-names>PM</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Calculating Statistical Power in Mendelian Randomization Studies</article-title>
            <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
            <year>2013</year>
            <volume>42</volume>
            <issue>5</issue>
            <fpage>1497</fpage>
            <lpage>1501</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyt179</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B26_en_arc">
          <label>26</label>
          <mixed-citation>26. Adabag AS, Luepker RV, Roger VL, Gersh BJ. Sudden Cardiac Death: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010;7(4):216-25. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.3.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Adabag</surname>
                <given-names>AS</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Luepker</surname>
                <given-names>RV</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Roger</surname>
                <given-names>VL</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Gersh</surname>
                <given-names>BJ</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Sudden Cardiac Death: Epidemiology and Risk Factors</article-title>
            <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
            <year>2010</year>
            <volume>7</volume>
            <issue>4</issue>
            <fpage>216</fpage>
            <lpage>225</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nrcardio.2010.3</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B27_en_arc">
          <label>27</label>
          <mixed-citation>27. Park JH, Cha KC, Ro YS, Song KJ, Shin SD, Jung WJ, et al. Healthy Lifestyle Factors, Cardiovascular Comorbidities, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest: A Case-Control Study in Korea. Resuscitation. 2022;175:142-9. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.03.030.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Park</surname>
                <given-names>JH</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Cha</surname>
                <given-names>KC</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Ro</surname>
                <given-names>YS</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Song</surname>
                <given-names>KJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Shin</surname>
                <given-names>SD</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Jung</surname>
                <given-names>WJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Healthy Lifestyle Factors, Cardiovascular Comorbidities, and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest: A Case-Control Study in Korea</article-title>
            <source>Resuscitation</source>
            <year>2022</year>
            <volume>175</volume>
            <fpage>142</fpage>
            <lpage>149</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.03.030</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B28_en_arc">
          <label>28</label>
          <mixed-citation>28. Aune D, Schlesinger S, Norat T, Riboli E. Tobacco Smoking and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018;33(6):509-21. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0351-y.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Aune</surname>
                <given-names>D</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Schlesinger</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Norat</surname>
                <given-names>T</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Riboli</surname>
                <given-names>E</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Tobacco Smoking and the Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies</article-title>
            <source>Eur J Epidemiol</source>
            <year>2018</year>
            <volume>33</volume>
            <issue>6</issue>
            <fpage>509</fpage>
            <lpage>521</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10654-017-0351-y</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B29_en_arc">
          <label>29</label>
          <mixed-citation>29. Ghearer PJ, De Buyzere ML, Taeymans YM, Gillebert TC, Henriques JP, De Backer G, et al. Risk Factors for Primary Ventricular Fibrillation during Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(21):2499-510. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehl218.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ghearer</surname>
                <given-names>PJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>De Buyzere</surname>
                <given-names>ML</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Taeymans</surname>
                <given-names>YM</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Gillebert</surname>
                <given-names>TC</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Henriques</surname>
                <given-names>JP</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>De Backer</surname>
                <given-names>G</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Risk Factors for Primary Ventricular Fibrillation during Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
            <source>Eur Heart J</source>
            <year>2006</year>
            <volume>27</volume>
            <issue>21</issue>
            <fpage>2499</fpage>
            <lpage>2510</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehl218</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B30_en_arc">
          <label>30</label>
          <mixed-citation>30. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, McNitt S, Zareba W, Daubert JP, Hall WJ, et al. Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Supraventricular and Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in High-Risk Cardiac Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(9):931-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00526.x.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Goldenberg</surname>
                <given-names>I</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Moss</surname>
                <given-names>AJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>McNitt</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Zareba</surname>
                <given-names>W</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Daubert</surname>
                <given-names>JP</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Hall</surname>
                <given-names>WJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Cigarette Smoking and the Risk of Supraventricular and Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in High-Risk Cardiac Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators</article-title>
            <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
            <year>2006</year>
            <volume>17</volume>
            <issue>9</issue>
            <fpage>931</fpage>
            <lpage>936</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1540-8167.2006.00526.x</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B31_en_arc">
          <label>31</label>
          <mixed-citation>31. Plank B, Kutyifa V, Moss AJ, Huang DT, Ruwald AC, McNitt S, et al. Smoking is Associated with an Increased Risk of First and Recurrent Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Ischemic and Nonischemic Patients with Mild Heart Failure: A MADIT-CRT Substudy. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(5):822-7. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.02.007.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Plank</surname>
                <given-names>B</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Kutyifa</surname>
                <given-names>V</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Moss</surname>
                <given-names>AJ</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Huang</surname>
                <given-names>DT</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Ruwald</surname>
                <given-names>AC</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>McNitt</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Smoking is Associated with an Increased Risk of First and Recurrent Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Ischemic and Nonischemic Patients with Mild Heart Failure: A MADIT-CRT Substudy</article-title>
            <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
            <year>2014</year>
            <volume>11</volume>
            <issue>5</issue>
            <fpage>822</fpage>
            <lpage>827</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.02.007</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B32_en_arc">
          <label>32</label>
          <mixed-citation>32. D'Alessandro A, Boeckelmann I, Hammw&#246;hner M, Goette A. Nicotine, Cigarette Smoking and Cardiac Arrhythmia: An Overview. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19(3):297-305. doi: 10.1177/1741826711411738.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>D'Alessandro</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Boeckelmann</surname>
                <given-names>I</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Hammw&#246;hner</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Goette</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Nicotine, Cigarette Smoking and Cardiac Arrhythmia: An Overview</article-title>
            <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
            <year>2012</year>
            <volume>19</volume>
            <issue>3</issue>
            <fpage>297</fpage>
            <lpage>305</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1741826711411738</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B33_en_arc">
          <label>33</label>
          <mixed-citation>33. Kang SH, Heo J, Oh IY, Kim J, Lim WH, Cho Y, et al. Ambient Air Pollution and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:1086-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.100.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Kang</surname>
                <given-names>SH</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Heo</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Oh</surname>
                <given-names>IY</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Kim</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Lim</surname>
                <given-names>WH</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Cho</surname>
                <given-names>Y</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Ambient Air Pollution and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
            <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
            <year>2016</year>
            <volume>203</volume>
            <fpage>1086</fpage>
            <lpage>1092</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.100</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B34_en_arc">
          <label>34</label>
          <mixed-citation>34. Raza A, Bellander T, Bero-Bedada G, Dahlquist M, Hollenberg J, Jonsson M, et al. Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Stockholm. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(13):861-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht489.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Raza</surname>
                <given-names>A</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Bellander</surname>
                <given-names>T</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Bero-Bedada</surname>
                <given-names>G</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Dahlquist</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Hollenberg</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Jonsson</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Stockholm</article-title>
            <source>Eur Heart J</source>
            <year>2014</year>
            <volume>35</volume>
            <issue>13</issue>
            <fpage>861</fpage>
            <lpage>868</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/eht489</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B35_en_arc">
          <label>35</label>
          <mixed-citation>35. Gentile FR, Primi R, Baldi E, Compagnoni S, Mare C, Contri E, et al. Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Ambient Air Pollution: A Dose-Effect Relationship and an Association with OHCA Incidence. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256526. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256526.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Gentile</surname>
                <given-names>FR</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Primi</surname>
                <given-names>R</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Baldi</surname>
                <given-names>E</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Compagnoni</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Mare</surname>
                <given-names>C</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Contri</surname>
                <given-names>E</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Ambient Air Pollution: A Dose-Effect Relationship and an Association with OHCA Incidence</article-title>
            <source>PLoS One</source>
            <year>2021</year>
            <volume>16</volume>
            <issue>8</issue>
            <elocation-id>e0256526</elocation-id>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0256526</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B36_en_arc">
          <label>36</label>
          <mixed-citation>36. Zhao R, Chen S, Wang W, Huang J, Wang K, Liu L, et al. The Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollutants on the Onset of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2017;226:110-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.053.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Zhao</surname>
                <given-names>R</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Chen</surname>
                <given-names>S</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Wang</surname>
                <given-names>W</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Huang</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Wang</surname>
                <given-names>K</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Liu</surname>
                <given-names>L</given-names>
              </name>
              <etal>et al</etal>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>The Impact of Short-Term Exposure to Air Pollutants on the Onset of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
            <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
            <year>2017</year>
            <volume>226</volume>
            <fpage>110</fpage>
            <lpage>117</lpage>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.053</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B37_en_arc">
          <label>37</label>
          <mixed-citation>37. Sielski J, Kazirod-Wolski K, J&#243;zwiak MA, J&#243;zwiak M. The Influence of Air Pollution by PM2.5, PM10 and Associated Heavy Metals on the Parameters of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Sci Total Environ. 2021;788:147541. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147541.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Sielski</surname>
                <given-names>J</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>Kazirod-Wolski</surname>
                <given-names>K</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>J&#243;zwiak</surname>
                <given-names>MA</given-names>
              </name>
              <name>
                <surname>J&#243;zwiak</surname>
                <given-names>M</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>The Influence of Air Pollution by PM2.5, PM10 and Associated Heavy Metals on the Parameters of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest</article-title>
            <source>Sci Total Environ</source>
            <year>2021</year>
            <volume>788</volume>
            <size units="pages">147541</size>
            <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147541</pub-id>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
        <ref id="B38_en_arc">
          <label>38</label>
          <mixed-citation>38. Mehra R. Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death. J Electrocardiol. 2007;40(6 Suppl):S118-S122.</mixed-citation>
          <element-citation publication-type="journal">
            <person-group person-group-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Mehra</surname>
                <given-names>R</given-names>
              </name>
            </person-group>
            <article-title>Global public health problem of sudden cardiac death</article-title>
            <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
            <year>2007</year>
            <volume>40</volume>
            <issue>6</issue>
            <supplement>Suppl</supplement>
            <fpage>S118</fpage>
            <lpage>S122</lpage>
          </element-citation>
        </ref>
      </ref-list>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For Supplementary Figure(s), please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0127_supplementary_figures.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For Supplementary Table(s), please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12303/2025-0127_supplementary_tables.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
