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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6kHyy4fk84PwZd3tGnPBdJs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000201007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260207</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vasos Pequenos, Grandes Decis&#245;es</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2129-4947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Airton de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6286-3109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Ribamar</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Vila Velha</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Velha</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Meridional</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cariacica</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Meridional, Cariacica, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Unimed Vitoria</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Unimed Vitoria, Vitoria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Airton de Arruda</bold> &#8226; Rua Professor Almeida Cousin, 125, Sala 1215. CEP <postal-code>29050-305</postal-code>, Enseada do Su&#225;, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jairtonarruda@icloud.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260207</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Sirolimo</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Reestenose Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) em vasos de pequeno calibre permanece um dos cen&#225;rios mais desafiadores da cardiologia intervencionista contempor&#226;nea.</p>
    <p>Historicamente, se considerava pequeno vaso aquele com di&#226;metro &#8804;2,75 mm. Com a evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica dos dispositivos e o maior refinamento das t&#233;cnicas intervencionistas, esse conceito tem sido progressivamente redefinido. Na pr&#225;tica contempor&#226;nea, foi padronizado como pequenos vasos aqueles com di&#226;metro &lt;2,5 mm, enquanto os vasos muito pequenos ou extremamente pequenos incluem frequentemente segmentos &lt;2,25 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desse cen&#225;rio &#233; significativa. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) em pequenos vasos est&#225; presente em aproximadamente 30% a 67% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP, conforme diferentes s&#233;ries. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; particularmente frequente em mulheres, pacientes com diabetes mellitus e portadores de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, al&#233;m de ocorrer com maior preval&#234;ncia em segmentos distais da &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria e em les&#245;es de bifurca&#231;&#227;o, onde tanto o ramo principal distal quanto o ramo lateral frequentemente apresentam di&#226;metros reduzidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o dessas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e anat&#244;micas cria um ambiente prop&#237;cio para maior risco de falha do dispositivo, restenose e necessidade de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Esse desafio se torna ainda mais pronunciado quando se tratam vasos extremamente pequenos. Nesses casos, o ganho luminal absoluto obtido com a interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; inevitavelmente limitado, e qualquer perda luminal tardia passa a ter impacto proporcionalmente maior sobre o di&#226;metro final do vaso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Assim, paradoxalmente, quanto menor o vaso, maiores podem ser as consequ&#234;ncias das decis&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, tornando a abordagem da DAC em pequenos vasos um cen&#225;rio em que detalhes t&#233;cnicos e sele&#231;&#227;o criteriosa da estrat&#233;gia s&#227;o determinantes para o resultado cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>A menor &#225;rea luminal, a maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a difusa e as limita&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas inerentes aos bal&#245;es e aos diferentes desenhos de stents, historicamente se associaram a taxas mais elevadas de reestenose, trombose de stent e eventos adversos clinicamente relevantes. Embora os stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) de nova gera&#231;&#227;o tenham ampliado substancialmente as possibilidades terap&#234;uticas, esse territ&#243;rio anat&#244;mico continua a suscitar debate, sobretudo com o ressurgimento dos bal&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicos ou bal&#227;o revestido com medicamento (<italic>"Drug-Coated Balloon"-</italic> DCB) como uma alternativa pautada pelo conceito "<italic>leave nothing behind</italic>".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; nesse contexto que o registro brasileiro de ICP em vasos &#8804;2,25 mm, comparando o stent nacional Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> (hastes de 75 &#956;m e pol&#237;mero biodegrad&#225;vel) com outros stents contempor&#226;neos de hastes finas, oferece uma contribui&#231;&#227;o particularmente relevante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Trata-se de uma coorte de mundo real, caracterizada por alta preval&#234;ncia de diabetes (42%) e s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas (74%), baixo uso de imagem intravascular e ampla heterogeneidade de dispositivos &#8212; caracter&#237;sticas que refletem fielmente a pr&#225;tica cotidiana, sobretudo no sistema p&#250;blico, onde a maioria das interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas no Brasil &#233; realizada. Ademais, por ser o &#250;nico estudo nacional com esse foco e metodologia, seu valor transcende o &#226;mbito cient&#237;fico, assumindo import&#226;ncia estrat&#233;gica para a tomada de decis&#227;o em cen&#225;rios de recursos limitados.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do registro demonstraram uma taxa de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE) de 4,6% aos 12 meses, com desempenho semelhante entre o stent Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> e outras plataformas contempor&#226;neas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Esses achados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com evid&#234;ncias internacionais sobre o uso de SF em vasos de muito pequeno calibre, incluindo s&#233;ries com dispositivos eluidores de zotarolimus<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e sirolimus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> que tamb&#233;m reportaram taxas aceit&#225;veis de eventos em m&#233;dio e longo prazo. Em conjunto, os dados do estudo nacional refor&#231;am a hip&#243;tese de um efeito de classe dos SF modernos, mesmo em um subgrupo anat&#244;mico particularmente desafiador.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos em vasos de muito pequeno calibre (&#8804; 2,25 mm) em diferentes plataformas de stents e DCB. MACE: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores; DCB: Drug-Coated Balloon. *Nota: Dados do Resolute Onyx refletem a m&#233;dia do grupo de stents contempor&#226;neos comparados no registro brasileiro, onde esta plataforma foi predominante.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20260207-60207-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Entretanto, qualquer discuss&#227;o atual sobre pequenos vasos deve necessariamente incluir os DCB. O ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado PICCOLETO II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrou menor perda luminal tardia (<italic>late lumen loss</italic> &#8212; LLL) aos 6 meses com DCB em compara&#231;&#227;o ao stent eluidor de everolimus, resultado frequentemente interpretado como superioridade angiogr&#225;fica da estrat&#233;gia baseada em bal&#227;o. Essa conclus&#227;o, no entanto, merece an&#225;lise cautelosa. Ao comparar estrat&#233;gias de bal&#227;o versus stent, o LLL se mostra um desfecho prim&#225;rio inadequado, por n&#227;o considerar as diferen&#231;as fundamentais no ganho luminal agudo entre as modalidades. Nos primeiros ensaios randomizados com stents met&#225;licos (BENESTENT e STRESS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> se observou maior LLL com stents em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; angioplastia com bal&#227;o, mas ainda assim os stents foram superiores, pois o maior ganho luminal imediato mais do que compensava a perda tardia. No PICCOLETO II,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o ganho agudo foi aproximadamente 50% maior no grupo stent, tornando previs&#237;vel uma maior LLL nesse bra&#231;o. Assim, se pode considerar que o par&#226;metro clinicamente relevante &#233; o di&#226;metro luminal no seguimento, e n&#227;o a propor&#231;&#227;o do ganho luminal inicial que foi perdida. De fato, no pr&#243;prio estudo, o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo e a porcentagem de estenose no seguimento n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos, o que enfraquece qualquer alega&#231;&#227;o robusta de superioridade do DCB. Al&#233;m disso, apenas cerca de 3% dos pacientes apresentaram morte ou infarto em 12 meses, ressaltando que o estudo &#233; subdimensionado para avaliar seguran&#231;a cl&#237;nica, e que seriam necess&#225;rios ensaios muito maiores para comparar de forma confi&#225;vel as duas estrat&#233;gias. Assim, embora os DCB representem uma alternativa promissora e conceitualmente atraente em vasos pequenos, a evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel permanece heterog&#234;nea, dependente do dispositivo e fortemente influenciada pela escolha dos desfechos, devendo ser interpretada com prud&#234;ncia quando comparada aos DES contempor&#226;neos.</p>
    <p>Essa discuss&#227;o tamb&#233;m levanta uma quest&#227;o metodol&#243;gica e cl&#237;nica relevante: qual &#233;, afinal, a melhor forma de avaliar o sucesso terap&#234;utico em vasos muito pequenos? Desfechos angiogr&#225;ficos cl&#225;ssicos, como LLL ou mesmo reestenose angiogr&#225;fica, podem ter significado cl&#237;nico limitado nesse territ&#243;rio. Em vasos de pequeno calibre, a quantidade absoluta de mioc&#225;rdio irrigado &#233; frequentemente menor, e a recorr&#234;ncia de estenose nem sempre se traduz em sintomas ou eventos cl&#237;nicos relevantes. Essa dissocia&#231;&#227;o entre achados angiogr&#225;ficos e manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas pode, em parte, explicar por que algumas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas apresentam desempenho cl&#237;nico aparentemente melhor do que o sugerido pelos par&#226;metros angiogr&#225;ficos isolados &#8212; sobretudo quando n&#227;o h&#225; reestudo angiogr&#225;fico sistem&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>Essa observa&#231;&#227;o suscita ainda outra reflex&#227;o pr&#225;tica: ser&#225; que devemos tratar todos os vasos pequenos? Em muitos casos, a decis&#227;o pode se beneficiar de uma sele&#231;&#227;o mais criteriosa, integrando o contexto cl&#237;nico, a presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional com fisiologia intracoron&#225;ria, especialmente nas situa&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria cr&#244;nica. Estrat&#233;gias guiadas pela pesquisa de substrato isqu&#234;mico por meio de m&#233;todos invasivos podem ajudar a identificar quais les&#245;es em vasos pequenos realmente t&#234;m relev&#226;ncia funcional, evitando interven&#231;&#245;es potencialmente desnecess&#225;rias em territ&#243;rios de menor impacto progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224;s op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas, al&#233;m dos SF e dos DCB, vale mencionar abordagens alternativas desenvolvidas especificamente para esse cen&#225;rio anat&#244;mico. Entre elas, se destaca o conceito de "<italic>Stent-on-a-wire</italic>", representado pelo sistema Svelte<sup>&#174;</sup>, projetado para simplificar o procedimento e potencialmente reduzir o perfil do dispositivo em vasos pequenos. A experi&#234;ncia nacional com essa tecnologia foi relatada no SISC Trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> conduzido por Chamie et al., demonstrando a viabilidade dessa estrat&#233;gia em um contexto de pr&#225;tica real.</p>
    <p>&#201; justamente nesse cen&#225;rio que o registro brasileiro ganha relev&#226;ncia adicional. Ao demonstrar que, mesmo em um ambiente de alta complexidade cl&#237;nica e com uso m&#237;nimo de imagem intravascular, os SF modernos apresentam resultados cl&#237;nicos consistentes em vasos muito pequenos, o estudo fornece um referencial pragm&#225;tico para centros onde o acesso a DCB espec&#237;ficos ou a estrat&#233;gias h&#237;bridas pode ser limitado. Em outras palavras, enquanto os DCB representam uma alternativa conceitualmente atraente e sustentada por ensaios randomizados selecionados, os SF contempor&#226;neos continuam sendo uma op&#231;&#227;o previs&#237;vel e segura no mundo real.</p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista metodol&#243;gico, o car&#225;ter observacional e a aus&#234;ncia de randomiza&#231;&#227;o imp&#245;em limita&#231;&#245;es conhecidas, assim como o seguimento de 12 meses &#233; mais curto do que o dispon&#237;vel em algumas s&#233;ries internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ainda assim, essas caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o tamb&#233;m parte da for&#231;a do estudo: ele captura a pr&#225;tica como ela &#233;, e n&#227;o como seria em ambientes ideais.</p>
    <p>Em s&#237;ntese, o conjunto das evid&#234;ncias atuais sugere que vasos muito pequenos deixaram de ser territ&#243;rio proibido tanto para SF quanto, em casos selecionados, para DCB. O registro brasileiro n&#227;o concorre com os ensaios randomizados; ao contr&#225;rio, ele os complementa, oferecendo a perspectiva do mundo real em um sistema de sa&#250;de com desafios pr&#243;prios. Ao fazer isso, refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica nacional e amplia a base de evid&#234;ncias para decis&#245;es individualizadas no laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica. Mais do que discutir qual dispositivo &#233; superior, talvez o desafio contempor&#226;neo esteja em definir melhor quais vasos pequenos realmente precisam ser tratados e quais desfechos devem orientar nossas decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Afinal, quando se trata de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria em pequenos vasos, decis&#245;es aparentemente pequenas podem ter grande impacto cl&#237;nico.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Registro de Interven&#231;&#245;es Coron&#225;rias em Vasos de Muito Pequeno Calibre: An&#225;lise de Stent Eluidor de Sirolimus e Outros Stents Contempor&#226;neos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260207i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Small Vessels, Big Decisions</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2129-4947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Airton de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6286-3109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; de Ribamar</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Velha</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Evang&#233;lico de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cariacica</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Meridional, Cariacica, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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            <named-content content-type="city">Vitoria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
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          <addr-line>
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            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Jos&#233; Airton de Arruda</bold> &#8226; Rua Professor Almeida Cousin, 125, room 1215. Postal Code <postal-code>29050-305</postal-code>, Enseada do Su&#225;, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jairtonarruda@icloud.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>Sirolimus</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Restenosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in small-caliber vessels remains one of the most challenging scenarios in contemporary interventional cardiology.</p>
      <p>Historically, a small vessel was considered to be one with a diameter &#8804;2.75 mm. With the technological evolution of devices and the greater refinement of interventional techniques, this concept has been progressively redefined. In contemporary practice, small vessels are standardized as those with a diameter &lt;2.5 mm, while very small or extremely small vessels often include segments &lt;2.25 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The clinical relevance of this scenario is significant. Small vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) is present in approximately 30% to 67% of patients undergoing PCI, according to different series. This condition is particularly frequent in women, patients with diabetes mellitus, and those with chronic kidney disease, and occurs more commonly in distal segments of the coronary tree and in bifurcation lesions, where both the distal main branch and the side branch often have reduced diameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The combination of these clinical and anatomical characteristics creates an environment conducive to a higher risk of device failure, restenosis, and the need for repeat revascularization. This challenge becomes even more pronounced when dealing with extremely small vessels. In these cases, the absolute luminal gain obtained with the intervention is inevitably limited, and any late luminal loss has a proportionally greater impact on the final vessel diameter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, paradoxically, the smaller the vessel, the greater the potential consequences of therapeutic decisions, making the approach to CAD in small vessels a scenario where technical details and careful strategy selection are crucial for the clinical outcome.</p>
      <p>The smaller luminal area, the higher prevalence of diffuse disease, and the inherent technical limitations of balloons and different stent designs have historically been associated with higher rates of restenosis, stent thrombosis, and clinically relevant adverse events. Although new-generation drug-eluting stents (DES) have substantially expanded therapeutic possibilities, this anatomical territory continues to generate debate, especially with the resurgence of drug-coated balloons (DCBs) as an alternative based on the "leave nothing behind" concept.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is in this context that the Brazilian PCI registry in vessels &#8804;2.25 mm, comparing the national Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> stent (75 &#956;m struts and biodegradable polymer) with other contemporary thin-strut stents, offers a particularly relevant contribution (ABC-2025-0145).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This is a real-world cohort, characterized by a high prevalence of diabetes (42%) and acute coronary syndromes (74%), low use of intravascular imaging, and wide heterogeneity of devices&#8212;characteristics that faithfully reflect daily practice, especially in the public system, where most coronary interventions in Brazil are performed. Furthermore, being the only national study with this focus and methodology, its value transcends the scientific realm, assuming strategic importance for decision-making in resource-limited settings.</p>
      <p>The registry results demonstrated a MACE rate of 4.6% in 12 months, with similar performance between the Inspiron<sup>&#174;</sup> stent and other contemporary platforms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). These findings are consistent with international evidence on the use of DES in very small-caliber vessels, including series with zotarolimus<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and sirolimus<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> eluting devices, which also reported acceptable rates of medium- and long-term events. Taken together, the data from the national study reinforce the hypothesis of a class effect of modern DES, even in a particularly challenging anatomical subgroup.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Clinical outcomes in very small caliber vessels (&#8804; 2.25 mm) on different stent platforms and DCB. MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events; DCB: Drug-Coated Balloon. *Note: Data from Resolute Onyx reflect the average of the group of contemporary stents compared in the Brazilian registry, where this platform was predominant.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20260207-60207-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>However, any current discussion about small vessels must necessarily include DCBs. The randomized clinical trial PICCOLETO II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> demonstrated less late lumen loss (LLL) at 6 months with DCB compared to everolimus-eluting stents, a result often interpreted as angiographic superiority of the balloon-based strategy. This conclusion, however, deserves cautious analysis. When comparing balloon versus stent strategies, LLL proves to be an inadequate primary endpoint, as it does not consider the fundamental differences in acute luminal gain between the modalities. In the first randomized trials with metallic stents (BENESTENT and STRESS),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a higher LLL was observed with stents compared to balloon angioplasty, but stents were still superior, as the greater immediate luminal gain more than compensated for the late loss. In the PICCOLETO II<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> study, the acute gain was approximately 50% greater in the stent group, making a higher LLL in that arm predictable. Thus, the clinically relevant parameter can be considered to be the luminal diameter at follow-up, and not the proportion of initial luminal gain that was lost. In fact, in the study itself, the minimum luminal diameter and the percentage of stenosis at follow-up did not differ between the groups, which weakens any robust claim of DCB superiority. Furthermore, only about 3% of patients experienced death or myocardial infarction at 12 months, highlighting that the study is undersized to assess clinical safety and that much larger trials would be needed to reliably compare the two strategies. Thus, although DCBs represent a promising and conceptually attractive alternative in small vessels, the available evidence remains heterogeneous, device-dependent, and strongly influenced by the choice of outcomes, and should be interpreted with caution when compared to contemporary DES.</p>
      <p>This discussion also raises a relevant methodological and clinical question: what is, after all, the best way to assess therapeutic success in very small vessels? Classic angiographic outcomes, such as LLL or even angiographic restenosis, may have limited clinical significance in this territory. In small-caliber vessels, the absolute amount of irrigated myocardium is often smaller, and recurrence of stenosis does not always translate into relevant symptoms or clinical events. This dissociation between angiographic findings and clinical manifestations may, in part, explain why some therapeutic strategies show apparently better clinical performance than suggested by isolated angiographic parameters &#8212; especially when there is no systematic angiographic restudy.</p>
      <p>This observation raises another practical question: should we treat all small vessels? In many cases, the decision can benefit from a more careful selection, integrating the clinical context, the presence of acute coronary syndrome, and functional assessment with intracoronary physiology, especially in situations of chronic coronary artery disease. Strategies guided by the search for ischemic substrate through invasive methods can help identify which lesions in small vessels are truly functionally relevant, avoiding potentially unnecessary interventions in areas with less prognostic impact.</p>
      <p>Regarding therapeutic options, in addition to DES and DCB, it is worth mentioning alternative approaches developed specifically for this anatomical scenario. Among them, the "Stent-on-a-wire" concept stands out, represented by the Svelte<sup>&#174;</sup> system, designed to simplify the procedure and potentially reduce the device profile in small vessels. National experience with this technology was reported in the SISC Trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> conducted by Chamie et al., demonstrating the feasibility of this strategy in a real-world practice context.</p>
      <p>It is precisely in this scenario that the Brazilian registry gains additional relevance. By demonstrating that, even in a highly complex clinical environment and with minimal use of intravascular imaging, modern DESs present consistent clinical results in very small vessels, the study provides a pragmatic benchmark for centers where access to specific DCBs or hybrid strategies may be limited. In other words, while DCBs represent a conceptually attractive alternative supported by selected randomized trials, contemporary DESs remain a predictable and safe option in the real world.</p>
      <p>From a methodological point of view, the observational nature and the absence of randomization impose known limitations, as does the 12-month follow-up, which is shorter than that available in some international series.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Still, these characteristics are also part of the study's strength: it captures practice as it is, not as it would be in ideal settings.</p>
      <p>In summary, the current body of evidence suggests that very small vessels are no longer off-limits territory for both DES and, in selected cases, DCB. The Brazilian registry does not compete with randomized trials; on the contrary, it complements them, offering a real-world perspective within a healthcare system with its own challenges. In doing so, it reinforces the importance of national scientific production and expands the evidence base for individualized decisions in the hemodynamics laboratory. More than discussing which device is superior, perhaps the contemporary challenge lies in better defining which small vessels truly need to be treated and which outcomes should guide our clinical decisions. After all, when it comes to coronary intervention in small vessels, seemingly small decisions can have a large clinical impact.</p>
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          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Registry of Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Very Small-Caliber Vessels: Analysis of a Sirolimus-Eluting Stent and Other Contemporary Drug-Eluting Stents</p>
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