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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vZZ9vx64HXv4RbSBG3FdJLs</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000201008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260180</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Marca-Passo Card&#237;aco Artificial Permanente no Tratamento das Bradiarritmias Causadas pela Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6104-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP) S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Roberto Costa &#8226;</bold> Rua Capote Valente, 432, cj 65. CEP <postal-code>05409-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rcosta@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260180</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Os programas governamentais, que visaram &#224; elimina&#231;&#227;o da transmiss&#227;o vetorial da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, tiveram forte impacto na preval&#234;ncia das bradiarritmias card&#237;acas secund&#225;rias a esta etiologia e, consequentemente, no n&#250;mero de implantes de marca-passos realizados no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dados do Registro Brasileiro de Marca-passos mostram que, em 1995, dos 6.542 implantes iniciais de marca-passos informados, 30,2% se referiam a pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas, entretanto, diminuiu com o passar do tempo e, sete anos depois, quando os dados de 2002 foram apresentados, dos 11.347 implantes iniciais reportados, a Doen&#231;a de Chagas foi informada como etiologia em 25,0% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A totaliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#250;meros dos 10 primeiros anos do presente s&#233;culo mostrou que a Doen&#231;a de Chagas correspondeu a 17,8% dos implantes iniciais de marca-passo, caindo para 11,7% na &#250;ltima publica&#231;&#227;o dos dados do Registro Brasileiro de Marca-passos, referentes ao per&#237;odo de 2009 a 2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Dentre os implantes iniciais de marca-passos convencionais realizados no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o-HC-FMUSP nos seis &#250;ltimos anos (01/01/2020 a 31/12/2025), dos 2689 pacientes operados, apenas 236 (8,8%) tinham como etiologia de sua bradiarritmia a Doen&#231;a de Chagas, conforme dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos de pacientes consecutivos submetidos a procedimentos para implantes de dispositivos card&#237;acos eletr&#244;nicos de 01/01/2020 a 31/12/2025 no Incor-HC-FMUSP.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise comparativa dos dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos de 25.648 com Doen&#231;a de Chagas e de 31.984 com doen&#231;a degenerativa do sistema excito-condutor do cora&#231;&#227;o, submetidos a implante de marca-passo convencional no per&#237;odo de 1995 a 2003, mostrou semelhan&#231;a entre esses dois grupos de indiv&#237;duos quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o nos sexos, com 47,8% de mulheres dentre os com Doen&#231;a de Chagas e 48,5%, na doen&#231;a degenerativa (p=0,186). Por outro lado, se observou significativa diferen&#231;a quando se avaliou a idade m&#233;dia dessas duas popula&#231;&#245;es, com 58,6 &#177;15,3 anos de idade para a Doen&#231;a de Chagas e 73,5 &#177; 12,6, para a doen&#231;a degenerativa (p=0,001). Foi observada grande diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia dos implantes iniciais de marca-passo nas 5 regi&#245;es brasileiras, com amplo predom&#237;nio da etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas no Centro-Oeste, n&#227;o obstante o grande n&#250;mero de implantes realizados no Sudeste do pa&#237;s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Embora houvesse semelhan&#231;as entre os achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos que justificaram o implante de marca-passo nessas duas popula&#231;&#245;es, notou-se um maior percentual de pacientes com BAV avan&#231;ado nos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a degenerativa; e de disfun&#231;&#227;o sinusal e de bloqueios fasciculares nos casos com Doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>N&#250;meros absolutos de implantes iniciais de marca-passo nas cinco regi&#245;es brasileiras nos anos 1995 a 2003 segundo dados do Registro Brasileiro de Marca-passos.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20260180-60180-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos indiv&#237;duos com Doen&#231;a de Chagas submetidos a implante de marca-passo card&#237;aco artificial convencional, &#233;, geralmente, muito satisfat&#243;ria, sendo que a maioria dos pacientes sobrevive por muitos anos com boa qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Uma parcela consider&#225;vel dos pacientes, entretanto, evolui com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda progressiva, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca grave, taquiarritmias, ou apresentam morte s&#250;bita. V&#225;rios estudos cl&#237;nicos tentaram detectar fatores relacionados &#224; m&#225; evolu&#231;&#227;o, em particular, o modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o empregado. Pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda normal ou pouco alterada no momento do implante, apresentam uma baixa probabilidade de evoluir com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ou com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, independentemente de terem sido submetidos ao implante de marca-passo ventricular ou atrioventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por outro lado, pacientes que j&#225; apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, moderada ou grave, podem se beneficiar da terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC), como tratamento inicial ou por mudan&#231;a de modo de estimula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No acompanhamento de longo prazo de pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas submetidos &#224; TRC, entretanto, verificou-se menor expectativa de sobreviv&#234;ncia do que a de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada isqu&#234;mica ou n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O seguimento de n&#250;mero substancial de pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial permanente permitiu a detec&#231;&#227;o de preditores de morte, assim como a cria&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o um escore de risco para mortalidade baseado nos seguintes achados: disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em classes funcionais III ou IV, doen&#231;a renal, di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo &gt; 44mm, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e cardiomegalia ao Rx de t&#243;rax.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo feito por Leite et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> teve como objetivos avaliar fatores contextuais que potencialmente influenciariam a indica&#231;&#227;o e o acesso ao implante de marca-passo convencional, assim como avaliar a mortalidade de pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas ap&#243;s um seguimento de quatro anos. Infelizmente, o pequeno n&#250;mero amostral do estudo dificultou a explica&#231;&#227;o de seus achados, que sugeriram que vari&#225;veis incongruentes como residir em um munic&#237;pio com maior popula&#231;&#227;o ou com maior cobertura da Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia, justificassem o maior acesso ao implante de marca-passo em contraste com a menor disponibilidade de eletrocardi&#243;grafos, que tamb&#233;m esteve associada ao maior acesso a esse tipo de tratamento. Outro grave problema da amostra estudada foi a despropor&#231;&#227;o entre as perdas de seguimento no grupo de indiv&#237;duos com marca-passo e as do grupo controle, que criou um vi&#233;s importante para a an&#225;lise da mortalidade.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Implanta&#231;&#227;o de Marca-passo em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas: Estudo Caso-Controle de Fatores Contextuais Associados e Progn&#243;stico</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260180i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Permanent Artificial Cardiac Pacemaker in the Treatment of Bradyarrhythmias Caused by Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6104-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Roberto Costa &#8226;</bold> Rua Capote Valente, 432, cj 65. Postal Code <postal-code>05409-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rcosta@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Government programs aimed at eliminating vector-borne transmission of Chagas disease have had a strong impact on the prevalence of cardiac bradyarrhythmias secondary to this etiology and, consequently, on the number of pacemaker implants performed in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Data from the Brazilian Pacemaker Registry show that in 1995, of the 6,542 initial pacemaker implants reported, 30.2% were related to patients with Chagas disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The proportion of patients with Chagas disease, however, decreased over time, and seven years later, when the 2002 data were presented, of the 11,347 initial implants reported, Chagas disease was reported as the etiology in 25.0% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The total figures for the first 10 years of this century showed that Chagas disease accounted for 17.8% of initial pacemaker implants, falling to 11.7% in the latest publication of data from the Brazilian Pacemaker Registry, referring to the period from 2009 to 2014.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Among the initial implants of conventional pacemakers performed at the Heart Institute-HC-FMUSP in the last six years (01/01/2020 to 31/12/2025), of the 2689 patients operated on, only 236 (8.8%) had Chagas disease as the etiology of their bradyarrhythmia, according to clinical and demographic data of consecutive patients undergoing procedures for implantation of electronic cardiac devices from 01/01/2020 to 31/12/2025 at Incor-HC-FMUSP.</p>
      <p>A comparative analysis of the demographic and clinical data of 25,648 individuals with Chagas disease and 31,984 with degenerative heart disease who underwent conventional pacemaker implantation between 1995 and 2003 showed similarities between these two groups of individuals regarding sex distribution, with 47.8% women among those with Chagas disease and 48.5% in the degenerative disease group (p=0.186). On the other hand, a significant difference was observed when evaluating the average age of these two populations, with 58.6 &#177; 15.3 years for Chagas disease and 73.5 &#177; 12.6 for the degenerative disease group (p=0.001).</p>
      <p>A significant difference was observed in the prevalence of initial pacemaker implants across the five Brazilian regions, with a strong predominance of Chagas disease etiology in the Central-West region, despite the large number of implants performed in the Southeast of the country (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Although there were similarities between the electrocardiographic findings that justified pacemaker implantation in these two populations, a higher percentage of patients with advanced AV block was noted in individuals with degenerative disease, and of sinus dysfunction and fascicular blocks in cases with Chagas disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Absolute numbers of initial pacemaker implants in the five Brazilian regions from 1995 to 2003, according to data from the Brazilian Pacemaker Registry.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20260180-60180-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The clinical evolution of individuals with Chagas disease undergoing conventional artificial cardiac pacemaker implantation is generally very satisfactory, with most patients surviving for many years with a good quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, a considerable proportion of patients develop progressive left ventricular dysfunction, severe heart failure, tachyarrhythmias, or experience sudden death. Several clinical studies have attempted to identify factors related to poor outcomes, in particular, the pacing mode employed. Patients with normal or mildly altered left ventricular function at the time of implantation have a low probability of developing ventricular dysfunction or heart failure, regardless of whether they underwent ventricular or atrioventricular pacemaker implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> On the other hand, patients who already have moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction may benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) as initial treatment or by changing the pacing mode.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, in the long-term follow-up of patients with Chagas disease undergoing CRT, a lower survival expectation was observed than that of patients with ischemic or non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The follow-up of a substantial number of patients with Chagas disease undergoing permanent artificial cardiac stimulation allowed the detection of predictors of death, as well as the creation and validation of a risk score for mortality based on the following findings: right ventricular dysfunction, heart failure in functional classes III or IV, renal disease, left atrial diameter &gt; 44mm, atrial fibrillation and cardiomegaly on chest X-ray.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study by Leite et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> aimed to evaluate contextual factors that could potentially influence the indication for and access to conventional pacemaker implantation, as well as to assess the mortality of patients with Chagas disease after a four-year follow-up. Unfortunately, the small sample size of the study made it difficult to explain its findings, which suggested that incongruent variables, such as residing in a municipality with a larger population or greater coverage of the Family Health Strategy, justified greater access to pacemaker implantation in contrast to the lower availability of electrocardiographs, which was also associated with greater access to this type of treatment. Another serious problem with the studied sample was the disproportion between losses to follow-up in the group of individuals with pacemakers and those in the control group, which created a significant bias in the mortality analysis.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Implantation of Pacemakers in Patients with Chagas disease: A Case-Control Study of Associated Contextual Factors and Prognosis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
