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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bYXZT88DkC384DQRydnwGjk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000201002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260139</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Al&#233;m da Balan&#231;a: A Obesidade como Fator Estrutural da Hipertens&#227;o Refrat&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3406-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tibirica</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Eduardo Tibiri&#231;&#225;</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>etibi@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260139</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial continua sendo um desafio global, mas seus fen&#243;tipos extremos &#8212; Hipertens&#227;o Resistente (HAR) e Hipertens&#227;o Refrat&#225;ria (HARf) &#8212; representam a principal causa de risco cardiovascular. Enquanto a HAR envolve press&#227;o arterial (PA) descontrolada apesar do uso de tr&#234;s classes de medicamentos, a HARf &#233; sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais grave, definida pela falha no tratamento com cinco ou mais medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, a HAR &#233; altamente prevalente; o estudo ELSA-Brasil relatou uma preval&#234;ncia de 11% entre pacientes tratados, com maiores riscos para indiv&#237;duos idosos, negros e obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Expandindo esse panorama, Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> fornecem uma an&#225;lise oportuna de uma coorte de alta complexidade. Suas descobertas revelam uma correla&#231;&#227;o not&#225;vel entre o &#237;ndice de massa corporal e a carga farmacol&#243;gica (r = 0,45; p &lt; 0,01). Essa rela&#231;&#227;o dose-resposta sugere que, em indiv&#237;duos obesos, o "efeito teto" da terapia convencional &#233; atingido mais rapidamente, exigindo uma intensifica&#231;&#227;o da polifarm&#225;cia. Al&#233;m disso, ao se concentrarem em uma coorte composta predominantemente por mulheres afrodescendentes com mais de 60 anos de idade, os autores abordam uma lacuna cr&#237;tica em rela&#231;&#227;o a grupos vulner&#225;veis frequentemente sub-representados em pesquisas cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre adiposidade e falha terap&#234;utica envolve uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa de mecanismos neuro-hormonais e estruturais. A gordura visceral aumenta a press&#227;o intra-abdominal e causa compress&#227;o f&#237;sica dos rins, levando &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Simultaneamente, a hiperleptinemia leva &#224; hiperatividade simp&#225;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> contribuindo ainda mais para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados de PA.</p>
    <p>Contudo, do ponto de vista da microcircula&#231;&#227;o, o impacto da obesidade &#233; ainda mais profundo e insidioso. A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau e a lipotoxicidade induzidas pela obesidade promovem estresse oxidativo sist&#234;mico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> o que prejudica significativamente a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico e desencadeia altera&#231;&#245;es microvasculares, incluindo rarefa&#231;&#227;o capilar funcional e remodela&#231;&#227;o arteriolar interna.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Essa disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a consequente rigidez microvascular reduzem drasticamente a capacidade de resposta do leito vascular a vasodilatadores end&#243;genos e farmacol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Consequentemente, se estabelece uma "barreira estrutural", que explica eficazmente a natureza intrat&#225;vel da PA e a fraca resposta &#224; polifarm&#225;cia intensiva observada no grupo refrat&#225;rio estudado por Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, as evid&#234;ncias fornecidas por Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> sugerem que a polifarm&#225;cia tradicional frequentemente atinge um "efeito teto" em pacientes obesos refrat&#225;rios. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o tratamento da adiposidade se torna a principal estrat&#233;gia anti-hipertensiva, em vez de um objetivo secund&#225;rio. Interven&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas emergentes, como agonistas do receptor de GLP-1 e cirurgia bari&#225;trica, esta &#250;ltima demonstrando not&#225;vel efic&#225;cia no controle da PA e na redu&#231;&#227;o da medica&#231;&#227;o em casos de HAR, conforme demonstrado no estudo GATEWAY, um marco na &#225;rea<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>, oferecem vias promissoras ao visar diretamente os gatilhos neuro-hormonais subjacentes da resist&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, este estudo refor&#231;a que, na luta contra a hipertens&#227;o grave, a balan&#231;a &#233; t&#227;o importante quanto o esfigmoman&#244;metro. Atingir as metas de PA nessas popula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis e sub-representadas exige uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma, passando da escalada puramente farmacol&#243;gica para a restaura&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica abrangente.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Impacto da Obesidade em Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente e Refrat&#225;ria: Um Estudo Transversal</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260139i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond the Scale: Obesity as a Structural Driver of Refractory Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3406-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tibirica</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeir</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Eduardo Tibiri&#231;&#225;</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal code <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>etibi@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Arterial hypertension remains a global challenge, yet its extreme phenotypes&#8212;Resistant Hypertension (RAH) and Refractory (RefH) Hypertension&#8212;represent the forefront of cardiovascular risk. While RAH involves uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) despite three drug classes, RefH is its most severe manifestation, defined by failure with five or more drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, RAH is highly prevalent; the ELSA-Brasil study reported an 11% prevalence among treated patients, with higher risks for older, Black, and obese individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Expanding this landscape, Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> provide a timely analysis of a high-complexity cohort. Their findings reveal a striking correlation between body mass index and pharmacological burden (r = 0.45; p &lt; 0.01). This "dose-response" relationship suggests that in obese individuals, the "ceiling effect" of conventional therapy is reached sooner, necessitating an escalation of polypharmacy. Furthermore, by focusing on a cohort predominantly composed of Afro-descendant women over 60 years of age, the authors address a critical gap regarding vulnerable groups often underrepresented in clinical research.</p>
      <p>The link between adiposity and therapeutic failure involves a complex interplay of neuro-hormonal and structural mechanisms. Visceral fat increases intra-abdominal pressure and causes physical renal compression, leading to the chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Simultaneously, hyperleptinemia drives sympathetic overactivity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> further sustaining high BP levels.</p>
      <p>However, from a microcirculatory perspective, the impact of obesity is even more profound and insidious. Obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation and lipotoxicity foster systemic oxidative stress,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which significantly impairs nitric oxide bioavailability and triggers microvascular alterations, including functional capillary rarefaction and inward arteriolar remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This endothelial dysfunction and subsequent microvascular stiffness drastically reduce the vascular bed's responsiveness to both endogenous and pharmacological vasodilators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Consequently, a "structural barrier" is established, effectively explaining the intractable nature of BP and the poor response to heavy polypharmacy observed in the refractory group studied by Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Moreover, the evidence provided by Costa et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> suggest that traditional polypharmacy often reaches a "ceiling effect" in obese refractory patients. In this scenario, addressing adiposity becomes the primary antihypertensive strategy rather than a secondary goal. Emerging metabolic interventions, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and bariatric surgery&#8212;the latter having demonstrated remarkable efficacy in achieving BP control and medication reduction in resistant hypertension, as shown in the landmark GATEWAY trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>, offer promising pathways by directly targeting the underlying neuro-hormonal triggers of resistance.</p>
      <p>Ultimately, this study reinforces that in the battle against severe hypertension, the weighing scale is as critical as the sphygmomanometer. Achieving BP targets in these vulnerable and underrepresented populations requires a paradigm shift, moving from purely pharmacological escalation toward comprehensive metabolic restoration.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Impact of Obesity on Patients with Resistant and Refractory Arterial Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
