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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HXQ4KF8rjrFmyCZ3nYDkKWz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000201004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260119</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Espessura que Engana: O Papel da Imagem, da Bi&#243;psia e da Gen&#233;tica na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Hipertrofia Ventricular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8071-924X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Murillo de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bragan&#231;a Paulista</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade S&#227;o Francisco (USF), Bragan&#231;a Paulista, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Murillo de Oliveira Antunes</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 55. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>murillo_antunes@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260119</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Bi&#243;psia</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O aumento da espessura da parede ventricular &#233; um achado comum na pr&#225;tica cardiovascular e &#233; frequentemente atribu&#237;do &#224; hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica secund&#225;ria ou &#224; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) sarcom&#233;rica. No entanto, esse fen&#243;tipo pode mascarar um amplo espectro de doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas, infiltrativas e de armazenamento, cada uma associada a implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas e estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas distintas. A diferencia&#231;&#227;o precisa entre a verdadeira hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica e as fenoc&#243;pias &#8212; ou genoc&#243;pias &#8212; da CMH permanece um grande desafio diagn&#243;stico e requer uma abordagem multimodal que integre exames de imagem card&#237;aca avan&#231;ados, bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica (BEM) e testes gen&#233;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A imagem card&#237;aca evoluiu para al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) com caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual se tornou um pilar da avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva em pacientes com aumento da espessura mioc&#225;rdica. T&#233;cnicas de mapeamento param&#233;trico, incluindo mapeamento de T1 e T2 e quantifica&#231;&#227;o do volume extracelular, permitem a detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es na composi&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, como edema, fibrose e infiltra&#231;&#227;o, fornecendo pistas diagn&#243;sticas importantes para condi&#231;&#245;es como amiloidose card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a de Fabry e cardiomiopatias de armazenamento de glicog&#234;nio (por exemplo, doen&#231;a relacionada ao PRKAG2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, padr&#245;es espec&#237;ficos de realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio podem refor&#231;ar a suspeita de etiologias n&#227;o sarcom&#233;ricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os substanciais em exames de imagem, a avalia&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica obtida por meio de BEM permanece o padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico em casos selecionados. A an&#225;lise tecidual permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o definitiva de dep&#243;sitos anormais, como fibrilas amiloides, bem como de anormalidades ultraestruturais, incluindo vac&#250;olos preenchidos com glicog&#234;nio na cardiomiopatia PRKAG2, que podem n&#227;o ser distinguidos de forma confi&#225;vel apenas por exames de imagem. A BEM &#233; particularmente valiosa quando os achados de imagem s&#227;o inconclusivos ou quando a confirma&#231;&#227;o de um diagn&#243;stico espec&#237;fico &#233; necess&#225;ria para orientar terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os testes gen&#233;ticos transformaram o panorama diagn&#243;stico das cardiomiopatias heredit&#225;rias, permitindo a confirma&#231;&#227;o da CMH sarcom&#233;rica e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de suas fenoc&#243;pias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica introduz complexidade adicional, incluindo sobreposi&#231;&#245;es fenot&#237;picas e a detec&#231;&#227;o frequente de variantes em m&#250;ltiplos genes. Nesses cen&#225;rios, a BEM recupera import&#226;ncia crucial, uma vez que os achados histopatol&#243;gicos podem auxiliar no estabelecimento da correla&#231;&#227;o gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo e na identifica&#231;&#227;o da variante causal, orientando, assim, o manejo cl&#237;nico e as estrat&#233;gias de rastreamento familiar.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do aumento da espessura da parede mioc&#225;rdica exige uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica integrada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A RMC desempenha um papel central na triagem e na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual; no entanto, a BEM est&#225; longe de ser obsoleta, fornecendo um diagn&#243;stico definitivo em n&#237;vel tecidual. Quando combinada com testes gen&#233;ticos, a BEM aumenta a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, esclarece a etiologia subjacente da aparente "hipertrofia" e apoia uma abordagem de medicina de precis&#227;o no tratamento contempor&#226;neo da cardiomiopatia.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Cardiomiopatia PRKAG2: Um Estudo Caso-Controle sobre o Rendimento Diagn&#243;stico da Histopatologia e da An&#225;lise Ultraestrutural da Bi&#243;psia Endomioc&#225;rdica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260119i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Thickness That Deceives: The Role of Imaging, Biopsy, and Genetics in the Evaluation of Ventricular Hypertrophy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8071-924X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Antunes</surname>
            <given-names>Murillo de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bragan&#231;a Paulista</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade S&#227;o Francisco (USF), Bragan&#231;a Paulista, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Murillo de Oliveira Antunes</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 55. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>murillo_antunes@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Biopsy</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetics</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Increased ventricular wall thickness is a common finding in cardiovascular practice and is frequently attributed either to secondary myocardial hypertrophy or to sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, this phenotype may conceal a broad spectrum of genetic, infiltrative, and storage diseases, each associated with distinct prognostic implications and therapeutic strategies. Accurate differentiation between true myocardial hypertrophy and HCM phenocopies&#8212;or genocopies&#8212;remains a major diagnostic challenge and requires a multimodality approach integrating advanced cardiac imaging, endomyocardial biopsy (EMB), and genetic testing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Cardiac imaging has evolved beyond morphological assessment. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with tissue characterization has become a cornerstone of noninvasive evaluation in patients with increased myocardial thickness. Parametric mapping techniques, including T1 and T2 mapping and extracellular volume (ECV) quantification, allow the detection of myocardial compositional changes such as edema, fibrosis, and infiltration, providing important diagnostic clues for conditions such as cardiac amyloidosis, Fabry disease, and glycogen storage cardiomyopathies (e.g., PRKAG2-related disease).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, specific late gadolinium enhancement patterns may further support the suspicion of non-sarcomeric etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite substantial advances in imaging, histopathological assessment obtained through EMB remains the diagnostic gold standard in selected cases <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>. Tissue analysis enables definitive identification of abnormal deposits, such as amyloid fibrils, as well as ultrastructural abnormalities, including glycogen-filled vacuoles in PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy, which may not be reliably distinguished by imaging alone. EMB is particularly valuable when imaging findings are inconclusive or when confirmation of a specific diagnosis is required to guide disease-modifying therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Genetic testing has transformed the diagnostic landscape of inherited cardiomyopathies, enabling confirmation of sarcomeric HCM and identification of its phenocopies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nevertheless, genetic evaluation introduces additional complexity, including phenotypic overlaps and the frequent detection of variants in multiple genes. In such scenarios, EMB regains critical importance, as histopathological findings may help establish genotype&#8211;phenotype correlation and identify the causal variant, thereby informing clinical management and family screening strategies.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the evaluation of increased myocardial wall thickness demands an integrated diagnostic framework.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> CMR plays a central role in screening and tissue characterization; however, EMB remains far from obsolete, providing definitive tissue-level diagnosis. When combined with genetic testing, EMB strengthens diagnostic accuracy, clarifies the underlying etiology of apparent "hypertrophy," and supports a precision medicine approach in contemporary cardiomyopathy care.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Cardiomiopatia PRKAG2: PRKAG2 Cardiomyopathy: A Case-Control Study on the Diagnostic Yield Of Histopathology and Ultrastructural Analysis from Endomyocardial Biopsy</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
