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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">33KXFdPgCyTQBsMQmbtvhSb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000201801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250558</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Choque Cardiog&#234;nico Devido &#224; S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo de Padr&#227;o Invertido Causada por Feocromocitoma: Relato de Caso e Revis&#227;o da Literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0488-0538</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ivo De Marqui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Michell Fayad Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valle</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Bisi de B&#244;rtoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ot&#225;vio de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cust&#243;dio</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Pedro Ivo De Marqui Moraes Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715. CEP 04024-002, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>pedroivo_mm@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250558</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo</kwd>
        <kwd>Feocromocitoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo (STT) &#233; caracterizada por um comprometimento agudo da contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica causado por hiperestimula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica ap&#243;s estresse emocional ou f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O balonamento apical &#233; o padr&#227;o t&#237;pico e mais comum, caracter&#237;stica que deu origem ao termo cl&#225;ssico descrito por Sato et al. em 1990,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> devido &#224; sua semelhan&#231;a com a hist&#243;rica armadilha japonesa para pesca de polvos. Padr&#245;es at&#237;picos incluem anormalidades de contratilidade da parede m&#233;dio-basal, basal e focal.</p>
      <p>Dados de registros multic&#234;ntricos revelam que de 1 a 3% dos pacientes com suspeita de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) recebem, alternativamente, o diagn&#243;stico de STT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s de pacientes com IAM, variando de 3,2 a 10,6%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> causadas principalmente por choque cardiog&#234;nico ou morte s&#250;bita por arritmias ventriculares. Ao contr&#225;rio de outras cardiomiopatias, o d&#233;ficit de contratilidade ventricular na STT &#233; transit&#243;rio e a recupera&#231;&#227;o completa geralmente ocorre em dias ou semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O feocromocitoma &#233; um tumor neuroend&#243;crino raro, secretor de catecolaminas, origin&#225;rio das c&#233;lulas cromafins da medula adrenal ou dos parag&#226;nglios extra-adrenais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas incluem a tr&#237;ade cl&#225;ssica de cefaleia, sudorese e palpita&#231;&#245;es, bem como hipertens&#227;o sustentada ou parox&#237;stica, hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, tremores, dor abdominal, perda de peso e ansiedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recentemente, o feocromocitoma tem sido reconhecido como um poss&#237;vel desencadeador da STT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Um homem de 65 anos se apresentou com dor tor&#225;cica intensa e cont&#237;nua, irradiando para o bra&#231;o esquerdo, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 2 horas, associada a sudorese e n&#225;useas. A dor iniciou-se durante a atividade sexual ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o de 50 mg de sildenafil. Ele tinha hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hipotireoidismo e um IAM pr&#233;vio, ocorrido h&#225; quatro anos, que n&#227;o havia sido investigado. Os medicamentos de uso cont&#237;nuo eram losartana 100 mg/dia, metformina 2.000 mg/dia e levotiroxina 75 mcg/dia. Ele parou de consumir &#225;lcool e fumar h&#225; 20 anos.</p>
      <p>Ao exame f&#237;sico na admiss&#227;o, apresentava diaforese, dispneia, extremidades frias e &#250;midas, press&#227;o arterial de 70 x 40 mmHg em ambos os membros superiores, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 125 bpm, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio de 85%, murm&#250;rio vesicular bilateral com estertores crepitantes at&#233; os &#225;pices, ausculta card&#237;aca sem sopros, f&#237;gado palp&#225;vel na margem costal direita, aus&#234;ncia de d&#233;ficits neurol&#243;gicos focais e peso de 78 kg e altura de 1,69 m. O eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>) mostrou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 125 bpm, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau (intervalo PR de 240 ms), bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es aVR, V1 e V2 de at&#233; 1,5 mm no ponto J, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V4 a V6 e intervalo QT corrigido de 434 ms (f&#243;rmula de Fridericia).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; ECG de admiss&#227;o: Ritmo sinusal, FC 125 bpm, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau (intervalo PR de 240 ms), bloqueio fascicular anterior esquerdo, eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es aVR, V1 e V2 de at&#233; 1,5 mm no ponto J, depress&#227;o do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V4 a V6 e intervalo QT corrigido de 434 ms (f&#243;rmula de Fridericia).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250558-50558-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Diante do diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e choque cardiog&#234;nico, foram prescritos ao paciente aspirina 300 mg por via oral, heparina n&#227;o fracionada 5.000 UI e furosemida 80 mg por via intravenosa. O paciente necessitou de intuba&#231;&#227;o e norepinefrina 0,35 mcg/kg/min para manter uma press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de 60 a 65 mmHg. O cateterismo card&#237;aco de emerg&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) n&#227;o revelou obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, e a ventriculografia mostrou hipocinesia m&#233;dio-basal, hipercinesia apical, v&#225;lvula mitral sem sinais angiogr&#225;ficos de insufici&#234;ncia e aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#245;es &#224; eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Cateterismo card&#237;aco: A angiografia coron&#225;ria n&#227;o revelou obstru&#231;&#245;es significativas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, e a ventriculografia mostrou hipocinesia m&#233;dio-basal, hipercinesia apical, v&#225;lvula mitral sem sinais angiogr&#225;ficos de insufici&#234;ncia e nenhuma obstru&#231;&#227;o &#224; eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250558-50558-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Ele evoluiu com &#237;ndice card&#237;aco reduzido e disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica progressiva, hiperlactatemia, eleva&#231;&#227;o das transaminases, olig&#250;ria e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, necessitando de hemodi&#225;lise. A troponina de alta sensibilidade na admiss&#227;o foi de 2.308 pg/mL (refer&#234;ncia &lt; 14 pg/mL), e um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de 32%, com acinesia m&#233;dio-basal e hipercinesia apical. Uma tentativa de suporte inotr&#243;pico com dobutamina n&#227;o obteve sucesso, pois houve piora da taquicardia e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. O suporte mec&#226;nico com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico por 72 horas permitiu a recupera&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de perfus&#227;o e a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
      <p>Durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o de &#237;leo paral&#237;tico ap&#243;s a primeira semana na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), uma tomografia computadorizada abdominal revelou uma les&#227;o expansiva heterog&#234;nea na gl&#226;ndula adrenal esquerda (atenua&#231;&#227;o de 30 HU e di&#226;metro de 7,5 x 8,3 cm). Diante dos achados, feocromocitoma e cardiomiopatia adren&#233;rgica induzida por catecolaminas (STT com padr&#227;o invertido) se tornaram ent&#227;o as hip&#243;teses diagn&#243;sticas preponderantes. O perfil hormonal adrenal mostrou normetanefrina elevada (2,7 nmol/L; refer&#234;ncia &lt; 0,9 nmol/L) e cortisol elevado (26,1 mcg/dL; refer&#234;ncia &lt; 19,5 mcg/dL), e uma resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica abdominal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>) confirmou uma massa hemorr&#225;gica heterog&#234;nea na gl&#226;ndula adrenal esquerda, com &#225;reas intralesionais de realce pelo contraste e um di&#226;metro de 88 mm. Devido a limita&#231;&#245;es institucionais, n&#227;o foi realizada resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca. Ap&#243;s prepara&#231;&#227;o com bloqueio adren&#233;rgico progressivo e individualizado durante tr&#234;s semanas, at&#233; atingir o bloqueio alfa com doxazosina 6 mg duas vezes ao dia, seguido de bloqueio beta com carvedilol 25 mg tr&#234;s vezes ao dia, foi realizada uma adrenalectomia laparosc&#243;pica videoassistida sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica abdominal e exame anatomopatol&#243;gico p&#243;s-adrenalectomia: Massa hemorr&#225;gica heterog&#234;nea na gl&#226;ndula adrenal esquerda (seta verde), com &#225;reas intralesionais de realce pelo contraste e di&#226;metro de 88 mm. O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico confirmou feocromocitoma extensamente necr&#243;tico com grau histol&#243;gico indefinido (PASS) devido a extenso infarto hemorr&#225;gico subagudo, com an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica positiva para os marcadores neuroend&#243;crinos cromogranina A, sinaptofisina, S100 e enolase.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250558-50558-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O exame anatomopatol&#243;gico da pe&#231;a cir&#250;rgica confirmou feocromocitoma extensamente necr&#243;tico com grau histol&#243;gico (PASS) indefinido devido a extenso infarto hemorr&#225;gico subagudo, com an&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica positiva para os marcadores neuroend&#243;crinos cromogranina A, sinaptofisina, S100 e enolase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>). Ap&#243;s 60 dias de interna&#231;&#227;o, dos quais 12 em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e os primeiros 20 na UTI, o paciente recebeu alta no quinto dia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com recupera&#231;&#227;o completa da fun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica, incluindo FEVE de 74% sem disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til segmentar e fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal. O paciente realiza acompanhamento regular ap&#243;s 12 meses, assintom&#225;tico, com tomografia adrenal de controle e n&#237;veis de catecolaminas normais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Revis&#227;o da literatura</title>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia da STT tem aumentado nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, um fato relacionado &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o a estressores modernos, &#224; maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome pela comunidade m&#233;dica e &#224; expans&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os resultados do Registro Internacional de Takotsubo (InterTAK), que abrange 3.957 pacientes diagnosticados com STT entre 2004 e 2021 em mais de 40 centros em todo o mundo, destacam tend&#234;ncias temporais como um aumento significativo na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do sexo masculino (de 10% para 15%), no padr&#227;o de d&#233;ficit contr&#225;til medioventricular (de 18% para 28%) e na preval&#234;ncia de gatilhos f&#237;sicos (de 39% para 58%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da STT n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente elucidados, mas a hiperativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica pode desencadear insultos agudos multifacetados, como disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e redu&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio, vasoespasmo macro e microvascular, atordoamento dos cardiomi&#243;citos por efeito catecolamin&#233;rgico direto, ativa&#231;&#227;o da cascata inflamat&#243;ria e desacoplamento energ&#233;tico intracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os gatilhos emocionais incluem discuss&#245;es interpessoais ou familiares, mortes inesperadas, desastres naturais e acidentes com m&#250;ltiplas v&#237;timas, ou mesmo eventos felizes (&#8220;S&#237;ndrome do Cora&#231;&#227;o Feliz&#8221;), como ganhar na loteria ou receber uma festa surpresa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Os gatilhos f&#237;sicos s&#227;o comuns na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e incluem doen&#231;as do sistema nervoso central (sangramento, hipertens&#227;o intracraniana ou trauma), infec&#231;&#245;es, complica&#231;&#245;es neopl&#225;sicas, quimioterapia, cirurgias e fraturas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da STT pode ser desafiador, principalmente devido &#224; sua semelhan&#231;a com o IAM. As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas comuns incluem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, invers&#227;o da onda T e prolongamento do intervalo QT, com risco de Torsades de Pointes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina de alta sensibilidade &#233; moderada a alta, mas geralmente n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o significativa em propor&#231;&#227;o ao d&#233;ficit de contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica, ao contr&#225;rio do que &#233; tipicamente observado no IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, observa-se um aumento substancial nos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e do NT-proBNP, que parece estar diretamente relacionado ao grau de hiperativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o existe uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva estabelecida para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e preciso da STT, sendo a angiografia coron&#225;ria com ventriculografia considerada o exame padr&#227;o-ouro para descartar IAM e confirmar a STT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Muitos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos foram propostos, incluindo os crit&#233;rios da Cl&#237;nica Mayo, de Gotemburgo, da Rede Italiana de Takotsubo e os crit&#233;rios de Madias, entre outros. Recentemente, para aprimorar a identifica&#231;&#227;o e estratifica&#231;&#227;o da STT, foram propostos os crit&#233;rios InterTAK (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Esses crit&#233;rios descrevem a justificativa para inova&#231;&#245;es, como a inclus&#227;o do feocromocitoma como poss&#237;vel fator desencadeante e a possibilidade de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva associada, encontrada em 10 a 29% dos casos, e, portanto, n&#227;o deve ser considerada um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos InterTAK para a s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1. Disfun&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (hipocinesia, acinesia ou discinesia), manifestando-se como balonamento apical ou d&#233;ficit de contratilidade m&#233;dio-basal, basal ou focal. Pode haver envolvimento do ventr&#237;culo direito. A anormalidade da motilidade geralmente se estende al&#233;m de uma &#250;nica distribui&#231;&#227;o vascular epic&#225;rdica.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2. Presen&#231;a de um gatilho f&#237;sico, emocional ou combinado (n&#227;o obrigat&#243;rio)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3. Les&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas agudas (hemorragia subaracnoide, acidente vascular cerebral ou convuls&#245;es), assim como feocromocitoma, podem servir como gatilhos para a s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4. Novas altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG (eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, depress&#227;o do segmento ST, invers&#227;o da onda T e prolongamento do intervalo QTc)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5. Eleva&#231;&#227;o moderada a alta de biomarcadores (troponina). Eleva&#231;&#227;o significativa do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B &#233; comum.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6. A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva n&#227;o &#233; um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>7. Os pacientes n&#227;o apresentam evid&#234;ncias de miocardite infecciosa.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>8. As mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa s&#227;o as mais afetadas.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca &#233; &#250;til na fase subaguda, pois permite a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o biventricular e a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual por meio da investiga&#231;&#227;o de edema, inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose. Na maioria dos pacientes com STT, o edema mioc&#225;rdico est&#225; presente em regi&#245;es com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica anormal, presumivelmente causada por inflama&#231;&#227;o local.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O realce tardio de gadol&#237;nio geralmente est&#225; ausente, mas um grau sutil de fibrose pode estar presente e &#233; um sinal de pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O realce tardio tamb&#233;m permite a distin&#231;&#227;o entre STT e outras condi&#231;&#245;es, como IAM (realce subendoc&#225;rdico ou transmural correspondente ao territ&#243;rio vascular) e miocardite (realce mesoc&#225;rdico, subepic&#225;rdico ou irregular).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com STT e choque cardiog&#234;nico, particularmente aqueles com balonamento apical, devem ser avaliados quanto &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE), que ocorre em 15 a 20% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O gradiente de press&#227;o din&#226;mico pode ser avaliado durante o cateterismo card&#237;aco por meio de manometria de retra&#231;&#227;o com cateter pigtail ou de forma n&#227;o invasiva por ecocardiografia. Betabloqueadores podem melhorar a obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE, mas s&#227;o contraindicados em casos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda, hipotens&#227;o ou bradicardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Como a STT com padr&#227;o invertido envolve hipercinesia dos segmentos apicais, o desenvolvimento de obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE &#233; improv&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica avaliou 104 pacientes com STT induzida por feocromocitoma e comparou os grupos com padr&#245;es t&#237;picos (balonamento apical, n = 67) versus at&#237;picos (basal ou m&#233;dio-basal, n = 37).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O grupo com padr&#227;o at&#237;pico apresentou sobrecarga h&#237;drica, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e choque cardiog&#234;nico significativamente maiores, mas a mortalidade geral foi de 4,8%, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. Como a taxa estimada de STT desencadeada por feocromocitoma &#233; inferior a 5 a 10%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a solicita&#231;&#227;o de tomografia computadorizada abdominal deve ser motivada por suspeita cl&#237;nica e n&#227;o realizada rotineiramente.</p>
      <p>O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (BRA) tem sido associado &#224; melhora da sobrevida em um ano de acompanhamento em pacientes com STT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As diretrizes recomendam o uso de IECA ou BRA em combina&#231;&#227;o com betabloqueadores ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial, pelo menos at&#233; a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>A manuten&#231;&#227;o da terapia farmacol&#243;gica a longo prazo deve ser individualizada. A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia da STT &#233; de 4% a 10% nos primeiros 5 anos de acompanhamento, e uma metan&#225;lise recente indica que o uso de betabloqueadores ou IECA/BRA n&#227;o reduziu essa taxa de recorr&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre feocromocitoma e s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo refor&#231;a a fisiopatologia da hiperativa&#231;&#227;o catecolamin&#233;rgica. Reconhecer padr&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, particularmente as formas at&#237;picas da s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo, que podem estar associadas a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos, &#233; importante para o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e para o tratamento precoce e direcionado.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250558i</article-id>
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        <article-title>Cardiogenic Shock Due to Inverted-Pattern Takotsubo Syndrome Caused by Pheochromocytoma: Case Report and Literature Review</article-title>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0488-0538</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Ivo De Marqui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haddad</surname>
            <given-names>Michell Fayad Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Valle</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Bisi de B&#244;rtoli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ot&#225;vio de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cust&#243;dio</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Dirceu Rodrigues de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Pedro Ivo De Marqui Moraes Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715.Postal Code 04024-002, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: pedroivo_mm@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Pheochromocytoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is characterized by an acute impairment of myocardial contractility caused by sympathetic hyperstimulation after emotional or physical stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apical ballooning is the typical and most common pattern, a feature that gave rise to the classic term described by Sato et al. in 1990,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> due to its similarity to the historical Japanese octopus trap. Atypical patterns include mid-basal, basal, and focal wall motion abnormalities.</p>
        <p>Data from multicenter registries reveal that 1 to 3% of patients suspected of having an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are alternatively diagnosed with TTS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and in-hospital mortality rates are comparable to those of patients with AMI and range from 3.2 to 10.6%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mainly caused by cardiogenic shock or sudden death from ventricular arrhythmias. In contrast to other cardiomyopathies, the ventricular contractility deficit in TTS is transient, and complete recovery usually occurs within days to weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Admission ECG: Sinus rhythm, HR 125 bpm, first-degree atrioventricular block (PR interval 240 ms), left anterior fascicular block, ST-segment elevation in leads aVR, V1, and V2 up to 1.5 mm at the J point, ST-segment depression in leads V4 to V6, and a corrected QT interval of 434 ms (Fridericia formula).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250558-50558-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumor originating from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla or extra-adrenal paraganglia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Clinical manifestations include the classic triad of headache, sweating, and palpitations, as well as sustained or paroxysmal hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, tremors, abdominal pain, weight loss, and anxiety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recently, pheochromocytoma has been recognized as a possible trigger for TTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 65-year-old male presented with severe and continuous chest pain, radiating to the left arm lasting 2 hours, associated with sweating and nausea. This pain began during sexual activity after the intake of sildenafil 50 mg. He had a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and a previous AMI four years ago that had not been investigated. Continuous use medications were losartan 100 mg/day, metformin 2,000 mg/day, and levothyroxine 75 mcg/day. He stopped drinking alcohol and smoking 20 years ago.</p>
        <p>His physical examination upon admission exhibited diaphoresis, dyspnea, cold and clammy extremities, blood pressure 70 x 40 mmHg in both upper limbs, heart rate of 125 bpm, oximetry of 85%, ventricular murmurs present bilaterally with crackling rales up to the apices, normal heart sounds without murmurs, palpable liver at the right costal margin, absence of focal neurological deficits and a referred weight of 78 kg and height 1.69 m. The electrocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>) showed sinus rhythm, heart rate 125 bpm, first-degree atrioventricular block (PR interval 240 ms), left anterior fascicular block, ST-segment elevation in leads aVR, V1, and V2 up to 1.5 mm at the J point, ST-segment depression in leads V4 to V6, and a corrected QT interval of 434 ms (Fridericia formula).</p>
        <p>Given the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and cardiogenic shock, he was prescribed aspirin 300 mg orally, unfractionated heparin 5,000 IU, and furosemide 80 mg intravenously. The patient required intubation and norepinephrine 0.35 mcg/kg/min to maintain a mean arterial pressure of 60 to 65 mmHg. Emergency cardiac catheterization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>) revealed no significant coronary artery obstructions, and ventriculography showed mid-basal hypokinesia, apical hyperkinesia, a mitral valve without angiographic signs of insufficiency, and no obstructions to left ventricular ejection.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cardiac catheterization: Coronary angiography revealed no significant coronary artery obstructions, and ventriculography showed mid-basal hypokinesia, apical hyperkinesia, a mitral valve without angiographic signs of insufficiency, and no obstructions to left ventricular ejection</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250558-50558-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>He evolved with reduced cardiac index and progressive organ dysfunction, hyperlactatemia, elevated transaminases, oliguria, and renal dysfunction requiring hemodialysis. Admission high-sensitivity troponin was 2,308 pg/mL (reference &lt; 14 pg/mL), and a transthoracic echocardiogram showed a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 32%, with mid-basal akinesia and apical hyperkinesia. An attempt at inotropic support with dobutamine was unsuccessful, as there was a worsening of the tachycardia and hemodynamic instability. Mechanical support with an intra-aortic balloon pump for 72 hours allowed recovery of perfusion parameters and hemodynamic stabilization.</p>
        <p>During the investigation of paralytic ileus after the first week in the intensive care unit (ICU), an abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a heterogeneous expansile lesion in the left adrenal gland (attenuation of 30 HU and diameter of 7.5 x 8.3 cm). Pheochromocytoma and catecholamine-induced adrenergic cardiomyopathy (Inverted-pattern TTS) then became the preponderant diagnostic hypothesis. The adrenal hormone profile showed elevated normetanephrine 2.7 nmol/L (reference &lt; 0.9 nmol/L) and cortisol 26.1 mcg/dL (reference &lt; 19.5 mcg/dL), and an abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>) confirmed a heterogeneous hemorrhagic mass in the left adrenal gland, with intralesional areas of contrast enhancement and a diameter of 88 mm. In the face of institutional constraints, a cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was not performed. After preparation with progressive and individualized adrenergic blockade for three weeks until achieving alpha-blockade with doxazosin 6 mg twice daily, followed by beta-blockade with carvedilol 25 mg three times daily, a video-assisted laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed without complications.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Abdominal magnetic resonance imaging and post-adrenalectomy pathology: Hemorrhagic heterogeneous mass in the left adrenal gland (green arrow), with intralesional areas of contrast enhancement and a diameter of 88 mm. Pathology confirmed extensively necrotic pheochromocytoma with an unavailable histological grade (PASS) due to extensive subacute hemorrhagic infarction, with positive immunohistochemical analysis for the neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A, synaptophysin, S100, and enolase.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250558-50558-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Pathology examination of the surgical specimen confirmed extensively necrotic pheochromocytoma with an unavailable histological grade (PASS) due to extensive subacute hemorrhagic infarction, with positive immunohistochemical analysis for the neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A, synaptophysin, S100, and enolase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>). After 60 days of hospitalization, of which 12 days were on mechanical ventilation and the first 20 in the ICU, the patient was discharged on the fifth postoperative day with complete recovery of organ function, including a LVEF of 74% without segmental contractility dysfunction and normal kidney function. The patient undergoes regular follow-up after 12 months, asymptomatic, with normal control adrenal tomography and catecholamine levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Literature Review</title>
        <p>The incidence of TTS has been increasing in recent decades, a fact related to exposure to modern-day stressors, increased awareness of the syndrome by the medical community, and expanded diagnostic strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Results from the International Takotsubo Registry (InterTAK), covering 3,957 patients diagnosed with TTS between 2004 and 2021 in more than 40 centers worldwide, highlight temporal trends as a significant increase in the proportion of male patients (from 10% to 15%), the midventricular contractile deficit pattern (from 18% to 28%) and the prevalence of physical triggers (from 39% to 58%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The pathophysiological mechanisms of TTS are not completely elucidated, but sympathetic hyperactivation can trigger multifaceted acute insults such as microvascular dysfunction and reduced coronary flow reserve, macro and microvascular vasospasm, cardiomyocyte stunning by direct catecholaminergic effect, activation of the inflammatory cascade, and intracellular energy uncoupling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Emotional triggers include interpersonal or family arguments, unexpected deaths, natural disasters, and accidents with multiple victims, or even happy events (&#8220;Happy Heart Syndrome&#8221;) such as winning a lottery or receiving a surprise party.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Physical triggers are common in clinical practice and include central nervous system diseases (bleeding, intracranial hypertension, or trauma), infections, neoplastic complications, chemotherapy, surgeries, and fractures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diagnosing TTS can be challenging, particularly due to its similarity to AMI. Common electrocardiographic changes are ST-segment elevation, T-wave inversion, and QT interval prolongation with a risk of Torsade de Pointes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> High-sensitivity troponin elevation is moderate to high, but it is usually not as significant in proportion to the myocardial contractility deficit, unlike what is typically seen in AMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In contrast, a substantial increase in the plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP is seen and appears to be directly related to the degree of sympathetic overactivation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is no established non-invasive tool for early and accurate diagnosis of TTS, and coronary angiography with ventriculography is considered the gold standard diagnostic test for ruling out AMI and confirming TTS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Many diagnostic criteria have been proposed, including the Mayo Clinic, Gothenburg, Takotsubo Italian Network Proposal, Madias criteria, among others. Recently, to improve the identification and stratification of TTS, the InterTAK criteria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>) were proposed. These criteria outline the rationale for innovations, such as the inclusion of pheochromocytoma as a possible trigger and the possibility of associated obstructive coronary artery disease, found in 10 to 29% of cases, and therefore should not be considered an exclusion criterion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; InterTAK diagnostic criteria for Takotsubo Syndrome</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1.Transient left ventricular dysfunction (hypokinesia, akinesia, or dyskinesia), manifesting as apical ballooning or mid-basal, basal, or focal contractility deficit. Right ventricular involvement may be present. The motility abnormality usually extends beyond a single epicardial vascular distribution.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2.Presence of a physical, emotional, or combined trigger (not mandatory)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3.Acute neurological insults (subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or seizures), as well as pheochromocytoma, can serve as triggers for Takotsubo syndrome.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4.New ECG changes (ST-segment elevation, ST-segment depression, T-wave inversion, and QTc prolongation)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5.Moderate to high elevation of biomarkers (troponin). Significant elevation of B-type natriuretic peptide is common.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6.Obstructive coronary artery disease is not an exclusion criterion.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>7.Patients have no evidence of infectious myocarditis.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>8.Postmenopausal women are predominantly affected.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is useful in the subacute phase, as it allows quantification of biventricular function and tissue characterization by investigating edema, inflammation, and fibrosis. In most patients with TTS, myocardial edema is present in regions with abnormal systolic function, presumably caused by local inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Late gadolinium enhancement is usually absent, but a subtle degree of fibrosis may be present and is a sign of a worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Late enhancement also allows the distinction between TTS and other conditions, such as AMI (subendocardial or transmural enhancement corresponding to the vascular territory) and myocarditis (mesocardiac, subepicardial, or patchy enhancement).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with TTS and cardiogenic shock, particularly those with apical ballooning, should be evaluated for dynamic left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction, which occurs in 15 to 20% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The dynamic pressure gradient can be assessed during cardiac catheterization using pigtail catheter retraction manometry or noninvasively using echocardiography. Beta-blockers can improve LVOT obstruction, but are contraindicated in cases of acute heart failure, hypotension, or bradycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Since inverted-pattern Takotsubo involves hyperkinesis of apical segments, the development of LVOT obstruction is unlikely.</p>
        <p>A systematic review evaluated 104 patients with pheochromocytoma-induced TTS and compared the groups of typical (apical ballooning n = 67) versus atypical (basal or mid-basal n = 37) patterns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The group with the atypical pattern presented significantly greater fluid overload, respiratory failure, and cardiogenic shock, but overall mortality was 4.8%, with no difference between the groups. Since the estimated rate of TTS triggered by pheochromocytoma is less than 5 to 10%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> the request for abdominal CT scans should be motivated by clinical suspicion and not performed routinely.</p>
        <p>Pharmacological treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) has been associated with improved survival at 1-year follow-up in TTS patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Guidelines recommend the use of ACEIs or ARBs in combination with beta-blockers after initial clinical stabilization, at least until recovery of ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Maintenance of long-term pharmacological therapy should be individualized. The recurrence rate of TTS is 4% to 10% in the first 5 years of follow-up, and a recent meta-analysis indicates that the use of beta-blockers or ACEIs/ARBs did not reduce this recurrence rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The association of pheochromocytoma and Takotsubo Syndrome reinforces the pathophysiology of catecholaminergic hyperactivation. Recognizing patterns of ventricular dysfunction, particularly the atypical forms of TTS, which may be associated with worse clinical outcomes, is important for the differential diagnosis with AMI and for early and targeted treatment.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
