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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4fpwt57Wfs7NWzHDJ7Kn6JP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000200609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250420</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Gen&#233;tica e Cl&#237;nica de uma Coorte de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica no Sul do Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2664-6921</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beuren</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sperb-Ludwig</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0027-9924</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2289-5354</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zawislak</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>van Tintelen</surname>
            <given-names>Peter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Medical Center Utrecht</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Utrecht University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Utrecht</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="NL">Holanda</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht - Holanda</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Ricardo SteinUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>kuqui.r@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250420</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca monog&#234;nica mais comum, caracterizada por heterogeneidade gen&#233;tica e fenot&#237;pica. Embora amplamente estudada em popula&#231;&#245;es norte-americanas e europeias, os dados provenientes do Brasil permanecem limitados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Caracterizar os perfis gen&#233;ticos e cl&#237;nicos de uma coorte sul-brasileira de pacientes com CMH e seus familiares utilizando sequenciamento em paralelo em larga escala.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Neste estudo observacional, pacientes com CMH e seus familiares de primeiro grau foram recrutados em ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia. Dados cl&#237;nicos e de imagem foram coletados, e a an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica utilizou um painel de 100 genes. A patogenicidade das variantes foi avaliada de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics</italic>, e as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Oitenta indiv&#237;duos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final (idade m&#233;dia: 49,2 &#177; 18,5); 60% do sexo masculino; 40 casos-&#237;ndice e 40 familiares afetados). MYH7 e MYBPC3 foram os genes mais frequentemente relacionados, com variantes Patog&#234;nicas/Provavelmente Patog&#234;nicas (P/PP) identificadas em 33% e 16% dos participantes, respectivamente. Nenhuma variante patog&#234;nica em TNNT2 foi detectada. Noventa por cento dos participantes apresentaram alguma variante identificada (incluindo variante de significado incerto), sendo que 68% carregavam variantes P/PP. Portadores de MYH7 exibiram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, enquanto portadores de MYBPC3 apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos arr&#237;tmicos e diagn&#243;stico mais precoce; entretanto, essas diferen&#231;as n&#227;o atingiram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e devem ser interpretadas como explorat&#243;rias. As compara&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas revelaram diferen&#231;as regionais, sugerindo o potencial impacto da diversidade gen&#233;tica na apresenta&#231;&#227;o da CMH nesta regi&#227;o do Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Este estudo oferece a primeira caracteriza&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e cl&#237;nica detalhada de uma coorte brasileira de pacientes portadores de CMH utilizando sequenciamento em paralelo em larga escala. Nossos achados ressaltam a import&#226;ncia do teste gen&#233;tico para o diagn&#243;stico, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e o manejo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Gen&#233;tica e Cl&#237;nica de uma Coorte de Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica no Sul do Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Frequ&#234;ncias dos genes afetados identificados por sequenciamento em paralelo em larga escala.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4fpwt57Wfs7NWzHDJ7Kn6JP/6c7293b527df08c923c55d789891be4ef4c07fd4.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4fpwt57Wfs7NWzHDJ7Kn6JP/54a58059c916236b427ae9e4a7e1f4e79494817d.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste Gen&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sequenciamento de Nucleot&#237;deos em Larga Escala</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca monog&#234;nica mais comum, com uma preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 1:250 a 1:500 indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; causada principalmente por variantes patog&#234;nicas em genes sarcom&#233;ricos e relacionados ao sarc&#244;mero. A condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; caracterizada por hipertrofia ventricular esquerda n&#227;o relacionada a condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga anormal e pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es como Obstru&#231;&#227;o da Via de Sa&#237;da do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (OVSVE), Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca (MSC) e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A express&#227;o da doen&#231;a &#233; altamente vari&#225;vel, tornando desafiadora a previs&#227;o dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos, mesmo entre indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-positivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Certas variantes gen&#233;ticas t&#234;m sido associadas a diferentes progn&#243;sticos: variantes do gene MYH7 est&#227;o relacionadas a piores desfechos, enquanto variantes do MYBPC3 tendem a apresentar in&#237;cio tardio e penetr&#226;ncia incompleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco espec&#237;fica por gen&#243;tipo permane&#231;a controversa, o status gen&#243;tipo-positivo tem sido associado a in&#237;cio mais precoce da doen&#231;a, maior disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, as diretrizes mais recentes da AHA/ACC incluem o status gen&#243;tipo-positivo como um fator de risco definitivo para MSC em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, com evid&#234;ncias crescentes tamb&#233;m em adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da reconhecida import&#226;ncia da gen&#233;tica para o diagn&#243;stico, avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e aconselhamento familiar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> a avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica permanece subutilizada no Brasil, e os dados espec&#237;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o limitados. Estudos brasileiros anteriores relataram o MYH7 como o gene mutado mais prevalente, seguido por MYBPC3 e TNNT2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> uma distribui&#231;&#227;o consistente, embora n&#227;o id&#234;ntica, &#224; observada em coortes norte-americanas e europeias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar os perfis gen&#233;ticos e cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com CMH e de seus familiares em um centro terci&#225;rio no sul do Brasil, utilizando sequenciamento paralelo em larga escala.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Declara&#231;&#227;o de &#233;tica</title>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Institucional por meio da Plataforma Brasil (CAAE: 554413421.4.1001.5327).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes e desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo utilizou um desenho observacional, transversal. Os participantes foram recrutados nos ambulat&#243;rios de cardiologia do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brasil. Os indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis inclu&#237;ram pacientes diagnosticados com CMH e seus familiares de primeiro grau.</p>
        <p>Para os pacientes-&#237;ndice, os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o exigiam diagn&#243;stico confirmado de CMH, definido como espessura da parede ventricular esquerda &#8805; 15 mm n&#227;o explicada por condi&#231;&#245;es anormais de sobrecarga. Para os familiares portadores de uma variante Patog&#234;nica (P) ou Provavelmente Patog&#234;nica (PP), a inclus&#227;o no estudo requeria genopositividade. Entre os familiares inclu&#237;dos, uma espessura da parede ventricular esquerda &#8805; 13 mm foi utilizada para classific&#225;-los como fen&#243;tipo-positivo (CMH), enquanto portadores assintom&#225;ticos com espessura &lt; 13 mm foram considerados fen&#243;tipo-negativo. Os participantes precisavam ter 18 anos ou mais no momento da inclus&#227;o. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram a presen&#231;a de fen&#243;tipos que mimetizam a CMH, aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e gen&#233;ticas de CMH e idade inferior a 18 anos. Todos os participantes receberam informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre o estudo e forneceram consentimento informado por escrito antes da inclus&#227;o. O aconselhamento gen&#233;tico foi oferecido a todos os participantes, tanto antes quanto ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Base de Dados</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis coletadas inclu&#237;ram data de nascimento, sexo e idade ao diagn&#243;stico de CMH. Foram obtidos dados de hist&#243;rico familiar, incluindo hist&#243;rico de CMH e MSC, definida como pelo menos um parente de primeiro ou segundo grau que tenha apresentado morte s&#250;bita inexplicada ou parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita. Vari&#225;veis adicionais inclu&#237;ram epis&#243;dios de MSC abortada e a presen&#231;a de arritmias ventriculares, como taquicardia ventricular sustentada e n&#227;o sustentada ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Essas arritmias foram identificadas por meio de monitoramento Holter de 24 horas, eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es ou teste de esfor&#231;o.</p>
        <p>Outros dados coletados inclu&#237;ram tratamento farmacol&#243;gico basal, comorbidades, implante de dispositivos card&#237;acos, presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (detectada por Holter de 24 horas ou ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es) e status de mortalidade. Medidas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas tamb&#233;m foram registradas. Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos inclu&#237;ram tamanho do &#193;trio Esquerdo (AE), Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE), Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico Final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DFVE) e Di&#226;metro Sist&#243;lico Final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DSVE), espessura da parede ventricular esquerda, presen&#231;a de OVSVE e gradiente m&#225;ximo do trato de sa&#237;da. Os par&#226;metros de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca inclu&#237;ram FEVE, Volume Diast&#243;lico Final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (DFVE) e Volume Sist&#243;lico Final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (SFVE), volume atrial esquerdo e presen&#231;a de realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sequenciamento gen&#233;tico</title>
        <p>O DNA gen&#244;mico foi extra&#237;do de amostras de saliva, e o teste gen&#233;tico foi realizado utilizando um painel comercial abrangente de cardiomiopatias contendo 100 genes: <italic>ABCC9 ACADVL ACTC1 ACTN2 AGL ALMS1 ALPK3 BAG3 BRAF CACNA1C CACNA1D CALM1 CALM2 CALM3 CASQ2 CBL CDH2 CPT2 CRYAB CSRP3 DES DMD DNAJC19 DOLK DSC2 DSG2 DSP ELAC2 EMD EYA4 FHL1 FKRP FKTN FLNC, GAA, GATA4, GATA5, GJA5, GLA, HCN4, HRAS, JUP, KCNE1, KCNH2, KCNJ2, KCNQ1, KRAS, LAMP2, LMNA, LZTR1, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MRAS, MTO1, MYBPC3, MYH6, MYH7, MYL2, MYL3, MYL4, MYLK3, NF1, NKX2-5, NRAS, PCCA, PCCB, PKP2, PLN, PPA2, PPCS, PPP1CB, PRKAG2, PTPN11, RAF1, RASA1, RBM20, RIT1, RYR2, SCN5A, SDHA, SGCD, SHOC2, SLC22A5, SOS1, SOS2, SPRED1, TAZ, TBX20, TCAP, TMEM43, TMEM70, TNNC1, TNNI3, TNNI3K, TNNT2, TPM1, TRDN, TRPM4, TTN, TTR, VCL</italic>. O sequenciamento completo dos genes foi realizado utilizando tecnologia de sequenciamento paralelo em larga escala.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados do estudo foram coletados e gerenciados utilizando o REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture), uma plataforma web segura e confidencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software R, vers&#227;o 4.3.0. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foram utilizados testes t independentes, enquanto vari&#225;veis sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram analisadas pelo teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05) foi considerado para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o geral</title>
        <p>Um total de 95 indiv&#237;duos, incluindo pacientes afetados e seus familiares, foram inicialmente triados. Ap&#243;s o teste gen&#233;tico, familiares sem diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de CMH ou sem variante patog&#234;nica ou provavelmente patog&#234;nica identificada foram exclu&#237;dos (n=15). Assim, 80 indiv&#237;duos foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final: 40 pacientes-&#237;ndice n&#227;o relacionados e 40 familiares afetados ou portadores de variantes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">figura 1</xref>). Desses, 60% eram homens (n=48), 50% eram pacientes-&#237;ndice (n=40) e 50% eram familiares (n=40). Entre os participantes, 68% tinham diagn&#243;stico de CMH (n=54), enquanto 32% eram portadores de variantes (n=26). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 49,2 anos (DP: 18,5). Hist&#243;rico familiar de CMH foi observado em 32% dos pacientes-&#237;ndice (n=13).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o. &#205;ndice: primeiro caso identificado na fam&#237;lia; G+: gen&#243;tipo positivo; G-: gen&#243;tipo negativo; P+: fen&#243;tipo positivo; P-: fen&#243;tipo negativo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250420-50420-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A mediana da espessura do septo ventricular esquerdo foi de 18,5 mm (IIQ: 15,0 &#8211; 21,0), a espessura da parede posterior foi de 10 mm (IIQ: 9,0 &#8211; 12,0) e a FEVE foi de 67% (IIQ: 63,2 &#8211; 72,0). OVSVE esteve presente em 33% dos participantes, e arritmias ventriculares foram observadas em 15%. Um resumo das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero - n, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#237;nima</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#225;xima</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,2 &#177; 18,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH (pacientes &#237;ndices n=40) - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (32,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (67,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de MSC - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (25,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (74,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>S&#237;ncope - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (17,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (82,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Arritmia ventricular - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (85)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidades - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (25,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (12,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (9,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatia dilatada</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (13,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (14,6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; MSC: morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil gen&#233;tico</title>
        <p>Entre todos os genes sequenciados, variantes P, PP e VUS foram identificadas em 72 indiv&#237;duos (90%). Considerando apenas as variantes P e PP, 54 indiv&#237;duos (68%) foram classificados como tendo teste gen&#233;tico positivo. Para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o inicial, todas as variantes identificadas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o das variantes P/PP em genes fortemente ou moderadamente associados &#224; CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Os dois genes mais frequentemente encontrados na CMH s&#227;o destacados: MYH7 (33%) e MYBPC3 (16%). Al&#233;m disso, 10% da amostra n&#227;o apresentou variantes identificadas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos genes afetados fortemente ou moderadamente relacionados &#224; cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250420-50420-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Seis indiv&#237;duos exibiram variantes relacionadas &#224; CMH em mais de um gene, sem que fosse identificado um padr&#227;o espec&#237;fico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indiv&#237;duos com m&#250;ltiplas variantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">ID</th>
                  <th>Genes</th>
                  <th>Variante</th>
                  <th>Patogenicidade</th>
                  <th>Afetado</th>
                  <th>Hist&#243;ria familiar de CMH</th>
                  <th>Idade no diagn&#243;stico</th>
                  <th>Parede do VE</th>
                  <th>OVSVE</th>
                  <th>Arritmia ventricular esquerda</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">1</td>
                  <td align="center">MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2605C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">Pai</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">14mm</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ALPK3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1621C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TRPM4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1934G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">2</td>
                  <td align="center">MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1987C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">17mm</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">LZTR1</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1957C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">3</td>
                  <td align="center">MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2047T&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS* (~LP)</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">17mm</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes (NSVT)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,3107G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">RYR2</td>
                  <td align="center">c,4273A&gt;G</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">4</td>
                  <td align="center">ALPK3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2649 2650 delinsT</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Pai</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">10mm</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">TRPM4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1934G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">5</td>
                  <td align="center">ALPK3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2649 2650 delinsT</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">Av&#244;</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">9mm</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">DMD</td>
                  <td align="center">c,5615C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">GPD1L</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1009G&gt;C</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">6</td>
                  <td align="center">MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2605C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">Patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">&#205;ndice</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">20mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">ALPK3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1621C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">Provavelmente patog&#234;nica</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,292+138G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; OVSVE: obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, MSC: morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca; VUS: variante de significado incerto; * VUS com escore elevado na classifica&#231;&#227;o do American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics e com potencial para reclassifica&#231;&#227;o (Tavtigian et al.<sup>39</sup>).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Para ilustrar a import&#226;ncia de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica e cl&#237;nica abrangente, apresentamos em detalhe um caso familiar intrigante (ver <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar</xref>). A patogenicidade das variantes foi classificada de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do <italic>American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics</italic> (ACMG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A distribui&#231;&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o de patogenicidade das variantes foi a seguinte: 1) patog&#234;nicas (44%), 2) provavelmente patog&#234;nicas (34%) e 3) Variantes de Significado Incerto (VUS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Variant of Uncertain Significance</italic>, 22%). Todas as variantes identificadas em MYH7 e MYBPC3 foram do tipo <italic>missense</italic>, exceto uma variante intr&#244;nica em MYH7. Uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada de todas as variantes pode ser encontrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o das variantes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Gene</th>
                  <th>Transcrito</th>
                  <th>Variante</th>
                  <th>Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Frequ&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o (GnomAD v.4.1.0)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ABCC9</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_020297,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,3559G &gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALPK3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_020778,5</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1621C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">PP</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o identificado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALPK3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_020778,5</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2649 2650 delinsT</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o identificado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CACNA1C</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000719,7</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1342 G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS* (~PP)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,59e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DMD</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_004006,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,5615C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">8,28e-7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSG2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_001943,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2505-2506insG</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSP</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_004415,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1742C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o identificado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FLNC</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_001458,5</td>
                  <td align="center">c,3964+1G&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o identificado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GPD1L</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_015141,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1009G&gt;C</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>KCNH2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000238,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1898A&gt;C</td>
                  <td align="center">PP</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o identificado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>KCNH2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000238,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,526C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">PP</td>
                  <td align="center">3,27e-4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>KCNH2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000238,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2863C&gt;G</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">5,80e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAMP2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_001122606,1</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1234T&gt;C</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o identificado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LZTR1</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_006767,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1957C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">PP</td>
                  <td align="center">2,48e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000256,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1484G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">2,42e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000256,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1633C&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,17e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000256,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2047T&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o identificado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000256,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,292+138G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000256,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,3107G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">7,09e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000256,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,3065G&gt;C</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                  <td align="center">5,21e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYBPC3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000256,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1505G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">6,82e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH6</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_002471,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,3010G&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10e-3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2737G&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">LP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,4508G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1987C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2572C&gt;G</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">2,48e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2605C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,3972+63A&gt;CA</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,4402G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">N&#227;o identificado</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1063G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">4,34e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2389G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">2,85e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYH7</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000257,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,788T&gt;C</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">3,72e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYL3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000258,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,170C&gt;G</td>
                  <td align="center">P</td>
                  <td align="center">5,14e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MYL3</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000258,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,187C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,30e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PKP2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_001005242,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2464A&gt;G</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">3,97e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RYR2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_001035,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1249C&gt;G</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36e-5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RYR2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_001035,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,147G&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                  <td align="center">8,18e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RYR2</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_001035,3</td>
                  <td align="center">c,593A&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,86e-6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SCN5A</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_000335,5</td>
                  <td align="center">c,3612C&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">Not found</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SLMAP</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_001377540,1</td>
                  <td align="center">c,2080C&gt;T</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">6,20e-7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRPM4</td>
                  <td align="center">NM_017636,4</td>
                  <td align="center">c,1934G&gt;A</td>
                  <td align="center">VUS</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05e-5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>PP: provavelmente patog&#234;nico; P: patog&#234;nico; VUS: variante de significado incerto; * VUS com escore elevado na classifica&#231;&#227;o do American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics e potencial para reclassifica&#231;&#227;o (Tavtigian et al.<sup>39</sup>).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nico-gen&#233;tica de indiv&#237;duos fen&#243;tipo-positivos</title>
        <p>Para compreender melhor como o hist&#243;rico gen&#233;tico influencia o fen&#243;tipo da CMH, descrevemos e comparamos as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes com CMH portadores de diferentes genes afetados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Esta an&#225;lise concentrou-se exclusivamente em genes com correla&#231;&#227;o bem estabelecida com a CMH, especificamente MYH7 e MYBPC3, com base no tamanho da amostra dispon&#237;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Nossa compara&#231;&#227;o entre MYBPC3 e MYH7 revelou diferen&#231;as relevantes nas frequ&#234;ncias, embora estas n&#227;o tenham alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Pacientes com variantes em MYH7 apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (OVSVE) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com variantes em MYBPC3 (35% vs. 18%; p = 0,3). Por outro lado, pacientes com variantes em MYBPC3 demonstraram um fen&#243;tipo mais arritmog&#234;nico, caracterizado por maior preval&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares (33% vs. 17%; p = 0,3), maior taxa de implante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) (27% vs. 4%; p = 0,09), maior frequ&#234;ncia de fibrose ventricular identificada por realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (62% vs. 38%; p = 0,5) e maior frequ&#234;ncia de hist&#243;rico familiar de morte s&#250;bita (45% vs. 35%; p = 0,4). Al&#233;m disso, a mediana da idade ao diagn&#243;stico dos indiv&#237;duos afetados por variantes em MYBPC3 foi menor (37 anos versus 46 anos; p = 0,07). Outras caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo positivos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Total (N=53)</th>
                  <th>MYH7 (N=24)</th>
                  <th>MYBPC3 (N=12)</th>
                  <th>MYL3 (N=2)</th>
                  <th>ALPK3 (N=1)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (66)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade - anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,9 &#177; 16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2 &#177; 17,3</td>
                  <td align="center">51,1 &#177; 13,5</td>
                  <td align="center">21,5 &#177; 14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade no diagn&#243;stico de CMH - anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (30,5&#8211;53,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,5 (43,2&#8211;60,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5 (21,0&#8211;46,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,5 (14,7&#8211;24,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (44,0&#8211;44,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE - %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (63,2&#8211;72,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,5 (64,0&#8211;72,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (64,5&#8211;70,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (75,0&#8211;75,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (68,0&#8211;68,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Septo - mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,5 (15,0&#8211;21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (13,2&#8211;21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (17,5&#8211;21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (13,0&#8211;13,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (14,0&#8211;14,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Parede posterior - mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9,0&#8211;12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9,0&#8211;12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9,0&#8211;10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9,0&#8211;9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9,0&#8211;9,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>OVSVE - n, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Arritmia ventricular - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (77)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (83)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio - n, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (62,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de Arritmia Ventricular - n, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVNS</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (21)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVS</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FV</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; FV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; TVS: taquicardia ventricular sustentada; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas dos Indiv&#237;duos com Altera&#231;&#245;es em MYH7 e MYBPC3</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>MYH7 (N=24)</th>
                  <th>MYBPC3 (N=12)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (42)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade - anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,21 &#177; 17,33</td>
                  <td align="center">51,17 &#177; 13,54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1925</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade no diagn&#243;stico de CMH - anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,5 (43,2&#8211;60,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5 (21,0&#8211;46,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,0753</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE - %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,5 (64,0&#8211;72,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (64,5&#8211;70,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Septo - mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (13,2&#8211;21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (17,5&#8211;21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,319</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Parede posterior - mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Min</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Max</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediana (IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9,0&#8211;12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9,0&#8211;10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4272</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>OVSVE - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3069</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Arritmia ventricular - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (83)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (33)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (62,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de Arritmia Ventricular - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVNS</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TVS</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8878</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FV</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dispositivos card&#237;acos - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desfibrilador Card&#237;aco Implant&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marcapasso Card&#237;aco Artificial</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCI + MPA</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRC + ICD</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (73)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de MSC - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,567</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MSC abortada - no, (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (96)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FB: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DCI: desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel; MCA: marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial; OVSVE: obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; TVS: taquicardia ventricular sustentada TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca,</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gen&#243;tipo-positivo versus Gen&#243;tipo-negativo em indiv&#237;duos afetados</title>
        <p>Entre os indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com CMH, comparamos as caracter&#237;sticas daqueles com variantes gen&#233;ticas identificadas (fen&#243;tipo-positivo/gen&#243;tipo-positivo) com os que apresentaram teste gen&#233;tico negativo (fen&#243;tipo-positivo/gen&#243;tipo-negativo). A idade m&#233;dia ao diagn&#243;stico de CMH foi de 44 anos nos indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-positivo e de 50 anos nos pacientes gen&#243;tipo-negativo (p = 0,86). A mediana da espessura do septo ventricular esquerdo foi de 17,5 mm nos indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-positivo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 21 mm nos indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-negativo (p = 0,18). Arritmias ventriculares estiveram presentes em 25% dos indiv&#237;duos gen&#243;tipo-positivo e em 12% dos gen&#243;tipo-negativo (p = 0,77), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 23,3% e 12,5% (p = 0,83), e realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio em 48,2% e 0% (p = 0,08), respectivamente, nos grupos gen&#243;tipo-positivo e gen&#243;tipo-negativo. Hist&#243;rico familiar de MSC foi relatado em 38% do grupo gen&#243;tipo-positivo e em 25% do grupo gen&#243;tipo-negativo (p = 0,76). Os detalhes est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas dos Indiv&#237;duos Gen&#243;tipo + e Gen&#243;tipo - Afetados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th>Negativo (N=8)</th>
                  <th>Positivo (N=45)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,8605</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (64)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (36)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade &#8211; anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">80</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,12 &#177; 15,34</td>
                  <td align="center">54,40 &#177; 17,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5483</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade ao diagn&#243;stico de CMH &#8211; anos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50 (50,0&#8211;50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (29,75&#8211;53,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5631</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8211; %</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66 (62,5&#8211;67,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (64,0&#8211;72,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1981</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septum &#8211; mm</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21 (18,7&#8211;22,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4 (14,2&#8211;21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1884</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede posterior &#8211; mm</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#225;ximo</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 (8,7&#8211;13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4 (9,0&#8211;12,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4752</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE &#8211; n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,4936</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (70)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Arritmia ventricular &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,7753</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (75)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (25)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,8328</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (87,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (77)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Realce tardio por gadol&#237;nio &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (48)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de arritmia ventricular &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TV n&#227;o sustentada</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8794</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TV sustentada</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3249</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dispositivos card&#237;acos &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,582</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CDI</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marcapasso</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CDI + marcapasso</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRC</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRC + CDI</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhum</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (67)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de MSC &#8211; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,7601</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (62)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (38)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FB: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; DCI: desfibrilador card&#237;aco implant&#225;vel; MCA: marcapasso card&#237;aco artificial; OVSVE: obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; TVS: taquicardia ventricular sustentada TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, verificamos que MYH7 e MYBPC3 foram os genes mais prevalentes na coorte de pacientes com CMH do sul do Brasil, com variantes detectadas em 33% e 16% dos indiv&#237;duos, respectivamente. Esses achados s&#227;o consistentes com estudos anteriores, nos quais MYH7 e MYBPC3 foram identificados como os genes mais frequentemente implicados na CMH, respondendo por 30%&#8211;50% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, nosso estudo revela uma distribui&#231;&#227;o ligeiramente diferente. De modo geral, a frequ&#234;ncia dessas variantes est&#225; alinhada ao que tem sido observado em outras popula&#231;&#245;es, embora a propor&#231;&#227;o de casos sem variantes identificadas continue representando um desafio para o diagn&#243;stico gen&#233;tico da CMH.</p>
      <p>Curiosamente, ao contr&#225;rio da maioria das coortes europeias e americanas, nenhum indiv&#237;duo em nosso estudo apresentou variantes em TNNT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> &#201; importante destacar que cerca de 30 genes j&#225; foram implicados na CMH, sendo que 21 deles apresentam evid&#234;ncia moderada de associa&#231;&#227;o gene-doen&#231;a. At&#233; o momento, mais de 2.000 variantes foram documentadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A maioria dessas variantes codifica prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas ou est&#225; relacionada &#224; estrutura do sarc&#244;mero, componentes cr&#237;ticos da maquinaria contr&#225;til card&#237;aca. Variantes gen&#233;ticas menos comuns, tamb&#233;m associadas &#224; CMH, envolvem genes que codificam prote&#237;nas relacionadas ao sarc&#244;mero, como ACTN2, ALPK3, CSRP3, FHOD3, JPH2, KLHL24, MT-TI, PLN e TRIM63,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> que em nossa coorte corresponderam a uma propor&#231;&#227;o menor, conforme previamente descrito.</p>
      <p>As diferen&#231;as observadas nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas entre portadores de variantes em MYH7 e MYBPC3 &#8212; como maior frequ&#234;ncia de OVSVE em MYH7 e tend&#234;ncias a eventos arr&#237;tmicos e diagn&#243;stico mais precoce em MYBPC3 &#8212; n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Portanto, esses achados devem ser interpretados como explorat&#243;rios e geradores de hip&#243;teses, em vez de indicativos de rela&#231;&#245;es causais. Al&#233;m disso, a inclus&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos membros da mesma fam&#237;lia pode introduzir vi&#233;s, j&#225; que fatores gen&#233;ticos e ambientais compartilhados podem influenciar as tend&#234;ncias observadas. Estudos futuros com coortes maiores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer potenciais correla&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo.</p>
      <p>Ao contr&#225;rio de muitas coortes previamente descritas, encontramos uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais elevada de variantes P/PP. Uma meta-an&#225;lise de Topriceanu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> relata uma taxa global de variantes P/PP de aproximadamente 30&#8211;40% entre pacientes com CMH. Nossos achados podem refletir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; disponibilidade limitada de testes gen&#233;ticos, com prefer&#234;ncia por selecionar pacientes com maior probabilidade de um teste positivo (isto &#233;, casos familiares). Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos com consultas cardiol&#243;gicas mais frequentes &#8211; geralmente aqueles com fen&#243;tipos mais graves &#8211; podem ter sido mais propensos a realizar testes gen&#233;ticos.</p>
      <p>Este primeiro relato de uma coorte brasileira de CMH com rastreamento gen&#233;tico extensivo tem como objetivo esclarecer os achados genot&#237;picos, incluindo aqueles relacionados a genes menos estabelecidos. Entretanto, n&#227;o foram identificados padr&#245;es espec&#237;ficos, apesar de alguns indiv&#237;duos apresentarem m&#250;ltiplas variantes. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das variantes pode diferir entre gera&#231;&#245;es, e permanece incerto como a gravidade da doen&#231;a &#233; influenciada por uma &#250;nica variante em compara&#231;&#227;o com m&#250;ltiplas variantes. Relatos anteriores sugerem que genes modificadores ou variantes adicionais em genes sarcom&#233;ricos podem contribuir para uma express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica mais grave da CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, observamos duas VUS em genes com evid&#234;ncia limitada de associa&#231;&#227;o com CMH, a saber, ABCC9 e RYR2. Al&#233;m disso, identificamos uma jovem jogadora de futebol que apresentou hipertrofia significativa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo sem preencher os crit&#233;rios para s&#237;ndrome de Noonan. Ela carregava uma variante patog&#234;nica em MYH7 e uma variante patog&#234;nica em LZTR1 (associada &#224; s&#237;ndrome de Noonan), o que pode representar uma fenoc&#243;pia. Um exemplo intrigante tamb&#233;m &#233; fornecido por uma fam&#237;lia na qual quatro indiv&#237;duos carregavam variantes patog&#234;nicas em ambos os genes MYH7 e ALPK3, conforme detalhado no <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar</xref>.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante enfatizar o impacto do diagn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas gen&#233;ticas, n&#227;o apenas nos pacientes, mas tamb&#233;m nos familiares em risco. O aconselhamento gen&#233;tico &#233; indispens&#225;vel, pois demonstrou reduzir a ansiedade, melhorar a percep&#231;&#227;o de risco, ampliar o conhecimento sobre a doen&#231;a e promover apoio emocional<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as discuss&#245;es de casos em equipes multidisciplinares s&#227;o inestim&#225;veis e essenciais para o manejo eficaz desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o do perfil gen&#233;tico como a express&#227;o da doen&#231;a na CMH &#8211; seja em termos de fen&#243;tipo ou de desfechos adversos &#8211; continua sendo um grande desafio. As ferramentas atuais de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco para MSC baseiam-se principalmente em marcadores cl&#237;nicos estabelecidos, como espessura da parede ventricular esquerda, s&#237;ncope, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, OVSVE, taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio e hist&#243;rico familiar de MSC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores relataram resultados inconsistentes quanto &#224;s correla&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo na gravidade da doen&#231;a. Watkins et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> demonstraram redu&#231;&#227;o da expectativa de vida em pacientes com variantes missense em MYH7, enquanto Jansen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> observaram desfechos cl&#237;nicos mais desfavor&#225;veis associados a muta&#231;&#245;es em MYH7. Al&#233;m disso, variantes em MYH7 t&#234;m sido associadas a maior risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, evid&#234;ncias emergentes sugerem que certas variantes em MYH7 podem estar correlacionadas a manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais atenuadas da doen&#231;a. Notavelmente, Marsili et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> identificaram recentemente in&#237;cio tardio da doen&#231;a com progress&#227;o gradual dos sintomas, particularmente entre mulheres portadoras da variante patog&#234;nica MYH7 p.Arg1712Gln. Esses achados contrastantes ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de investiga&#231;&#245;es mais detalhadas sobre as rela&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o os efeitos espec&#237;ficos de cada variante.</p>
      <p>Enquanto isso, variantes patog&#234;nicas em MYBPC3 t&#234;m sido associadas a in&#237;cio mais tardio da doen&#231;a e maiores taxas de penetr&#226;ncia incompleta em compara&#231;&#227;o com variantes em MYH7.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Por outro lado, certas variantes em TNNT2 (Arg92Trp, Arg92Gln e Ile79Asn) foram associadas a risco aumentado de MSC em fam&#237;lias afetadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Embora as diferen&#231;as entre os indiv&#237;duos afetados em nossa coorte n&#227;o tenham alcan&#231;ado signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, &#233; plaus&#237;vel que pacientes com gen&#243;tipos positivos apresentem doen&#231;a mais grave. Importante destacar que, em nosso estudo, portadores de variantes em MYBPC3 mostraram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas associadas &#224; MSC &#8211; incluindo mais arritmias ventriculares, maiores taxas de implante de cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, maior preval&#234;ncia de hist&#243;rico familiar de MSC e idade mais precoce ao diagn&#243;stico de CMH.</p>
      <p>Por outro lado, observamos maior frequ&#234;ncia de OVSVE entre portadores de variantes em MYH7, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pareceu semelhante entre os grupos. Enquanto muta&#231;&#245;es em MYH7 interrompem as intera&#231;&#245;es das prote&#237;nas sarcom&#233;ricas, a patogenicidade de MYBPC3 parece ser impulsionada principalmente pela haploinsufici&#234;ncia &#8211; seja por degrada&#231;&#227;o do mRNA mediada por nonsense ou pela produ&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas defeituosas incapazes de se integrar ao sarc&#244;mero.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Um estudo brasileiro de Marsiglia et al. apoia essa hip&#243;tese ao identificar maior propor&#231;&#227;o de variantes truncantes em MYBPC3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em nossa an&#225;lise, todas as variantes de MYBPC3 foram do tipo <italic>missense</italic>; entretanto, isso n&#227;o implica necessariamente em um fen&#243;tipo mais brando.</p>
      <p>Coletivamente, esses achados ressaltam a necessidade de investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional sobre os mecanismos moleculares de patogenicidade do MYBPC3. Apesar de numerosos estudos, ainda n&#227;o foram estabelecidos preditores gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo definitivos. A express&#227;o da doen&#231;a provavelmente varia de acordo com variantes espec&#237;ficas, e n&#227;o apenas pelo gene em si. Al&#233;m dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais (por exemplo, hipertens&#227;o, excesso de peso) que influenciam o desenvolvimento da CMH, variantes gen&#233;ticas comuns t&#234;m demonstrado explicar uma parcela significativa da herdabilidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Assim, a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o detalhada de variantes espec&#237;ficas pode ajudar a refinar escores de risco polig&#234;nico no futuro. Esfor&#231;os globais em andamento provavelmente impulsionar&#227;o avan&#231;os nessa &#225;rea.</p>
      <p>Embora a rela&#231;&#227;o entre genes espec&#237;ficos e a gravidade da doen&#231;a permane&#231;a controversa, a presen&#231;a de um gen&#243;tipo positivo (independentemente do gene) tem sido consistentemente associada a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos. Ho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> identificaram o teste gen&#233;tico positivo como o melhor preditor independente de eventos adversos em pacientes com CMH. De forma semelhante, Marsiglia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> observaram que indiv&#237;duos brasileiros com gen&#243;tipos positivos apresentaram diagn&#243;stico mais precoce de CMH e maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, embora tenhamos observado propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes: maior frequ&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e fibrose ventricular nos pacientes gen&#243;tipo-positivo, juntamente com diagn&#243;stico mais precoce e maior hist&#243;rico familiar de MSC. Esses achados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia de reconhecer a CMH como uma doen&#231;a de base gen&#233;tica, independentemente do gene espec&#237;fico envolvido.</p>
      <p>Apesar da complexidade inerente da CMH, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias substanciais que sustentam o papel central da gen&#233;tica no manejo da doen&#231;a. O padr&#227;o de heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante, com 50% de chance de transmiss&#227;o, tem importantes implica&#231;&#245;es para o cuidado m&#233;dico e para as decis&#245;es de vida dos familiares em risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, assim como em muitos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, a gen&#233;tica &#233; frequentemente subutilizada no manejo da CMH devido ao alto custo, ao conhecimento limitado dos m&#233;dicos e &#224; insuficiente conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre seu impacto cl&#237;nico. Isso resulta em um cuidado sub&#243;timo aos pacientes. Para melhorar o manejo da CMH, &#233; crucial promover testes gen&#233;ticos mais abrangentes, utilizando t&#233;cnicas gen&#244;micas avan&#231;adas em amostras populacionais maiores. Acreditamos que a defesa da integra&#231;&#227;o da gen&#233;tica na rotina do manejo da CMH poderia, gradualmente, reduzir os custos e ampliar o acesso, melhorando, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, o cuidado aos pacientes com CMH em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; o tamanho reduzido da amostra, baseada localmente. Dada a heterogeneidade da CMH, uma coorte maior que inclua indiv&#237;duos de diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil proporcionaria uma compreens&#227;o mais abrangente das caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a inclus&#227;o de pacientes provenientes principalmente de um centro terci&#225;rio pode ter introduzido vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que esses indiv&#237;duos t&#234;m maior probabilidade de representar um subconjunto mais grave ou especializado de casos de CMH. Isso pode ter influenciado tanto a frequ&#234;ncia quanto a classifica&#231;&#227;o das variantes identificadas.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a inclus&#227;o de membros da fam&#237;lia pode ter inflado o rendimento diagn&#243;stico dos testes gen&#233;ticos. A exclus&#227;o de parentes fen&#243;tipo-negativos sem variantes patog&#234;nicas tamb&#233;m limita nossa capacidade de estimar a penetr&#226;ncia e avaliar correla&#231;&#245;es gen&#243;tipo-fen&#243;tipo entre fam&#237;lias. An&#225;lises formais de agrega&#231;&#227;o familiar e segrega&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica n&#227;o foram realizadas devido ao tamanho limitado da amostra e ao desenho transversal. Al&#233;m disso, este estudo n&#227;o avaliou o impacto cl&#237;nico dos testes gen&#233;ticos, como poss&#237;veis mudan&#231;as no manejo dos pacientes ou nas pr&#225;ticas de rastreamento familiar, nem incluiu acompanhamento longitudinal para avaliar desfechos cl&#237;nicos como morte s&#250;bita, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou progress&#227;o para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A expans&#227;o da amostra para incluir pacientes de centros de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria poderia ajudar a mitigar esse vi&#233;s e oferecer uma representa&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira com CMH em geral.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta coorte de pacientes com CMH do sul do Brasil e seus familiares, MYH7 e MYBPC3 foram os genes mais frequentemente mutados, sem variantes patog&#234;nicas identificadas em TNNT2. Observamos uma frequ&#234;ncia mais elevada de variantes P/PP em compara&#231;&#227;o com coortes internacionais. A hip&#243;tese sobre as associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o significativas das variantes em MYBPC3 com marcadores de gravidade da doen&#231;a deve ser explorada em estudos futuros. Esses achados sugerem importante heterogeneidade gen&#233;tica e fenot&#237;pica dentro desta coorte brasileira de CMH e refor&#231;am o valor cl&#237;nico do teste gen&#233;tico para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e manejo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Electronic Supplemental Material</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4fpwt57Wfs7NWzHDJ7Kn6JP/6c0e7504b77e94c79785edf5637d0aec6822c22f.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <mixed-citation>38. Tadros R, Zheng SL, Grace C, Jord&#224; P, Francis C, Jurgens SJ, et al. Large Scale Genome-Wide Association Analyses Identify Novel Genetic Loci and Mechanisms in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. medRxiv. 2023:2023.01.28.23285147. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.28.23285147.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tadros</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grace</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jord&#224;</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jurgens</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Large Scale Genome-Wide Association Analyses Identify Novel Genetic Loci and Mechanisms in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>medRxiv</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <comment>2023.01.28.23285147</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1101/2023.01.28.23285147</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Tavtigian SV, Harrison SM, Boucher KM, Biesecker LG. Fitting a Naturally Scaled Point System to the ACMG/AMP Variant Classification Guidelines. Hum Mutat. 2020;41(10):1734-7. doi: 10.1002/humu.24088.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tavtigian</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harrison</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boucher</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biesecker</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fitting a Naturally Scaled Point System to the ACMG/AMP Variant Classification Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Hum Mutat</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1734</fpage>
          <lpage>1737</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/humu.24088</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Thais Mariel Andara Beuren pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Plataforma Brasil sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 554413421.4.1001.5327. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12302/2025-0420_supplement.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250420i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Genetic and Clinical Characterization of a South-Brazilian Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2664-6921</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beuren</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sperb-Ludwig</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0027-9924</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2289-5354</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zawislak</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>van Tintelen</surname>
            <given-names>Peter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="NL">Netherlands</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht &#8211; Netherlands</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Ricardo Stein Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: kuqui.r@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common monogenic heart disease, characterized by genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Although extensively studied in North American and European populations, data from Brazil remain limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To characterize the genetic and clinical profiles of a Southern Brazilian cohort of HCM patients and their relatives using massive parallel sequencing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> In this observational study, HCM patients and first-degree relatives were recruited from outpatient cardiology clinics. Clinical and imaging data were collected, and genetic analysis used a 100-gene panel. Variant pathogenicity was assessed according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria, and statistical analyses were performed using R software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Eighty individuals were included in the final analysis (mean age: 49.2 &#177;18.5); 60% male; 40 index cases and 40 affected relatives). MYH7 and MYBPC3 were the most frequently related genes, with pathogenic / likely pathogenic variants (P/LP) identified in 33% and 16% of participants, respectively. No pathogenic TNNT2 variants were detected. Ninety percent of participants carried an identified variant (including variants of uncertain significance), with 68% harboring P/LP variants. MYH7 carriers exhibited a higher proportion of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, whereas MYBPC3 carriers had a higher proportion of arrhythmic events and earlier diagnosis; however, these differences did not reach statistical significance and should be interpreted as exploratory. Clinical comparisons revealed regional differences, suggesting the potential impact of genetic diversity on the presentation of HCM in this part of Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> This study offers the first detailed genetic and clinical characterization of a Brazilian HCM cohort using massive parallel sequencing. Our findings underscore the importance of genetic testing for diagnosis, risk stratification, and management.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Genetic and Clinical Characterization of a South-Brazilian Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Cohort</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Frequencies of affected genes identified by massive parallel sequencing.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250420-50420-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Testing</kwd>
        <kwd>High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common monogenic heart disease, with a prevalence of approximately 1:250 to 1:500 individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is primarily caused by pathogenic variants in sarcomeric and sarcomere-related genes. The condition is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy unrelated to abnormal loading conditions and may lead to complications such as Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO), Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD), and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Disease expression is highly variable, making the prediction of clinical outcomes challenging, even among genotype-positive individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Certain gene variants have been associated with different prognoses: <italic>MYH7</italic> variants are linked to worse outcomes, while <italic>MYBPC3</italic> variants tend to present with delayed onset and incomplete penetrance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although genotype-specific risk prediction remains controversial, genotype-positive status itself has been associated with earlier disease onset, greater ventricular dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Accordingly, the latest AHA/ACC guidelines include genotype-positive status as a definitive risk factor for SCD in pediatric patients, with growing evidence in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the recognized importance of genetics for diagnosis, risk assessment, and family counseling,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> genetic evaluation remains underutilized in Brazil, and population-specific data are limited. Previous Brazilian studies have reported <italic>MYH7</italic> as the most prevalent mutated gene, followed by <italic>MYBPC3</italic> and <italic>TNNT2</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> a distribution consistent, though not identical to that observed in North American and European cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to characterize the genetic and clinical profiles of patients with HCM and their relatives from a tertiary center in southern Brazil, using massive parallel sequencing.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethics statement</title>
          <p>The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee through Plataforma Brasil (CAAE: 554413421.4.1001.5327).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants and study design</title>
          <p>The study employed an observational, cross-sectional design. Participants were recruited from the outpatient cardiology clinics of <italic>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</italic> (HCPA), Brazil. Eligible individuals included patients diagnosed with HCM and their first-degree relatives.</p>
          <p>Inclusion criteria for index patients required a confirmed diagnosis of HCM, defined as left ventricular wall thickness &#8805; 15 mm not explained by abnormal loading conditions. For relatives carrying a Pathogenic (P) or Likely Pathogenic (LP) variant, inclusion in the study required genopositivity. Among enrolled relatives, a left ventricular wall thickness &#8805; 13 mm was used to classify them as phenotype-positive (HCM), whereas asymptomatic carriers with wall thickness &lt; 13 mm were considered phenotype-negative. Participants had to be 18 years or older at the time of enrollment. Exclusion criteria included the presence of HCM phenocopies, absence of clinical and genetic evidence of HCM, and age under 18 years. All participants received detailed information about the study and provided written informed consent before enrollment. Genetic counseling was offered to all participants both before and after testing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Database</title>
          <p>The variables collected included date of birth, sex, and age at HCM diagnosis. Family history data were obtained, including a history of HCM and SCD, defined as at least one first- or second-degree relative who had experienced sudden, unexplained death or sudden cardiac arrest. Additional variables included episodes of aborted SCD and the presence of ventricular arrhythmias, such as sustained and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. These arrhythmias were identified through 24-hour Holter monitoring, 12-lead resting Electrocardiogram (ECG), or exercise testing.</p>
          <p>Other data collected included baseline pharmacological treatment, comorbidities, cardiac device implantation, presence of atrial fibrillation (detected via 24-hour Holter monitoring or 12-lead resting ECG) and mortality status. Electrocardiographic measures were also recorded. Echocardiographic parameters included Left Atrial (LA) size, Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF), Left Ventricular End-Diastolic (LVED) and End-Systolic (LVES) diameters, left ventricular wall thickness, presence of Left Ventricle Outflow Tract Obstruction (LVOTO) and maximum outflow tract gradient. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging parameters included LVEF, LVED and LVES volumes, left atrial volume and the presence of Late Gadolinium Enhancement (LGE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genetic sequencing</title>
          <p>Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples, and genetic testing was performed using a commercial comprehensive cardiomyopathy panel containing 100 genes: <italic>ABCC9 ACADVL ACTC1 ACTN2 AGL ALMS1 ALPK3 BAG3 BRAF CACNA1C CACNA1D CALM1 CALM2 CALM3 CASQ2 CBL CDH2 CPT2 CRYAB CSRP3 DES DMD DNAJC19 DOLK DSC2 DSG2 DSP ELAC2 EMD EYA4 FHL1 FKRP FKTN FLNC, GAA, GATA4, GATA5, GJA5, GLA, HCN4, HRAS, JUP, KCNE1, KCNH2, KCNJ2, KCNQ1, KRAS, LAMP2, LMNA, LZTR1, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MRAS, MTO1, MYBPC3, MYH6, MYH7, MYL2, MYL3, MYL4, MYLK3, NF1, NKX2-5, NRAS, PCCA, PCCB, PKP2, PLN, PPA2, PPCS, PPP1CB, PRKAG2, PTPN11, RAF1, RASA1, RBM20, RIT1, RYR2, SCN5A, SDHA, SGCD, SHOC2, SLC22A5, SOS1, SOS2, SPRED1, TAZ, TBX20, TCAP, TMEM43, TMEM70, TNNC1, TNNI3, TNNI3K, TNNT2, TPM1, TRDN, TRPM4, TTN, TTR, VCL</italic>. Full-gene sequencing was performed using massive parallel sequencing technology.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Study data were collected and managed using REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture), a secure and confidential web-based platform.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Statistical analysis was performed using R software, version 4.3.0. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square tests. For continuous variables with normal distribution, independent t-tests were used, while variables without normal distribution were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. A significance threshold of 5% (p &lt;0.05) was considered to all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>General Population Description</title>
          <p>A total of 95 individuals, including affected patients and their relatives, were initially screened. Following genetic testing, relatives without a clinical diagnosis of HCM or an identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant were excluded (n=15). Consequently, 80 individuals were included in the final analysis: 40 unrelated index patients and 40 affected or variant-carrying relatives (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">figure 1</xref>). Of these, 60% were men (n=48), 50% were index patients (n=40), and 50% were family members (n=40). Among the participants, 68% had an HCM diagnosis (n=54), while 32% were variant carriers (n=26). The mean (SD) age was 49.2 (18.5) years. A family history of HCM was presented in 32% of index patients (n=13).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Selection process flowchart. Index: first identified case in the family; G+: genotype positive; G-: genotype negative; P+: phenotype positive; P-: phenotype negative.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250420-50420-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The median left ventricular septal thickness was 18.5 mm (IQR: 15.0 - 21.0), the posterior wall thickness was 10 mm (IQR: 9.0 - 12.0), and the LVEF was 67% (IQR: 63.2 - 72.0). LVOTO was present in 33% of participants, and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in 15%. A summary of the clinical and demographic characteristics is provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (40)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (60)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">86</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean (SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.2 &#177; 18.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Family history of HCM (index pts n=40) - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (32.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (67.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Family history of SCD - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (25.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (74.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Syncope - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (17.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (82.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ventricular arrhythmia - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (15)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (85)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Comorbidities - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (25.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (12.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic Kidney Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary Artery Disease</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (9.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (13.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial Fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (14.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; SCD: sudden cardiac death.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genetic profile</title>
          <p>Among all sequenced genes, P, LP, and Variants of Uncertain Significance were identified in 72 (90%) individuals. When considering only P and LP variants, 54 (68%) individuals were classified as having a positive genetic test. For initial characterization, all variants identified are shown in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> illustrates the distribution of P/LP variants in genes strongly or moderately associated with HCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The two most frequently found genes in HCM are highlighted: <italic>MYH7</italic> (33%) and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (16%). Additionally, 10% of the sample had no identified variants.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of affected genes strongly or moderately related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250420-50420-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Six individuals exhibited HCM-related variants across more than one gene, with no specific pattern identified (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Individuals with multiple variants</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">ID</th>
                    <th>Genes</th>
                    <th>Variant</th>
                    <th>Pathogenicity</th>
                    <th>Affected</th>
                    <th>Family History of HCM</th>
                    <th>Age of diagnosis</th>
                    <th>LV wall</th>
                    <th>LVOTO</th>
                    <th>LV arrhythmia</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">1</td>
                    <td align="center">MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2605C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Father</td>
                    <td align="center">46</td>
                    <td align="center">14mm</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">ALPK3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1621C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TRPM4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1934G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">2</td>
                    <td align="center">MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1987C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Index</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center">17mm</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">LZTR1</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1957C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">3</td>
                    <td align="center">MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2047T&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS* (~LP)</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Index</td>
                    <td align="center">47</td>
                    <td align="center">17mm</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes (NSVT)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.3107G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">RYR2</td>
                    <td align="center">c.4273A&gt;G</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">4</td>
                    <td align="center">ALPK3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2649 2650 delinsT</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                    <td align="center">Father</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">10mm</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">TRPM4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1934G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">5</td>
                    <td align="center">ALPK3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2649 2650 delinsT</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                    <td align="center">Grandfather</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">9mm</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">DMD</td>
                    <td align="center">c.5615C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">GPD1L</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1009G&gt;C</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">6</td>
                    <td align="center">MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2605C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">Pathogenic</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">Index</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">20mm</td>
                    <td align="center">Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">No</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">ALPK3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1621C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">Likely Pathogenic</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.292+138G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; VUS: variant of unknown significance; LV: left ventricle; LVOTO: left-ventricular outflow tract obstruction. *VUS with high score in the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics classification and potential for reclassification (Tavtigian et al.<sup>39</sup>).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>To illustrate the importance of a comprehensive genetic and clinical evaluation, we present a detailed and intriguing family case (see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplementary Material</xref>). Variant pathogenicity was classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The distribution of variant pathogenicity classification was as follows: 1) pathogenic (44%) 2) likely pathogenic (34%), and 3) Variant of Unknown Significance (VUS, 22%). All variants identified in MYH7 and MYBP3 were missense, except for one intronic variant in MYH7. A detailed description of all variants can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Variant description</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Gene</th>
                    <th>Transcript</th>
                    <th>Variant</th>
                    <th>Classification</th>
                    <th>Population Frequency (GnomAD v.4.1.0)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ABCC9</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_020297.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.3559G &gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALPK3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_020778.5</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1621C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">LP</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALPK3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_020778.5</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2649 2650 delinsT</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CACNA1C</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000719.7</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1342 G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS* (~LP)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.59e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DMD</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_004006.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.5615C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">8.28e-7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DSG2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_001943.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2505-2506insG</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DSP</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_004415.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1742C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FLNC</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_001458.5</td>
                    <td align="center">c.3964+1G&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GPD1L</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_015141.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1009G&gt;C</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>KCNH2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000238.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1898A&gt;C</td>
                    <td align="center">LP</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>KCNH2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000238.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.526C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">LB</td>
                    <td align="center">3.27e-4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>KCNH2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000238.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2863C&gt;G</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">5.80e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAMP2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_001122606.1</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1234T&gt;C</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LZTR1</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_006767.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1957C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">LP</td>
                    <td align="center">2.48e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000256.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1484G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">2.42e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000256.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1633C&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.17e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000256.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2047T&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000256.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.292+138G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000256.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.3107G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">7.09e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000256.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.3065G&gt;C</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                    <td align="center">5.21e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYBPC3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000256.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1505G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">6.82e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH6</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_002471.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.3010G&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10e-3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2737G&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">LP</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.4508G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1987C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2572C&gt;G</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">2.48e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2605C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.3972+63A&gt;CA</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.4402G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1063G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">4.34e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2389G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">2.85e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYH7</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000257.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.788T&gt;C</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">3.72e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYL3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000258.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.170C&gt;G</td>
                    <td align="center">P</td>
                    <td align="center">5.14e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MYL3</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000258.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.187C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">1.30e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PKP2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_001005242.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2464A&gt;G</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">3.97e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RYR2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_001035.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1249C&gt;G</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RYR2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_001035.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.147G&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS*</td>
                    <td align="center">8.18e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RYR2</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_001035.3</td>
                    <td align="center">c.593A&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">1.86e-6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SCN5A</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_000335.5</td>
                    <td align="center">c.3612C&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">Not found</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SLMAP</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_001377540.1</td>
                    <td align="center">c.2080C&gt;T</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">6.20e-7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TRPM4</td>
                    <td align="center">NM_017636.4</td>
                    <td align="center">c.1934G&gt;A</td>
                    <td align="center">VUS</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05e-5</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>LP: likely pathogenic; P: pathogenic; VUS: variant of uncertain significance; * VUS with high score in the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics classification and potential for reclassification (Tavtigian et al.<sup>39</sup>)</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical-genetic characterization of phenotype-positive individuals</title>
          <p>To better understand how genetic background influences the HCM phenotype, we described and compared the clinical features of HCM patients with different affected genes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). This analysis focused exclusively on genes with a well-established correlation to HCM, specifically <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic>, based on the available sample size (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). Our comparison of <italic>MYBPC3</italic> and <italic>MYH7</italic> revealed noteworthy differences in frequencies, although these did not reach statistical significance. Patients with <italic>MYH7</italic> variants exhibited a higher frequency of LVOTO compared to those with <italic>MYBPC3</italic> variants (35% vs. 18%; p = 0.3). Conversely, patients with <italic>MYBPC3</italic> variants presented a more arrhythmogenic phenotype, characterized by a higher prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias (33% vs. 17%, p = 0.3), a higher rate of ICD implantation (27% vs 4%, p = 0.09), more frequent ventricular fibrosis, as identified by LGE on cardiac magnetic resonance (62% vs. 38%, p = 0.5), and a more frequent family history of sudden death (45% vs. 35%, p = 0.4). Additionally, the median age at diagnosis of <italic>MYBPC3</italic>-affected individuals was lower (37 years versus 46 years; p = 0.07). Other clinical characteristics are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of Genotype-Phenotype positive individuals</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Total (N=53)</th>
                    <th>MYH7 (N=24)</th>
                    <th>MYBPC3 (N=12)</th>
                    <th>MYL3 (N=2)</th>
                    <th>ALPK3 (N=1)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (66)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (58)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (34)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (42)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age - yr</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">86</td>
                    <td align="center">86</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean (SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.9 &#177; 16.9</td>
                    <td align="center">58.2 &#177; 17.3</td>
                    <td align="center">51.1 &#177; 13.5</td>
                    <td align="center">21.5 &#177; 14.8</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age at HCM diagnosis - yr</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (30.5&#8211;53.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.5 (43.2&#8211;60.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.5 (21.0&#8211;46.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.5 (14.7&#8211;24.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (44.0&#8211;44.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - %</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">63</td>
                    <td align="center">75</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td align="center">78</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td align="center">75</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (63.2&#8211;72.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.5 (64.0&#8211;72.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (64.5&#8211;70.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (75.0&#8211;75.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (68.0&#8211;68.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Septum - mm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">25</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.5 (15.0&#8211;21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (13.2&#8211;21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (17.5&#8211;21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (13.0&#8211;13.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (14.0&#8211;14.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Posterior Wall - mm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (9.0&#8211;12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (9.0&#8211;12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (9.0&#8211;10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (9.0&#8211;9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (9.0&#8211;9.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ventricular Arrhythmia - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (77)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (83)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (23)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Atrial Fibrillation - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (61)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (39)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Late Gadolinium Enhancement - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (62)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (37.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (38)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (62.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Type of Ventricular Arrhythmia - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSVT</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (21)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SVT</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VF</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; NA: non-applicable; LVOTO: left ventricle outflow tract obstruction; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; SVT: sustained ventricular tachycardia; VF: ventricular fibrillation</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical Characteristics of MYH7 and MYBPC3 Affected Individuals</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>MYH7 (N=24)</th>
                    <th>MYBPC3 (N=12)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (58)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (42)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age - yr</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">86</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean (SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.21 &#177; 17.33</td>
                    <td align="center">51.17 &#177; 13.54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1925</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age at HCM diagnosis - yr</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">20</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.5 (43.2&#8211;60.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.5 (21.0&#8211;46.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.0753</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction - %</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">63</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">78</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.5 (64.0&#8211;72.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (64.5&#8211;70.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Septum - mm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td align="center">25</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (13.2&#8211;21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (17.5&#8211;21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.319</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Posterior Wall - mm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Median (IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (9.0&#8211;12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (9.0&#8211;10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4272</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVOT Obstruction - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3069</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ventricular Arrhythmia - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (83)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3088</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (33)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Atrial Fibrillation - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (61)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2072</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (39)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Late Gadolinium Enhancement - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (62)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (37.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5344</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (38)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (62.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Type of Ventricular Arrhythmia - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NSVT</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3088</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SVT</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8878</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VF</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cardiac Devices - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.094</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICD + PM</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRT</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRT + ICD</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>None</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (70)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (73)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Family history of SCD - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.567</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (45)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Aborted SCD - no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (96)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; ACP: artificial cardiac pacing; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; NA: non-applicable; LVOTO: left ventricle outflow tract obstruction.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Genotype-positive versus Genotype-negative affected individuals</title>
          <p>Among individuals diagnosed with HCM, we compared characteristics of those with identified genetic variants (phenotype-positive/genotype-positive) to those with a negative genetic test (phenotype-positive/genotype-negative). The mean age at HCM diagnosis in genotype-positive individuals was 44 years, while it was 50 years (p = 0.86) in genotype-negative HCM patients. The median left ventricle septum thickness of genotype-positive individuals was 17.5 mm, compared to 21 mm of genotype-negative individuals (p = 0.18). Ventricular arrhythmias were present in 25% of genotype-positive and 12% of genotype-negative individuals (p = 0.77), atrial fibrillation in 23.3% and 12.5% (p = 0.83) and LGE in 48.2% and 0% (p = 0.08) of the genotype-positive and genotype-negative groups, respectively. A family history of SCD was reported in 38% of the genotype-positive group and 25% of the genotype-negative group (p = 0.76). Details are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical Characteristics of Genotype + and Genotype - Affected Individuals</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                    <th>Negative (N=8)</th>
                    <th>Positive (N=45)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender &#8211; no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.8605</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (75)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (64)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (36)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age &#8211; yr</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">40</td>
                    <td align="center">11</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">80</td>
                    <td align="center">86</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean (SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.12 &#177; 15.34</td>
                    <td align="center">54.40 &#177; 17.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5483</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age at HCM diagnosis &#8211; yr</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">50</td>
                    <td align="center">73</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">50 (50.0, 50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (29.75, 53.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5631</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ejection Fraction &#8211; %</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">71</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">66 (62.5, 67.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (64.0, 72.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1981</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Septum &#8211; mm</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">26</td>
                    <td align="center">29</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">21 (18.7, 22.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.4 (14.2, 21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1884</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior Wall &#8211; mm</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Min</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Max</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">11.5 (8.7, 13.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">10.4 (9.0, 12.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4752</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left Ventricle Outflow Tract Obstruction &#8211; no. (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.4936</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (70)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ventricular Arrhythmia &#8211; no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.7753</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (88)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (75)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (25)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Atrial Fibrillation &#8211; no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.8328</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (87.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (77)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (23)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Late Gadolinium Enhancement &#8211; no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.082</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (52)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (48)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Type Ventricular Arrhythmia &#8211; no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (22)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8794</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventricular Fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3249</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cardiac Devices &#8211; no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.582</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (14)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Artificial Cardiac Pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (12)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICD + ACP</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRT + ICD</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>None</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (75)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (67)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Family History of SCD &#8211; no. (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.7601</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (75)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (62)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (38)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; ACP: artificial cardiac pacing; LVOTO: left ventricle outflow tract obstruction.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we found that <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> were the most prevalent genes in the cohort of HCM patients from southern Brazil, with variants detected in 33% and 16% of the total individuals, respectively. These findings are consistent with previous studies, in which <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> were identified as the most common genes implicated in HCM, accounting for 30%-50% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, our study reveals a slightly different distribution. Overall, the frequency of these variants aligns with what has been observed in other populations, although the proportion of cases without identified variants continues to pose a challenge for genetic diagnostics in HCM.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, unlike most European and American cohorts, no individuals in our study were found to have variants in <italic>TNNT2</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> It is important to note that around 30 genes have been implicated in HCM, with 21 of these showing moderate evidence for gene-disease association. To date, more than 2,000 variants have been documented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Most of these encode sarcomeric proteins or are related to the sarcomere structure, which are critical components of the cardiac contractile machinery. Less common genetic variants, also linked to HCM, involve genes encoding sarcomere-related proteins such as <italic>ACTN2, ALPK3, CSRP3, FHOD3, JPH2, KLHL24, MT-TI, PLN</italic> and <italic>TRIM63,</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> which in our cohort corresponded to a smaller proportion, as previously described. Observed differences in clinical features between <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> carriers, such as higher LVOTO in <italic>MYH7</italic> and trends toward arrhythmic events and earlier diagnosis in <italic>MYBPC3</italic> carriers, did not reach statistical significance. Therefore, these findings should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating rather than indicative of causal relationships. Additionally, inclusion of multiple family members may introduce bias, as genetic and environmental factors shared within families could influence observed trends. Future studies with larger cohorts are needed to clarify potential genotype-phenotype correlations.</p>
        <p>Unlike many previously reported cohorts, we found a higher proportion of P/LP variants. A meta-analysis by Topriceanu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> reports an overall P/LP variant rate of approximately 30-40% among HCM patients. Our findings could reflect selection bias due to the limited availability of genetic tests, with a preference for selecting patients with a higher likelihood of a positive test (i.e., familial cases). Additionally, individuals with more frequent cardiology visits &#8211; often those with more severe phenotypes &#8211; may have been more likely to undergo genetic testing.</p>
        <p>This first report on a Brazilian HCM cohort with extensive genetic screening aims to clarify genotypic findings, including those related to less-established genes. However, no specific patterns were found, despite some individuals carrying multiple variants. The distribution of variants may differ across generations, and it remains unclear how disease severity is influenced by a single variant compared to multiple variants. Previous reports suggest that modifier genes or additional sarcomeric gene variants may contribute to a worse phenotypic expression of HCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In our cohort, we observed two VUS in genes with limited evidence for association with HCM, namely <italic>ABCC9</italic> and <italic>RYR2</italic>. Furthermore, we identified a young female football player who exhibited significant left ventricular hypertrophy without fulfilling the criteria for Noonan syndrome. She carried a pathogenic <italic>MYH7</italic> variant and a pathogenic <italic>LZTR1</italic> variant (associated with Noonan syndrome), which may represent a phenocopy. An intriguing example is also provided by a family in which four individuals carried pathogenic variants in both <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>ALPK3</italic>, as detailed in the <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplementary Material</xref>.</p>
        <p>It is important to emphasize the impact of diagnosing genetic heart diseases, not only on patients but also on at-risk family members. Genetic counseling is indispensable, as it has been shown to reduce anxiety, improve risk perception, enhance disease knowledge, and promote emotional support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Additionally, multidisciplinary case discussions are invaluable and essential for the effective management of these patients.</p>
        <p>Linking the genetic profile to disease expression in HCM &#8211; whether in terms of phenotype or adverse outcomes &#8211; remains a major challenge. Current risk prediction tools for SCD primarily rely on established clinical markers such as left ventricular wall thickness, syncope, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, LVOTO, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, LGE, and family history of SCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Previous studies have reported inconsistent results regarding genotype-phenotype correlations in disease severity. Watkins et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> demonstrated reduced life expectancy in patients with <italic>MYH7</italic> missense variants, while Jansen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> similarly observed poorer clinical outcomes associated with <italic>MYH7</italic> mutations. In addition, <italic>MYH7</italic> variants have been linked to elevated atrial fibrillation risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, emerging evidence suggests certain <italic>MYH7</italic> variants may correlate with attenuated disease manifestations. Notably, Marsili et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> recently identified delayed disease onset with gradual symptom progression, particularly among female carriers of the <italic>MYH7</italic> p.Arg1712Gln pathogenic variant. These contrasting findings underscore the importance of more nuanced investigations into genotype-phenotype relationships, accounting for variant-specific effects.</p>
        <p>Meanwhile, pathogenic <italic>MYBPC3</italic> variants have been linked with later disease onset and higher rates of incomplete penetrance compared to <italic>MYH7</italic> variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Conversely, certain <italic>TNNT2</italic> variants (Arg92Trp, Arg92Gln, and Ile79Asn) have been associated to increased SCD risk in affected families.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Although differences among affected individuals in our cohort did not reach statistical significance, it is plausible that patients with positive genotypes experience more severe disease. Importantly, in our study, carriers of <italic>MYBPC3</italic> variants showed a higher proportion of features associated with SCD &#8211; including more ventricular arrhythmias, higher rates of ICD implantation, greater prevalence of family history of SCD, and earlier age of HCM diagnosis.</p>
        <p>On the other hand, we observed greater LVOTO frequency among <italic>MYH7</italic> variant carriers, while the prevalence of heart failure appeared similar across groups. While <italic>MYH7</italic> mutations disrupt sarcomeric protein interactions, <italic>MYBPC3</italic> pathogenicity seems primarily driven by haploinsufficiency &#8211; either from nonsense-mediated mRNA decay or the production of defective proteins unable to integrate into the sarcomere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> A Brazilian study by Marsiglia et al. supports this hypothesis by identifying a higher proportion of truncating <italic>MYBPC3</italic> variants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In our analysis, all <italic>MYBPC3</italic> variants were missense; however, this does not necessarily imply a milder phenotype.</p>
        <p>Collectively, these findings highlight the need for further investigation into the molecular pathogenic mechanism of <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. Despite numerous studies, no definitive genotype-phenotype predictors have been established. Disease expression likely varies by variant, rather than by gene alone. Besides traditional cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension, overweight) influencing HCM development, common genetic variants have been shown to account for a significant portion of disease heritability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Thus, detailed characterizing specific variants may help refine polygenic risk scores in the future. Ongoing global efforts are likely to drive progress in this area.</p>
        <p>Although the relationship between specific genes and disease severity remains controversial, the presence of a positive genotype (regardless of gene) had consistently been associated with worse clinical outcomes. Ho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> identified positive genetic testing as the best independent predictor of adverse events in HCM patients. Similarly, Marsiglia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> observed that Brazilian individuals with positive genotypes had earlier HCM diagnosis and higher ventricular arrhythmia incidence. In our study, there was no difference between groups, even though we observed similar proportions: a higher frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, atrial fibrillation, and left ventricle fibrosis in the genotype-positive patients, along with earlier diagnosis and more positive family histories of SCD. These findings reinforce the importance of recognizing HCM as a genetically driven disease, irrespective of the specific gene involved.</p>
        <p>Despite the inherent complexity of HCM, there is substantial evidence supporting the central role of genetics in disease management. The autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, with a 50% chance of transmission, has major implications for the medical care and life decisions of at-risk relatives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, as in many developing countries, genetics is often underutilized in HCM management due to high cost, limited physician knowledge, and insufficient awareness of its clinical impact. This results in suboptimal patients care. To improve HCM management, it is crucial to promote more comprehensive genetic testing using advanced genomic techniques in larger population samples. We believe that advocating for the integration of genetics into routine HCM management could gradually lower costs and increase access, ultimately improving care for HCM patients in developing countries.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The major limitation of our study is the small, locally based sample size. Given the heterogeneity of HCM, a larger cohort including individuals from diverse regions of Brazil would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic characteristics of our population. Moreover, the inclusion of patients primarily from a tertiary center may have introduced selection bias, as these individuals are more likely to represent a severe or specialized subset of HCM cases. This may have influenced both the frequency and classification of the variants identified.</p>
          <p>Besides, the inclusion of family members might have inflated the diagnostic yield of genetic testing. The exclusion of phenotype-negative relatives without pathogenic variants also limits our ability to estimate penetrance and assess genotype-phenotype correlations across families. Formal analyses of familial aggregation and genetic segregation were not performed due to the limited sample size and cross-sectional design. In addition, this study did not assess the clinical impact of genetic testing, such as potential changes in patient management or family screening practice, nor did it include longitudinal follow-up to assess clinical outcomes such as sudden death, hospitalization, or progression to heart failure<bold>.</bold> Expanding the sample to include patients from primary and secondary care centers could help mitigate this bias and provide a more accurate representation of the broader Brazilian HCM population.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this cohort of southern Brazilian HCM patients and their relatives, <italic>MYH7</italic> and <italic>MYBPC3</italic> were the most frequently mutated genes, with no pathogenic variants identified in <italic>TNNT2</italic>. We observed a higher frequency of P/LP variants compared to international cohorts. Hypothesis on the non-significant associations of MYBPC3 variants with markers of disease severity should be explored in further studies. These findings suggest important genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity within this Brazilian HCM cohort and reinforce the clinical value of genetic testing for risk stratification and management.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Electronic Supplemental Material</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4fpwt57Wfs7NWzHDJ7Kn6JP/6c0e7504b77e94c79785edf5637d0aec6822c22f.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Thais Mariel Andara Beuren, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Plataforma Brasil under the protocol number CAAE: 554413421.4.1001.5327. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1_en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials:</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12302/2025-0420_supplement.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
