<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7nxX5y53PkRqbbzqnd7LZxc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000203401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">03401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250418</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fen&#244;meno de Chatterjee: O Cora&#231;&#227;o se Lembra do que a Mente Esquece</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1329-5229</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Coimbra Hospital and University Centre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular and Thoracic Centre</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Girassol</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Luanda</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular and Thoracic Centre &#8211; Cl&#237;nica Girassol, Luanda &#8211; Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Miguel Bernardino Antunes VicentePraceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal Email: <email>miguelantunesv@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250418</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Relatos de Casos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O fen&#244;meno de Chatterjee, tamb&#233;m conhecido como mem&#243;ria card&#237;aca (MC), &#233; definido como altera&#231;&#245;es persistentes na onda T do eletrocardiograma ap&#243;s epis&#243;dios de ritmos estimulados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essas altera&#231;&#245;es se tornam evidentes quando o padr&#227;o normal de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; restabelecido, o que muitas vezes &#233; confundido com condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas como miocardite, hipertrofia e pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, dist&#250;rbios hidroeletrol&#237;ticos e hipertens&#227;o intracraniana, sendo o cen&#225;rio mais grave a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essa entidade nosol&#243;gica, observada em cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com marca-passos e com preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 80% nos casos com alta porcentagem de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, foi relatada pela primeira vez exatamente 110 anos atr&#225;s por White, que descreveu a invers&#227;o transit&#243;ria da onda T (TWI) ap&#243;s extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Vinte e cinco anos depois, ondas T anormais de dura&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel foram descritas ap&#243;s per&#237;odos de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular intermitente, s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-taquicardia ventricular e complexos ventriculares aumentados pela toxicidade de bloqueadores de canais de s&#243;dio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 1969, Kanu Chatterjee et al., em um estudo observacional, descreveram esses achados em 39 pacientes, denominando-os MC ou Fen&#244;meno de Chatterjee.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Rosenbaum et al. propuseram a primeira hip&#243;tese de como a ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular anormal poderia gerar altera&#231;&#245;es na onda T como consequ&#234;ncia de um mecanismo gerado por modula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica (atrav&#233;s de dispositivos eletr&#244;nicos card&#237;acos implant&#225;veis).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Chatterjee et al. tamb&#233;m demonstraram que a dura&#231;&#227;o da invers&#227;o da onda T &#233; diretamente proporcional &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica (quando estimulada por 10 minutos ou 2 anos, por exemplo, a onda T permanece invertida por 10 minutos e aproximadamente 18 meses, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os autores relatam o caso de uma mulher de 85 anos que recebeu um diagn&#243;stico precoce de MC, o que evitou estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva desnecess&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente de 85 anos com hist&#243;rico de implante de marca-passo devido &#224; s&#237;ndrome de taquicardia-bradicardia e epis&#243;dios recorrentes de s&#237;ncope. Duas semanas ap&#243;s o implante, foi encaminhada ao pronto-socorro se queixando de dor tor&#225;cica aguda e um tanto opressiva, sem irradia&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de sensa&#231;&#227;o de falta de ar e prostra&#231;&#227;o h&#225; dois dias. Com teste positivo para COVID-19, iniciou tratamento direcionado e permaneceu hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel. O eletrocardiograma revelou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com invers&#245;es difusas da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DII, DIII, aVF e V3-V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) ECG: Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, invers&#227;o da onda T em DII, DIII, aVF, V3 a V6, Mem&#243;ria card&#237;aca. B) O ECG obtido durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pelo marca-passo mostrou complexos QRS estimulados negativos nas deriva&#231;&#245;es que apresentaram novas invers&#245;es da onda T (DII, DIII, aVF e V3&#8211;V6). C) ECG antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo, ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com resposta ventricular controlada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250418-50418-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O teste seriado de troponina card&#237;aca ultrassens&#237;vel apresentou resultado negativo. Foi solicitada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica para descartar um evento isqu&#234;mico coronariano agudo. A an&#225;lise do dispositivo revelou modo VVI, com 72% de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular e um complexo QRS alargado (199 ms). O limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi de 0,5 ms, a sensibilidade de 2,5 mV e a imped&#226;ncia de 684 &#937;, todos dentro dos limites normais. Observou-se um complexo QRS estimulado com polaridade negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es que apresentaram nova invers&#227;o da onda T (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>). No eletrocardiograma pr&#233;-implante, o ritmo b&#225;sico era fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com resposta ventricular controlada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>), e observou-se que as altera&#231;&#245;es de corrente n&#227;o correspondiam a um evento isqu&#234;mico, mas sim ao fen&#244;meno de Chatterjee ou MC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A MC &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o que pode causar confus&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico, especialmente entre m&#233;dicos menos experientes. Quando associada a uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica sugestiva, pode ser facilmente confundida com isquemia aguda, que geralmente requer tratamento invasivo imediato. Portanto, os profissionais de emerg&#234;ncia devem saber como identific&#225;-la ou descart&#225;-la corretamente para evitar exames desnecess&#225;rios e fornecer atendimento eficiente aos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a MC seja considerada um achado benigno, ela tem sido associada a um estado pr&#243;-arr&#237;tmico, especialmente em pacientes com intervalos QT longos, devido ao alto risco de Torsades de Pointes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sua fisiopatologia ainda &#233; objeto de muitas teorias, sendo a mais aceita a do estiramento mec&#226;nico e da tens&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos, resultantes da ativa&#231;&#227;o artificial cont&#237;nua, com consequente s&#237;ntese e libera&#231;&#227;o de angiotensina II, que regula a corrente transit&#243;ria de pot&#225;ssio externa (Ito) e a express&#227;o de canais de pot&#225;ssio na superf&#237;cie celular, diminuindo sua sa&#237;da do interior da c&#233;lula e aumentando o gradiente de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Subsequentemente, ocorre a internaliza&#231;&#227;o do receptor de angiotensina-1 e de uma subunidade do canal de pot&#225;ssio na superf&#237;cie celular, levando &#224; sua degrada&#231;&#227;o e reduzindo a densidade de seus canais funcionais na corrente. Portanto, interrup&#231;&#245;es nesse processo levar&#227;o, compreensivelmente, a altera&#231;&#245;es na morfologia da onda T, fazendo com que ela permane&#231;a ap&#243;s a estimula&#231;&#227;o por um certo per&#237;odo de tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, essas altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o promovem a heterogeneidade da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca, causando dissincronia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Certos crit&#233;rios ajudam a diferenciar a TWI na isquemia card&#237;aca da MC. Na isquemia da art&#233;ria descendente anterior, a TWI apresenta um eixo dextrogiro no plano frontal, com invers&#227;o nas deriva&#231;&#245;es DI e aVL. Em casos raros de isquemia da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, que causa TWI precordial com eixo lev&#243;giro, as invers&#245;es s&#227;o mais profundas em DII, DIII e aVF do que nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais. A estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do ventr&#237;culo direito e do ramo esquerdo do feixe de His gera vetores QRS positivos em DI e aVL, produzindo ondas T positivas nessas deriva&#231;&#245;es e invers&#245;es mais profundas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais em compara&#231;&#227;o com as deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores durante a retomada da condu&#231;&#227;o normal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (MC). No paciente em quest&#227;o, o posicionamento do cateter eletrodo no &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; a base para a morfologia QRS positiva observada em V1 e V2.</p>
      <p>Com base no quadro cl&#237;nico, sua evolu&#231;&#227;o e nos resultados negativos da ultrassonografia card&#237;aca seriada, se concluiu que os sintomas estavam relacionados &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19. Al&#233;m disso, as altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma n&#227;o indicaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de um evento coronariano agudo. Consequentemente, o paciente recebeu alta da cardiologia.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico precoce desse fen&#244;meno evitou a necessidade de exames e procedimentos invasivos desnecess&#225;rios diante de uma altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica sugestiva. O reconhecimento dessa altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica resultou na redu&#231;&#227;o de custos, exames desnecess&#225;rios, procedimentos invasivos e seus riscos, permitindo o tratamento seguro do paciente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O fen&#244;meno da Mem&#243;ria card&#237;aca ou de Chatterjee deve ser reconhecido precocemente para evitar abordagens invasivas desnecess&#225;rias.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Shvilkin A, Huang HD, Josephson ME. Cardiac Memory: Diagnostic Tool in the Making. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2015;8(2):475-82. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.115.002778.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shvilkin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Josephson</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Memory: Diagnostic Tool in the Making</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>475</fpage>
          <lpage>482</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.115.002778</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Grimm W, Luck K, Greene B, Parahuleva M. Cardiac Memory Following Pacemaker Implantation. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol. 2019;30(4):404-8. doi: 10.1007/s00399-019-00646-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grimm</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luck</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greene</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parahuleva</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Memory Following Pacemaker Implantation</article-title>
          <source>Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>404</fpage>
          <lpage>408</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s00399-019-00646-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. White P. Alteration of the Pulse: A Common Clinical Condition. Am J Med Sci. 1915;150:82-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>White</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Alteration of the Pulse: A Common Clinical Condition</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med Sci</source>
          <year>1915</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <fpage>82</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Campbell M. Inversion of t Waves after Long Paroxysms of Tachycardia. Br Heart J. 1942;4(1-2):49-56. doi: 10.1136/hrt.4.1-2.49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inversion of t Waves after Long Paroxysms of Tachycardia</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <year>1942</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>56</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.4.1-2.49</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Chatterjee K, Harris A, Davies G, Leatham A. Electrocardiographic Changes Subsequent to Artificial Ventricular Depolarization. Br Heart J. 1969;31(6):770-9. doi: 10.1136/hrt.31.6.770.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chatterjee</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leatham</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrocardiographic Changes Subsequent to Artificial Ventricular Depolarization</article-title>
          <source>Br Heart J</source>
          <year>1969</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>770</fpage>
          <lpage>779</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.31.6.770</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Rosenbaum MB, Blanco HH, Elizari MV, L&#225;zzari JO, Davidenko JM. Electrotonic Modulation of the T Wave and Cardiac Memory. Am J Cardiol. 1982;50(2):213-22. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)90169-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenbaum</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanco</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elizari</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#225;zzari</surname>
              <given-names>JO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davidenko</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Electrotonic Modulation of the T Wave and Cardiac Memory</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>222</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0002-9149(82)90169-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Tafoya C, Singh A. Cardiac Memory: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Emerg Med. 2019;57(1):85-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.02.018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tafoya</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Memory: A Case Report and Review of the Literature</article-title>
          <source>J Emerg Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jemermed.2019.02.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Viskin S, Chorin E, Schwartz AL, Kukla P, Rosso R. Arrhythmogenic Effects of Cardiac Memory. Circulation. 2022;146(15):1170-81. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061259.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Viskin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chorin</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kukla</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosso</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arrhythmogenic Effects of Cardiac Memory</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1170</fpage>
          <lpage>1181</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061259</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo PU19483923. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250418i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chatterjee Phenomenon: The Heart Remembers What the Mind Forgets</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1329-5229</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Eric</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Domingos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiology Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular and Thoracic Centre &#8211; Cl&#237;nica Girassol, Luanda &#8211; Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Miguel Bernardino Antunes VicentePraceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal Email: miguelantunesv@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
        <kwd>Case Reports</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The Chatterjee phenomenon, also known as cardiac memory (CM), is defined as persistent changes in the T wave on the electrocardiogram after episodes of stimulated rhythms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> These changes become evident when the normal pattern of ventricular activation is reestablished, which is often confused with pathological conditions such as myocarditis, hypertrophy, and ventricular pre-excitation, hydroelectrolytic disorders, and intracranial hypertension, where the most serious scenario is acute myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This nosological entity, observed in about one-third of patients with pacemakers and with a prevalence of around 80% in cases with a high percentage of ventricular stimulation, was first reported exactly 110 years ago by White, who described transient T wave inversion (TWI) after premature ventricular beats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Twenty-five years later, abnormal T waves of varying duration were described after periods of intermittent ventricular pre-excitation, post-ventricular tachycardia syndrome, and ventricular complexes augmented by sodium channel blocker toxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 1969, Kanu Chatterjee et al., in an observational study, described these findings in 39 patients, calling them CM or the Chatterjee phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Rosenbaum et al. proposed the first hypothesis of how abnormal ventricular activation could generate changes in the T wave as a consequence of a mechanism generated by electrical modulation (through implantable cardiac electronic devices).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chatterjee et al. also showed that the duration of TWI is directly proportional to the duration of electrical stimulation (when stimulated for 10 minutes or 2 years, for example, the T wave remains inverted for 10 minutes and approximately 18 months, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The authors report the case of an 85-year-old woman who had an early diagnosis of CM, which avoided unnecessary invasive stratification.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case</title>
        <p>An 85-year-old patient with a history of pacemaker implantation due to tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome and recurrent episodes of syncope. Two weeks after implantation, she was referred to the emergency department, complaining of sharp, somewhat oppressive chest pain without irradiation and a feeling of breathlessness and prostration for two days. Having tested positive for COVID-19, she began targeted treatment and remained hemodynamically stable. The electrocardiogram revealed atrial fibrillation with diffused T-wave inversions in leads DII, DIII, aVF, and V3-V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) ECG: Atrial fibrillation, T wave inversion in DII, DIII, aVF, V3 to V6, Cardiac memory. B) ECG obtained during right ventricular pacing by the pacemaker showed stimulated QRS complexes negative in leads that exhibited new T wave inversions (DII, DIII, aVF, and V3&#8211;V6). C) ECG before pacemaker implantation, atrial fibrillation rhythm with controlled ventricular response.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250418-50418-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The serial ultrasensitive cardiac troponin test was negative. A cardiology assessment was requested to rule out an acute coronary ischemic event. Interrogation of the device revealed VVI mode, with 72% ventricular pacing and a widened QRS (199 ms). The pacing threshold was 0.5 ms, sensitivity was 2.5 mV, and impedance was 684 &#937;, all within normal limits. Stimulated QRS with negative polarity was observed in the leads that showed new TWI. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>). In the pre-implantation electrocardiogram, the basic rhythm was atrial fibrillation with controlled ventricular response (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref>), and it was noted that the current alterations did not correspond to an ischemic event, but rather to the Chatterjee phenomenon or CM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>CM is a condition that can cause confusion in diagnosis, especially among less experienced doctors. When associated with a suggestive clinical presentation, it can easily be confused with acute ischemia, which usually requires immediate invasive treatment. Therefore, emergency professionals must know how to correctly identify or rule it out to avoid unnecessary tests and provide efficient care to patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although CM is believed to be a benign finding, it has been associated with a proarrhythmic status, especially in patients with long QT intervals, due to the high risk of <italic>Torsades de Pointes</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Its pathophysiology is still the subject of many theories, the most widely accepted being that of mechanical stretching and tension of cardiomyocytes, resulting from continuous artificial activation, with consequent synthesis and release of angiotensin II, which regulates the external transient potassium current (Ito) and the expression of potassium channels on the cell surface, decreasing its output from inside the cell and increasing the ventricular repolarization gradient. Subsequently, there is internalization of the angiotensin-1 receptor and a subunit of the potassium channel on the cell surface, leading to its degradation and reducing the density of its functional channels in the current. Therefore, interruptions in this process will understandably lead to changes in the morphology of the T wave, causing it to remain after stimulation for a certain period of time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition, these changes in repolarization promote heterogeneity of cardiac electrical activation, causing cardiac dyssynchrony.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Certain criteria help differentiate TWI in cardiac ischemia from memory. In anterior descending artery ischemia, TWI has a right axis in the frontal plane, with inversion in leads DI and aVL. In rare cases of right coronary artery ischemia, which causes precordial TWI with a left axis, the inversions are deeper in DII, DIII, and aVF than in the precordial leads. Apical stimulation of the right ventricle and left bundle branch generates positive QRS vectors in DI and aVL, producing positive T waves in these leads and deeper inversions in the precordial leads compared to the inferior leads during the resumption of normal conduction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (CM). In the patient in question, the positioning of the electrode catheter at the apex of the right ventricle is the basis for the positive QRS morphology observed in V1 and V2.</p>
        <p>Based on the clinical picture, its evolution, and negative serial ultrasensitive cardiac enzymology, it was concluded that the symptoms were related to COVID-19 infection. In addition, the changes in the electrocardiogram did not indicate the occurrence of an acute coronary event. As a result, the patient was discharged from cardiology.</p>
        <p>The early diagnosis of this phenomenon avoided the need for unnecessary invasive tests and procedures in the face of a suggestive electrocardiographic change. Recognition of this electrocardiographic change resulted in reduced costs, unnecessary tests, invasive procedures, and their risks, allowing for safe treatment of the patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The Cardiac memory or Chatterjee phenomenon should be recognized early to avoid unnecessary invasive approaches.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra under the protocol number PU19483923. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
