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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wsm6V3ZPcrbjSKRkrX79Ycc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000200608</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00608</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da Fibrose Mioc&#225;rdica Intersticial por Histologia e Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca na Valvopatia A&#243;rtica de Grau Importante</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3161-6396</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bello</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Hiromi Silva Matsumoto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demarchi</surname>
            <given-names>Lea M.M.F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriele N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Jos&#233; Tachotti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6521-2870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor E. E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7566-2426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gutierrez</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9964-3289</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;vio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Juliana Hiromi Silva Matsumoto Bello</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Andar AB. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jujuhsm@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250203</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A valvopatia a&#243;rtica pode levar ao ac&#250;mulo de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (FM). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) com realce tardio (RT) avalia a fibrose regional, mas n&#227;o detecta a fibrose intersticial, que pode ser estimada pelo volume extracelular (VEC) utilizando T1 nativo (pr&#233;-contraste) e p&#243;s-contraste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar a FM medida pela fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno (FVC) em bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica com RT e VEC em pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica de grau importante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 108 pacientes submetidos &#224; troca valvar a&#243;rtica com bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica e RMC pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria foi inclu&#237;do. RT e VEC foram comparados com FVC por meio dos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou Spearman, an&#225;lise de desempenho diagn&#243;stico e testes de concord&#226;ncia. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Aumento da FVC foi observado em 96% dos pacientes (21,9 &#177; 5,5%), RT em 44% (1,3 &#177; 3%) e aumento do VEC em 33,3% (29,0 &#177; 4,0%). Correla&#231;&#245;es moderadas foram encontradas entre RT e FVC e entre VEC e FVC (r = 0,44 e r = 0,36, respectivamente; p = 0,001). RT e VEC demonstraram sensibilidades de 64,8% e 40,7%, especificidades de 77,8% e 74,1% e acur&#225;cias de 71% e 57%, respectivamente, utilizando FVC acima da mediana como refer&#234;ncia para FM. A concord&#226;ncia entre FVC e VEC revelou uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de &#8722;0,167 e um valor de kappa de Cohen de 0,171.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A RMC detecta FM em pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica de grau importante confirmada por bi&#243;psia. RT e VEC apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o moderada com a FVC. A an&#225;lise combinada de RT e VEC pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es complementares; no entanto, estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar seu impacto progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <p>FVC: fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno; RT: realce tardio; VEC: volume extracelular.</p>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/wsm6V3ZPcrbjSKRkrX79Ycc/14ca06dfc7d5f628624e0fce5726f63ca2d5a233.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/wsm6V3ZPcrbjSKRkrX79Ycc/15fc40e36959fb21d367f153d85f10adf962d9d6.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/wsm6V3ZPcrbjSKRkrX79Ycc/6a4a3452598fac15fd25cb8852bac2cd0616bf7b.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Valvopatia A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose</kwd>
        <kwd>Imageamento por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Histologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="22"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A valvopatia a&#243;rtica est&#225; associada a significativa morbidade e mortalidade, e sua preval&#234;ncia tem aumentado devido ao envelhecimento populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o pode se apresentar como estenose a&#243;rtica (EAo) ou insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica (IAo)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e resulta em sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica cont&#237;nua do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Essa sobrecarga desencadeia mecanismos adaptativos de hipertrofia e deposi&#231;&#227;o progressiva de fibrose,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> que podem ser revers&#237;veis em est&#225;gios iniciais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mas podem tornar-se irrevers&#237;veis em fases avan&#231;adas, particularmente devido &#224; deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose pode ser realizada utilizando a fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno (FVC), medida por colora&#231;&#227;o com Picrosirius red em amostras de bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essa t&#233;cnica &#233; relativamente custo-efetiva e pode ser combinada com an&#225;lise digital de imagens para melhorar a precis&#227;o da quantifica&#231;&#227;o e reduzir a depend&#234;ncia do operador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> No entanto, a bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o &#233; rotineiramente realizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para doen&#231;as valvares devido ao seu car&#225;ter invasivo, sendo, portanto, restrita a ambientes de pesquisa.</p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) permite a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (FM) regional por meio do realce tardio (RT). Na valvopatia a&#243;rtica, a presen&#231;a de FM tem sido associada a pior progn&#243;stico, conforme demonstrado por Debl et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e Weidemann et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nigri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> relataram boa acur&#225;cia da an&#225;lise qualitativa do RT na valvopatia a&#243;rtica de grau importante quando comparada &#224; histopatologia. Azevedo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> demonstraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre a an&#225;lise quantitativa do RT e a FVC (r = 0,69, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica do mapa T1 permite a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose intersticial e pode ser mais sens&#237;vel que o RT para identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O volume extracelular (VEC) mioc&#225;rdico reflete a fra&#231;&#227;o do tecido que n&#227;o &#233; composta por c&#233;lulas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Flett et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> demonstraram sua correla&#231;&#227;o com achados histopatol&#243;gicos em 18 pacientes com EAo. No entanto, um estudo de 2018 n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre VEC e FVC em 133 pacientes com EAo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> embora tanto o RT quanto o VEC tenham sido associados a pior capacidade funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de estudos avaliando FM, particularmente na IAo, este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a fibrose intersticial na valvopatia a&#243;rtica grave utilizando a FVC e compar&#225;-la com medidas derivadas da RMC, incluindo RT, T1 nativo e VEC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este subestudo incluiu pacientes recrutados em dois estudos observacionais prospectivos envolvendo indiv&#237;duos acompanhados na Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Valvopatias do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Ambos estudos foram aprovados pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa com seres humanos da institui&#231;&#227;o. Participaram pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 75 anos, portadores de valvopatia a&#243;rtica cr&#244;nica de grau importante (predominantemente EAo ou IAo), independentemente da etiologia, e com indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico valvar a&#243;rtico com base na Diretriz Brasileira de Valvopatias &#8211; SBC 2011/I Diretriz Interamericana de Valvopatias &#8211; SIAC 2011.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Ambos os estudos originais j&#225; foram previamente publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram recrutados entre junho de 2014 e setembro de 2019, ap&#243;s receberem informa&#231;&#245;es completas sobre o protocolo do estudo e seus potenciais riscos e ap&#243;s assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram desist&#234;ncia do paciente em qualquer momento; doen&#231;a valvar mitral associada maior que de grau leve; diabetes melito em uso de insulina; Clearance de creatinina estimada (calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Cockcroft-Gault) &lt; 60 mL/min; claustrofobia que impedisse a realiza&#231;&#227;o da RMC; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica que impedisse a realiza&#231;&#227;o da RMC; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou outras arritmias card&#237;acas que prejudicassem a qualidade do mapa T1; e presen&#231;a de dispositivos met&#225;licos contraindicados para RMC ou que gerassem artefatos que limitassem a avalia&#231;&#227;o do mapa T1.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste subestudo atenderam aos mesmos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o dos estudos originais; no entanto, apenas aqueles com mapa T1 avali&#225;vel na RMC e amostras adequadas de bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>Entre os 143 pacientes inclu&#237;dos nos 2 estudos prim&#225;rios, 15 n&#227;o apresentaram mapas T1 com qualidade suficiente para an&#225;lise, e 20 n&#227;o possu&#237;am amostras de bi&#243;psia avali&#225;veis devido a limita&#231;&#245;es intraoperat&#243;rias ou quantidade insuficiente de tecido para an&#225;lise adequada. Isso resultou em uma amostra final de 108 pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica de grau importante submetidos &#224; RMC pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria com mapa T1 e bi&#243;psia mioc&#225;rdica avali&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fluxograma do estudo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca: aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens</title>
        <p>As imagens foram adquiridas em um equipamento de 1,5 T (Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Amsterd&#227;, Holanda), com os pacientes em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, utilizando bobina de corpo e sincroniza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica retrospectiva. A RMC foi realizada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, at&#233; 90 dias antes da cirurgia.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a FM, as imagens de RT foram obtidas por meio de sequ&#234;ncias gradiente-eco com pulsos preparat&#243;rios de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e reconstru&#231;&#245;es sens&#237;veis &#224; fase (phase-sensitive inversion recovery - PSIR), com a finalidade de ajustar o tempo de invers&#227;o, a fim de anular o sinal do mioc&#225;rdio normal (par&#226;metros utilizados: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o: 6,1 ms; tempo de eco: 3,0 ms; flip angle 25&#176;; resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial: 1,5 x 2,0 x 8,0 mm). As imagens de RT foram adquiridas ap&#243;s um tempo m&#237;nimo de 10 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio intravenoso (Dotarem, Guerbet, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, Fran&#231;a) na dose de 0,2 mmol/kg (0,4 mL/kg).</p>
        <p>O T1 nativo (pr&#233;-contraste) e p&#243;s-contraste foi realizado utilizando sequ&#234;ncia de pulso conhecida como MOLLI (modified inversion recovery Look-Locker)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> &#233; baseada em m&#233;todo proposto por Look e Locker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Consiste em sequ&#234;ncia de pulso de gradiente-eco com leitura em SSFP (Steady State Free Precession) e n&#227;o segmentada do K-space (single-shot), precedida de pulsos de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o. O que permite a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens em apenas uma pausa respirat&#243;ria. Este esquema de sequ&#234;ncia MOLLI, conhecido como cl&#225;ssico &#233; o mais utilizado na literatura, adquirido em pausa respirat&#243;ria de 17 batimentos e gera 11 imagens a diferentes tempos do pulso de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o. Esta sequ&#234;ncia utilizou o esquema conhecido com 3(3)3(3)5, que indicam 3 batimentos com aquisi&#231;&#227;o seguidos de 3 batimentos de pausa, mais 3 batimentos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o, seguidos de 3 batimentos de pausa, e finalmente 5 batimentos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o. Os par&#226;metros utilizados foram: espessura de 10 mm, campo de vis&#227;o 300 x 300 mm, matriz 152 x 150, flip angle 40&#186;, tempo de invers&#227;o (TI) m&#237;nimo de 60 ms e incremento de TI 150 ms.</p>
        <p>Para o mapa T1, imagens em eixo curto do VE foram adquiridas nas por&#231;&#245;es basal, medial e apical.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca: an&#225;lise das imagens</title>
        <p>Todas as imagens foram armazenadas no formato <italic>Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine</italic> (DICOM) e analisadas com <italic>software</italic> comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (CVi42, vers&#227;o 5.13.5; Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc., Calgary, Canad&#225;).</p>
        <p>O RT mioc&#225;rdico foi quantificado por meio de uma t&#233;cnica semiautomatizada baseada em limiar, definindo fibrose como intensidade de sinal &gt; 5 desvios-padr&#227;o (DPs) acima do sinal m&#233;dio do mioc&#225;rdio remoto visualmente normal. O <italic>software</italic> forneceu a massa de RT (g), que tamb&#233;m foi expressa como porcentagem da massa total do VE.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de T1 foi realizada delineando-se uma regi&#227;o de interesse no mioc&#225;rdio com base nos contornos endoc&#225;rdico e epic&#225;rdico, excluindo estruturas extracard&#237;acas e a cavidade ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref>). As medidas foram obtidas para cada segmento das por&#231;&#245;es basal, medial e apical. Os valores de T1 foram calculados utilizando um modelo exponencial e corrigidos para a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A partir dos valores obtidos, o VEC mioc&#225;rdico foi calculado de acordo com a seguinte f&#243;rmula:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o do RT mioc&#225;rdico. Imagens em eixo curto mostrando a mensura&#231;&#227;o do RT em um participante representativo do estudo. RT: realce tardio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <boxed-text id="box1">
          <disp-formula id="eq1">
            <mml:math display="block" id="eqm1">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mtext>VEC</mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mtext>hemat&#243;crito</mml:mtext>
                <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mtext>mio-p&#243;s</mml:mtext>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mtext>mio-pr&#233;</mml:mtext>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mtext>sg-p&#243;s</mml:mtext>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mtext>sg-pr&#233;</mml:mtext>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfrac>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>VEC: Volume extracelular do mioc&#225;rdio (volume de distribui&#231;&#227;o extracelular do contraste do mioc&#225;rdio)</p>
          <p>(1/T1)<sub>mio-p&#243;s</sub>: inverso do T1 mioc&#225;rdio ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste</p>
          <p>(1/T1)<sub>mio-pr&#233;</sub>: inverso do T1 mioc&#225;rdio antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste</p>
          <p>(1/T1)<sub>sg-p&#243;s</sub>: inverso do T1 sangu&#237;neo ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste</p>
          <p>(1/T1)<sub>sg-pr&#233;</sub>: inverso do T1 sangu&#237;neo antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste</p>
        </boxed-text>
        <p>O VEC representa a fra&#231;&#227;o do tecido mioc&#225;rdico composta pelo espa&#231;o extracelular e, portanto, reflete a FM difusa/intersticial. No mesmo dia da RMC, foi obtida uma amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico para an&#225;lise de hemograma completo; o hemat&#243;crito foi utilizado na f&#243;rmula.</p>
        <p>O T1 nativo e o VEC foram quantificados em regi&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas sem RT, e os valores globais foram calculados como a m&#233;dia dos segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos analisados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas segmentares de T1 nativo e p&#243;s-contraste e suas respectivas curvas de relaxamento. Cortes em eixo curto card&#237;aco e curvas de relaxamento de T1 nativo em um participante representativo do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Imagens de mapa T1 e VEC em um participante representativo do estudo. Cortes em eixo curto card&#237;aco ilustrando uma escala de cores graduada correspondente aos valores locais medidos. VEC: volume extracelular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Bi&#243;psia endomioc&#225;rdica</title>
        <p>Durante o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valvopatia a&#243;rtica, foi obtido um fragmento endomioc&#225;rdico pesando entre 25 e 50 mg do septo interventricular basal, abaixo da comissura entre os folhetos coronarianos esquerdo e direito. O fragmento foi fixado em formalina tamponada a 10% por 24 horas e enviado ao laborat&#243;rio institucional de patologia para processamento rotineiro e inclus&#227;o em parafina.</p>
        <p>Cortes com 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>m de espessura foram realizados e corados com hematoxilina e eosina para avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica padr&#227;o e com Picrosirius red para avalia&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose intersticial. O Picrosirius red cora col&#225;geno tipo I e tipo III em tons de vermelho. As imagens histol&#243;gicas foram capturadas utilizando uma c&#226;mera AxioCam HR (Carl Zeiss, Alemanha) acoplada a um microsc&#243;pio Axio Imager A1 (Carl Zeiss, Alemanha), integrados ao software AxioVision (vers&#227;o 4.6; Carl Zeiss, Alemanha) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 5</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Etapa inicial da quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose intersticial na histologia. Campo corado com Picrosirius red antes da quantifica&#231;&#227;o automatizada. A fibrose intersticial aparece em vermelho escuro; os mi&#243;citos aparecem p&#225;lidos com n&#250;cleos azulados. O observador seleciona o tom vermelho a ser quantificado como fibrose.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose intersticial na histologia. O mesmo campo mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 5</xref> ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o automatizada, com as &#225;reas de col&#225;geno destacadas em verde. Ajustes finos manuais foram realizados quando necess&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As imagens foram adquiridas aleatoriamente com aumento de 400&#215;, com um m&#237;nimo de 10 e um m&#225;ximo de 20 campos por l&#226;mina. Regi&#245;es contendo vasos &gt; 50 <italic>&#181;</italic>mde di&#226;metro e &#225;reas com &gt; 50% de fibrose foram exclu&#237;das para evitar fibrose consolidada e regi&#245;es com grande retra&#231;&#227;o tecidual. O endoc&#225;rdio n&#227;o foi analisado. A avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativa da fibrose intersticial foi realizada pelo c&#225;lculo da FVC mioc&#225;rdica por histomorfometria computadorizada, expressa como a porcentagem da &#225;rea de col&#225;geno intersticial em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea total de mioc&#225;rdio analisada em cada amostra.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As estat&#237;sticas descritivas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; DP quando normalmente distribu&#237;das e como mediana (intervalo interquartil [IIQ]) quando n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das.</p>
        <p>A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro&#8211;Wilk, e os testes estat&#237;sticos subsequentes foram selecionados de acordo. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre as m&#233;tricas de fibrose derivadas da RMC (medidas baseadas em mapa T1 e RT) e a histopatologia foram avaliadas por regress&#227;o linear e pelos coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson ou Spearman, conforme apropriado. Os pressupostos da regress&#227;o linear foram avaliados e, embora o teste estat&#237;stico tenha indicado viola&#231;&#227;o da normalidade dos res&#237;duos em algumas compara&#231;&#245;es, as an&#225;lises visuais n&#227;o apontaram desvios relevantes. Considerando o tamanho da amostra, o modelo foi utilizado para an&#225;lise, e os resultados interpretados com a devida cautela.</p>
        <p>O desempenho diagn&#243;stico da RMC para detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose histol&#243;gica foi avaliado por meio de curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC, em ingl&#234;s), com c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC, em ingl&#234;s) e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (ICs 95%). A concord&#226;ncia entre os m&#233;todos de detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose foi avaliada por an&#225;lise de Bland&#8211;Altman e, quando aplic&#225;vel, pelo coeficiente kappa de Cohen.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o Stata/SE 13 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, EUA). Todos os testes foram bicaudais, e a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>Dos 108 indiv&#237;duos com valvopatia a&#243;rtica de grau importante, 28 (26%) apresentavam IAo. A mediana de idade foi de 63 anos, e 65% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias (n = 108)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63 (56&#8211;70)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70 (65%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,08 &#177; 0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (22%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71 (66%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 (37%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, mediana (intervalo interquartil) para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal e valores absolutos e percentuais para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica da fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno</title>
        <p>A FVC mioc&#225;rdica m&#233;dia na amostra do estudo foi de 21,9 &#177; 5,5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A FM intersticial foi considerada patologicamente aumentada quando a FVC excedia a m&#233;dia mais 2 DPs dos valores observados em um grupo controle, correspondendo a um valor de refer&#234;ncia de 9,6%, conforme previamente estabelecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No entanto, como os valores m&#233;dios de FVC nesta coorte foram marcadamente superiores a esse valor de refer&#234;ncia, a mediana da FVC foi adotada como ponto de corte para fibrose anormal (&#8805; 22,25%), resultando em 54 pacientes classificados com FVC aumentada. Esse limiar &#233; consistente com valores clinicamente relevantes relatados em pesquisas anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o da fibrose por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e histologia</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia/mediana</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RT (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0&#8211;1,74)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">VEC global sem RT (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29 &#177; 4,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FVC (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22 &#177; 5,50</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e mediana (intervalo interquartil) para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. FVC: fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno; RT: realce tardio; VEC: volume extracelular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Utilizando o valor de refer&#234;ncia de 9,6%, 96% dos pacientes (n = 104) da amostra total apresentaram FVC aumentada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fibrose mioc&#225;rdica macrosc&#243;pica</title>
        <p>A FM regional detectada pelo RT esteve presente em 44% dos pacientes (n = 47). A mediana da porcentagem de RT em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa total do VE foi 0 (IIQ, 0&#8211;1,74), com valor m&#233;dio de 1,3% na amostra global (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume extracelular: fibrose intersticial</title>
        <p>Os valores m&#233;dios de VEC medidos em regi&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas sem RT foram de 29 &#177; 4% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Utilizando um valor de refer&#234;ncia de 30%, 32% dos pacientes (n = 35) apresentaram VEC elevado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas de fibrose derivadas da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e a fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno</title>
        <p>Devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica dos valores de RT e &#224; presen&#231;a de outliers identificados na an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria, utilizou-se a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre RT e FVC. Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada e estatisticamente significativa entre RT e FVC (&#961; = 0,44; p &lt; 0,001), indicando uma associa&#231;&#227;o monot&#244;nica. Tamb&#233;m foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre VEC e FVC (r = 0,36; p = 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os par&#226;metros de fibrose derivados da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca e a fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#961;/r</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RT global (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,44</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">VEC global sem RT (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>FVC: fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno; RT: realce tardio; VEC: volume extracelular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figura 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o linear entre RT e FVC. FVC: fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno; VEC: volume extracelular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desempenho diagn&#243;stico da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A sensibilidade do RT para detectar FM confirmada histologicamente foi de 64,8%, com especificidade de 77,8%, acur&#225;cia de 71% e AUC de 0,73 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Desempenho diagn&#243;stico do realce tardio para detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose histol&#243;gica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Estimativa (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64,80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50,60&#8211;77,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Especificidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77,80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64,40&#8211;88,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Acur&#225;cia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62,00&#8211;80,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">AUC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,68&#8211;0,78</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva ROC do RT para predi&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica por bi&#243;psia. FVC: fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno; ROC: caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor; RT: realce tardio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf08.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O desempenho diagn&#243;stico do VEC para identificar FVC aumentada (&#8805; 22,25%) apresentou sensibilidade de 40,7%, especificidade de 74,1%, acur&#225;cia de 57% e AUC de 0,574. A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia pelo m&#233;todo de Bland&#8211;Altman demonstrou vi&#233;s m&#233;dio de &#8722;0,167 (IC 95%, &#8722;0,288 a &#8722;0,046). Os limites de concord&#226;ncia exibiram um padr&#227;o trapezoidal, indicando vi&#233;s proporcional e aumento da variabilidade com valores m&#233;dios mais elevados. O coeficiente kappa de Cohen foi baixo (0,171), indicando concord&#226;ncia muito fraca entre o VEC e as medidas histol&#243;gicas de fibrose. Esses achados destacam limita&#231;&#245;es importantes na concord&#226;ncia que devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do VEC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 9</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 10</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) do volume extracelular para predi&#231;&#227;o de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica histol&#243;gica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Estimativa (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sensibilidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28&#8211;55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Especificidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60,30&#8211;85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Acur&#225;cia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48&#8211;67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">AUC</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,57</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,49&#8211;0,66</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figura 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) comparando FVC e VEC. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva ROC; FVC: fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno; VEC: volume extracelular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf09.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figura 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia de Bland&#8211;Altman entre FVC e VEC. FVC: fra&#231;&#227;o de volume de col&#225;geno; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; VEC: volume extracelular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf10.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo, resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>, s&#227;o consistentes com pesquisas anteriores ao demonstrar uma carga substancial de FM em pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica de grau importante. No entanto, uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante refere-se ao local de coleta da bi&#243;psia. A obten&#231;&#227;o de tecido foi restrita ao septo interventricular, resultando em uma amostra limitada que pode ter restringido a avalia&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica, considerando que apenas um &#250;nico fragmento mioc&#225;rdico foi obtido durante a cirurgia. Estudos pr&#233;vios relataram correla&#231;&#245;es mais fortes entre VEC e histologia quando m&#250;ltiplos (n = 16) blocos de tecido de diferentes segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos foram analisados, como em investiga&#231;&#245;es com cora&#231;&#245;es explantados de pacientes com cardiomiopatia dilatada ou isqu&#234;mica submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a FM na valvopatia a&#243;rtica n&#227;o se limita ao septo interventricular, o que pode reduzir ainda mais a representatividade de uma &#250;nica bi&#243;psia septal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A m&#233;dia da FVC observada nesta coorte (22 &#177; 5,5%) reflete um est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado de remodelamento intersticial. Esse achado &#233; consistente com estudos anteriores que indicam que a sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica cr&#244;nica desempenha papel central na ativa&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos de hipertrofia e na deposi&#231;&#227;o de matriz extracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da fibrose por RMC mostrou correla&#231;&#245;es moderadas entre RT e FVC (r = 0,44; p &lt; 0,001), bem como entre VEC e FVC (r = 0,36; p = 0,001). Esses resultados s&#227;o direcionalmente consistentes com os relatados por Azevedo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que demonstraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre RT e FVC (r = 0,69; p &lt; 0,001). A menor magnitude de correla&#231;&#227;o observada no presente estudo pode ser explicada por diferen&#231;as metodol&#243;gicas na quantifica&#231;&#227;o do RT e pela maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com EAo inclu&#237;dos nesta coorte.</p>
      <p>A FM macrosc&#243;pica detectada pelo RT esteve presente em 44% dos pacientes, sustentando o conceito de que a deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno em est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da valvopatia a&#243;rtica &#233; heterog&#234;nea e regionalmente distribu&#237;da, conforme descrito por Nigri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, o RT apresentou sensibilidade de 64,8%, especificidade de 77,8%, acur&#225;cia global de 71% e AUC de 0,73 para a detec&#231;&#227;o de fibrose histol&#243;gica. Esses achados indicam que, embora o RT seja uma ferramenta valiosa para identificar FM, pode subestimar a carga total de fibrose intersticial, particularmente em pacientes sem extensa deposi&#231;&#227;o focal de col&#225;geno.</p>
      <p>O VEC apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o moderada com a FVC, em contraste com um estudo de 2018 que n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre VEC e FVC, possivelmente porque aquela coorte era composta exclusivamente por pacientes com EAo, ao contr&#225;rio da popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo. Ainda assim, o VEC demonstrou desempenho diagn&#243;stico inferior ao do RT (AUC = 0,57), com sensibilidade de 40,7% e especificidade de 74,1%. A sensibilidade reduzida do VEC pode ser parcialmente atribu&#237;da &#224; heterogeneidade da fibrose, uma vez que essa t&#233;cnica quantifica a expans&#227;o do espa&#231;o extracelular sem distinguir diretamente o col&#225;geno de outros componentes intersticiais. A an&#225;lise de Bland&#8211;Altman revelou um vi&#233;s m&#233;dio de &#8722;0,167 (IC 95%, &#8722;0,288 a &#8722;0,046), indicando leve subestima&#231;&#227;o da fibrose pelo VEC. A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia apresentou baixo valor de kappa de Cohen (0,171), indicando concord&#226;ncia apenas fraca entre VEC e FVC.</p>
      <p>De modo geral, os par&#226;metros derivados do mapa T1 destacam o papel da RMC n&#227;o apenas como modalidade diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o invasiva, mas tamb&#233;m como ferramenta para ampliar a compreens&#227;o da fisiopatologia da valvopatia a&#243;rtica, particularmente dos mecanismos de remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico e forma&#231;&#227;o de fibrose. As correla&#231;&#245;es moderadas observadas entre os par&#226;metros derivados da RMC e a FVC sustentam sua aplicabilidade na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da FM e potencialmente na avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal. Estudos recentes tamb&#233;m demonstraram associa&#231;&#245;es entre VEC e desfechos progn&#243;sticos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios em pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica, especialmente quando o VEC &#233; indexado &#224; massa do VE, o que refor&#231;a a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica potencial dessas medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A FVC encontra-se marcadamente aumentada na valvopatia a&#243;rtica de grau importante, apesar da limita&#231;&#227;o amostral inerente &#224; coleta por bi&#243;psia restrita ao septo interventricular. Esses achados destacam a moderada especificidade, mas baixa sensibilidade do VEC para a detec&#231;&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, indicando que, embora o VEC possa auxiliar na exclus&#227;o de fibrose avan&#231;ada, seu uso como marcador diagn&#243;stico isolado para fibrose intersticial permanece limitado.</p>
      <p>De modo geral, nossos resultados refor&#231;am que a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica &#233; um processo multifatorial e que as t&#233;cnicas baseadas em imagem apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes na sua detec&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o. A avalia&#231;&#227;o combinada utilizando RT e VEC pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es complementares, particularmente para a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da fibrose intersticial. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar o impacto progn&#243;stico dessas medidas na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da valvopatia a&#243;rtica e para avaliar o potencial do mapa T1 como marcador mais sens&#237;vel de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica precoce. Este estudo ressalta a relev&#226;ncia da RMC na avalia&#231;&#227;o da fibrose e da microestrutura mioc&#225;rdicas como fator no entendimento do remodelamento ventricular e com potencial impacto na escolha terap&#234;utica e seu melhor momento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Juliana Hiromi Silva Matsumoto Bello pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa - CAPPesq sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 10216613.4.0000.0068. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicinada Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Juliana Hiromi Silva Matsumoto Bello</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Andar AB. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>jujuhsm@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Aortic valve disease may lead to the accumulation of myocardial fibrosis (MF). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) evaluates regional fibrosis but does not detect interstitial fibrosis, which can be estimated by extracellular volume (ECV) using native (pre-contrast) and post-contrast T1 mapping.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare MF measured by collagen volume fraction (CVF) in myocardial biopsy with LGE and ECV in patients with severe aortic valve disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 108 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with myocardial biopsy and preoperative CMR were included. LGE and ECV were compared with CVF using Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients, diagnostic performance analysis, and agreement testing. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Increased CVF was observed in 96% of patients (21.9 &#177; 5.5%), LGE in 44% (1.3 &#177; 3%), and increased ECV in 33.3% (29.0 &#177; 4.0%). Moderate correlations were found between LGE and CVF and between ECV and CVF (r = 0.44 and r = 0.36, respectively; p = 0.001). LGE and ECV demonstrated sensitivities of 64.8% and 40.7%, specificities of 77.8% and 74.1%, and accuracies of 71% and 57%, respectively, using CVF above the median as the reference for MF. Agreement between CVF and ECV revealed a mean difference of &#8722;0.167 and a Cohen's kappa value of 0.171.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>CMR detects MF in patients with severe aortic valve disease confirmed by biopsy. LGE and ECV show moderate correlation with CVF. Combined analysis of LGE and ECV may provide complementary information; however, additional studies are needed to determine their prognostic impact.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f12">
            <p>CVF: collagen volume fraction; ECV: extracellular volume; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Histology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Aortic valve disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence has increased due to population aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This condition may present as aortic stenosis (AS) or aortic regurgitation (AR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and results in continuous hemodynamic overload of the left ventricle (LV). This overload triggers adaptive hypertrophic mechanisms and progressive fibrotic deposition,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> which may be reversible in earlier stages<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> but can become irreversible in advanced phases, particularly due to interstitial fibrosis deposition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Fibrosis quantification can be performed using collagen volume fraction (CVF) measured by Picrosirius red staining in myocardial biopsy samples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This technique is relatively cost-effective and can be combined with digital image analysis to improve quantification accuracy and reduce operator dependency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> However, myocardial biopsy is not routinely performed in clinical practice for valvular disease due to its invasive nature and is therefore mainly restricted to research settings.</p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) enables quantification of regional myocardial fibrosis (MF) through late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). In aortic valve disease, the presence of MF has been associated with worse prognosis, as demonstrated in studies by Debl et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and by Weidemann et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nigri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported good accuracy of qualitative LGE analysis in severe aortic valve disease when compared with histopathology. Azevedo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> demonstrated a strong correlation between quantitative LGE analysis and CVF(r = 0.69, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <p>T1 mapping allows detection of interstitial fibrosis and may be more sensitive than LGE for early identification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Myocardial extracellular volume (ECV) reflects the tissue fraction that is not composed of cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Flett et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> demonstrated its correlation with histopathological findings in 18 patients with AS. However, a 2018 study found no association between ECV and CVF in 133 patients with AS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> although both LGE and ECV were associated with worse functional capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because of the limited number of studies evaluating MF, particularly in AR, this study aimed to characterize interstitial fibrosis in severe aortic valve disease using CVF and to compare it with CMR-derived measures, including LGE, native T1 mapping, and ECV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This sub-study included patients enrolled in two prospective observational studies involving individuals followed at the Valvular Heart Disease Clinical Unit of the Heart Institute of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Medical School. Both studies were approved by the institutional human research ethics committee. Participants included patients aged between 18 and 75 years of either sex with chronic severe aortic valve disease (predominantly AS or AR), regardless of etiology, and with an indication for surgical aortic valve treatment based on the Brazilian Guidelines for Heart Valve Disease &#8211; 2011/I Inter-American Guideline for Heart Valve Disease &#8211; 2011 SIAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Both original studies have been previously published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients were recruited between June 2014 and September 2019 after receiving full information about the study protocol and its potential risks and after providing written informed consent. Exclusion criteria included patient withdrawal at any time; associated mitral valve disease greater than mild severity; insulin-treated diabetes mellitus; estimated creatinine clearance (calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation) &lt; 60 mL/min; claustrophobia preventing CMR; hemodynamic instability preventing CMR; atrial fibrillation or other cardiac arrhythmias that impaired T1 mapping quality; and the presence of metallic devices contraindicating CMR or causing artifacts that limited T1 map evaluation.</p>
        <p>Patients included in this sub-study met the same inclusion and exclusion criteria as the original studies; however, only those with evaluable T1 mapping on CMR and adequate myocardial biopsy samples were included.</p>
        <p>Among the 143 patients enrolled in the 2 primary studies, 15 did not have T1 maps of sufficient quality for analysis, and 20 did not have evaluable biopsy samples due to intraoperative limitations or insufficient tissue for adequate analysis. This resulted in a final sample of 108 patients with severe aortic valve disease who underwent preoperative CMR with analyzable T1 mapping and evaluable myocardial biopsy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study flowchart of patient selection and inclusion criteria. CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance: image acquisition</title>
          <p>Images were acquired on a 1.5-T scanner (Achieva, Philips Healthcare, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) with patients in the supine position, using a body coil and retrospective electrocardiographic gating. CMR was performed preoperatively, up to 90 days before surgery.</p>
          <p>To assess myocardial fibrosis, LGE imaging was obtained using gradient-echo sequences with inversion-recovery preparation pulses<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and phase-sensitive inversion recovery reconstruction, allowing adjustment of the inversion time to null signal from normal myocardium (repetition time, 6.1 ms; echo time, 3.0 ms; flip angle, 25&#176;; spatial resolution, 1.5 &#215; 2.0 &#215; 8.0 mm). LGE images were acquired at least 10 minutes after intravenous administration of a gadolinium-based contrast agent (Dotarem, Guerbet, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France) at a dose of 0.2 mmol/kg (0.4 mL/kg).</p>
          <p>Native (pre-contrast) and post-contrast T1 mapping were performed using the modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) sequence,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> based on the method originally described by Look and Locker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This approach uses a gradient-echo readout with single-shot, non-segmented k-space acquisition under steady-state free precession, preceded by inversion-recovery pulses, enabling image acquisition within a single breath-hold. The MOLLI scheme used in this study was the classic 3(3)3(3)5 protocol, acquired over a 17&#8211;heartbeat breath-hold and yielding 11 images at different inversion times. This scheme consists of 3 beats with image acquisition followed by 3 recovery beats, then another 3 acquisition beats followed by 3 recovery beats, and finally 5 acquisition beats. Imaging parameters were as follows: slice thickness, 10 mm; field of view, 300 &#215; 300 mm; matrix, 152 &#215; 150; flip angle, 40&#176;; minimum inversion time, 60 ms; inversion-time increment, 150 ms.</p>
          <p>For T1 mapping, short-axis images of the LV were acquired at basal, mid-ventricular, and apical levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac magnetic resonance: image analysis</title>
          <p>All images were stored in Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine format and analyzed using commercially available software (CVi42, version 5.13.5; Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc, Calgary, Canada).</p>
          <p>Myocardial LGE was quantified using a semi-automated threshold-based technique, defining fibrosis as signal intensity &gt; 5 standard deviations (SDs) above the mean signal of remote, visually normal myocardium. The software provided LGE mass (g), which was also expressed as a percentage of total LV mass.</p>
          <p>T1 analysis was performed by delineating a region of interest in the myocardium based on endocardial and epicardial contours, while excluding extracardiac structures and the ventricular cavity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 2</xref>). Measurements were obtained for each segment at basal, mid-ventricular, and apical levels. T1 values were derived using an exponential model and corrected for heart rate. Using the resulting T1 values, myocardial ECV was calculated according to the following formula:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f14">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Quantification of myocardial LGE. Short-axis images showing LGE measurement in a representative study participant. LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <boxed-text id="box2">
            <disp-formula id="eq2">
              <mml:math display="block" id="eqm2">
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mtext>ECV</mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mtext>hematocrit</mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mtext>X</mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:msub>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mtext>post-myocardial</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msub>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:msub>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mtext>pre-myocardial</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msub>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:msub>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mtext>post-blood</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msub>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:msub>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mtext>T</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mtext>pre-blood</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msub>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:math>
            </disp-formula>
            <p>ECV: Extracellular myocardial volume (extracellular distribution volume of contrast in the myocardium)</p>
            <p>(1/T1)<sub>post-myocardial</sub>: inverse of myocardial T1 after contrast injection</p>
            <p>(1/T1)<sub>pre-myocardial</sub>: inverse of myocardial T1 before contrast injection</p>
            <p>(1/T1)<sub>post-blood</sub>: inverse of blood T1 after contrast injection</p>
            <p>(1/T1)<sub>pre-blood</sub>: inverse of blood T1 before contrast injection</p>
          </boxed-text>
          <p>ECV represents the fraction of myocardial tissue composed of extracellular space and therefore reflects diffuse/interstitial myocardial fibrosis. On the same day as CMR, a peripheral blood sample was obtained for complete blood count analysis; hematocrit was used in <xref ref-type="disp-formula" rid="eq1">Equation (1)</xref>.</p>
          <p>Native T1 and ECV were quantified in myocardial regions without LGE, and global values were calculated as the mean of the analyzed myocardial segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figure 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figure 4</xref>)).</p>
          <fig id="f15">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Segmental native and post-contrast T1 measurements and corresponding relaxation curves. Short-axis views and native T1 relaxation curves in a representative study participant.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f16">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>T1 mapping and ECV images in a representative study participant. Short-axis views illustrating a graded color scale corresponding to the local measured values. ECV: extracellular volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endomyocardial biopsy</title>
          <p>During surgical treatment of aortic valve disease, an endomyocardial specimen weighing 25&#8211;50 mg was obtained from the basal interventricular septum, below the commissure between the left and right coronary cusps. The specimen was fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 hours and sent to the institutional pathology laboratory for routine processing and paraffin embedding.</p>
          <p>Sections 5 <italic>&#181;</italic>m thick were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for standard histological assessment and with Picrosirius red for evaluation and quantification of interstitial fibrosis. Picrosirius red stains type I and type III collagen in red hues. Histological images were captured using an AxioCam HR camera (Carl Zeiss, Germany) coupled to an Axio Imager A1 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Germany), integrated with AxioVision software (version 4.6; Carl Zeiss, Germany) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figures 5</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f17">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Initial step of interstitial fibrosis quantification in histology. Picrosirius red&#8211;stained field before automated quantification. Interstitial fibrosis appears as dark red; myocytes appear pale with bluish nuclei. The observer selects the red hue to be quantified as fibrosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f18">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Interstitial fibrosis quantification in histology. The same field shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figure 5</xref> after automated detection, with collagen areas highlighted in green. Manual fine adjustments were performed when needed.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Images were acquired randomly at 400&#215; magnification, with a minimum of 10 and a maximum of 20 fields per slide. Regions containing vessels &gt; 50 <italic>&#181;</italic>m in diameter and areas with &gt; 50% fibrosis were excluded to avoid consolidated scar and regions with prominent tissue retraction artifacts. The endocardium was not analyzed. Quantitative assessment of interstitial fibrosis was performed by calculating myocardial CVF using computerized histomorphometry, expressed as the percentage of interstitial collagen area relative to the total myocardial area analyzed in each sample.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive statistics are presented as absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables. Continuous variables are reported as mean &#177; SD when normally distributed and as median (interquartile range [IQR]) when non-normally distributed.</p>
          <p>Normality of continuous variables was assessed using the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test, and subsequent statistical testing was selected accordingly. Associations between CMR-derived fibrosis metrics (T1 mapping&#8211;based measures and LGE) and histopathology were evaluated using linear regression and Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients, as appropriate. Assumptions for linear regression were examined. Although statistical testing indicated non-normality of residuals in some comparisons, visual inspection did not suggest meaningful deviations. Because of the sample size, the regression model was retained and results were interpreted with appropriate caution.</p>
          <p>The diagnostic performance of CMR for detection of histological fibrosis was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, with calculation of the area under the curve (AUC) and 95% CIs. Agreement between fibrosis detection methods was evaluated using Bland&#8211;Altman analysis and, when applicable, Cohen's kappa.</p>
          <p>All analyses were performed using Stata/SE 13 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). All tests were two-sided, and statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Additional analyses were conducted within predefined subgroups.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and demographic characteristics</title>
          <p>Of the 108 individuals with severe aortic valve disease, 28 (26%) had AR. The median age was 63 years (range 56&#8211;70), and 65% of participants were male (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preoperative demographic and clinical characteristics (n = 108)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63 (56&#8211;70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70 (65%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.08 &#177; 0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24 (22%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">71 (66%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40 (37%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed continuous variables, median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed variables, and absolute values and percentages for categorical variables.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histological assessment of collagen volume fraction</title>
          <p>The mean myocardial CVF in the study sample was 21.9 &#177; 5.5% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). Interstitial myocardial fibrosis was considered pathologically increased when CVF exceeded the mean plus 2 SD of values observed in a control group, corresponding to a reference value of 9.6%, as previously established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, because mean CVF values in the present cohort were markedly higher than this reference, the median CVF was adopted as the cutoff for abnormal fibrosis (&#8805; 22.25%), resulting in 54 patients classified as having increased CVF. This threshold is consistent with clinically relevant values reported in prior research.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fibrosis assessment parameters by preoperative cardiac magnetic resonance and histology</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean/median</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LGE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0&#8211;1.74)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Global ECV without LGE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29 &#177; 4.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">CVF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22 &#177; 5.50</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation for normally distributed continuous variables and median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed variables. CVF: collagen volume fraction; ECV: extracellular volume; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Using the reference value of 9.6%, 96% of patients (n = 104) in the total sample had increased CVF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Late gadolinium enhancement: macroscopic myocardial fibrosis</title>
          <p>Regional myocardial fibrosis detected by LGE was present in 44% of patients (n = 47). The median percentage of LGE relative to total LV mass was 0 (IQR, 0&#8211;1.74), with a mean value of 1.3% in the overall sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Extracellular volume assessment: interstitial fibrosis</title>
          <p>Mean ECV values measured in myocardial regions without LGE were 29 &#177; 4% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>). Using a reference value of 30%, 32% of patients (n = 35) exhibited elevated ECV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlations between cardiac magnetic resonance-derived fibrosis measures and collagen volume fraction</title>
          <p>Because of the asymmetric distribution of LGE values and the presence of outliers identified in exploratory analysis, Spearman correlation was used to assess the association between LGE and CVF. A moderate, statistically significant positive correlation was observed between LGE and CVF(p = 0.44; p &lt; 0.001), indicating a monotonic association. A moderate correlation was also observed between ECV and CVF (r = 0.36; p = 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f19">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between cardiac magnetic resonance-derived fibrosis parameters and collagen volume fraction</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">&#961;/r</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Global LGE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.44</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Global ECV without LGE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>CVF: collagen volume fraction; ECV: extracellular volume; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f19">
            <label>Figure 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Linear regression between LGE and CVF. CVF: collagen volume fraction; ECV: extracellular volume; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic performance of cardiac magnetic resonance</title>
          <p>The sensitivity of LGE for detecting histologically confirmed myocardial fibrosis was 64.8%, with a specificity of 77.8%, an accuracy of 71%, and an AUC of 0.73 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f20">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagnostic performance of late gadolinium enhancement for detection of histological fibrosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Estimate (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Sensitivity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">64.80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50.60&#8211;77.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Specificity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">77.80</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">64.40&#8211;88.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Accuracy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">71.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62.00&#8211;80.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">AUC</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.73</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.68&#8211;0.78</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>AUC: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f20">
            <label>Figure 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve of LGE for prediction of myocardial fibrosis by biopsy. CVF: collagen volume fraction; LGE: late gadolinium enhancement; ROC: receiver operating characteristic.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The diagnostic performance of ECV for identifying increased CVF (&#8805; 22.25%) showed a sensitivity of 40.7%, specificity of 74.1%, accuracy of 57%, and an AUC of 0.574. Agreement analysis using the Bland&#8211;Altman method demonstrated a mean bias of &#8722;0.167 (95% CI, &#8722;0.288 to &#8722;0.046). The limits of agreement displayed a trapezoidal pattern, indicating proportional bias and increasing variability with higher mean values. Cohen's kappa coefficient was low (0.171), indicating very weak agreement between ECV and histological fibrosis measures. These findings highlight important limitations in concordance that should be considered when interpreting ECV results (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f21">Figure 9</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f22">Figure 10</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of extracellular volume for prediction of histological myocardial fibrosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Parameter</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Estimate (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Sensitivity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">41</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28&#8211;55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Specificity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60.30&#8211;85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Accuracy</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">57</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">48&#8211;67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">AUC</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.57</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.49&#8211;0.66</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>AUC: area under the ROC curve.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f21">
            <label>Figure 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve comparing CVF and ECV. AUC: area under the ROC curve; CVF: collagen volume fraction; ECV: extracellular volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf10-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f22">
            <label>Figure 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bland&#8211;Altman agreement analysis between CVF and ECV. CVF: collagen volume fraction; ECV: extracellular volume.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250203-50203-gf11-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The findings of this study, summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Central Illustration</xref>, are consistent with prior research in demonstrating a substantial burden of myocardial fibrosis in patients with severe aortic valve disease. However, an important limitation relates to the biopsy sampling site. Tissue collection was restricted to the interventricular septum, resulting in a limited sample that may have constrained histopathological assessment, given that only a single myocardial fragment was obtained during surgery. Previous studies have reported stronger correlations between ECV and histology when multiple (n = 16) tissue blocks from different myocardial segments were analyzed, such as investigations using explanted hearts from patients with dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy undergoing cardiac transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In addition, myocardial fibrosis in aortic valve disease is not confined to the interventricular septum, which may further limit the representativeness of a single septal biopsy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The mean CVF observed in this cohort (22 &#177; 5.5%) reflects an advanced stage of interstitial remodeling. This finding is consistent with earlier studies indicating that chronic hemodynamic overload plays a central role in activating hypertrophic pathways and extracellular matrix deposition in aortic valve disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quantification of fibrosis by CMR showed moderate correlations between LGE and CVF (r = 0.44; p &lt; 0.001), as well as between ECV and CVF (r = 0.36; p = 0.001). These results are directionally consistent with those reported by Azevedo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> who demonstrated a strong correlation between LGE and CVF (r = 0.69; p &lt; 0.001). The lower magnitude of correlation observed in the present study may be explained by methodological differences in LGE quantification and by the higher proportion of patients with AS included in this cohort.</p>
        <p>Macroscopic myocardial fibrosis detected by LGE was present in 44% of patients, supporting the concept that collagen deposition in advanced stages of aortic valve disease is heterogeneous and regionally distributed, as described by Nigri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, LGE demonstrated a sensitivity of 64.8%, specificity of 77.8%, overall accuracy of 71%, and an AUC of 0.73 for the detection of histological fibrosis. These findings indicate that, although LGE is a valuable tool for identifying myocardial fibrosis, it may underestimate the total burden of interstitial fibrosis, particularly in patients without extensive focal collagen deposition.</p>
        <p>ECV showed a moderate correlation with CVF, in contrast to a 2018 study that found no association between ECV and CVF, possibly because that cohort consisted exclusively of patients with AS, unlike the mixed valvular population in the present study. Nevertheless, ECV demonstrated lower diagnostic performance than LGE (AUC = 0.57), with a sensitivity of 40.7% and specificity of 74.1%. The reduced sensitivity of ECV may be partly attributable to fibrosis heterogeneity, as this technique quantifies expansion of the extracellular space without directly distinguishing collagen from other interstitial components. Bland&#8211;Altman analysis revealed a mean bias of &#8722;0.167 (95% CI, &#8722;0.288 to &#8722;0.046), indicating a slight underestimation of fibrosis by ECV. Agreement analysis yielded a low Cohen's kappa value (0.171), indicating only weak concordance between ECV and CVF.</p>
        <p>Overall, T1 mapping&#8211;derived parameters highlight the role of CMR not only as a noninvasive diagnostic modality but also as a tool for advancing understanding of the pathophysiology of aortic valve disease, particularly mechanisms of myocardial remodeling and fibrosis formation. The moderate correlations observed between CMR-derived parameters and CVF support their applicability for myocardial fibrosis characterization and potentially for longitudinal assessment. Recent studies have also demonstrated associations between ECV and postoperative prognostic outcomes in patients with aortic valve disease, particularly when ECV is indexed to LV mass, which underscores the potential clinical relevance of these measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>CVF is markedly increased in severe aortic valve disease, despite the sampling limitation inherent to biopsy collection restricted to the interventricular septum. These findings highlight the moderate specificity but low sensitivity of ECV for the detection of myocardial fibrosis, indicating that, although ECV may help exclude advanced fibrosis, its use as a standalone diagnostic marker for interstitial fibrosis remains limited.</p>
        <p>Overall, our results reinforce that myocardial fibrosis is a multifactorial process and that imaging-based techniques have inherent limitations in its detection and quantification. A combined assessment using LGE and ECV may provide complementary information, particularly for the early identification of interstitial fibrosis. Further studies are warranted to determine the prognostic impact of these measures on the clinical course of aortic valve disease and to evaluate the potential of T1 mapping as a more sensitive marker for early myocardial fibrosis. This study underscores the relevance of CMR in the assessment of myocardial fibrosis and microstructural remodeling, with potential implications for therapeutic decision-making and optimal timing of intervention.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Juliana Hiromi Silva Matsumoto Bello, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa - CAPPesq under the protocol number 10216613.4.0000.0068. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
