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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tpdTXMSH8rMZwCr6q7dtPNF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000200607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implanta&#231;&#227;o de Marca-passo em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas: Estudo Caso-Controle de Fatores Contextuais Associados e Progn&#243;stico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7381-2454</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>S&#226;mara Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3485-400X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Taconeli</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-9289-7014</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mathaus Henrique Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0157-3006</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Dardiane Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7380-7548</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lea Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2623-5126</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Ester Cerdeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5185-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Paulo Tom&#225;z</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luis Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2315-5318</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ariela Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0331-0747</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Haikal</surname>
            <given-names>Desir&#233;e Sant&#8217;Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina, e Centro de Telessa&#250;de e Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; USP,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> S&#226;mara Fernandes Leite Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros &#8211; Campus Universit&#225;rio Prof. Darcy Ribeiro -&#8211; Av. Prof. Rui Braga, s/n. CEP 39401-089, Vila Mauriceia, Montes Claros, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>samfleite@gmail.com</email>, <email>enzo.m@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250003</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais grave da doen&#231;a de Chagas e pode apresentar bradiarritmias que requerem implante de marca-passo (MP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> 1. Identificar fatores contextuais associados &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP em indiv&#237;duos com CCC. 2. Avaliar o progn&#243;stico (&#243;bito) nesses grupos durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 4 anos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> 1. Estudo caso-controle aninhado na coorte SaMi-Trop. Os casos (pacientes com CCC que receberam implante de MP entre as ondas 1 e 2 do estudo) foram pareados com controles na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:3, considerando equival&#234;ncia quanto &#224; gravidade card&#237;aca basal. Foram consideradas vari&#225;veis independentes relacionadas ao contexto municipal. Foi realizada regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria. 2. An&#225;lise de sobrevida para avaliar o progn&#243;stico desses grupos, ajustada para vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (regress&#227;o de Cox), considerando o &#243;bito como desfecho. As conclus&#245;es foram baseadas em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu 46 casos e 138 controles. As chances de implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP foram maiores entre indiv&#237;duos residentes em munic&#237;pios com: maior popula&#231;&#227;o (raz&#227;o de chances [OR]: 3,6; intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 1,3 a 9,6), maior cobertura da Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia (OR: 5,3; IC 95%: 1,8 a 15,8) e menor n&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes (OR: 2,6; IC 95%: 1,0 a 6,6). Considerando 4 anos de seguimento, o &#243;bito foi observado em 32,6% dos casos e 21,2% dos controles. Apenas a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o afetou a sobrevida (risco relativo: 7,2; IC 95% 3,6 a 14,2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Fatores contextuais interferiram na implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP. No entanto, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP n&#227;o influenciou o &#243;bito durante os 4 anos de seguimento, o qual esteve associado apenas &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implanta&#231;&#227;o de Marca-passo em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas: Estudo Caso-Controle de Fatores Contextuais Associados e Progn&#243;stico</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ESF: Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; RR: risco relativo.</attrib>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Institutes of Health</funding-source>
          <award-id>P50510 AI098461-02</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Institutes of Health</funding-source>
          <award-id>U19AI098461-06</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310790/2021-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>408659/2024-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>RED 00192-23</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por National Institutes of Health (NIH) -EUA (n&#250;mero P50510 AI098461-02 e U19AI098461-06). O Dr. Ribeiro &#233; apoiado em parte pela CNPq (310790/2021-2 e 408659/2024-6) e FAPEMIG (RED 00192-23).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; uma infec&#231;&#227;o parasit&#225;ria sist&#234;mica causada pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> (<italic>T. cruzi</italic>), que afeta predominantemente popula&#231;&#245;es pobres e vulner&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; end&#234;mica em 21 pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, onde aproximadamente 6 milh&#245;es de pessoas s&#227;o afetadas pela doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apresenta uma incid&#234;ncia anual de 30.000 novos casos e uma mortalidade anual de 14.000 &#243;bitos na Am&#233;rica Latina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No Brasil, as estimativas variam de 1,0% a 2,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o infectada com <italic>T. cruzi</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (CCC) &#233; considerada a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais importante e grave da DC cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> &#201; respons&#225;vel pela alta morbimortalidade da doen&#231;a, incapacidade permanente, bem como significativo impacto econ&#244;mico e social.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A CCC afeta aproximadamente 20% a 30% dos indiv&#237;duos infectados por <italic>T. cruzi</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Pode apresentar altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas significativas, como bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo e terceiro graus, bradicardia e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> bem como altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas, como o biomarcador de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP), associado ao diagn&#243;stico de CCC e diferentes cardiomiopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, especialmente para o tratamento de bradiarritmias sintom&#225;ticas e em associa&#231;&#227;o a outras avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo (MP) pode ser a terapia de escolha.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acredita-se que caracter&#237;sticas contextuais do ambiente em que vivem indiv&#237;duos com DC possam influenciar o acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; escassez na literatura de estudos longitudinais que acompanhem a progress&#227;o de pacientes gravemente acometidos por CCC, comparando aqueles que tiveram e os que n&#227;o tiveram acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o presente estudo visou: 1. Identificar fatores contextuais associados &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP entre pacientes com CCC, pareados pela gravidade do comprometimento card&#237;aco ao longo de 2 anos de seguimento (estudo caso-controle); 2. Avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP e a sobrevida nesses mesmos grupos, com e sem implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP, ao longo de 4 anos de seguimento (estudo prospectivo).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Para o presente estudo, foram utilizados dados da coorte SaMi-Trop. Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle, seguido de uma an&#225;lise prospectiva de sobrevida.</p>
        <p>O SaMi-Trop &#233; um estudo de coorte multic&#234;ntrico envolvendo indiv&#237;duos com DC, conduzido por meio de uma parceria entre quatro universidades p&#250;blicas brasileiras. &#201; financiado pelos National Institutes of Health (NIH) dos Estados Unidos (n&#250;meros de bolsa: P50510 AI098461-02 e U19AI098461-06). O estudo acompanha aproximadamente 2.000 indiv&#237;duos com DC de 21 munic&#237;pios em duas regi&#245;es end&#234;micas para a doen&#231;a no estado de Minas Gerais desde 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo SaMi-Trop compreendeu tr&#234;s ondas de coleta de dados. A primeira onda (linha de base), que ocorreu entre 2013 e 2014, incluiu 2.157 indiv&#237;duos com DC com 18 anos ou mais. A segunda onda ocorreu entre 2015 e 2016, com 1.709 participantes restantes. Finalmente, a terceira onda ocorreu entre 2019 e 2021, com 1.115 participantes restantes. Em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es, foram realizadas entrevistas, coleta de sangue e eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, sendo acrescentado o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico nos acompanhamentos. A entrevista abordou dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, h&#225;bitos de vida, atividade f&#237;sica, aspectos de qualidade de vida, hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico e tratamento da DC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>A aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica foi obtida do comit&#234; de &#233;tica competente (CEP/USP 042/2012, UNIMONTES 2.474.172 e CONEP 179.685). Todos os indiv&#237;duos concordaram em participar do presente estudo e assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes do in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo caso-controle (primeiro objetivo)</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de participantes</title>
          <p>Utilizando dados dos participantes da coorte SaMi-Trop, foram formados dois grupos de an&#225;lise (caso versus controle), considerando como potenciais participantes apenas os indiv&#237;duos com sorologia confirmada para DC por meio de ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA) que apresentaram envolvimento card&#237;aco na primeira onda de avalia&#231;&#227;o (crit&#233;rios apresentados abaixo).</p>
          <p>Indiv&#237;duos &#8220;casos&#8221; foram definidos como aqueles que realizaram implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP entre a primeira e a segunda ondas de avalia&#231;&#227;o. Indiv&#237;duos &#8220;controles&#8221; foram definidos como aqueles que n&#227;o realizaram implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP entre a primeira e a segunda onda, mas apresentaram acometimento card&#237;aco durante a primeira onda, de forma semelhante aos casos (pareamento).</p>
          <p>Foi realizado um pareamento manual de 1:3 (caso:controle) considerando as vari&#225;veis de acometimento card&#237;aco, sexo (masculino versus feminino) e idade categorizada pela m&#233;dia (at&#233; 60 anos versus 61 anos ou mais). O acometimento card&#237;aco foi definido como: bloqueio atrioventricular de segundo grau e de terceiro grau, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, bradicardia sinusal, todos categorizados como n&#227;o versus sim; classe funcional categorizada como sem altera&#231;&#227;o (classe 1) versus com altera&#231;&#227;o (classes 2, 3 e 4), de acordo com a New York Heart Association (NYHA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP categorizado por idade (n&#227;o alterado versus alterado).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;vel dependente</title>
          <p>A vari&#225;vel dependente foi relacionada &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP entre a primeira e a segunda onda de seguimento (caso versus controle), obtida por meio de perguntas da entrevista e confirmada por ECG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contextuais e municipais</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados contextuais foi realizada para caracterizar os aspectos sociais, demogr&#225;ficos e de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de dos 21 munic&#237;pios participantes da coorte SaMi-Trop. Oito vari&#225;veis contextuais foram consideradas, coletadas em plataformas e sistemas de informa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. As informa&#231;&#245;es foram coletadas com refer&#234;ncia ao ano da primeira onda de avalia&#231;&#227;o da coorte (2013 a 2014), buscando os dados dispon&#237;veis mais pr&#243;ximos a essa refer&#234;ncia. O <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar 1</xref> apresenta informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as vari&#225;veis contextuais consideradas.</p>
          <p>A vari&#225;veis de &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDHM) e &#205;ndice de Desempenho do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (IDSUS) foram coletadas e categorizadas de acordo com padr&#245;es internacionais e nacionais e, posteriormente, dicotomizadas. Os pontos de corte adotados foram &#8220;baixo&#8221; (0 a 0,55) versus &#8220;m&#233;dio/alto&#8221; (0,556 a 0,699/0,700 a 0,799) e &#8220;0,50 a 0,59&#8221; versus &#8220;0,60 a 0,79&#8221; para o IDH e o IDSUS, respectivamente. As vari&#225;veis de popula&#231;&#227;o, &#237;ndice de Gini, gasto total com sa&#250;de per capita, cobertura da Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia (ESF), dist&#226;ncia do centro de refer&#234;ncia e n&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes foram coletadas numericamente e subsequentemente dicotomizadas, adotando-se o 25&#186; percentil ou o 75&#186; percentil como ponto de corte, dependendo se a vari&#225;vel representava uma medida negativa (valores baixos indicando situa&#231;&#227;o melhor) ou positiva (valores altos indicando situa&#231;&#227;o melhor). O objetivo era separar 25% dos munic&#237;pios em situa&#231;&#245;es melhores de 75% dos munic&#237;pios em situa&#231;&#245;es piores, dado que os munic&#237;pios inclu&#237;dos apresentavam perfis geralmente semelhantes e predominantemente prec&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A vari&#225;vel de presen&#231;a de cardiologista foi coletada e categorizada como presente versus ausente.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de pareamento entre os grupos caso (com marca-passo) e controle (sem marca-passo). Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas. Minas Gerais, Brasil (2013 a 2016)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                    <th>Descritivas</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Bivariadas</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Valor p**</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Controle n=138</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Caso n=46</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Vari&#225;veis de pareamento</bold> Bloqueio AV de segundo grau*</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negativo</td>
                    <td align="center">180 (98,4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">136 (98,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (97,8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,723</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Positivo</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1,4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2,2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Bloqueio AV de terceiro grau*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negativo</td>
                    <td align="center">182 (99,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">138 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (97,8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,079</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Positivo</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2,2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>FA*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negativo</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (96,2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">132 (95,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (97,8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,519</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Positivo</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3,8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (4,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2,2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Bradicardia sinusal*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negativo</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (96,2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (96,4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (95,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,803</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Positivo</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3,8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4,4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Classe funcional</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sem altera&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (42,4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (42%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (43,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,863</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Classe funcional com altera&#231;&#227;o (2, 3 e 4)</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (57,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (58%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (56,5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>N&#237;vel de NT-proBNP*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sem altera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (76,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">104 (75,9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (78,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,745</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Com altera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (23,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (24,1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (21,7%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sexo</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Masculino</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (34,8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (34,1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (37%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,721</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Feminino</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (65,2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (65,9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (63%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Idade</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>At&#233; 60 anos</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (47,3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (48,6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (43,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,551</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>61 anos ou mais</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (52,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (51,4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (56,5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1">
                  <p>AV: atrioventricular; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. * Varia&#231;&#227;o total de n de 184. ** Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As an&#225;lises descritivas e bivariadas (teste qui-quadrado de Pearson) das vari&#225;veis de pareamento foram conduzidas para confirmar a similaridade entre os grupos de casos e controles. O efeito da implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP no tempo de sobrevida dos participantes foi analisado utilizando t&#233;cnicas de an&#225;lise de sobrevida. O m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier foi utilizado para ajustar as curvas de sobrevida e realizar uma compara&#231;&#227;o preliminar entre os grupos, e o teste de log-rank para comparar os tempos de sobrevida.</p>
      <p>Posteriormente, iniciou-se a modelagem m&#250;ltipla utilizando regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria tradicional. Todas as vari&#225;veis contextuais foram inicialmente inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise, e foram mantidas como fatores de ajuste as vari&#225;veis renda, alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o e cor da pele autodeclarada. As vari&#225;veis contextuais foram ajustadas manualmente utilizando o m&#233;todo <italic>stepwise backward</italic>, considerando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. O teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow foi empregado para avaliar a qualidade do ajuste do modelo log&#237;stico. A porcentagem da vari&#226;ncia explicada pelo modelo foi estimada utilizando o Pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de Nagelkerke. As an&#225;lises foram conduzidas utilizando o software Predictive Analytics SoftWare (PASW/SPSS)<sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 24.0 para Windows<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Estudo prospectivo (segundo objetivo)</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes do estudo</title>
        <p>Os mesmos grupos de an&#225;lise selecionados na segunda onda de avalia&#231;&#227;o foram considerados: casos (com implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP) versus controles (sem implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP). Indiv&#237;duos perdidos no seguimento e indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle que foram submetidos &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP ap&#243;s a segunda onda de avalia&#231;&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos das an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;vel dependente</title>
        <p>O evento de interesse foi o &#243;bito (n&#227;o versus sim). A vari&#225;vel dependente considerada foi o tempo decorrido desde a segunda onda de coleta de dados at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia do &#243;bito ou at&#233; o final do per&#237;odo de seguimento (terceira onda), aproximadamente 2.200 dias (6 anos).</p>
        <p>O &#243;bito foi considerado para os indiv&#237;duos para os quais essa informa&#231;&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel (por meio de familiares ou servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de), ou quando foi identificado registro no Sistema Nacional de Mortalidade, onde foram realizadas buscas para todos os participantes perdidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis independentes</title>
        <p>Para as vari&#225;veis independentes, considerou-se a categoriza&#231;&#227;o caso versus controle estabelecida no estudo, juntamente com um conjunto de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, sociodemogr&#225;ficas e comportamentais, incluindo a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), obtida por ecocardiograma e categorizada como: normal (&#8805; 50%) versus alterada (&lt; 50%) %).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A vari&#225;vel dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS foi categorizada como: normal (n &lt; 120 ms) versus alterada (&#8805; 120 ms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Diabetes mellitus e hipertens&#227;o permaneceram como coletadas: n&#227;o versus sim. A autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de foi obtida por meio do autorrelato do participante durante a entrevista por meio da pergunta &#8220;Como voc&#234; avaliaria sua sa&#250;de hoje?&#8221;. Foi adotada uma escala Likert com op&#231;&#245;es de resposta, posteriormente dicotomizada como: positiva (boa, muito boa e regular) versus negativa (ruim e muito ruim). A renda per capita foi categorizada em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; metade do sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo vigente na &#233;poca da coleta de dados (2014): acima de R$ 362,01 versus at&#233; R$ 362,00. A alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por meio da pergunta: &#8220;Voc&#234; sabe ler e escrever?&#8221;, categorizada como: n&#227;o versus sim. O estado civil foi categorizado como: uni&#227;o est&#225;vel (coabitando com parceiro/a, casado/a) versus sem uni&#227;o est&#225;vel (solteiro/a, vi&#250;vo/a e outros). A atividade f&#237;sica foi avaliada por meio da pergunta: &#8220;Voc&#234; pratica alguma atividade f&#237;sica?&#8221; e categorizada como: n&#227;o versus sim.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>O efeito da implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP no tempo de sobrevida dos participantes foi analisado utilizando t&#233;cnicas de an&#225;lise de sobrevida. O m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier foi empregado para ajustar as curvas de sobrevida e realizar uma compara&#231;&#227;o preliminar entre os grupos. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o para estimar e testar o efeito de interesse. Nessa etapa, foi utilizado o modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox, considerando, al&#233;m do status de implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP, o seguinte conjunto de vari&#225;veis: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, renda, alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o, estado civil e atividade f&#237;sica. Adicionalmente, o efeito do desenho experimental (caso-controle) foi incorporado ao modelo por meio de um efeito aleat&#243;rio (termo de fragilidade) com distribui&#231;&#227;o gama, a fim de acomodar a correla&#231;&#227;o intragrupo e a variabilidade entre grupos induzidas pelo desenho. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise bivariada para avaliar o efeito da implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP e de outras vari&#225;veis n&#227;o ajustadas pelas demais sobre o tempo de sobrevida. Vari&#225;veis significativas ao n&#237;vel de 20% foram consideradas para inclus&#227;o no modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Ap&#243;s o ajuste do modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o significativas ao n&#237;vel de 5% foram sucessivamente removidas do modelo. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados na forma de riscos relativos (RR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%, juntamente com seus respectivos n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia. A intera&#231;&#227;o entre o tratamento (MP) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi investigada para avaliar poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as no efeito do tratamento em participantes com diferentes n&#237;veis de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. As conclus&#245;es foram baseadas em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software estat&#237;stico R, vers&#227;o 4.2.1. A biblioteca survival foi utilizada para a an&#225;lise de sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre os 1.709 indiv&#237;duos com DC avaliados na segunda onda da coorte SaMi-Trop, foram identificados 46 casos e 138 controles, totalizando 184 indiv&#237;duos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma dos participantes classificados como caso e controle, perdas de seguimento e ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250003-50003-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Considerando as vari&#225;veis de pareamento, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre casos e controles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>), indicando similaridade entre os grupos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Primeiro objetivo</title>
        <p>Entre as vari&#225;veis contextuais consideradas para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o com a implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP, observou-se que a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos residia em munic&#237;pios com menor popula&#231;&#227;o (67,4%), maior IDHM (78,8%), maior coeficiente de Gini (91,3%), melhor IDSUS (66,3%), menor gasto total com sa&#250;de por habitante (89,7%), maior cobertura da EFS (57,6%), sem cardiologista no servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de (81%), mais distantes do centro de refer&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de especializado (87,5%) e com menor n&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes (65,8%).</p>
        <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla ajustado revelou uma maior probabilidade de implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP entre aqueles que residiam em munic&#237;pios com maior popula&#231;&#227;o (OR: 3,655; IC 95%: 1,385 a 9,650), em munic&#237;pios com maior cobertura da EFS (OR: 5,341; IC 95%: 1,805 a 15,804) e em munic&#237;pios com menor n&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes (OR: 2,6; IC 95%: 1,057 a 6,620) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Os fatores contextuais foram associados ao acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria m&#250;ltipla de fatores contextuais associados &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos artificiais em indiv&#237;duos da coorte SaMi-Trop. Minas Gerais, Brasil. n = 184</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Fatores contextuais associados &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Controle</th>
                  <th>Caso</th>
                  <th>OR [IC 95%]</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Popula&#231;&#227;o menor</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (69,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (60,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Popula&#231;&#227;o maior</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (30,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (39,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,655 [1,385-9,650]</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cobertura da ESF</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cobertura inferior a 100%</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (44,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (34,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cobertura de 100%</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (55,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (65,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,341 [1,805-15,804]</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>N&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acima de 0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (35,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (30,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abaixo de 0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (64,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (69,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,645 [1,057-6,620]</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valor p do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow = 0,513 Pseudo R<sup>2</sup> (Nagelkerke): 10,3% Modelo ajustado para renda, alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o e cor da pele</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td colspan="2"> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>ESF: Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Segundo objetivo</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao segundo objetivo, observou-se o &#243;bito de 15 (32,6%) indiv&#237;duos entre os casos e 24 (21,2%) entre os controles (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Entre os indiv&#237;duos classificados como controles, ocorreram 25 &#243;bitos, e, portanto, a participa&#231;&#227;o de 113 controles foi considerada nesta an&#225;lise (segundo objetivo).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> apresenta as curvas de sobrevida para os grupos de casos e controles (p &gt; 0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de Sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier dos Grupos Caso versus Controle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250003-50003-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise bivariada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao &#243;bito, vari&#225;veis como FEVE, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e atividade f&#237;sica foram associadas ao desfecho. Na regress&#227;o de Cox, apenas a vari&#225;vel FEVE (RR: 7,164; IC 95%: 3,615 a 14,197) afetou significativamente a sobrevida de indiv&#237;duos com DC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). O MP n&#227;o esteve associado ao desfecho (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise bivariada e modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla de Cox da rela&#231;&#227;o entre implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo e progn&#243;stico (&#243;bito) nos grupos, ao longo de 4 anos de seguimento. Regi&#245;es end&#234;micas do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. n = 113</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Covari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Risco relativo [IC 95%]</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>Modelo de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, risco relativo [IC 95%]</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Categoriza&#231;&#227;o caso-controle</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caso</td>
                  <td align="center">1,437 [0,717 - 2,877]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,425</td>
                  <td align="center">1,408 [0,710-2,793]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Com altera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">7,164 [3,615- 14,197]</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">7,201[3,632-14,277]</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Com altera&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2,350 [1,103 -5,007]</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">0,853 [0,310-2,347]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1,126 [0,518-2,449]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,927</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Percep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Negativa</td>
                  <td align="center">1,903 [0,926-3,908]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,061</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Renda</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Abaixo de R$ 362.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,975 [0,475-2,002]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,738</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">0,709 [0,339-1,481]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,222</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estado civil</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uni&#227;o est&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">1,185 [0,569-2,467]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">0,293 [0,086-0,996]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar 2</xref> apresenta as curvas de sobrevida considerando as seguintes vari&#225;veis: FEVE, dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, percep&#231;&#227;o autorrelata da sa&#250;de e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>O teste de log-rank foi utilizado para comparar os tempos de sobrevida entre os grupos. De acordo com os resultados do teste, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a entre os tempos de sobrevida dos pacientes nos grupos caso e controle (p = 0,403). No entanto, foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas para diferentes n&#237;veis de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (p &lt; 0,001), percep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de (p = 0,010), dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (p = 0,048) e atividade f&#237;sica (p = 0,045). As curvas de sobrevida estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, apresentadas no <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar 2</xref>, indicaram tempos de sobrevida mais longos para pacientes com FEVE acima de 50%, percep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de positiva, dura&#231;&#227;o normal do QRS e pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
        <p>A intera&#231;&#227;o entre MP e FEVE tamb&#233;m foi investigada para avaliar uma poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a no efeito do tratamento para pacientes com diferentes n&#237;veis de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, n&#227;o foi observado nenhum efeito significativo para essa intera&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,39).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que, ao parear indiv&#237;duos com DC e acometimento card&#237;aco semelhante, fatores contextuais foram associados ao acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP. Residir em munic&#237;pios com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores, munic&#237;pios com maior cobertura da EFS e munic&#237;pios com menos eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes aumentou a probabilidade de acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP. Al&#233;m disso, ao seguir esses mesmos indiv&#237;duos com DC e acometimento card&#237;aco semelhante, observou-se que ter ou n&#227;o acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP n&#227;o influenciou a mortalidade ao longo de 4 anos. A mortalidade foi associada apenas &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da FEVE.</p>
      <p>Apesar da reconhecida relev&#226;ncia dos fatores contextuais em doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> existe uma lacuna na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP em pacientes com DC cr&#244;nica, especialmente considerando as caracter&#237;sticas do contexto em que vivem. A influ&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis que refletem as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de na implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP j&#225; foi estabelecida na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar que informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao contexto em que se vive influenciam as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Observou-se que residir em munic&#237;pios com maior popula&#231;&#227;o aumentou a chance de acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP entre os participantes. Inicialmente, esperava-se esse resultado, uma vez que os munic&#237;pios maiores tendem a ter acesso mais f&#225;cil a cuidados de sa&#250;de especializados e a apresentar melhores indicadores de sa&#250;de e atendimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Indiv&#237;duos residentes em munic&#237;pios com maior cobertura da ESF apresentaram maior probabilidade de acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP. A ESF desempenha um papel crucial no manejo de pacientes com DC, uma vez que est&#225; estrategicamente posicionada em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros pontos de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Por ser o servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de mais pr&#243;ximo dessa popula&#231;&#227;o e estar presente em &#225;reas rurais e remotas, pode ser considerado um ator-chave no cuidado do paciente, facilitando o acesso &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o e ao acompanhamento especializados desses pacientes, especialmente em &#225;reas menos favorecidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A ESF absorve grande parte das demandas de sa&#250;de de uma comunidade, sobretudo no que se refere a doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Um estudo pr&#233;vio de Giovanella et al. refor&#231;a que a facilidade de agendamento e a agilidade no atendimento da ESF s&#227;o consideradas indicadores de garantia de acesso &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o especializada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o Protocolo Cl&#237;nico e Diretrizes Terap&#234;uticas para a DC recomendam que indiv&#237;duos com DC sejam acompanhados anualmente pela ESF para a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da progress&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a, o tratamento e a promo&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos de vida saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Quando ocorrem manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas graves da DC, os indiv&#237;duos devem ser encaminhados para a aten&#231;&#227;o especializada a fim de avaliar a necessidade ou o benef&#237;cio do uso de dispositivos como o MP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Assim, sugere-se que, em munic&#237;pios com cobertura de 100% da ESF, seja facilitada a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pessoas candidatas ao uso de MP, bem como o acesso &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o e ao acompanhamento especializados e, consequentemente, &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP.</p>
      <p>Entre os achados, o estudo mostrou que indiv&#237;duos residentes em munic&#237;pios com menor n&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes dispon&#237;veis no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) apresentaram maior probabilidade de acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP. Entre os munic&#237;pios participantes do estudo, observou-se que a maioria tinha 100% de cobertura da ESF, mas tamb&#233;m apresentava menor n&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes. Isso reflete a alta cobertura da ESF, por&#233;m o baixo acesso ao exame complementar necess&#225;rio. Considerando que indiv&#237;duos com DC cr&#244;nica devem ser submetidos a acompanhamento longitudinal, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames complementares, como o ECG, torna-se essencial para a avalia&#231;&#227;o e o manejo iniciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nossa hip&#243;tese para os achados do presente estudo &#233; que o menor n&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos dificulta o acesso a esse exame e, consequentemente, o indiv&#237;duo com DC tem a progress&#227;o do acometimento card&#237;aco diagnosticada tardiamente, necessitando, portanto, de interven&#231;&#245;es, como a implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP.</p>
      <p>Quanto ao desfecho de &#243;bito nesses grupos (caso versus controle), n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nas taxas de mortalidade entre aqueles que receberam ou n&#227;o a implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP durante o estudo. A aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio nas taxas de sobrevida naqueles que receberam MP pode estar relacionada a diversos fatores, incluindo o tamanho da amostra, fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o mensurados e a gravidade da cardiomiopatia. A an&#225;lise de sobrevida mostrou que apenas a FEVE influenciou a sobrevida. De fato, a redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE &#233; amplamente reconhecida como um fator independente associado ao &#243;bito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A ocorr&#234;ncia de cardiomiopatia induzida por estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> relacionada aos efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita cr&#244;nica, tamb&#233;m poderia estar relacionada a desfechos desfavor&#225;veis no grupo com MP. No entanto, o presente estudo n&#227;o foi delineado para avaliar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Entre os pontos fortes deste estudo, destaca-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o longitudinal de uma ampla amostra de pacientes com DC residentes em &#225;reas end&#234;micas e munic&#237;pios pequenos, distantes dos grandes centros urbanos comumente retratados em estudos. Isso permite a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para outras localidades semelhantes, visto que a popula&#231;&#227;o com DC tipicamente apresenta um perfil epidemiol&#243;gico similar.</p>
        <p>O estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, como a homogeneidade da popula&#231;&#227;o em termos de caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar an&#225;lise multin&#237;vel devido ao tamanho da amostra por munic&#237;pio, uma vez que o estudo incluiu 184 participantes em 21 munic&#237;pios. Dessa forma, as caracter&#237;sticas contextuais foram analisadas como atributos individuais. Contudo, o estudo conseguiu analisar a sobrevida de indiv&#237;duos com e sem implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do presente estudo destacam que residir em munic&#237;pios com maior popula&#231;&#227;o, maior cobertura da ESF e menor n&#250;mero de eletrocardi&#243;grafos por mil habitantes aumentou as chances de acesso &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o de MP. Entretanto, o MP n&#227;o influenciou a mortalidade ao longo de 4 anos, a qual foi associada apenas &#224; FEVE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Supplementary Material 2</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/tpdTXMSH8rMZwCr6q7dtPNF/596a616639a6f395a33d85a7652bd81ca383ec2d.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de S&#226;mara Fernandes Leite pela Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros &#8211; UNIMONTES sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo (CEP/USP - 042/2012, UNIMONTES 2.474.172 e CONEP 179.685). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12302/2025-0003_supplementary.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por National Institutes of Health (NIH) -EUA (n&#250;mero P50510 AI098461-02 e U19AI098461-06). O Dr. Ribeiro &#233; apoiado em parte pela CNPq (310790/2021-2 e 408659/2024-6) e FAPEMIG (RED 00192-23).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250003i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implantation of Pacemakers in Patients with Chagas disease: A Case-Control Study of Associated Contextual Factors and Prognosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7381-2454</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>S&#226;mara Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3485-400X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Taconeli</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-9289-7014</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mathaus Henrique Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0157-3006</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cruz</surname>
            <given-names>Dardiane Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7380-7548</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Lea Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2623-5126</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Ester Cerdeira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5185-5365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Paulo Tom&#225;z</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luis Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2315-5318</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ariela Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0331-0747</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Haikal</surname>
            <given-names>Desir&#233;e Sant&#8217;Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina, e Centro de Telessa&#250;de e Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> S&#226;mara Fernandes Leite Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros - Campus Universit&#225;rio Prof. Darcy Ribeiro - Av. Prof. Rui Braga, s/n. Postal Code 39401-089, Vila Mauriceia, Montes Claros, MG - Brazil E-mail: samfleite@gmail.com, enzo.m@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most severe manifestation of Chagas disease and may present with bradyarrhythmias requiring pacemaker (PM) implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> 1. To identify contextual factors associated with PM implantation among individuals with CCC. 2. To assess the prognosis (death) in these groups over a 4-year follow-up period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p> 1. Nested case-control study within the SaMi-Trop cohort. We matched cases (patients with CCC who had a PM implanted between waves 1 and 2 of the study) with controls at a 1:3 ratio, considering equivalence in baseline cardiac severity. Independent variables related to the municipal context were considered. Binary logistic regression was conducted. 2. Survival analysis to evaluate the prognosis of these groups, adjusted for clinical variables (Cox regression), considering death as the outcome. Conclusions were based on a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study included 46 cases and 138 controls. The odds of PM implantation were higher among individuals residing in municipalities with: larger population (odds ratio [OR]: 3.6; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3 to 9.6), higher coverage of the Family Health Strategy (OR: 5.3; 95% CI: 1.8 to 15.8), and with a lower number of electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0 to 6.6). Considering 4 years of follow-up, death was observed in 32.6% of cases and 21.2% of controls. Only ejection fraction affected survival (relative risk: 7.2; 95% CI: 3.6 to 14.2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Contextual factors interfered with PM implantation. However, PM implantation did not influence death over 4 years of follow-up, which was associated only with ejection fraction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implantation of Pacemakers in Patients with Chagas disease: A Case-Control Study of Associated Contextual Factors and Prognosis</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>FHS: Family Health Strategy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; OR: odds ratio; RR: relative risk.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250003-50003-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease (CD) is a systemic parasitic infection caused by <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> (<italic>T. cruzi</italic>), predominantly affecting poor and vulnerable populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is endemic in 21 countries in Latin America, where approximately 6 million people are affected by the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It has an annual incidence of 30,000 new cases and an annual mortality of 14,000 deaths in Latin America.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In Brazil, estimates range from 1.0% to 2.4% of the population infected with <italic>T. cruzi</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC) is considered the most important and severe manifestation of chronic CD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It is responsible for the high morbidity and mortality of the disease, lifelong disability, as well as significant economic and social impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CCC affects approximately 20% to 30% of individuals infected with <italic>T. cruzi</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It can present significant electrocardiographic alterations, such as second and third-degree atrioventricular block, bradycardia, atrial fibrillation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> as well as biochemical changes, such as the heart failure biomarker, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), associated with the diagnosis of CCC and different cardiomyopathies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In these situations, especially for the treatment of symptomatic bradyarrhythmias and in association with other clinical evaluations, pacemaker (PM) implantation may be the therapy of choice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is believed that contextual characteristics of the environment in which individuals with CD live can influence access to PM implantation. Furthermore, there is a scarcity in the literature of longitudinal studies that follow the progression of severely affected patients with CCC, comparing those who did and did not have access to PM implantation.</p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study aimed to: 1. Identify contextual factors associated with PM implantation among patients with CCC, matched by the severity of cardiac involvement over 2 years of follow-up (case-control study); 2. Evaluate the relationship between PM implantation and survival in these same groups, with and without PM implantation, over 4 years of follow-up (prospective study).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Method</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>For this study, data from the SaMi-Trop cohort were used. A case-control study was conducted, followed by a prospective survival analysis.</p>
          <p>SaMi-Trop is a multicenter cohort study involving individuals with CD, conducted through a partnership between four Brazilian public universities. It is funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), USA (grant numbers P50510 AI098461-02 and U19AI098461-06). The study has been following approximately 2,000 individuals with CD from 21 municipalities in two endemic regions for the disease in the state of Minas Gerais since 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The SaMi-Trop study comprised three waves of data collection. The first wave (baseline), which took place in 2013 to 2014, included 2,157 individuals with CD aged 18 years or older. The second wave occurred in 2015 to 2016, with 1,709 participants remaining. Finally, the third wave took place between 2019 and 2021, with 1,115 participants remaining. In all assessments, interviews, blood collection, and 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) were performed, and echocardiogram examination was added in the follow-ups. The interview covered sociodemographic data, lifestyle habits, physical activity, aspects of quality of life, medical history, and CD treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>Ethical approval was obtained from the appropriate ethics committee (CEP/USP 042/2012, UNIMONTES 2.474.172, and CONEP 179.685). All individuals agreed to participate in this study and signed the informed consent form before the study began.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Case-control study (first objective)</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Selection of participants</title>
            <p>Using data from the SaMi-Trop cohort participants, two analysis groups were formed (case versus control), considering only as potential participants those individuals with confirmed serology for CD via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) who presented cardiac involvement in the first wave of evaluation (criteria presented below).</p>
            <p>&#8220;Case&#8221; individuals were defined as those who underwent PM implantation between the first and second waves of evaluation. &#8220;Control&#8221; individuals were defined as those who did not undergo PM implantation between the first and second waves of evaluation but had cardiac involvement in the first wave, similar to the cases (matching).</p>
            <p>A 1:3 (case:control) manual matching of individuals was performed considering the variables of cardiac involvement, sex (male versus female), and age categorized by the mean (up to 60 years versus 61 years or older). Cardiac involvement was defined as: second-degree atrioventricular block and third-degree atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, sinus bradycardia, all categorized as no versus yes; functional class categorized as no alteration (class 1) versus with alteration (classes 2, 3, and 4) according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and NT-proBNP level categorized by age (unaltered versus altered).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Dependent variable</title>
            <p>The dependent variable was related to the implantation of PM between the first and second follow-up waves (case versus control). It was obtained from interview questions and confirmed through ECG.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Contextual and municipal data</title>
            <p>Data collection from the context was conducted to characterize the social, demographic, and health services aspects of the 21 municipalities participating in the SaMi-Trop cohort. Eight contextual variables were considered, collected from public health information platforms and systems. The information was collected with reference to the year of the cohort&#8217;s first wave of evaluation (2013 to 2014), seeking the closest available data to this reference. <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplementary Material 1</xref> presents information about the contextual variables considered.</p>
            <p>The variables Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) and Unified Health System Performance Index (IDSUS) were collected and categorized according to international and national standards and subsequently dichotomized. The cutoff points adopted were &#8220;low&#8221; (0 to 0.55) versus &#8220;medium/high&#8221; (0.556 to 0.699/0.700 to 0.799) and &#8220;0.50 to 0.59&#8221; versus &#8220;0.60 to 0.79&#8221; for the MHDI and IDSUS, respectively. The variables population, Gini index, total health expenditure per capita, Family Health Strategy (FHS) coverage, distance from the reference center, and number of electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants were collected numerically and later dichotomized, adopting the 25th percentile or the 75th percentile as the cutoff point, depending on whether the variable represented a negative measure (low values indicating better situation) or positive measure (high values indicating better situation). The aim was to separate 25% of the municipalities in better situations from 75% of the municipalities in worse situations, given that the included municipalities generally presented similar and mostly precarious profiles (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The variable presence of cardiologist was collected and categorized as present versus not present.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t1001">
                <label>Table 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Distribution of matching variables between case (with pacemaker) and control (without pacemaker) groups. Patients with Chagas disease. Minas Gerais, Brazil (2013 to 2016)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                      <th>Descriptive</th>
                      <th colspan="2">Bivariate</th>
                      <th rowspan="2">p value**</th>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <th>n (%)</th>
                      <th style="font-weight:normal">Control n=138</th>
                      <th style="font-weight:normal">Case n=46</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td><bold>Matching variables</bold> Second-degree AV block*</td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Negative</td>
                      <td align="center">180 (98.4%)</td>
                      <td align="center">136 (98.6%)</td>
                      <td align="center">44 (97.8%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.723</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Positive</td>
                      <td align="center">3 (1.6%)</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (1.4%)</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (2.2%)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Third-degree AV block*</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Negative</td>
                      <td align="center">182 (99.5%)</td>
                      <td align="center">138 (100%)</td>
                      <td align="center">44 (97.8%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.079</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Positive</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (0.5%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (2.2%)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>AF*</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Negative</td>
                      <td align="center">176 (96.2%)</td>
                      <td align="center">132 (95.7%)</td>
                      <td align="center">44 (97.8%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.519</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Positive</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (3.8%)</td>
                      <td align="center">6 (4.3%)</td>
                      <td align="center">1 (2.2%)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Sinus bradycardia*</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Negative</td>
                      <td align="center">176 (96.2%)</td>
                      <td align="center">133 (96.4%)</td>
                      <td align="center">43 (95.6%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.803</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Positive</td>
                      <td align="center">7 (3.8%)</td>
                      <td align="center">5 (3.6%)</td>
                      <td align="center">2 (4.4%)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Functional class</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>No functional class alteration</td>
                      <td align="center">78 (42.4%)</td>
                      <td align="center">58 (42%)</td>
                      <td align="center">20 (43.5%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.863</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Functional class with alteration (2, 3, and 4)</td>
                      <td align="center">106 (57.6%)</td>
                      <td align="center">80 (58%)</td>
                      <td align="center">26 (56.5%)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>NT-proBNP level*</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Not altered</td>
                      <td align="center">140 (76.5%)</td>
                      <td align="center">104 (75.9%)</td>
                      <td align="center">36 (78.3%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.745</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Altered</td>
                      <td align="center">43 (23.5%)</td>
                      <td align="center">33 (24.1%)</td>
                      <td align="center">10 (21.7%)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Sex</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Male</td>
                      <td align="center">64 (34.8%)</td>
                      <td align="center">47 (34.1%)</td>
                      <td align="center">17 (37%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.721</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Female</td>
                      <td align="center">120 (65.2%)</td>
                      <td align="center">91 (65.9%)</td>
                      <td align="center">29 (63%)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <bold>Age</bold>
                      </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Up to 60 years</td>
                      <td align="center">87 (47.3%)</td>
                      <td align="center">67 (48.6%)</td>
                      <td align="center">20 (43.5%)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.551</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>61 years and older</td>
                      <td align="center">97 (52.7%)</td>
                      <td align="center">71 (51.4%)</td>
                      <td align="center">26 (56.5%)</td>
                      <td> </td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN1001">
                    <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; AV: atrioventricular. * Total n variation of 184. ** Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Statistical analysis</title>
            <p>Descriptive and bivariate analysis (Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared test) of the matching variables was conducted to confirm the similarity between case and control groups. The effect of PM implantation on participants&#8217; survival time was analyzed using survival analysis techniques. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to adjust survival curves and conduct preliminary comparison of groups, and the log-rank test to compare the survival times.</p>
            <p>Subsequently, multiple modeling was initiated using traditional binary logistic regression. All contextual variables were initially included in the analysis, and income, literacy, and self-reported skin color variables were kept as adjustment factors. Contextual variables were adjusted using the backward stepwise method manually, considering a significance level of 5%. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test was used to assess the goodness of fit of the logistic model. The percentage of variance explained by the model was estimated using Nagelkerke&#8217;s Pseudo R<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. The analyses were conducted using Predictive Analytics SoftWare (PASW/SPSS)<sup>&#174;</sup>, version 24.0 for Windows<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prospective study (second objective)</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study subjects</title>
          <p>The same analysis groups selected in the second wave of evaluation were considered: case (with PM implantation) versus control (without PM implantation). Individuals lost to follow-up and individuals from the control group who underwent pacemaker implantation after the second wave of evaluation were excluded from the analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dependent variable</title>
          <p>The event of interest was death (no versus yes). The dependent variable considered was the time elapsed from the second wave of data collection until death occurred or until the end of the follow-up period (third wave), approximately 2,200 days (6 years).</p>
          <p>Death was considered for individuals for whom this information was made available (family members or health services) or a record was identified in the National Mortality System, where searches were carried out for all lost participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Independent variables</title>
          <p>For the independent variables, the case versus control categorization established in this study was considered, along with a set of clinical, sociodemographic, and behavioral variables, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) obtained from echocardiogram and categorized as: normal (&#8805; 50%) versus altered (&lt; 50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The variable of QRS complex duration was categorized as: normal (n &lt; 120 ms) versus altered (&#8805; 120 ms).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Diabetes mellitus and hypertension remained as collected: no versus yes. Self-perceived health was obtained from the participant&#8217;s self-report during the interview through the question &#8220;How would you rate your health today?&#8221; A Likert scale was adopted with response options and subsequently dichotomized as: positive (good, very good, and fair) versus negative (poor and very poor). Per capita income was categorized into half the minimum wage in effect at the time of data collection (2014) as: above BRL 362.01 versus below BRL 362.00. Literacy was assessed with the question, &#8220;Can you read and write?&#8221; categorized as: no versus yes. Marital status was categorized as: stable union (cohabiting with partner, married) versus no stable union (single, widowed, and others). Physical activity was assessed with the question &#8220;Do you practice any physical activity?&#8221; and categorized as: no versus yes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The effect of PM implantation on participants&#8217; survival time was analyzed using survival analysis techniques. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to adjust survival curves and conduct preliminary comparison of groups. Subsequently, regression analysis was performed to estimate and test the effect of interest. In this stage, the Cox proportional hazards model was used, considering, in addition to PM implantation status, the following set of variables: ejection fraction, QRS duration, diabetes, hypertension, self-perceived health, income, literacy, marital status, and physical activity. Additionally, the effect of the experimental design (case-control) was incorporated into the model through a random effect (frailty term) with a gamma distribution, in order to accommodate within-group correlation and between-group variability induced by the design. Initially, bivariate analysis was conducted to assess the effect of PM implantation and other variables not adjusted by the others on survival time. Variables significant at the 20% level were considered for inclusion in the multiple regression model. After adjusting the multiple regression model, non-significant variables at the 5% level were successively removed from the model. Results are presented in the form of relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), along with their respective significances. The interaction between treatment (PM) and ejection fraction was also investigated to assess possible differences in treatment effect for participants with different levels of ejection fraction. Conclusions were based on a significance level of 5%. All analyses were performed using the statistical software R for statistical computing, version 4.2.1. The survival library was used for survival analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Among the 1,709 individuals with CD evaluated in the second wave of the SaMi-Trop cohort, 46 cases and 138 controls were identified, totaling 184 individuals (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of participants classified as case and control, less to follow-up, and occurrence of death.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250003-50003-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considering the matching variables, there was no statistical difference between case and control (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>), indicating similarity between the groups.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>First objective</title>
          <p>Among the contextual variables considered for assessing the association with PM implantation, it was observed that the majority of individuals resided in municipalities with a smaller population (67.4%), with higher MHDI (78.8%), with higher Gini index (91.3%), with better IDSUS (66.3%), lower total health expenditure per inhabitant (89.7%), with greater coverage of the FHS (57.6%), without a cardiologist in the health service (81%), farther from the specialized health reference center (87.5%), and with fewer electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants (65.8%).</p>
          <p>The adjusted multiple regression model revealed a higher likelihood of PM implantation among those who resided in municipalities with a larger population (OR: 3.655; 95% CI: 1.385 to 9.650), in municipalities with greater FHS coverage (OR: 5.341; 95% CI: 1.805 to 15.804), and in municipalities with a lower number of electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.057 to 6.620) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Contextual factors were associated with access to PM implantation (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multiple binary logistic regression model of contextual factors associated with the implantation of artificial pacemakers in individuals from the SaMi-Trop cohort. Minas Gerais, Brazil. n = 184</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Contextual factors associated with pacemaker implantation</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Control</th>
                    <th>Case</th>
                    <th>OR [95% CI]</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Population</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smaller population</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (69.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (60.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Larger population</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (30.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (39.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.655 [1.385-9.650]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>FHS coverage</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Less than 100% coverage</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (44.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (34.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>100% coverage</td>
                    <td align="center">76 (55.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (65.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.341 [1.805-15.804]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Number of electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Above 0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (35.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (30.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Below 0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (64.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (69.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.645 [1.057-6.620]</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hosmer-Lemeshow test p value = 0.513 Pseudo R<sup>2</sup> (Nagelkerke): 10.3% Model adjusted for income, literacy, and skin color</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>FHS: Family Health Strategy.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Second objective</title>
          <p>In the second objective, the death of 15 (32.6%) individuals among the cases and 24 (21.2%) among the controls was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Among the individuals classified as controls, there were 25 losses, and thus the participation of 113 controls was considered in this analysis (second objective).</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> displays the survival curves for the case and control groups (p &gt; 0.05).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier Survival Curve of Case vs Control Groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-02-e20250003-50003-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the bivariate analysis regarding death, variables such as LVEF, QRS duration, and physical activity were associated with the outcome. In the Cox regression, only the LVEF variable (RR: 7.164; 95% CI: 3.615 to 14.197) significantly affected the survival of individuals with CD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). The PM was not associated with the outcome (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Bivariate analysis and multiple Cox regression model of the relationship between pacemaker implantation and prognosis (death) in the groups, over 4 years of follow-up. Endemic regions of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. n = 113</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Covariates</th>
                    <th>Relative risk [95% CI]</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>Multiple regression model, relative risk [95% CI]</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Categorization control and case</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Case</td>
                    <td align="center">1.437 [0.717 - 2.877]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.425</td>
                    <td align="center">1.408 [0.710-2.793]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.333</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ejection fraction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Altered</td>
                    <td align="center">7.164 [3.615- 14.197]</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">7.201[3.632-14.277]</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>QRS duration</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Altered</td>
                    <td align="center">2.350 [1.103 -5.007]</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">0.853 [0.310-2.347]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.997</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1.126 [0.518-2.449]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.927</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Health perception</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Negative</td>
                    <td align="center">1.903 [0.926-3.908]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.061</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Income</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Below BRL 362.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.975 [0.475-2.002]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.738</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Literate</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">0.709 [0.339-1.481]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.222</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Marital status</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stable union</td>
                    <td align="center">1.185 [0.569-2.467]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.755</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Physical activity practice</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.293 [0.086-0.996]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplementary Material 2</xref> presents the survival curves considering the following variables: LVEF, duration of the QRS complex, self-rated health perception, and physical activity practice.</p>
          <p>The log-rank test was used to compare the survival times between groups. According to the test results, no difference was observed between the survival times of patients in the case and control groups (p = 0.403). However, significant differences were identified for different levels of ejection fraction (p &lt; 0.001), health perception (p = 0.010), QRS duration (p = 0.048), and physical activity (p = 0.045). The survival curves estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, showed in <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplementary Material 2</xref>, indicated longer survival times for patients with LVEF above 50%, positive health perception, normal QRS duration, and those who engaged in physical activities.</p>
          <p>The interaction between PM and LVEF was also investigated to assess a possible difference in treatment effect for patients with different levels of ejection fraction. However, no significant effect was observed for this interaction (p = 0.39).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results of this study demonstrated that, when matching individuals with CD and similar cardiac involvement, contextual factors were associated with access to PM implantation. Residing in municipalities with larger populations, municipalities with greater coverage of the FHS, and municipalities with fewer electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants increased the likelihood of accessing PM implantation. Furthermore, when following these same individuals with CD and similar cardiac involvement, it was observed that having or not having access to PM implantation did not influence mortality over 4 years. Mortality was only associated with altered LVEF.</p>
        <p>Despite the recognized relevance of contextual factors in chronic diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> there is a gap in the literature regarding PM implantation in patients with chronic CD, especially considering the characteristics of the context in which they live. The influence of variables reflecting health conditions on PM implantation has already been established in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, it is necessary to consider that information related to the context in which one lives influences patients&#8217; health conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It was observed that residing in municipalities with a larger population increased the chance of access to PM implantation among participants. This finding was initially expected because larger municipalities tend to have easier access to specialized health care and tend to have better health and care indicators.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Individuals residing in municipalities with higher FHS coverage had a greater chance of accessing PM implantation. The FHS plays a crucial role in managing patients with CD, as it is strategically positioned in relation to other points of health care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Because it is the closest health service to this population and is present in rural and remote areas, it can be considered a key player in patient care, facilitating access to specialized care and follow-up for these patients, especially in less favored areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The FHS absorbs a large part of the health demands of a community, especially regarding chronic diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A previous study by Giovanella et al. reinforces that the ease of scheduling and the agility in FHS care are considered indicators of guaranteed access to specialized care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Moreover, the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for CD recommend that individuals with CD be monitored annually by the FHS for early detection of the disease&#8217;s clinical progression, treatment, and promotion of healthy lifestyle habits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup>When severe cardiac manifestations of CD occur, individuals should be referred to specialized care to assess the need for or benefit of using devices such as PM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Thus, it is suggested that in municipalities where there is 100% coverage of the FHS, the identification of people who are candidates for PM is facilitated, as well as access to specialized care and follow-up, and consequently, PM implantation.</p>
        <p>Among the findings, the study showed that individuals residing in municipalities with a lower number of electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants available in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) increased the chance of accessing pacemaker implantation. Among the participating municipalities in the study, it was observed that most had 100% coverage of the FHS but also presented a lower number of electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants. This reflects that there is high FHS coverage but low access to the necessary complementary examination. Considering that individuals with chronic CD should undergo longitudinal follow-up, the performance of complementary exams, such as ECG, becomes essential for initial evaluation and management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Our hypothesis for the finding of this study is that the lower number of electrocardiographs hinders access to this exam, and consequently, the individual with CD has the progression of cardiac involvement diagnosed late, thus requiring interventions, such as PM implantation.</p>
        <p>Regarding the outcome of death in these groups (case versus control), there was no significant difference in death rates between those who received or did not receive the PM implant during the study. The absence of benefit in survival rates in those who received a PM may be related to several factors, including the sample size, unmeasured confounders, and the severity of the cardiomyopathy. The survival analysis showed that only LVEF influenced survival. Indeed, reduced LVEF is widely recognized as an independent factor associated with death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The occurrence of pacing-induced cardiomyopathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> related to deleterious effects of chronic right ventricular pacing, could also be related to unfavorable outcomes in the PM group. However, this study was not designed to evaluate this hypothesis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations</title>
          <p>Among the strengths of this study, the longitudinal assessment of a large sample of patients with CD living in endemic areas and small municipalities, far from the major urban centers commonly portrayed in studies, stands out. This allows for the extension of results to other similar locations, given that the population with CD typically has a similar epidemiological profile.</p>
          <p>The study has limitations, for example, homogeneity of the population in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. Moreover, it was not possible to perform multilevel analysis due to the sample size per municipality, as we have 184 participants in 21 municipalities. Thus, contextual characteristics were analyzed as individual attributes. However, the study was able to analyze the survival of individuals with and without PM implantation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The results of this study highlight that living in municipalities with larger populations, higher coverage of FHS, and fewer electrocardiographs per thousand inhabitants increased the chances of accessing PM implantation. However, the pacemaker did not influence mortality over 4 years, which was only associated with LVEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Supplementary Material 2</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/tpdTXMSH8rMZwCr6q7dtPNF/596a616639a6f395a33d85a7652bd81ca383ec2d.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by S&#226;mara Fernandes Leite, from Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (UNIMONTES).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros &#8211; UNIMONTES under the protocol number (CEP/USP - 042/2012, UNIMONTES 2.474.172 e CONEP 179.685). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn1_en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12302/2025-0003_supplementary.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH) -EUA (grant number P50510 AI098461-02 e U19AI098461-06). Dr Ribeiro is supported in part by CNPq (310790/2021-2 and 408659/2024-6) and FAPEMIG (RED 00192-23).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
