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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jRnYjwkCdqscS4RMLQWnbZH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000201001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260127</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pericardite Recorrente: Manifesta&#231;&#227;o de Inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1517-4217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Roberto Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcio Roberto Moraes Carvalho</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24220-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>carvalhobm@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>20260127</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Pericardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Recidiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A pericardite recorrente representa uma das manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais desafiadoras das doen&#231;as peric&#225;rdicas, em raz&#227;o do impacto na qualidade de vida, do uso prolongado de terapias anti-inflamat&#243;rias e do risco de evolu&#231;&#227;o para refratariedade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora classicamente descrita como condi&#231;&#227;o epis&#243;dica, evid&#234;ncias indicam que, em parcela significativa dos casos, a recorr&#234;ncia pode refletir persist&#234;ncia de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica subjacente, frequentemente de natureza autoinflamat&#243;ria, n&#227;o plenamente capturada por marcadores inflamat&#243;rios convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a pericardite recorrente evoluiu de abordagem local para entidade sist&#234;mica; a ativa&#231;&#227;o do inflamassoma e da interleucina-1 sustenta fen&#243;tipos mais graves e recorrentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#205;ndice de Inflama&#231;&#227;o Imune Sist&#234;mica (<italic>systemic immune-inflammation index, SII</italic>), calculado como SII = (plaquetas &#215; neutr&#243;filos) / linf&#243;citos, integra componentes centrais da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e da resposta imune, refletindo o equil&#237;brio entre imunidade inata, adaptativa e ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Distingue-se de scores diagn&#243;sticos compostos, como o INFLA-score. O SII constitui um biomarcador quantitativo cont&#237;nuo, destinado &#224; estimativa da carga inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica subjacente e ao monitoramento temporal da atividade imuno-inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em doen&#231;as autoimunes, o SII se correlaciona de forma consistente com atividade da doen&#231;a, resposta terap&#234;utica e progn&#243;stico. Na artrite reumatoide, se associa &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de Klotho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em espondilite anquilosante, artrite psori&#225;sica e l&#250;pus eritematoso sist&#234;mico, se relaciona a escores de atividade, achados de imagem e desfechos, podendo superar a prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) e a velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#192; luz desse arcabou&#231;o, a aplica&#231;&#227;o do SII &#224; pericardite aguda recorrente se mostra conceitualmente consistente. No estudo de Unkun e Seng&#246;r,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> o SII demonstrou valor preditivo independente para recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s um primeiro epis&#243;dio de pericardite aguda idiop&#225;tica, mantendo associa&#231;&#227;o robusta mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para a PCR e superando marcadores hematol&#243;gicos isolados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esses achados refor&#231;am a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia peric&#225;rdica como manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica persistente, sustentada por desregula&#231;&#227;o imune, ativa&#231;&#227;o do inflamassoma e libera&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Sob essa perspectiva, a pericardite recorrente pode ser compreendida n&#227;o apenas como um processo inflamat&#243;rio localizado, mas como a express&#227;o cl&#237;nica de um peric&#225;rdio biologicamente ativo, que atua como sensor an&#225;tomo-histol&#243;gico da atividade inflamat&#243;ria mononuclear sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O peric&#225;rdio constitui um microambiente imunol&#243;gico din&#226;mico, no qual interagem componentes da imunidade inata e adaptativa, com participa&#231;&#227;o relevante tanto da inflama&#231;&#227;o macrof&#225;gica quanto linfoc&#237;tica.</p>
    <p>Essa heterogeneidade biol&#243;gica ajuda a explicar a variabilidade cl&#237;nica observada entre pacientes, incluindo maior risco de recorr&#234;ncia, depend&#234;ncia de corticosteroides e refratariedade terap&#234;utica em fen&#243;tipos inflamat&#243;rios persistentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, se torna evidente a necessidade de ferramentas capazes de captar de forma integrada a atividade inflamat&#243;ria subjacente.</p>
    <p>Modelos progn&#243;sticos baseados em intelig&#234;ncia artificial emergem como ferramentas promissoras para integrar dados cl&#237;nicos, terap&#234;uticos e de imagem na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da pericardite recorrente. O modelo proposto por Yesilyaprak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> representa avan&#231;o metodol&#243;gico relevante, embora os pr&#243;prios autores reconhe&#231;am como limita&#231;&#227;o a aus&#234;ncia de marcadores biol&#243;gicos din&#226;micos de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, apontando sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o como via natural de refinamento futuro. Nesse contexto, biomarcadores integrativos como o SII assumem papel estrat&#233;gico, permitindo n&#227;o apenas a estimativa do risco cl&#237;nico, mas a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica persistente, antes da consolida&#231;&#227;o de um curso refrat&#225;rio, avan&#231;ando em dire&#231;&#227;o a uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o mecan&#237;stica e personalizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, compreender a pericardite recorrente implica reconhecer que o peric&#225;rdio n&#227;o apenas sofre a inflama&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m a sinaliza, e que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores sist&#234;micos integrativos, associada a modelos preditivos contempor&#226;neos, pode ampliar a capacidade de estratifica&#231;&#227;o biol&#243;gica precoce.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valor Preditivo do &#205;ndice de &#304;nflama&#231;&#227;o &#304;mune Sist&#234;mica para a Recorr&#234;ncia de Pericardite Aguda &#304;diop&#225;tica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260127i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Recurrent Pericarditis: A Manifestation of Systemic Inflammation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1517-4217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Roberto Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcio Roberto Moraes Carvalho</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24220-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>carvalhobm@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pericarditis</kwd>
        <kwd>Recurrence</kwd>
        <kwd>Systemic inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Recurrent pericarditis represents one of the most challenging manifestations of pericardial diseases, due to its impact on quality of life, the prolonged use of anti-inflammatory therapies, and the risk of progression to refractoriness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although classically described as an episodic condition, evidence indicates that, in a significant proportion of cases, recurrence may reflect persistent underlying systemic inflammation, often of an autoinflammatory nature, not fully captured by conventional inflammatory markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this context, recurrent pericarditis has evolved from a local approach to a systemic entity; inflammasome and interleukin-1 activation support more severe and recurrent phenotypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII), calculated as SII = (platelets &#215; neutrophils)/lymphocytes, integrates central components of systemic inflammation and the immune response, reflecting the balance between innate and adaptive immunity and platelet activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It differs from composite diagnostic scores, such as the INFLA-score. The SII constitutes a continuous quantitative biomarker, intended for estimating the underlying systemic inflammatory burden and for temporal monitoring of immuno-inflammatory activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In autoimmune diseases, SII consistently correlates with disease activity, therapeutic response, and prognosis. In rheumatoid arthritis, it is associated with inflammation and reduced serum Klotho levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, it is related to activity scores, imaging findings, and outcomes, and may outperform C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In light of this framework, the application of SII to recurrent acute pericarditis appears conceptually consistent. In the study by Unkun and Seng&#246;r,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> SII demonstrated independent predictive value for recurrence after a first episode of idiopathic acute pericarditis, maintaining a robust association even after adjusting for CRP and outperforming isolated hematological markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> These findings reinforce the interpretation of pericardial recurrence as a clinical manifestation of persistent systemic inflammation, sustained by immune dysregulation, inflammasome activation, and continuous release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>From this perspective, recurrent pericarditis can be understood not only as a localized inflammatory process, but as the clinical expression of a biologically active pericardium, which acts as an anatomical-histological sensor of systemic mononuclear inflammatory activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The pericardium constitutes a dynamic immunological microenvironment in which components of innate and adaptive immunity interact, with relevant participation of both macrophage and lymphocytic inflammation.</p>
      <p>This biological heterogeneity helps explain the clinical variability observed among patients, including a higher risk of recurrence, corticosteroid dependence, and therapeutic refractoriness in persistent inflammatory phenotypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this scenario, the need for tools capable of capturing the underlying inflammatory activity in an integrated way becomes evident.</p>
      <p>Artificial intelligence based prognostic models are emerging as promising tools for integrating clinical, therapeutic, and imaging data in the risk stratification of recurrent pericarditis. The model proposed by Yesilyaprak et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> represents a relevant methodological advance, although the authors themselves acknowledge the absence of dynamic biological markers of systemic inflammation as a limitation, pointing to their incorporation as a natural avenue for future refinement. In this context, integrative biomarkers such as SII assume a strategic role, allowing not only the estimation of clinical risk but also the early identification of persistent systemic inflammation, before the consolidation of a refractory course, advancing towards a mechanistic and personalized stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ultimately, understanding recurrent pericarditis implies recognizing that the pericardium not only undergoes inflammation but also signals it, and that the incorporation of integrative systemic biomarkers, associated with contemporary predictive models, can enhance the capacity for early biological stratification.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Predictive Value of the Systemic Immune-inflammation Index for Recurrence of Idiopathic Acute Pericarditis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
