<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vkCxcDZ7ZnhBLvXKS84BVbr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000101008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia da Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica no Brasil: Qual &#233; a nossa Realidade?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Silvia Moreira Ayub-Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, Cerqueira Cesar, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>silvia.ayub@fm.usp.br</email>, <email>silvia.ayub@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260100</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiograma</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca heredit&#225;ria cuja preval&#234;ncia &#233; subestimada em diversas regi&#245;es do mundo. No Brasil, esse desafio tamb&#233;m &#233; significativo, especialmente diante da heterogeneidade da popula&#231;&#227;o. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, destacamos um estudo pioneiro que investigou a ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo ecocardiogr&#225;fico da CMH na coorte ELSA-Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para quem n&#227;o conhece, o Estudo Longitudinal Brasileiro de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) &#233; um amplo estudo de coorte multic&#234;ntrico, concebido para investigar os fatores de risco para obesidade, diabetes e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em servidores p&#250;blicos brasileiros de grandes centros urbanos, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A suban&#225;lise apresentada nesta publica&#231;&#227;o incluiu mais de tr&#234;s mil indiv&#237;duos, a maioria com 60 anos ou mais, submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Um fen&#243;tipo definitivo da CMH, definido como espessamento assim&#233;trico da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo superior a 15 mm ou hipertrofia apical inequ&#237;voca com espessura da parede superior &#224; dos segmentos basais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> foi identificado em aproximadamente 1,5 indiv&#237;duos por mil.</p>
    <p>Vale ressaltar que essa preval&#234;ncia pode estar subestimada, uma vez que a amostra incluiu apenas adultos mais velhos, enquanto a faixa et&#225;ria mais frequente de apresenta&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a &#233; entre adultos jovens e de meia-idade, na faixa dos 20 aos 40 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em investiga&#231;&#245;es epidemiol&#243;gicas anteriores, baseadas em triagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a preval&#234;ncia de CMH na popula&#231;&#227;o geral foi estimada em aproximadamente 1 em 500 indiv&#237;duos. No entanto, estudos mais recentes, incluindo indiv&#237;duos portadores de variantes patog&#234;nicas &#8212; particularmente indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipo positivo e fen&#243;tipo negativo &#8212; sugerem uma preval&#234;ncia maior, pr&#243;xima a 1 em 200 indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outro ponto importante foi a preval&#234;ncia de condi&#231;&#245;es como hipertens&#227;o, obesidade e dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. Esses achados levantam quest&#245;es sobre a influ&#234;ncia dos ambientes metab&#243;lico e hemodin&#226;mico na express&#227;o da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Com o surgimento de terapias espec&#237;ficas para a CMH, se torna ainda mais crucial compreender quem s&#227;o esses pacientes e como eles se apresentam no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, este artigo contribui para a compreens&#227;o da CMH em nosso contexto e refor&#231;a o papel fundamental de iniciativas de longo prazo como o ELSA-Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> para que possamos traduzir a ci&#234;ncia em pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, diagn&#243;sticos oportunos e melhoria da qualidade de vida.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Preval&#234;ncia e Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do Fen&#243;tipo de Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Avaliado por Ecocardiografia em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Adulta Brasileira: O Estudo ELSA-Brasil</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bertuol</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>ABS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ALP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pianca</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2026</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20250116</elocation-id>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20250116">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20250116</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Bertuol Filho AA, Pereira AC, Santos ABS, Ribeiro ALP, Duncan BB, Pianca EG, et al. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2026; 123(1):e20250116. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20250116">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20250116</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bensenor</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chor</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): Objectives and Design</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol.</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>175</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>315</fpage>
          <lpage>324</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwr294</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Aquino EM, Barreto SM, Bensenor IM, Carvalho MS, Chor D, Duncan BB, et al. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): Objectives and Design. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(4):315-24. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr294.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hughes</surname>
              <given-names>RK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiwani</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosmini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Augusto</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burke</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Improved Diagnostic Criteria for Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging.</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>501</fpage>
          <lpage>512</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.07.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Hughes RK, Shiwani H, Rosmini S, Augusto JB, Burke L, Jiang Y, et al. Improved Diagnostic Criteria for Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2024;17(5):501-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.07.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>OR</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - 2024</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e202400415</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240415</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Fernandes F, Sim&#245;es MV, Correia EB, Marcondes-Braga FG, Coelho-Filho OR, Mesquita CT, et al. Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - 2024. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(7):e202400415. doi: 10.36660/abc.20240415.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Massera</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sherrid</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maron</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rowin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maron</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How Common is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy&#8230; Really?: Disease Prevalence Revisited 27 Years after CARDIA</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>382</volume>
          <fpage>64</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.04.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Massera D, Sherrid MV, Maron MS, Rowin EJ, Maron BJ. How Common is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy&#8230; Really?: Disease Prevalence Revisited 27 Years after CARDIA. Int J Cardiol. 2023;382:64-67. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.04.005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Maron</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spirito</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rakowski</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Towbin</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol.</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>372</fpage>
          <lpage>389</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Maron BJ, Desai MY, Nishimura RA, Spirito P, Rakowski H, Towbin JA, et al. Diagnosis and Evaluation of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(4):372-89. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.12.002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260100i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Brazil: What is Our Reality?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9271-8233</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Silvia Moreira Ayub-Ferreira</bold> &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code> Cerqueira Cesar, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>silvia.ayub@fm.usp.br</email> <email>silvia.ayub@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a hereditary heart disease whose prevalence is underestimated in several regions of the world. In Brazil, this challenge is also significant, especially given the country's population heterogeneity. In this issue, we highlight a pioneering study that investigated the occurrence of the echocardiographic phenotype of HCM in the ELSA-Brasil cohort.1</p>
      <p>For those unfamiliar, the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a large, multicenter cohort study designed to investigate risk factors for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases in Brazilian public servants from large urban centers, aged 35 to 74 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The sub-analysis presented in this publication included more than three thousand individuals, most of whom were aged 60 years or older and underwent transthoracic echocardiography. A definitive HCM phenotype, defined as asymmetric left ventricular wall thickness greater than 15 mm, or unequivocal apical hypertrophy with wall thickness exceeding that of the basal segments<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> was identified in approximately 1.5 individuals per thousand.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that this prevalence may be underestimated, since the sample included only older adults, whereas the most frequent age of presentation is among young and middle-aged adults in their 20s to 40s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In earlier epidemiological investigations based on echocardiographic screening, the prevalence of HCM in the general population was estimated at approximately 1 in 500 individuals. However, more recent studies incorporating individuals carrying pathogenic variants&#8212;particularly genotype-positive, phenotype-negative subjects&#8212;have suggested a higher prevalence, approaching 1 in 200 individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another important point was the prevalent conditions such as hypertension, obesity, and metabolic disorders. These findings raise questions about the influence of metabolic and hemodynamic environments on the expression of myocardial hypertrophy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>With the emergence of specific therapies for HCM, understanding who these patients are and how they present in Brazil becomes even more crucial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Thus, this article contributes to the understanding of HCM in our context and reinforces the fundamental role of long-term initiatives such as ELSA-Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> so that we can translate science into health policies, timely diagnosis, and improved quality of life.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prevalence and Characterization of the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Phenotype Assessed by Echocardiography in an Adult Brazilian Population: The ELSA-Brasil Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
