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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RXCXVHRHTyhtLwWJZqbrxJS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000101004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260035</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP em Pacientes Idosos Internados com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1579-5307</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Horta</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Gloria Cruvinel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borin</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">UNIMED-BH</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">UNIMED-BH, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Maria da Gloria Cruvinel Horta</bold> &#8226; Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte - Avenida Francisco Sales, 1111. CEP <postal-code>30150-221</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil E-mail: <email>mgchorta@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260035</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose Venosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Os autores investigaram os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L (ligante sol&#250;vel de CD40), da quimiocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria CCL3 e do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal (NT-proBNP) em pacientes idosos internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). O estudo explorou se a triagem desses biomarcadores, individualmente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o, pode servir como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica para IC associada &#224; trombose venosa profunda. A presen&#231;a de trombos foi determinada por meio de ultrassonografia venosa dos membros inferiores durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Avaliando 200 pacientes divididos em grupos com e sem trombose, os pesquisadores constataram que os grupos apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes, com exce&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de lipoprote&#237;nas, que foram significativamente maiores no grupo com trombose. A an&#225;lise combinada de NT-proBNP, sCD40L e CCL3 apresentou sensibilidade de 62,00% e especificidade de 91,00%. Essa an&#225;lise conjunta demonstrou ser superior ao desempenho individual de cada biomarcador, utilizando limiares de 264,93 pg/mL para NT-proBNP, 7,07 ng/mL para sCD40L e 28,96 ng/L para CCL3, destacando, assim, o valor diagn&#243;stico da combina&#231;&#227;o para esse perfil espec&#237;fico de paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A relev&#226;ncia desses achados &#233; corroborada pela literatura existente, como o trabalho publicado por Haller et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> que investigou os desfechos progn&#243;sticos incrementais do NT-proBNP em conjunto com outros biomarcadores para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Seus achados sugeriram que o uso futuro de m&#250;ltiplos biomarcadores poderia auxiliar na distin&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de risco mais altos e mais baixos em pacientes card&#237;acos complexos. De forma similar, Folsom et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> conduziram um acompanhamento longitudinal de seis anos por meio do estudo "<italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities</italic>" (Risco de Aterosclerose em Comunidades), avaliando medi&#231;&#245;es seriadas de NT-proBNP. Seus dados mostraram que pacientes com aumento de NT-proBNP de 100 para &#8805;100 pg/mL apresentaram um risco 1,4 vezes maior de tromboembolismo venoso em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com concentra&#231;&#245;es est&#225;veis e mais baixas. Quando os n&#237;veis permaneceram consistentemente &#8805;100 pg/mL, o risco aumentou para 1,6 vezes. Isso sugere que o aumento dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP serve como um indicador de vulnerabilidade card&#237;aca iminente, predispondo os pacientes a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, a inclus&#227;o de biomarcadores plaquet&#225;rios como o sCD40L adiciona uma camada de complexidade. Embora se saiba que o sCD40L aumenta a estabilidade do trombo e promove a express&#227;o do fator tecidual e de mol&#233;culas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica permanece controversa. Um estudo populacional com quase 3.000 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o conseguiu determinar uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de sCD40L e os fatores de risco para aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Burdess et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> criticaram o uso do sCD40L devido &#224; falta de consist&#234;ncia nas medi&#231;&#245;es realizadas no mesmo dia ou em dias diferentes, encontrando pouca correla&#231;&#227;o com os resultados da citometria de fluxo. Esses achados foram corroborados por Tsakiris et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e Blann et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> em estudos sobre doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. Adicionalmente, Riedl et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> avaliaram marcadores de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e tromboembolismo, demonstrando que o sCD40L n&#227;o foi capaz de predizer, de forma independente, o desenvolvimento de tromboembolismo venoso. Da mesma forma, o CCL3, embora associado a processos inflamat&#243;rios, permanece um biomarcador que ainda n&#227;o foi completamente explorado em ensaios cl&#237;nicos de grande escala.</p>
    <p>Um biomarcador ideal deve ser espec&#237;fico, preciso e replic&#225;vel por t&#233;cnicas simples, al&#233;m de ser custo-efetivo e aceit&#225;vel para os pacientes. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es nos marcadores plasm&#225;ticos associadas a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos iminentes pode permitir ajustes terap&#234;uticos oportunos e individualizados para prevenir a exacerba&#231;&#227;o da trombose. Apesar dos in&#250;meros estudos cl&#237;nicos que avaliam biomarcadores no contexto da tromboembolismo venoso, os dados ainda s&#227;o inconclusivos, indicando a necessidade de ensaios cl&#237;nicos mais robustos para definir completamente seu potencial diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, devemos aceitar e reconhecer a realidade dos sistemas de sa&#250;de em que atuamos para prevenir, diagnosticar e tratar eficazmente as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Embora as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas muitas vezes descrevam um mundo ut&#243;pico, impor esses padr&#245;es sem considerar as limita&#231;&#245;es sociais, econ&#244;micas e de acesso pode dificultar melhorias a curto prazo nos resultados dos pacientes. A investiga&#231;&#227;o da combina&#231;&#227;o de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP representa um esfor&#231;o louv&#225;vel para expandir os limites do diagn&#243;stico, reconhecendo essas limita&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas. Essa abordagem enfatiza que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores combinados pode desempenhar um papel significativo na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica quando usada criteriosamente em conjunto com uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente. Melhorar a fluidez da identifica&#231;&#227;o e o encaminhamento oportuno &#233; essencial para evitar situa&#231;&#245;es em que os pacientes chegam ao sistema de sa&#250;de somente ap&#243;s sofrerem eventos agudos graves. Iniciativas que prop&#245;em estrat&#233;gias vi&#225;veis, adaptadas &#224;s realidades da sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, s&#227;o vitais para abordar as disparidades no acesso &#224; sa&#250;de. Se esperarmos por recursos infinitos para imitar os pa&#237;ses de alta renda, n&#227;o conseguiremos melhorar a qualidade de vida de nossos pacientes hoje; este estudo aponta para uma evolu&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria no uso da ci&#234;ncia acess&#237;vel para fornecer o melhor tratamento dispon&#237;vel ao nosso alcance.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Valor Diagn&#243;stico dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP na Detec&#231;&#227;o da Trombose Venosa de Membros Inferiores em Pacientes Idosos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260035i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Serum Levels of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP in Elderly Patients Admitted to the Hospital with HF</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1579-5307</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Horta</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Gloria Cruvinel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borin</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">UNIMED-BH, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Maria da Gloria Cruvinel Horta</bold> &#8226; Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Belo Horizonte - Avenida Francisco Sales, 1111. Postal Code <postal-code>30150-221</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil E-mail: <email>mgchorta@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Venous Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The authors investigated the serum levels of sCD40L (soluble CD40 Ligand), the pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL3, and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in elderly patients admitted to the hospital with HF. The study explored whether screening these biomarkers individually or in combination can serve as a diagnostic tool for HF associated with VTELL. The presence of thrombi was determined through venous ultrasound of the lower limbs during hospital admission. Evaluating 200 patients divided into groups with and without thrombosis, the researchers found that the groups presented similar characteristics, with the exception of lipoprotein levels, which were significantly higher in the thrombosis group. The combined analysis of NT-proBNP, sCD40L, and CCL3 yielded a sensitivity of 62.00% and a specificity of 91.00%. This associated analysis proved superior to the individual performance of each biomarker, utilizing thresholds of 264.93 pg/mL for NT-proBNP, 7.07 ng/mL for sCD40L, and 28.96 ng/L for CCL3, thereby highlighting the diagnostic value of the combination for this specific patient profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The relevance of these findings is supported by existing literature, such as the work published by Haller et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> which investigated incremental prognostic outcomes of NT-proBNP plus other biomarkers for risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation. Their findings suggested that future use of multiple biomarkers could help distinguish between higher and lower risk levels in complex cardiac patients. Similarly, Folsom et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> conducted a six-year longitudinal follow-up through the "Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities" study, evaluating serial measurements of NT-proBNP. Their data showed that patients with an NT-proBNP increase from 100 to &#8805;100 pg/mL presented a 1.4 times increased risk for venous thromboembolism compared to those with stable, lower concentrations. When levels were consistently &#8805;100 pg/mL, the risk rose to 1.6 times. This suggests that rising NT-proBNP levels serve as an indicator of imminent cardiac vulnerability, predisposing patients to thromboembolic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the inclusion of platelet biomarkers like sCD40L adds a layer of complexity. While sCD40L is known to increase thrombus stability and promote the expression of tissue factor and pro-inflammatory molecules, its clinical application remains debated. A population study of nearly 3,000 subjects could not determine a significant correlation between sCD40L levels and atherosclerosis risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Furthermore, Burdess et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> criticized the use of sCD40L due to a lack of consistency in measurements taken within the same day or between days, finding little correlation with Flow Cytometry results. These findings were echoed by Tsakiris et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and Blann et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> in studies of peripheral arterial disease. Additionally, Riedl et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> assessed platelet activation markers in patients with cancer and thromboembolism, showing that sCD40L could not independently predict the development of VTE. Similarly, CCL3, while associated with inflammatory processes, remains a biomarker that has not yet been thoroughly explored in large-scale clinical trials.</p>
      <p>An ideal biomarker should be specific, precise, and replicable by simple techniques, while remaining cost-effective and acceptable for patients. Identifying shifts in plasma markers associated with imminent thromboembolic events can allow for timely and individualized treatment adjustments to prevent the exacerbation of thrombosis. Despite the numerous clinical studies evaluating biomarkers in the context of VTE, data remain somewhat inconclusive, indicating the need for more robust trials to fully define their diagnostic potential.</p>
      <p>Ultimately, we must embrace and recognize the reality of the healthcare systems in which we operate to effectively prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiovascular complications. While clinical guidelines often describe a utopian world, imposing these standards without considering social, economic, and accessibility limitations can hinder short-term improvements in patient outcomes. The investigation into the combination of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP represents a laudable effort to push the boundaries of diagnosis by recognizing these systemic limitations. This approach emphasizes that utilizing combined biomarkers can provide a meaningful role in clinical practice when used judiciously alongside comprehensive assessment. Improving the fluidity of identification and timely referral is essential to avoid situations where patients reach the health system only after suffering severe acute events. Initiatives that propose feasible strategies tailored to public health realities are vital for addressing disparities in healthcare access. If we wait for infinite resources to imitate high-income countries, we will fail to improve the quality of life for our patients today; this study points toward a necessary evolution in using accessible science to provide the best available treatment within our reach.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Serum Levels of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP in Elderly Patients Admitted to the Hospital with HF</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
