<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dBDBH9Wczkyp7MTKZXNB7sF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000101006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01006</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana e Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica: Uma Hist&#243;ria de Dois &#211;rg&#227;os</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2709-0726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kranjec</surname>
            <given-names>Igor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">eFESC University Medical Centre Ljubljana</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ljubljana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="SI">Eslov&#234;nia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">eFESC University Medical Centre Ljubljana &#8211; Cardiology, Ljubljana &#8211; Eslov&#234;nia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Igor Kranjec</bold> &#8226; University Clinical Centre &#8211; Cardiology - Zaloska 2 1000 Ljubljana Ljubljana, 1000 &#8211; Eslov&#234;nia E-mail: <email>igor.kranjec@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260028</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>"Era o melhor dos tempos, era o pior dos tempos&#8230;" Assim come&#231;a Um Conto de Duas Cidades, de Charles Dickens, um romance profundamente enraizado em Londres, enquanto lan&#231;a um olhar atento atrav&#233;s do Canal da Mancha para a turbul&#234;ncia da Paris revolucion&#225;ria. Em contraste com a narrativa de divis&#227;o de Dickens, os dois &#243;rg&#227;os vitais no centro deste editorial n&#227;o existem em conflito, mas em sinergia. O cora&#231;&#227;o e os rins trabalham em conjunto para manter a homeostase; quando um falha, o outro inevitavelmente o segue. As anormalidades cardiovasculares na doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) s&#227;o impulsionadas por uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa de fatores de risco tradicionais e estressores n&#227;o tradicionais, espec&#237;ficos da DRC. &#192; medida que a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) diminui, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) tornam-se cada vez mais prevalentes. Pacientes com DAC e DRC concomitantes representam um subgrupo distinto e desafiador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Eles frequentemente apresentam sintomas at&#237;picos e s&#227;o mais propensos a sofrer infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST do que angina est&#225;vel de esfor&#231;o. Al&#233;m disso, a morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca &#233; um desfecho tragicamente comum na doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal.</p>
    <p>A clareza diagn&#243;stica &#233; frequentemente dif&#237;cil de alcan&#231;ar nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. As troponinas card&#237;acas est&#227;o frequentemente elevadas cronicamente, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, embora os mecanismos exatos ainda sejam debatidos. Al&#233;m disso, o rendimento diagn&#243;stico dos testes de esfor&#231;o e da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; reduzido, levando a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de resultados falso-negativos e falso-positivos. Embora a calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana seja onipresente na DRC e tenha peso progn&#243;stico semelhante ao da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, sua progress&#227;o &#233; significativamente acelerada &#224; medida que a fun&#231;&#227;o renal se deteriora. Estudos histol&#243;gicos revelam ainda uma maior carga inflamat&#243;ria nas placas coronarianas em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles sem doen&#231;a renal. Apesar dessas complexidades, os pacientes com DRC permanecem sistematicamente sub-representados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos, deixando uma lacuna de diretrizes baseadas em evid&#234;ncias sobre o uso de estatinas, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o eletiva e a dura&#231;&#227;o ideal da dupla terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC tradicionalmente se baseia na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica integrada a ferramentas diagn&#243;sticas como eletrocardiografia, teste de esfor&#231;o e ecocardiografia. Apesar de suas limita&#231;&#245;es conhecidas, a estenose luminal coron&#225;ria permanece o par&#226;metro convencional para a gravidade da DAC na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, orientando as decis&#245;es de tratamento ap&#243;s angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva ou angiotomografia computadorizada (angioTC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, evid&#234;ncias emergentes sugerem que a carga de placa, e n&#227;o apenas o grau de estenose, &#233; o principal preditor de risco cardiovascular, independentemente de a DAC ser obstrutiva ou n&#227;o obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A angioTC permite uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o abrangente dessa carga e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas de placa de alto risco. Al&#233;m disso, a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de reserva de fluxo fracionada para considerar a DAC difusa pode refinar a avalia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da isquemia espec&#237;fica do vaso. A TFG permanece a m&#233;trica definitiva da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora o "padr&#227;o ouro" envolva a medi&#231;&#227;o da depura&#231;&#227;o de marcadores ex&#243;genos como a inulina, essa abordagem &#233; muito invasiva, demorada e dispendiosa para uso rotineiro. Consequentemente, a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica depende de estimativas da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular TFG derivadas da creatinina ou da cistatina C. A precis&#227;o dessas estimativas &#233; frequentemente comprometida por determinantes da creatinina que n&#227;o est&#227;o relacionados &#224; TFG, como dieta, massa muscular, secre&#231;&#227;o tubular e elimina&#231;&#227;o extrarrenal. Mesmo em popula&#231;&#245;es bem validadas, 10% dos pacientes podem apresentar erros de estimativa superiores a 30%. A equa&#231;&#227;o de Cockcroft-Gault (CG) compartilha as falhas inerentes &#224; depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina medida. A equa&#231;&#227;o de Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta na Doen&#231;a Renal (MDRD) &#233; amplamente utilizada, particularmente em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal avan&#231;ada, por&#233;m perde precis&#227;o naqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em contraste, a equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI (Colabora&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia da Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica) &#8212; que utiliza as mesmas vari&#225;veis que a MDRD &#8212; oferece precis&#227;o superior em n&#237;veis mais altos de TFG, reduzindo o vi&#233;s sistem&#225;tico. Assim,A equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI &#233; agora o padr&#227;o internacionalmente recomendado para a pr&#225;tica laboratorial de rotina.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o renal &#233; um potente preditor de desfechos cardiovasculares. A an&#225;lise da coorte NHANES (n=31.020) demonstrou uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa n&#227;o linear entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da TFG e o risco de DAC, caracterizada por claros efeitos de limiar e satura&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD, em particular, emergiu como uma ferramenta progn&#243;stica robusta, correlacionando-se com o n&#250;mero de vasos esten&#243;ticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a complexidade da doen&#231;a (escore Syntax),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a carga de placa angiogr&#225;fica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e as apresenta&#231;&#245;es iniciais de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o do peri&#243;dico, Verdoia et al. apresentam um estudo de coorte em larga escala comparando as tr&#234;s principais f&#243;rmulas de TFG (CG, MDRD e CKD-EPI) em sua capacidade de predizer a preval&#234;ncia e a extens&#227;o da DAC definida angiograficamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Curiosamente, eles descobriram que apenas a f&#243;rmula MDRD permaneceu significativamente associada &#224; gravidade da DAC. Por meio da an&#225;lise da curva ROC, identificaram uma TFG de 12,4 ml/min/1,73 m&#178; como o limiar ideal para prever DAC grave. DAC e DRC est&#227;o inextricavelmente ligadas em uma rela&#231;&#227;o bidirecional que permanece apenas parcialmente compreendida. A busca pelo marcador "ideal" da fun&#231;&#227;o renal continua; at&#233; l&#225;, a estimativa da TFG mais apropriada deve ser adaptada ao contexto cl&#237;nico. Da mesma forma, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAC deve ser personalizada, empregando m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos que capturem tanto a carga anat&#244;mica quanto a signific&#226;ncia funcional. O manejo deve ser hol&#237;stico, preenchendo a lacuna entre a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e a nefroprote&#231;&#227;o rigorosa.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Compara&#231;&#227;o de Diferentes F&#243;rmulas de Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG) na Predi&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade e Extens&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sarnak</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amann</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bangalore</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charytan</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Craig</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gill</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic Kidney Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>1823</fpage>
          <lpage>1838</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Sarnak MJ, Amann K, Bangalore S, Cavalcante JL, Charytan DM, Craig JC, Gill JS, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(14):1823-38. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villines</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lozano</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Transitioning from Stenosis to Plaque Burden in the Cardiac CT Era: The Changing Risk Paradigm</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2814</fpage>
          <lpage>2816</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.030</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Villines TC, Lozano PR. Transitioning from Stenosis to Plaque Burden in the Cardiac CT Era: The Changing Risk Paradigm. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(24):2814-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.030.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mortensen</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dzaye</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steffensen</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#248;tker</surname>
              <given-names>HE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sand</surname>
              <given-names>NPR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Plaque Burden Versus Stenosis on Ischemic Events in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>2803</fpage>
          <lpage>2813</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.021</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Mortensen MB, Dzaye O, Steffensen FH, B&#248;tker HE, Jensen JM, Sand NPR, et al. Impact of Plaque Burden Versus Stenosis on Ischemic Events in Patients with Coronary Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(24):2803-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.10.021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease</article-title>
          <source>Kidney Int</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <supplement>4S</supplement>
          <fpage>S117</fpage>
          <lpage>S314</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S117-S314. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stevens</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmid</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greene</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beck</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Froissart</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparative Performance of the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Equations for Estimating GFR Levels Above 60 mL/min/1.73 m2</article-title>
          <source>Am J Kidney Dis</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>486</fpage>
          <lpage>495</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.03.026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Greene T, Zhang YL, Beck GJ, Froissart M, et al. Comparative Performance of the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Equations for Estimating GFR Levels Above 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56(3):486-95. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.03.026.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shuai</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Nonlinear Relationship between Estimated Glomerular Filtration rate and Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from NHANES 2007-2018</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2024;</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <fpage>1417926</fpage>
          <lpage>1417926</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2024.1417926</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Zhou C, Zhou Y, Shuai N, Zhou J, Kuang X. The Nonlinear Relationship between Estimated Glomerular Filtration rate and Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study from NHANES 2007-2018. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1417926. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1417926.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Doganer</surname>
              <given-names>YC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohrer</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aydogan</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barcin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cayci</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saglam</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Renal Function, Estimated by Four Equations, with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Int Urol Nephrol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>663</fpage>
          <lpage>671</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11255-015-0935-y</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Doganer YC, Rohrer JE, Aydogan U, Barcin C, Cayci T, Saglam K. Association of Renal Function, Estimated by Four Equations, with Coronary Artery Disease. Int Urol Nephrol. 2015;47(4):663-71. doi: 10.1007/s11255-015-0935-y.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khalique</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aronow</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schair</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation of Moderate or Severe Reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate to Number of Coronary Arteries Narrowed &gt;50% in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography for Suspected Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>415</fpage>
          <lpage>416</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Khalique O, Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mazar M, Schair B, Shao J, et al. Relation of Moderate or Severe Reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate to Number of Coronary Arteries Narrowed &gt;50% in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography for Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(3):415-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.03.038.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ekici</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan&#305;nd&#305;</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Say&#305;n</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Glomerular Filtration Rate on the Severity of Coronary Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>123</fpage>
          <lpage>129</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5543/tkda.2015.48323</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ekici B, Tan&#305;nd&#305; A, Say&#305;n I. Effects of Glomerular Filtration Rate on the Severity of Coronary Heart Disease. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2016;44(2):123-9. doi: 10.5543/tkda.2015.48323.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Glomerular Filtration Rate and Coronary Artery Disease Burden in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>464</fpage>
          <lpage>468</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.20145</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Nunes JP, Faria MS, Garcia JM, Gon&#231;alves FR. Glomerular Filtration Rate and Coronary Artery Disease Burden in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Clin Cardiol. 2007;30(9):464-8. doi: 10.1002/clc.20145.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Go</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bansal</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lathon</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortmann</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iribarren</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk for Presenting with Acute Myocardial Infarction versus Stable Exertional Angina in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1600</fpage>
          <lpage>1607</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Go AS, Bansal N, Chandra M, Lathon PV, Fortmann SP, Iribarren C, et al. Chronic Kidney Disease and Risk for Presenting with Acute Myocardial Infarction versus Stable Exertional Angina in Adults with Coronary Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(15):1600-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verdoia</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clemente</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malabaila</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montini</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rognoni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Different Glomerular Filtration Rate Formulas in the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Extent</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2026</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20250076</elocation-id>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20250076i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20250076i</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Verdoia M, Clemente A, Malabaila A, Montini C, Rognoni A. Comparison of Different Glomerular Filtration Rate Formulas in the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Extent. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2026; 123(1):e20250076. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20250076i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20250076i</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260028i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Artery Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Tale of Two Organs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2709-0726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kranjec</surname>
            <given-names>Igor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ljubljana</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="SI">Slovenia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">eFESC University Medical Centre Ljubljana &#8211; Cardiology, Ljubljana &#8211; Slovenia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Igor Kranjec</bold> &#8226; University Clinical Centre &#8211; Cardiology - Zaloska 2 1000 Ljubljana Ljubljana, 1000 &#8211; Slovenia E-mail: <email>igor.kranjec@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times&#8230;" So begins Charles Dickens's <italic>A Tale of Two Cities</italic>, a novel deeply rooted in London while casting a watchful eye across the Channel toward the upheaval of revolutionary Paris. In contrast to Dickens's narrative of division, the two vital organs at the heart of this Editorial exist not in conflict, but in synergy. The heart and the kidneys work in tandem to maintain homeostasis; when one falters, the other inevitably follows. Cardiovascular abnormalities in chronic kidney disease (CKD) are driven by a complex interplay of traditional risk factors and non-traditional, CKD-specific stressors. As the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines, the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease (CAD) become increasingly prevalent. Patients with concomitant CAD and CKD represent a distinct and challenging subgroup.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> They frequently present with atypical symptoms and are more likely to experience non-ST-segment myocardial infarction than stable exertional angina. Furthermore, sudden cardiac death is a tragically common endpoint in end-stage kidney disease.</p>
      <p>Diagnostic clarity is often elusive in this population. Cardiac troponins are frequently chronically elevated even in the absence of acute coronary syndrome, though the exact mechanisms remain debated. Moreover, the diagnostic yield of exercise testing and pharmacologic perfusion imaging is diminished, leading to a higher incidence of both false-negative and false-positive results. While coronary calcification is ubiquitous in CKD and carries prognostic weight similar to that in the general population, its progression is significantly accelerated as renal function deteriorates. Histological studies further reveal a higher inflammatory burden within coronary plaques compared to non-renal controls. Despite these complexities, CKD patients remain systematically under-represented in clinical trials, leaving a vacuum of evidence-based guidelines regarding statin use, elective revascularization, and the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy. The evaluation of CAD traditionally relies on clinical assessment integrated with diagnostic tools such as electrocardiography, stress testing, and echocardiography. Despite its known limitations, coronary luminal stenosis remains the conventional benchmark for CAD severity in daily practice, guiding management decisions following invasive coronary angiography or computed tomography angiography (CTA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, emerging evidence suggests that plaque burden, rather than the degree of stenosis alone, is the primary predictor of cardiovascular risk, regardless of whether the CAD is obstructive or non-obstructive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> CTA allows for an extensive characterization of this burden and the identification of high-risk plaque features. Furthermore, incorporating fractional flow reserve methods to account for diffuse CAD may refine the anatomical assessment of vessel-specific ischemia. GFR remains the definitive metric of kidney function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> While the &#187;gold standard&#171; involves measuring the clearance of exogenous markers like inulin, this approach is too invasive, time-consuming, and costly for routine use. Consequently, clinical practice relies on GFR estimates (eGFR) derived from creatinine or cystatin C. The accuracy of these estimates is often compromised by non-GFR determinants of creatinine, such as diet, muscle mass, tubular secretion, and extrarenal elimination. Even in well-validated populations, 10% of patients may have estimation errors exceeding 30%. The Cockcroft-Gault (C-G) equation shares the inherent flaws of measured creatinine clearance. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation is widely utilized, particularly in patients with advanced renal impairment, yet it loses precision in those with preserved kidney function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In contrast, the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation&#8212;which utilizes the same variables as MDRD&#8212;offers superior accuracy at higher GFR levels by reducing systematic bias. Accordingly, the CKD-EPI equation is now the internationally recommended standard for routine laboratory practice.</p>
      <p>Renal function is a potent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes. Analysis of the NHANES cohort (n=31,020) demonstrated a non-linear inverse relationship between GFR decline and CAD risk, characterized by clear threshold and saturation effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The MDRD equation, in particular, has emerged as a robust prognostic tool, correlating with the number of stenotic vessels,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> the complexity of disease (Syntax score),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> angiographic plaque burden,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and the initial myocardial infarction presentations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this issue of the Journal, Verdoia et al. present a large-scale cohort study comparing the three primary GFR formulas (C-G, MDRD, and CKD-EPI) in their ability to predict the prevalence and extent of angiographically defined CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Interestingly, they found that only the MDRD formula remained significantly associated with CAD severity. Through ROC curve analysis, they identified a GFR of 12.4 ml/min/1.73 m&#178; as the optimal threshold for predicting severe CAD. CAD and CKD are inextricably linked in a bidirectional relationship that remains only partially understood. The search for the &#187;ideal&#171; marker of kidney function continues; until then, the most appropriate GFR estimation must be tailored to the clinical context. Similarly, CAD assessment should be personalized, employing non-invasive methods that capture both anatomical burden and functional significance. Management must be holistic, bridging the gap between cardiovascular prevention and rigorous nephroprotection.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Comparison of Different Glomerular Filtration Rate Formulas in the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Extent</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
