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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">t399ssssR6VsdZ9nZX3m6LD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000101002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Polui&#231;&#227;o por Part&#237;culas Finas &#233; um Fator de Risco Importante para Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5470-0326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP)</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Desiderio Favarato &#8226;</bold> Av. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, n&#186; 40, bloco II, 2&#186; andar, sala 2. CEP: <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>desiderio.favarato@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20260006</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Polui&#231;&#227;o do Ar</kwd>
        <kwd>Material Particulado</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Moura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> constataram que a regi&#227;o metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR, apresenta n&#237;veis de polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica extremamente elevados e que houve correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre a polui&#231;&#227;o atmosf&#233;rica por MP<sub>2,5</sub> (material particulado de 2,5 &#956;m) e maior incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV), especialmente em indiv&#237;duos de baixa condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica e idosos.</p>
    <p>Desde que o Estudo de Framingham enumerou os chamados fatores de risco tradicionais &#8211; hipertens&#227;o, colesterol LDL alto, colesterol HDL baixo, diabetes, tabagismo, obesidade, estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio e sexo masculino &#8211; um n&#250;mero crescente de fatores de risco tem sido continuamente adicionado a essa lista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O conceito de aterosclerose como uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> associou todos os fatores de risco ao seu in&#237;cio, crescimento e complica&#231;&#245;es, como s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica e aguda, acidente vascular cerebral e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica.</p>
    <p>Tudo come&#231;a com a ativa&#231;&#227;o ou inflama&#231;&#227;o endotelial, resultando na produ&#231;&#227;o e exposi&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o (selectinas, integrinas), mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o intercelular-1 (ICAM-1) e mol&#233;cula de ades&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria-endotelial-1 (PECAM-1). Isso &#233; seguido pela migra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos e linf&#243;citos para o espa&#231;o subintimal, promovendo a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas e quimiocinas, fatores de crescimento e metaloproteinases da matriz (MMPs), al&#233;m da migra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares. O processo culmina no crescimento da les&#227;o e em complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas por ruptura ou eros&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Como a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar medida por MP<sub>2,5</sub> &#233; inserida neste cen&#225;rio?</p>
    <p>As MP (part&#237;culas sint&#233;ticas) s&#227;o uma mistura complexa de part&#237;culas s&#243;lidas e mat&#233;ria gasosa inaladas, com composi&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;vel, desde fontes naturais, como inc&#234;ndios florestais e tempestades de areia, at&#233; fontes antropog&#234;nicas, como a combust&#227;o de combust&#237;veis f&#243;sseis, o transporte e os processos industriais.</p>
    <p>As part&#237;culas mais perigosas s&#227;o as de 2,5 micr&#244;metros, pois podem atingir os pulm&#245;es, entrar na circula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#234;mica e desencadear um processo inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O relat&#243;rio Global Burden of Disease 2019 colocou a polui&#231;&#227;o do ar na quarta posi&#231;&#227;o de risco para mortalidade por todas as causas, superada apenas por hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo e riscos alimentares. Acima de hiperglicemia de jejum, alto &#237;ndice de massa corporal, colesterol LDL elevado e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma metan&#225;lise de 11 estudos de coorte europeus mostrou um aumento de 13% nos eventos de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com um aumento de 5 &#956;g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> na exposi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia anual estimada a MP<sub>2,5</sub> e um aumento de 12% nos eventos de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com um aumento de 10 &#956;g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> na exposi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia anual estimada a MP10.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Mesmo a exposi&#231;&#227;o de curto prazo a MP tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), principalmente IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, e mortalidade relacionada, particularmente em pacientes idosos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana preexistente e fatores de risco significativos para DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um estudo recente revelou que a raz&#227;o de risco para todos os eventos cerebrovasculares foi 2,14 vezes maior ao comparar os quartis superior e inferior de MP<sub>2,5</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#233;m de ser um fator de risco cardiovascular direto, o MP<sub>2,5</sub> tamb&#233;m &#233; um marcador de outros poluentes atmosf&#233;ricos, como oz&#244;nio, mon&#243;xido de carbono, &#243;xidos de nitrog&#234;nio, &#243;xidos de enxofre e chumbo. Todos est&#227;o relacionados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, ao estresse oxidativo e &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, podendo levar &#224; aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do potencial ateroscler&#243;tico, as MP<sub>2,5</sub> atuam sobre os fatores de risco tradicionais, aumentando seu poder aterog&#234;nico.</p>
    <p>A qualidade do ar em ambientes internos e externos, incluindo o ar no local de trabalho, &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, e medidas rigorosas devem ser tomadas para seu controle, visando uma melhor assist&#234;ncia e contribuindo para uma abordagem mais completa da sa&#250;de.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Impacto da Polui&#231;&#227;o do Ar por MP<sub>2,5</sub> na Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as do Aparelho Circulat&#243;rio nos Bairros do Munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro (2000-2019)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20260006i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fine Particulate Pollution is a Powerful Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5470-0326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Favarato</surname>
            <given-names>Desiderio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Desiderio Favarato &#8226;</bold> Av. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, n&#186; 40, bloco II, 2&#186; andar, sala 2. Postal Code: <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>desiderio.favarato@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Air Pollution</kwd>
        <kwd>Particulate Matter</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In this issue, Moura PH et al<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> found that the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan area, RJ, BR presents out-of-limit high levels of air pollution and there was a direct correlation between air pollution with PM<sub>2.5</sub> (Particulate Matter of 2.5 &#956;m) and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease, especially in lower socioeconomic status and in the elderly.</p>
      <p>Since the Framingham Study had enumerated the so-called traditional risk factors &#8211; hypertension, high LDL-cholesterol, low HDL-cholesterol, diabetes, tobacco smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and male sex &#8211; a growing number of risk factors have been continuously added to that list.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The concept of atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> has linked all risk factors to its initiation, growth, and complications such as chronic and acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.</p>
      <p>All begins with endothelial activation or inflammation, resulting in the production and exposure of adhesion molecules (selectins, integrins), Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1). That is followed by monocytes and lymphocytes migration to the sub-intimal space, promoting production of cytokines and chemokines, growth factors, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Ending in lesion growth and thrombotic complications by rupture or erosion.</p>
      <p>How is air pollution measured by PM<sub>2.5</sub> inserted in this scenario?</p>
      <p>PM is a complex mixture of inhaled solid particles and gaseous matter, with a variable composition from natural sources: wildfires and sand dust storms, to anthropogenic sources: combustion of fossil fuel, transportation, and industrial processes.</p>
      <p>The worst PM are of 2.5 micrometers because they can reach to lung and enter the systemic blood circulation and elicits systemic inflammation process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Global Burden of Disease 2019 report has shown air pollution in the fourth position of risk of all-cause mortality, only overcome by hypertension, tobacco, and dietary risk. Above high fasting plasma glucose, high body-mass index, high LDL-cholesterol, and kidney dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A meta-analysis of 11 European cohort studies showed a 13% increase in acute coronary syndrome events with a 5 &#956;g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> increase in the estimated annual mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> exposure and a 12% increase in acute coronary syndrome events with a10 &#956;g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> increase in the estimated annual mean PM10.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Even short-term exposure to PM is also linked to an increased incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), mainly ST-segment elevation AMI, and related mortality, particularly in elderly patients with preexisting CAD and significant risk factors for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A recent study found that the HR for all cerebrovascular events was 2.14 times higher when comparing the top vs bottom quartiles of PM<sub>2.5</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Besides being a direct cardiovascular risk factor, PM<sub>2.5</sub> is also a marker of other air pollutants such as ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and lead. All are also related to systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, and eventually atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>In addition to atherosclerotic potential, PM<sub>2.5</sub> acts on traditional risk factors, increasing their atherogenic power.</p>
      <p>Living air environment, both indoor and outdoor, and the workplace, is a public health problem, and major enforcement has to be made for its control for better care, which may contribute to a more complete approach to health care.</p>
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          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Impact of PM<sub>2.5</sub> Air Pollution on Mortality from Circulatory System Diseases in the Neighborhoods of the City of Rio de Janeiro (2000-2019)</p>
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