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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">x4td9RRjsfcNcF9kcHtjf9n</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000100609</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00609</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimativa da Geometria da Bifurca&#231;&#227;o do Tronco da Coron&#225;ria Esquerda: Os Modelos Geom&#233;tricos s&#227;o Confi&#225;veis em Art&#233;rias Doentes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzon</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariani</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-9390-7390</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6942-355X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Guy</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Willterson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Breno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sapienza University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Roma</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine - Sapienza University, Roma &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Stefano Garzon</bold> &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Cardiologia Intervencionista - Av. Albert Einstein, 627. CEP <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>stefano.lemos@einstein.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250605</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="letter" id="r1" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20260239" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o precisa da geometria das bifurca&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias &#233; essencial para o planejamento e a otimiza&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas. Embora v&#225;rios modelos geom&#233;tricos tenham sido propostos para prever as dimens&#245;es das bifurca&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias, seu desempenho em vasos doentes permanece insuficientemente explorado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a acur&#225;cia e a precis&#227;o de tr&#234;s modelos geom&#233;tricos de predi&#231;&#227;o (Murray, Finet e Huo&#8211;Kassab) na estimativa dos di&#226;metros da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), utilizando a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (QCA) e o ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio (USIC) como padr&#245;es de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, incluiu 13 pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por USIC do TCE, da art&#233;ria descendente anterior e da art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda. Os di&#226;metros da bifurca&#231;&#227;o previstos por cada modelo geom&#233;trico foram comparados com as medidas obtidas por QCA e USIC. Acur&#225;cia, precis&#227;o e raz&#245;es dos modelos foram calculadas para cada compara&#231;&#227;o. A concord&#226;ncia entre os valores previstos e os medidos foi adicionalmente avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise de Bland&#8211;Altman.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Quando comparados com a QCA, os modelos de Murray e Huo&#8211;Kassab demonstraram maior acur&#225;cia (0,06 mm e &#8722;0,03 mm, respectivamente) e precis&#227;o semelhante (0,95 mm para ambos) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao modelo de Finet (acur&#225;cia &#8722;0,35 mm, precis&#227;o 0,96 mm). Nas compara&#231;&#245;es com o USIC, o modelo de Murray apresentou o melhor desempenho, com acur&#225;cia de &#8722;0,49 mm e precis&#227;o de 0,84 mm. A an&#225;lise de Bland&#8211;Altman indicou melhor concord&#226;ncia para o modelo de Murray, particularmente quando o USIC foi utilizado como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com bifurca&#231;&#245;es do TCE moderadamente doentes, os modelos de Murray e Huo&#8211;Kassab forneceram previs&#245;es geom&#233;tricas mais acuradas do que o modelo de Finet. De modo geral, o modelo de Murray demonstrou o melhor desempenho, especialmente nas avalia&#231;&#245;es baseadas em USIC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="6"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f4">
      <caption>
        <title>ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; CxE: art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda; QCA: angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa; TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; USIC: ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href=""/>
    </fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A configura&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica das bifurca&#231;&#245;es das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias desempenha um papel central na fisiologia coron&#225;ria e na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. A bifurca&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) &#233; particularmente relevante, n&#227;o apenas por sua contribui&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica para a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, mas tamb&#233;m por sua suscetibilidade ao ac&#250;mulo de placa e a dist&#250;rbios relacionados ao fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversos modelos geom&#233;tricos foram propostos para descrever a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os di&#226;metros dos vasos nas bifurca&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias, incluindo aqueles desenvolvidos por Murray, Finet e Huo&#8211;Kassab.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esses modelos diferem em seus fundamentos te&#243;ricos. Os modelos de Murray e Huo&#8211;Kassab baseiam-se em princ&#237;pios da din&#226;mica dos fluidos e da otimiza&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica, enquanto o modelo de Finet se apoia em uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear derivada da geometria fractal das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas.</p>
      <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o precisa da geometria das bifurca&#231;&#245;es &#233; essencial tanto para a avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica quanto para o planejamento de procedimentos, especialmente nas interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas envolvendo o TCE. Nesse contexto, o ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio (USIC) fornece uma quantifica&#231;&#227;o mais precisa das dimens&#245;es do l&#250;men e do vaso em compara&#231;&#227;o com t&#233;cnicas angiogr&#225;ficas convencionais, como a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (do ingl&#234;s QCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar das vantagens do imageamento por USIC, sua disponibilidade n&#227;o &#233; universal. Como resultado, os modelos geom&#233;tricos baseados em angiografia frequentemente representam a &#250;nica ferramenta pr&#225;tica dispon&#237;vel para os cardiologistas intervencionistas estimarem as dimens&#245;es dos vasos. Embora esses modelos tenham sido amplamente estudados, inclusive com compara&#231;&#245;es entre eles, sua acur&#225;cia em vasos doentes, que impacta diretamente sua aplicabilidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica real, permanece incompletamente definida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a acur&#225;cia e a precis&#227;o dos modelos de Murray, Finet e Huo&#8211;Kassab na estimativa da geometria da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do TCE, utilizando tanto a angiografia quanto o USIC em bifurca&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas do TCE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, foi delineado para comparar tr&#234;s modelos geom&#233;tricos de predi&#231;&#227;o de bifurca&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias com medidas obtidas por QCA e USIC da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do TCE. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local, e o consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os participantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>O banco de dados institucional foi analisado para identificar pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por USIC da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos de acordo com crit&#233;rios angiogr&#225;ficos e de USIC previamente definidos.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o por QCA foram: i) o TCE e os segmentos proximais da art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADAE) e da art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda (CxE), incluindo a bifurca&#231;&#227;o distal, deveriam estar claramente vis&#237;veis em pelo menos uma proje&#231;&#227;o adequada para an&#225;lise por QCA; ii) deveria estar dispon&#237;vel, para an&#225;lise, um segmento proximal com comprimento m&#237;nimo de 5 mm, definido como o segmento proximal &#224; emerg&#234;ncia de quaisquer ramos laterais e sem estenose significativa (&lt; 50% pela avalia&#231;&#227;o visual), em todos os tr&#234;s vasos; e iii) os segmentos selecionados n&#227;o poderiam ter sido submetidos a qualquer manipula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, incluindo dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o ou implante de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o por USIC foram: i) avalia&#231;&#227;o por USIC do TCE, ADAE e CxE realizada durante o mesmo procedimento; ii) uso de <italic>pullback</italic> automatizado em todos os vasos; iii) qualidade de imagem adequada para an&#225;lise; e iv) disponibilidade de um segmento proximal, antes da emerg&#234;ncia de ramos laterais, que n&#227;o tivesse sido submetido a qualquer manipula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via, incluindo dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o ou implante de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa e ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio</title>
        <p>A QCA e o USIC foram realizados de acordo com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica padr&#227;o. As imagens por QCA foram adquiridas em m&#250;ltiplas proje&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de nitratos. O imageamento por USIC foi realizado utilizando-se o cateter OptiCross 40 MHz (Boston Scientific, EUA) ou o cateter Eagle Eye 20 MHz (Philips Volcano, EUA), com <italic>pullback</italic> automatizado ap&#243;s hepariniza&#231;&#227;o completa e administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria de nitratos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de imagem</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises por QCA foram realizadas utilizando o software QAngio XA vers&#227;o 7.3 (Medis Medical Imaging System BV, Pa&#237;ses Baixos). As medidas foram obtidas com o m&#243;dulo dedicado para bifurca&#231;&#245;es, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do documento de consenso do European Bifurcation Club.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O modelo em T, que &#233; a op&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o e recomendada para a maioria das bifurca&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias, foi utilizado na maioria dos casos, enquanto o modelo em Y foi aplicado apenas quando ambos os ramos distais apresentavam di&#226;metros semelhantes. Ap&#243;s o tra&#231;ado dos contornos da bifurca&#231;&#227;o, os di&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia foram obtidos para cada vaso. Para o TCE, os di&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia n&#227;o foram medidos dentro da bifurca&#231;&#227;o distal. Para a ADAE e a CxE, os di&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia foram restritos aos segmentos proximais, antes da emerg&#234;ncia de ramos laterais, conforme definido pelos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises por USIC foram realizadas utilizando o software QIvus Research Edition vers&#227;o 3.1 (Medis Medical Imaging System BV, Pa&#237;ses Baixos). As medidas foram conduzidas de acordo com documentos de consenso previamente publicados sobre USIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A regi&#227;o de interesse (do ingl&#234;s ROI) de cada vaso foi definida com base nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e correspondeu ao mesmo segmento utilizado para as medidas dos di&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia por QCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A detec&#231;&#227;o semiautomatizada dos contornos foi utilizada para delinear os limites do vaso e do l&#250;men, com ajustes manuais quando necess&#225;rio. O software gerou automaticamente os seguintes par&#226;metros para cada ROI selecionada: i) &#225;reas m&#237;nima, m&#225;xima e m&#233;dia do l&#250;men e do vaso; ii) carga de placa m&#237;nima, m&#225;xima e m&#233;dia; iii) di&#226;metros m&#237;nimos, m&#225;ximos e m&#233;dios derivados das &#225;reas do l&#250;men e do vaso; e iv) estenose m&#237;nima, m&#225;xima e m&#233;dia de &#225;rea e de di&#226;metro.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Medidas por QCA e USIC realizadas na mesma regi&#227;o de interesse. A) An&#225;lise por QCA da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, com a ROI do di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia destacada em amarelo; B) Vista longitudinal por USIC mostrando a mesma ROI da an&#225;lise por QCA, com os contornos do l&#250;men delineados em vermelho; marcadores azuis delimitam o segmento que cont&#233;m a maior &#225;rea luminal, destacada em amarelo; C) Vista transversal por USIC no local da maior &#225;rea luminal, com os contornos do l&#250;men delineados em vermelho. QCA: angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa; ROI: regi&#227;o de interesse; USIC: ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
        <p>As an&#225;lises por QCA e USIC foram realizadas por dois operadores experientes, cegados entre si quanto aos resultados e a todos os dados cl&#237;nicos. An&#225;lises repetidas foram realizadas por um dos operadores 30 dias ap&#243;s as medi&#231;&#245;es iniciais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelos geom&#233;tricos de predi&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os modelos de Murray, Finet e Huo&#8211;Kassab foram utilizados para estimar a geometria das bifurca&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias. O di&#226;metro do vaso principal (D<sub>0</sub>) foi calculado a partir dos di&#226;metros dos ramos filhos (D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub>) utilizando as seguintes equa&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <p>Murray:</p>
        <disp-formula id="eq01">
          <mml:math id="m1" display="block">
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:msubsup>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msubsup>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:msubsup>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msubsup>
              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
              <mml:msubsup>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msubsup>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            </mml:mrow>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Finet:</p>
        <disp-formula id="eq02">
          <mml:math id="m2" display="block">
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msub>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
              <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
              <mml:mn>6</mml:mn>
              <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
              <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mfenced separators="">
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                    <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfenced>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:mrow>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Huo&#8211;Kassab:</p>
        <disp-formula id="eq03">
          <mml:math id="m3" display="block">
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:msubsup>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msubsup>
              <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mfenced separators="">
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msubsup>
                    <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    <mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msubsup>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfenced>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:mrow>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>No presente estudo, D<sub>0</sub>, D<sub>1</sub> e D<sub>2</sub> corresponderam, respectivamente, aos di&#226;metros do TCE, da ADAE e da CxE. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es com a QCA, foram utilizados os di&#226;metros de refer&#234;ncia. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es com o USIC, foram utilizados os di&#226;metros m&#233;dios do l&#250;men derivados da &#225;rea.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R vers&#227;o 4.5.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, &#193;ustria). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como contagens e porcentagens, e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        <p>A acur&#225;cia, a precis&#227;o e a raz&#227;o do modelo foram calculadas para cada modelo geom&#233;trico. A acur&#225;cia foi definida como a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os di&#226;metros observados e previstos do TCE, expressa em mil&#237;metros. A precis&#227;o foi definida como o desvio padr&#227;o dessa diferen&#231;a. A raz&#227;o do modelo foi definida como a raz&#227;o entre os di&#226;metros observados e previstos do TCE, sendo que valores mais pr&#243;ximos de 1 indicam melhor desempenho do modelo.</p>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas observadas e previstas foi avaliada por meio da an&#225;lise de Bland&#8211;Altman. Para cada compara&#231;&#227;o, foram calculadas a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia e os limites de concord&#226;ncia de 95%.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 81 pacientes submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o por USIC do TCE, da ADAE e da CxE durante o mesmo procedimento, entre setembro de 2017 e janeiro de 2022, foi identificado no banco de dados institucional. Desses, 13 pacientes atenderam a todos os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Os principais achados est&#227;o resumidos na Figura Central. A maioria dos pacientes foi exclu&#237;da devido &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a vascular grave sem um segmento proximal analis&#225;vel ou &#224; exist&#234;ncia de <italic>stents</italic> previamente implantados no segmento de interesse, o que inviabilizou uma an&#225;lise confi&#225;vel. As caracter&#237;sticas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos (n = 13)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (69,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64 &#177; 13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Etnia (branca)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (100,0%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Altura, cm</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">172 &#177; 12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Peso, kg</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83 &#177; 14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>IMC, kg/m</bold>
                <sup>2</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,8 &#177; 2,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>ASC, m</bold>
                <sup>2</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,97 &#177; 0,24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (76,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Diabetes melito</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (46,2%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Hiperlipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (92,3%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>DAC pr&#233;via</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (30,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>AVC pr&#233;vio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (15,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>DAP pr&#233;via</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (23,1%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>CRM pr&#233;via</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (15,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Nunca</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (53,8%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ex-tabagista</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (38,5%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagista ativo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (7,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Angina est&#225;vel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (76,9%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (15,4%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (7,7%)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                <bold>Medidas por QCA</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Di&#226;metro m&#233;dio de refer&#234;ncia, mm</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TCE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,13 &#177; 1,09</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ADAE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,10 &#177; 0,56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CxE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,08 &#177; 0,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Di&#226;metro m&#233;dio da obstru&#231;&#227;o, mm</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TCE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,07 &#177; 0,81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ADAE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,60 &#177; 0,63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CxE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,24 &#177; 0,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Estenose m&#233;dia, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TCE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,92 &#177; 17,84</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ADAE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,59 &#177; 14,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CxE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24,55 &#177; 14,45</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <bold>Medidas por USIC</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Di&#226;metro m&#233;dio, mm</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TCE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,05 &#177; 0,68</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ADAE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,42 &#177; 0,56</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CxE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,64 &#177; 0,62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>AST m&#233;dia, mm</bold>
                <sup>2</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TCE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,89 &#177; 3,72</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ADAE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,46 &#177; 3,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CxE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,25 &#177; 3,38</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>CP m&#233;dia, %</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TCE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,41 &#177; 13,42</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ADAE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,69 &#177; 9,33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CxE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">41,13 &#177; 13,33</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; AST: &#225;rea de sec&#231;&#227;o transversa; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; CP: carga de placa; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; CxE: art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PB: carga de placa; QCA: angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa; TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; USIC: ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Reprodutibilidade das medidas intraobservador e interobservador</title>
        <p>Para a QCA, a acur&#225;cia e a precis&#227;o intraobservador foram de &#8722;0,01 mm e 0,38 mm, respectivamente (p = 0,92). Para o USIC, a acur&#225;cia e a precis&#227;o intraobservador foram de &#8722;0,02 mm e 0,26 mm, respectivamente (p = 0,79). A acur&#225;cia e a precis&#227;o interobservador foram de 0,06 mm e 0,67 mm para a QCA (p = 0,75) e de 0,02 mm e 0,45 mm para o USIC (p = 0,87).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa e ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Um total de 39 medidas pareadas comparando os di&#226;metros do TCE, da ADAE e da CxE obtidos por USIC e QCA foi analisado. Quando o USIC foi comparado &#224; QCA, a acur&#225;cia e a precis&#227;o foram de 0,27 mm e 0,71 mm, respectivamente, com um vi&#233;s positivo de 11,4% observado para as medidas derivadas do USIC. A an&#225;lise de Bland&#8211;Altman demonstrou um vi&#233;s positivo consistente das medidas por USIC em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; QCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico de Bland&#8211;Altman comparando medidas de di&#226;metro por USIC e QCA. Compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas de di&#226;metro obtidas por USIC e QCA no tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda, na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda e na art&#233;ria circunflexa esquerda. A linha azul cont&#237;nua representa a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre as medidas por USIC e QCA, e as linhas vermelhas tracejadas indicam os limites de concord&#226;ncia de 95%. USIC: ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio; QCA: angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelos geom&#233;tricos comparados com a angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa</title>
        <p>Um total de 13 di&#226;metros do TCE previstos pelos modelos de Murray, Finet e Huo&#8211;Kassab foi comparado com as medidas obtidas por QCA. Os modelos de Murray e Huo&#8211;Kassab apresentaram desempenho semelhante, com valores de acur&#225;cia e precis&#227;o de 0,06 mm e 0,95 mm, e &#8722;0,03 mm e 0,95 mm, respectivamente. O modelo de Finet demonstrou o pior desempenho, com acur&#225;cia de &#8722;0,35 mm e precis&#227;o de 0,96 mm. Entre os tr&#234;s modelos, o modelo de Huo&#8211;Kassab apresentou a raz&#227;o do modelo mais pr&#243;xima de 1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre medidas previstas e observadas por an&#225;lise coron&#225;ria quantitativa da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda utilizando diferentes modelos geom&#233;tricos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Modelo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Acur&#225;cia (mm)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Precis&#227;o (mm)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Raz&#227;o do modelo</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Murray</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Finet</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,35</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Huo&#8211;Kassab</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,00</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelos geom&#233;tricos comparados com o ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Um total de 13 medidas do TCE baseadas em USIC foi analisado. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas obtidas por USIC e as predi&#231;&#245;es derivadas dos tr&#234;s modelos geom&#233;tricos est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. O modelo de Murray apresentou a maior acur&#225;cia e precis&#227;o (&#8722;0,49 mm e 0,84 mm, respectivamente). A an&#225;lise de Bland&#8211;Altman confirmou o desempenho superior do modelo de Murray em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais modelos, caracterizado por um pequeno vi&#233;s, uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia pr&#243;xima de 0 e limites de concord&#226;ncia mais estreitos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre medidas previstas e observadas por ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda utilizando diferentes modelos geom&#233;tricos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Modelo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Acur&#225;cia (mm)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Precis&#227;o (mm)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Raz&#227;o do modelo</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Murray</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Finet</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,82</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Huo&#8211;Kassab</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0,64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de Bland&#8211;Altman comparando di&#226;metros medidos e previstos na bifurca&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda. An&#225;lise de Bland&#8211;Altman comparando os di&#226;metros medidos por USIC com os di&#226;metros previstos pelos tr&#234;s modelos geom&#233;tricos na bifurca&#231;&#227;o do TCE. A linha azul cont&#237;nua representa a diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia, e as linhas vermelhas tracejadas indicam os limites de concord&#226;ncia de 95%. TCE: tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, comparamos tr&#234;s modelos geom&#233;tricos de predi&#231;&#227;o da geometria de bifurca&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias com medidas obtidas por QCA e USIC. Embora todos os modelos tenham demonstrado concord&#226;ncia razo&#225;vel com os di&#226;metros observados, seu desempenho variou de acordo com a modalidade de imagem utilizada. Quando avaliados em rela&#231;&#227;o tanto &#224; QCA quanto ao USIC, os modelos de Murray e Huo&#8211;Kassab apresentaram maior acur&#225;cia e precis&#227;o do que o modelo de Finet. Notavelmente, o modelo de Murray demonstrou a maior acur&#225;cia quando o USIC foi utilizado como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia, com menor vi&#233;s negativo e limites de concord&#226;ncia mais estreitos.</p>
      <p>O desempenho superior dos modelos de Murray e Huo&#8211;Kassab pode ser explicado por seus fundamentos te&#243;ricos mais robustos. Ambos os modelos s&#227;o derivados de princ&#237;pios da din&#226;mica dos fluidos, enquanto o modelo de Finet &#233; baseado empiricamente em medidas angiogr&#225;ficas, que podem n&#227;o refletir com precis&#227;o as dimens&#245;es reais dos vasos, particularmente na presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o achado de que o USIC forneceu sistematicamente di&#226;metros vasculares maiores do que a QCA, embora consistente com relatos pr&#233;vios, refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da escolha da modalidade de imagem na valida&#231;&#227;o de modelos geom&#233;tricos preditivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Curiosamente, o modelo de Murray demonstrou concord&#226;ncia ligeiramente melhor com as medidas derivadas do USIC do que o modelo de Huo&#8211;Kassab em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a simplicidade da rela&#231;&#227;o c&#250;bica proposta por Murray torne o modelo matematicamente mais robusto a pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es nas medidas de entrada. Em contraste, o expoente mais complexo utilizado no modelo de Huo&#8211;Kassab pode amplificar discrep&#226;ncias menores nas medi&#231;&#245;es dos di&#226;metros dos ramos. Esse efeito pode ser particularmente relevante em uma popula&#231;&#227;o composta por vasos com carga de placa moderada, como foi o caso do presente estudo. Nossos achados s&#227;o parcialmente consistentes com os relatados por Blanco et al., que observaram que, embora o modelo de Huo&#8211;Kassab apresentasse melhor correspond&#234;ncia geom&#233;trica em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais, o modelo de Murray foi estatisticamente mais pr&#243;ximo dos valores observados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As simula&#231;&#245;es desses autores tamb&#233;m demonstraram que nenhuma lei de escala universal &#233; capaz de equilibrar plenamente o estresse de cisalhamento da parede na bifurca&#231;&#227;o, refor&#231;ando o conceito de que os modelos geom&#233;tricos, embora &#250;teis como aproxima&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o conseguem capturar completamente a complexa intera&#231;&#227;o entre anatomia e fluxo em pacientes individuais.</p>
      <p>Essas considera&#231;&#245;es enfatizam que os modelos geom&#233;tricos de predi&#231;&#227;o representam uma tradu&#231;&#227;o imperfeita de princ&#237;pios te&#243;ricos para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Embora possam auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de segmentos coron&#225;rios n&#227;o normais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> eles n&#227;o forneceram um substituto confi&#225;vel para o dimensionamento direto dos vasos em nosso estudo. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, mesmo pequenas discrep&#226;ncias na estimativa do di&#226;metro vascular podem ter consequ&#234;ncias significativas, e diferen&#231;as da ordem de 1 mm, seja por subestima&#231;&#227;o ou superestima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do vaso, podem levar a desfechos procedimentais adversos. Portanto, apesar de sua robustez matem&#225;tica, os modelos geom&#233;tricos de predi&#231;&#227;o devem ser considerados estritamente como ferramentas adjuntas, e n&#227;o como m&#233;todos definitivos de dimensionamento.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Seu desenho retrospectivo e o pequeno tamanho amostral introduzem potencial vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Embora as an&#225;lises tenham sido restritas a segmentos arteriais sem doen&#231;a grave, esses vasos n&#227;o estavam livres de aterosclerose. Consequentemente, nossos achados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias angiograficamente normais nem para aquelas com doen&#231;a grave. Ainda assim, o estudo apresenta pontos fortes relevantes, incluindo o uso de USIC com <italic>pullback</italic> automatizado e sele&#231;&#227;o padronizada dos segmentos, o que aumenta a reprodutibilidade das medidas. Al&#233;m disso, foram avaliados tanto di&#226;metros vasculares m&#233;dios lineares quanto derivados da &#225;rea, proporcionando uma avalia&#231;&#227;o representativa da geometria coron&#225;ria. De forma importante, o estudo reflete a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do mundo real, na qual a predi&#231;&#227;o acurada dos di&#226;metros das bifurca&#231;&#245;es &#233; mais relevante em art&#233;rias doentes do que em vasos normais. De modo geral, os resultados devem ser considerados explorat&#243;rios e geradores de hip&#243;teses, sendo necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores para confirmar esses achados e avaliar suas implica&#231;&#245;es para o dimensionamento de <italic>stents</italic> e o planejamento de procedimentos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, os modelos de Murray e Huo&#8211;Kassab apresentaram desempenho superior ao modelo de Finet na predi&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros da bifurca&#231;&#227;o do TCE, particularmente quando as medidas obtidas por USIC foram utilizadas como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Esses achados sustentam o uso preferencial desses modelos geom&#233;tricos em aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e computacionais envolvendo bifurca&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias. No entanto, os modelos geom&#233;tricos de predi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o substituem o imageamento por USIC para o dimensionamento vascular em interven&#231;&#245;es no TCE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250605i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimating Left Main Bifurcation Geometry: Are Geometric Models Reliable in Diseased Arteries?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzon</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pilotto</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mariani</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-9390-7390</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6942-355X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Guy</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>Willterson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Breno</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Roma</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Italy</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine - Sapienza University, Roma &#8211; Italy</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Stefano Garzon</bold> &#8226; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - Cardiologia Intervencionista - Av. Albert Einstein, 627. Postal Code <postal-code>05652-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>stefano.lemos@einstein.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="letter" id="r1-en" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20260239i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Accurate characterization of coronary bifurcation geometry is essential for planning and optimizing percutaneous coronary interventions. Although several geometric models have been proposed to predict coronary bifurcation dimensions, their performance in diseased vessels remains insufficiently explored.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the accuracy and precision of three geometric prediction models (Murray, Finet, and Huo&#8211;Kassab) in estimating left main coronary artery (LMCA) bifurcation diameters, using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) as reference standards.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This retrospective, single-center study included 13 patients undergoing IVUS evaluation of the LMCA, left anterior descending artery, and left circumflex artery. Bifurcation diameters predicted by each geometric model were compared with measurements obtained by QCA and IVUS. Accuracy, precision, and model ratios were calculated for each comparison. Agreement between predicted and measured values was further assessed using Bland&#8211;Altman analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>When compared with QCA, the Murray and Huo&#8211;Kassab models demonstrated higher accuracy (0.06 mm and &#8722;0.03 mm, respectively) and similar precision (0.95 mm for both) than the Finet model (accuracy &#8722;0.35 mm, precision 0.96 mm). In comparisons with IVUS, the Murray model showed the best performance, with an accuracy of &#8722;0.49 mm and a precision of 0.84 mm. Bland&#8211;Altman analysis indicated superior agreement for the Murray model, particularly when IVUS was used as the reference standard.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this population of patients with moderately diseased LMCA bifurcations, the Murray and Huo&#8211;Kassab models provided more accurate geometric predictions than the Finet model. Overall, the Murray model demonstrated the best performance, especially in IVUS-based assessments.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The geometric configuration of coronary artery bifurcations plays a central role in coronary physiology and the progression of atherosclerotic disease. The left main coronary artery (LMCA) bifurcation is particularly relevant, not only because of its critical contribution to myocardial perfusion of the left ventricle, but also due to its susceptibility to plaque accumulation and flow-related disturbances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several geometric models have been proposed to describe the relationship among vessel diameters at coronary bifurcations, including those developed by Murray, Finet, and Huo&#8211;Kassab.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These models differ in their theoretical foundations. The Murray and Huo&#8211;Kassab models are based on principles of fluid dynamics and energy optimization, whereas the Finet model relies on a linear relationship derived from the fractal geometry of epicardial coronary arteries.</p>
        <p>Accurate characterization of bifurcation geometry is essential for both diagnostic evaluation and procedural planning, particularly in percutaneous coronary interventions involving the LMCA. In this context, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) provides more precise quantification of lumen and vessel dimensions than conventional angiographic techniques such as quantitative coronary angiography (QCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the advantages of IVUS imaging, its availability is not universal. As a result, angiography-based geometric models often represent the only practical tool available to interventional cardiologists for estimating vessel dimensions. Although these models have been extensively studied, including comparisons among them, their accuracy in diseased vessels, which directly affects their applicability in real-world clinical practice, remains incompletely defined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <caption>
            <title>IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; LMCA: left main coronary artery; QCA: quantitative coronary angiography.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
        <p>This study aimed to assess the accuracy and precision of the Murray, Finet, and Huo&#8211;Kassab models in estimating LMCA bifurcation geometry using both angiography and IVUS in atherosclerotic LMCA bifurcations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This retrospective, single-center study was designed to compare three coronary bifurcation geometric prediction models with QCA and IVUS measurements of LMCA bifurcation. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>The institutional database was screened for patients who underwent IVUS evaluation of the left coronary artery. Patients were included according to predefined angiographic and IVUS criteria.</p>
          <p>QCA inclusion criteria were i) the LMCA and the proximal segments of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery (LCx), including the distal bifurcation, had to be clearly visible in at least one projection suitable for QCA analysis; ii) a proximal segment of at least 5 mm in length, defined as the segment proximal to the emergence of any side branches and without significant stenosis (&lt; 50% by visual assessment), had to be available for analysis in all three vessels; and iii) selected segments must not have undergone any prior manipulation, including balloon dilatation or stent implantation.</p>
          <p>IVUS inclusion criteria were i) IVUS evaluation of the LMCA, LAD, and LCx performed during the same procedure; ii) use of automated pullback in all vessels; iii) image quality adequate for analysis; and iv) availability of a proximal segment, prior to the emergence of side branches, that had not undergone any previous manipulation, including balloon dilatation or stent implantation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound</title>
          <p>QCA and IVUS were performed according to standard clinical practice. Angiographic images were acquired in multiple projections following intracoronary administration of nitrates. IVUS imaging was performed using either the OptiCross 40 MHz catheter (Boston Scientific, USA) or the Eagle Eye 20 MHz catheter (Philips Volcano, USA), with automated pullback after full heparinization and intracoronary nitrate administration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imaging analyses</title>
          <p>QCA analyses were performed using QAngio XA version 7.3 (Medis Medical Imaging System BV, the Netherlands). Measurements were obtained using the dedicated bifurcation module, in accordance with recommendations from the European Bifurcation Club consensus document.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The T-shape model, which is the default and recommended option for most coronary bifurcations, was used in the majority of cases, whereas the Y-shape model was applied only when both distal branches had similar diameters. After bifurcation contour tracing, reference diameters were obtained for each vessel. For the LMCA, reference diameters were not measured within the distal bifurcation. For the LAD and LCx, reference diameters were confined to the proximal segments, prior to the emergence of side branches, as defined by the inclusion criteria.</p>
          <p>IVUS analyses were performed using QIvus Research Edition version 3.1 (Medis Medical Imaging System BV, the Netherlands). Measurements were conducted according to previously published IVUS consensus documents.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The region of interest (ROI) for each vessel was defined based on the inclusion criteria and corresponded to the same segment used for QCA reference diameter measurements (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). Semi-automated contour detection was used to delineate vessel and lumen borders, with manual adjustments when necessary. The software automatically generated the following parameters for each selected ROI: i) minimum, maximum, and mean lumen and vessel areas; ii) minimum, maximum, and mean plaque burden; iii) minimum, maximum, and mean lumen- and vessel area&#8211;derived diameters; and iv) minimum, maximum, and mean area and diameter stenosis.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>QCA and IVUS measurements performed in the same region of interest. A) QCA analysis of the left main coronary artery bifurcation, with the reference diameter ROI highlighted in yellow; B) IVUS longitudinal view showing the same ROI as in the QCA analysis, with lumen contours outlined in red; blue markers delimit the segment containing the largest lumen area, highlighted in yellow; C) IVUS cross-sectional view at the site of the largest lumen area, with lumen contours outlined in red. QCA: quantitative coronary angiography. IVUS: intravascular ultrasound. ROI: region of interest.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
          <p>QCA and IVUS analyses were performed by two experienced operators who were blinded to each other's results and to all clinical data. Repeat analyses were performed by one of the operators 30 days after the initial measurements.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Geometric prediction models</title>
          <p>The Murray, Finet, and Huo&#8211;Kassab models were used to estimate coronary bifurcation geometry. The diameter of the main vessel (D<sub>0</sub>) was calculated from the diameters of the daughter branches (D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub>) using the following equations:</p>
          <p>Murray:</p>
          <disp-formula id="eq04">
            <mml:math id="m4" display="block">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:msubsup>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msubsup>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                <mml:msubsup>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msubsup>
                <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                <mml:msubsup>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msubsup>
                <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Finet:</p>
          <disp-formula id="eq05">
            <mml:math id="m5" display="block">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msub>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                <mml:mi>.</mml:mi>
                <mml:mn>6</mml:mn>
                <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                <mml:mn>8</mml:mn>
                <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mfenced separators="">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:msub>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msub>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      <mml:msub>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msub>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Huo&#8211;Kassab:</p>
          <disp-formula id="eq06">
            <mml:math id="m6" display="block">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:msubsup>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msubsup>
                <mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mfenced separators="">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>0</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      <mml:msubsup>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>7</mml:mn>
                          <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                          <mml:mn>3</mml:mn>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:msubsup>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>In this study, D<sub>0</sub>, D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>2</sub> corresponded to the diameters of the LMCA, LAD, and LCx, respectively. For comparisons with QCA, reference diameters were used. For comparisons with IVUS, average area-derived lumen diameters were used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using R software version 4.5.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages, and continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>Accuracy, precision, and model ratio were calculated for each geometric model. Accuracy was defined as the mean difference between observed and predicted LMCA diameters, expressed in millimeters. Precision was defined as the standard deviation of this difference. The model ratio was defined as the ratio between observed and predicted LMCA diameters, with values closer to 1 indicating better model performance.</p>
          <p>Agreement between observed and predicted measurements was evaluated using Bland&#8211;Altman analysis. For each comparison, the mean difference and 95% limits of agreement were calculated.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 81 patients who underwent IVUS evaluation of the LMCA, LAD, and LCx during the same procedure between September 2017 and January 2022 were identified in the institutional database. Of these, 13 patients met all inclusion criteria. The main findings are summarized in Central Illustration. Most patients were excluded because of severe vessel disease without an analyzable proximal segment or because of previously implanted stents in the segment of interest, which precluded reliable analysis. Baseline characteristics of the study population are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the included patients (n = 13)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Male sex</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (69.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Age, years</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64 &#177; 13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ethnicity (White)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 (100.0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Height, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">172 &#177; 12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Weight, kg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83 &#177; 14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>BMI, kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.8 &#177; 2.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>BSA, m</bold>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.97 &#177; 0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (76.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (46.2%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Hyperlipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (92.3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Previous CAD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (30.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Previous stroke</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (15.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Previous PAD</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (23.1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Previous CABG</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (15.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Smoker</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Never</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (53.8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Previous</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (38.5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Active</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (7.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Clinical presentation</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Stable angina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (76.9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Unstable angina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (15.4%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Myocardial infarction</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 (7.7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3">
                  <bold>QCA measurements</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Mean reference diameter, mm</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LMCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.13 &#177; 1.09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.10 &#177; 0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LCx</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.08 &#177; 0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Mean obstruction diameter, mm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LMCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.07 &#177; 0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.60 &#177; 0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LCx</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.24 &#177; 0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Mean stenosis, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LMCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.92 &#177; 17.84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.59 &#177; 14.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LCx</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24.55 &#177; 14.45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="3" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>IVUS measurements</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Mean diameter, mm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LMCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.05 &#177; 0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.42 &#177; 0.56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LCx</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.64 &#177; 0.62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Mean CSA, mm</bold>
                  <sup>2</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LMCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.89 &#177; 3.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.46 &#177; 3.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LCx</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.25 &#177; 3.38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Mean PB, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LMCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.41 &#177; 13.42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.69 &#177; 9.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LCx</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41.13 &#177; 13.33</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; CAD: coronary artery disease; PAD: peripheral artery disease; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CSA: cross-sectional area; QCA: quantitative coronary angiography; LMCA: left main coronary artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; PB: plaque burden.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Intra- and inter-observer measurement reproducibility</title>
          <p>For QCA, intra-observer accuracy and precision were &#8722;0.01 mm and 0.38 mm, respectively (p = 0.92). For IVUS, intra-observer accuracy and precision were &#8722;0.02 mm and 0.26 mm, respectively (p = 0.79). Inter-observer accuracy and precision were 0.06 mm and 0.67 mm for QCA (p = 0.75) and 0.02 mm and 0.45 mm for IVUS (p = 0.87).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison between quantitative coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound</title>
          <p>A total of 39 paired measurements comparing IVUS and QCA diameters of the LMCA, LAD, and LCx were analyzed. When IVUS was compared with QCA, accuracy and precision were 0.27 mm and 0.71 mm, respectively, with a positive bias of 11.4% observed for IVUS-derived measurements. Bland&#8211;Altman analysis demonstrated a consistent positive bias of IVUS measurements relative to QCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bland&#8211;Altman plot comparing IVUS and QCA diameter measurements. Comparison of IVUS and QCA diameter measurements obtained from the left main coronary artery, left anterior descending artery, and left circumflex artery. The blue solid line represents the mean difference between IVUS and QCA measurements, and the red dashed lines indicate the 95% limits of agreement. IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; QCA: quantitative coronary angiography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Geometric models compared with quantitative coronary angiography</title>
          <p>A total of 13 LMCA diameters predicted by the Murray, Finet, and Huo&#8211;Kassab models were compared with QCA measurements. The Murray and Huo&#8211;Kassab models showed similar performance, with accuracy and precision values of 0.06 mm and 0.95 mm, and &#8722;0.03 mm and 0.95 mm, respectively. The Finet model demonstrated the lowest performance, with an accuracy of &#8722;0.35 mm and a precision of 0.96 mm. Among the three models, the Huo&#8211;Kassab model showed the model ratio closest to 1 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of predicted and observed quantitative coronary analysis measurements of the left main coronary artery bifurcation using different geometric models</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Model</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Accuracy (mm)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Precision (mm)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Model ratio</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Murray</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Finet</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.35</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.96</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Huo&#8211;Kassab</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.03</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.00</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Geometric models compared with intravascular ultrasound</title>
          <p>A total of 13 IVUS-based LMCA measurements were analyzed. Comparisons between IVUS measurements and predictions derived from the three geometric models are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>. The Murray model demonstrated the highest accuracy and precision (&#8722;0.49 mm and 0.84 mm, respectively). Bland&#8211;Altman analysis confirmed superior performance of the Murray model compared with the other models, characterized by a small bias, a mean difference close to 0, and narrower limits of agreement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of predicted and observed intravascular ultrasound measurements of the left main coronary artery bifurcation using different geometric models</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Model</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Accuracy (mm)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Precision (mm)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Model ratio</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Murray</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.49</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.84</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Finet</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.91</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.82</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Huo&#8211;Kassab</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&#8211;0.64</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.84</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Bland&#8211;Altman plots comparing measured and predicted diameters in the LMCA bifurcation. Bland&#8211;Altman analysis comparing intravascular ultrasound&#8211;measured diameters with diameters predicted by the three geometric models in the LMCA bifurcation. The blue solid line represents the mean difference, and the red dashed lines indicate the 95% limits of agreement. LMCA: left main coronary artery.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we compared three geometric models of coronary bifurcation geometry with measurements obtained by QCA and IVUS. Although all models demonstrated reasonable agreement with observed diameters, their performance varied according to the imaging modality used. When evaluated against both QCA and IVUS, the Murray and Huo&#8211;Kassab models showed higher accuracy and precision than the Finet model. Notably, the Murray model demonstrated the highest accuracy when IVUS was used as the reference standard, with a smaller negative bias and narrower limits of agreement.</p>
        <p>The superior performance of the Murray and Huo&#8211;Kassab models may be explained by their stronger theoretical foundations. Both models are derived from principles of fluid dynamics, whereas the Finet model is empirically based on angiographic measurements, which may not accurately reflect true vessel dimensions, particularly in the presence of atherosclerotic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition, our finding that IVUS systematically yielded larger vessel diameters than QCA, although consistent with previous reports, further highlights the importance of imaging modality selection when validating predictive geometric models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interestingly, the Murray model demonstrated slightly better agreement with IVUS-derived measurements than the Huo&#8211;Kassab model in our study population. One possible explanation is that the simplicity of Murray's cubic relationship may render it more mathematically robust to small variations in input measurements. In contrast, the more complex exponent used in the Huo&#8211;Kassab model may amplify minor discrepancies in branch diameter measurements. This effect may be particularly relevant in a population composed of vessels with moderate plaque burden, as was the case in our study. Our findings are partially consistent with those reported by Blanco et al., who observed that although the Huo&#8211;Kassab model provided better geometric matching in angiographically normal coronary arteries, the Murray model was statistically closer to observed values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Their simulations also demonstrated that no universal scaling law could fully balance wall shear stress at the bifurcation, reinforcing the concept that geometric models, while useful approximations, cannot fully capture the complex interaction between anatomy and flow in individual patients.</p>
        <p>These considerations emphasize that geometric prediction models represent an imperfect translation of theoretical principles into clinical practice. Although they may help identify non-normal coronary segments,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> they did not provide a reliable substitute for direct vessel sizing in our study. In clinical practice, even small discrepancies in vessel diameter estimation may have significant consequences, and differences on the order of 1 mm, whether underestimating or overestimating vessel size, can lead to adverse procedural outcomes. Therefore, despite their mathematical robustness, geometric prediction models should be regarded strictly as adjunctive tools rather than definitive sizing methods.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. Its retrospective design and small sample size introduce the potential for selection bias. Although analyses were restricted to arterial segments without severe disease, these vessels were not free of atherosclerosis. Consequently, our findings cannot be extrapolated to either angiographically normal or severely diseased coronary arteries. Nevertheless, the study also has notable strengths, including the use of IVUS with automated pullback and standardized segment selection, which enhance measurement reproducibility. In addition, both linear and area-derived mean vessel diameters were evaluated, providing a representative assessment of coronary geometry. Importantly, the study reflects real-world clinical practice, in which accurate prediction of bifurcation diameters is more relevant in diseased arteries than in normal vessels. Overall, the results should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating, and further studies with larger populations are needed to confirm these findings and assess their implications for stent sizing and procedural planning.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this study, the Murray and Huo&#8211;Kassab models outperformed the Finet model in predicting LMCA bifurcation diameters, particularly when IVUS measurements were used as the reference standard. These findings support the preferential use of these geometric models in clinical and computational applications involving coronary bifurcations. However, geometric prediction models do not replace IVUS imaging for vessel sizing in LMCA interventions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of Funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
