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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZgwGKffMDsHn3M3nppYXGhy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000100610</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250445</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00610</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Diagn&#243;stico dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP na Detec&#231;&#227;o da Trombose Venosa de Membros Inferiores em Pacientes Idosos com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7345-7004</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Xuelian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mu</surname>
            <given-names>Lina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Shasha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Huijing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Harrison International Peace Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hengshui</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hengshui Sixth People's Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Surgery</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hengshui</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery, Hengshui Sixth People's Hospital, Hengshui &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Xuelian Liu</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital, 180 Renmin East Road, Taocheng District, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, <postal-code>053000</postal-code> - China E-mail: <email>liuxuelianxl0904@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250445</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos do ligante sol&#250;vel de CD40 (sCD40L), da quimiocina ligante 3 (CCL3) e do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal pr&#243;-hormonal (NT-proBNP) est&#227;o intimamente associados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo avaliou o valor preditivo dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP para trombose venosa de membros inferiores (TVMI) em pacientes idosos com IC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 200 pacientes com IC foi inclu&#237;do retrospectivamente e igualmente dividido em grupos com trombo e sem trombo, com base nos achados do ultrassom de veias dos membros inferiores. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP foram medidos e analisados. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP foram significativamente mais elevados no grupo com trombo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sem trombo (p &lt; 0,05). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada demonstrou que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP s&#227;o fatores de risco para TVMI em pacientes com IC (p &lt; 0,05). A &#225;rea sob a curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) (AUC) para os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos combinados de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP foi maior do que a de cada marcador individual (valores de Z: sCD40L = 3,337; CCL3 = 2,303; e NT-proBNP = 5,156; p &lt; 0,001; p &lt; 0,001; e p = 0,021, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP foram associados &#224; TVMI em pacientes idosos com IC. A combina&#231;&#227;o desses marcadores oferece alto valor diagn&#243;stico para a detec&#231;&#227;o de TVMI nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Trombose Venosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Hebei Province Medical Science Research</funding-source>
          <award-id>20232184</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado por Hebei Province Medical Science Research Project (No. 20232184).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f5">
      <caption>
        <title>1. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP foram significativamente mais elevados no grupo com trombo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo sem trombo; 2. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP representam fatores de risco para TVMI em pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC); 3. A &#225;rea sob a curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) para os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos combinados de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP foi maior do que a de cada marcador individual.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica multifatorial que resulta de defeitos estruturais ou funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o, limitando sua capacidade de contrair ou de os ventr&#237;culos relaxarem. A incid&#234;ncia de IC na China tem aumentado de forma constante em paralelo ao envelhecimento populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pacientes com IC geralmente apresentam sintomas como dispneia, fadiga e reten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A trombose venosa de membros inferiores (TVMI) &#233; um dist&#250;rbio concomitante comum em pacientes com IC. O Tromboembolismo Venoso (TEV), que inclui tanto a Embolia Pulmonar (EP) quanto a Trombose Venosa Profunda (TVP/TVMI), representa um risco particularmente grave para indiv&#237;duos com IC. De fato, pacientes com IC t&#234;m um risco 2&#8211;3 vezes maior de desenvolver TVMI e TEV em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esse risco aumentado &#233; amplamente atribu&#237;do a fatores como imobilidade, infec&#231;&#245;es agudas e comorbidades, incluindo a Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica (DPOC), que por si s&#243; eleva o risco de TEV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Pacientes com IC podem apresentar consequ&#234;ncias graves da TVP, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita e aumento da mortalidade. A redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade do fluxo sangu&#237;neo nos membros inferiores devido &#224; TVP leva &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o da parede venosa e a um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, que compromete o retorno venoso. O risco de mortalidade pode aumentar se o trombo se desprender e causar uma embolia pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto, o diagn&#243;stico preciso e a interven&#231;&#227;o oportuna em pacientes com IC e TVMI s&#227;o essenciais para melhorar o progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Uma TVP em pacientes com IC est&#225; associada a fatores de risco, como idade avan&#231;ada, sexo feminino e hist&#243;rico de TVP ou EP. Os fatores de risco incluem anormalidades heredit&#225;rias da coagula&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas (como c&#226;ncer), obesidade [&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) elevado] e imobilidade prolongada. Fatores adicionais que podem aumentar a vulnerabilidade incluem cateteres venosos centrais, efeitos hormonais (como o estrog&#234;nio proveniente de terapia hormonal) e les&#245;es nas veias decorrentes de trauma ou cirurgia. Em conjunto, essas vari&#225;veis demonstram a complexa intera&#231;&#227;o entre fatores cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos que influenciam o risco de TVP em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O grau e o progn&#243;stico da IC est&#227;o correlacionados com o biomarcador pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NT-ProBNP), que reflete a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O NT-ProBNP &#233; essencial para o diagn&#243;stico e avalia&#231;&#227;o da IC. Estudos demonstraram que fatores inflamat&#243;rios desempenham um papel importante na forma&#231;&#227;o da TVP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Para regular as respostas inflamat&#243;rias, as plaquetas liberam o ligante sol&#250;vel do ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o leucocit&#225;ria 40 (sCD40L), uma glicoprote&#237;na transmembrana pertencente &#224; fam&#237;lia dos receptores do fator de necrose tumoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Jin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> relataram que pacientes idosos com IC grave apresentam n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de sCD40L. A intera&#231;&#227;o entre CD40 e sCD40L &#233; cr&#237;tica em condi&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias. Os n&#237;veis de sCD40L s&#227;o significativamente maiores em pacientes com IC, especialmente naqueles com IC grave, diabetes ou hipertens&#227;o, em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis. O aumento do sCD40L pode impactar a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular e o remodelamento card&#237;aco, conforme evidenciado pela correla&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade cl&#237;nica, o desequil&#237;brio neuro-hormonal e a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Outro estudo mostrou que pacientes com asma br&#244;nquica e pacientes com osteoporose apresentam n&#237;veis elevados da quimiocina pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria CCL3, que desempenha papel importante no controle dos processos inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ultrassonografia venosa dos membros inferiores &#233; considerada o "padr&#227;o-ouro" para o diagn&#243;stico da TVP; entretanto, trata-se de um procedimento de alto custo. Biomarcadores s&#233;ricos podem ser utilizados clinicamente para identificar &#237;ndices associados &#224; TVP e podem facilitar o diagn&#243;stico em pacientes idosos com IC. A aplica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP em pacientes com IC e TVP tem sido limitada. O presente estudo avaliou a utilidade diagn&#243;stica dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP em 200 pacientes idosos com IC, com o objetivo de fornecer subs&#237;dios para o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico da IC concomitante &#224; TVP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Um total de 200 pacientes idosos com IC, que receberam tratamento em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o entre julho de 2020 e julho de 2022, foi inclu&#237;do neste estudo. Os pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos (trombo e n&#227;o trombo) com base nos resultados da ultrassonografia venosa dos membros inferiores no momento da admiss&#227;o. O estudo seguiu os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos e os padr&#245;es para experimenta&#231;&#227;o em seres humanos e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica M&#233;dica de nosso hospital (n&#176; 2022-1-035). Cada participante forneceu consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: diagn&#243;stico de IC com base no Consenso de Especialistas de 2021 sobre Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Qualidade e Indicadores de Controle para o Diagn&#243;stico e Tratamento da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na China, considerando hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, sintomas, sinais, ecocardiografia e avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> concord&#226;ncia em realizar ultrassonografia venosa dos membros inferiores; idade superior a 60 anos; disponibilidade de dados cl&#237;nicos completos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: presen&#231;a de varizes nos membros inferiores, neoplasias, doen&#231;as hematol&#243;gicas, EP, diabetes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou DPOC; uso de anticoagulantes (incluindo varfarina, rivaroxabana, dabigatrana ou heparina de baixo peso molecular) antes da admiss&#227;o; gesta&#231;&#227;o ou lacta&#231;&#227;o; disfun&#231;&#227;o grave de &#243;rg&#227;os vitais, incluindo cora&#231;&#227;o, f&#237;gado, ba&#231;o ou rins; aus&#234;ncia de consentimento informado do paciente ou de sua fam&#237;lia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Principais reagentes e instrumentos</title>
        <p>Os seguintes instrumentos e reagentes foram utilizados neste estudo: Philips Epiq 5C (Philips Healthcare, Cidade, Pa&#237;ses Baixos); Analisador Bioqu&#237;mico Automatizado Hitachi 7600 (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Cidade, Jap&#227;o); Leitor de Microplacas Multifuncional FK-SY96S (Shandong Lain Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., Cidade, China); e kits de ELISA para sCD40L e CCL3 (Abcam, Cambridge, Reino Unido).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de informa&#231;&#245;es gerais</title>
        <p>Foram coletados dados de todos os participantes, incluindo idade, sexo, IMC, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, glicemia de jejum, Colesterol Total (CT), Triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), lipoprote&#237;na (a) [Lp(a)], al&#233;m do hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de diabetes e hipertens&#227;o, juntamente com outros indicadores cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame de ultrassom</title>
        <p>Um t&#233;cnico realizou exames de ultrassom venoso dos membros inferiores &#224; beira do leito imediatamente ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o dos participantes no estudo, utilizando um aparelho de ultrassom equipado com transdutor linear de alta frequ&#234;ncia (faixa de frequ&#234;ncia: 6&#8211;12 MHz). A avalia&#231;&#227;o incluiu a veia femoral comum, veia femoral, veia femoral profunda (profunda femoris), veia popl&#237;tea, veia tibial anterior, veia tibial posterior, veia fibular (peroneal), veia dorsal do p&#233;, veias intermusculares da perna e veias comunicantes. O diagn&#243;stico de TVMI foi baseado nos crit&#233;rios descritos na publica&#231;&#227;o de 2018 <italic>Lower Limb Venous Ultrasound: A Review of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Guidelines for Peripheral Venous Ultrasound Examination</italic>. Os pacientes foram posteriormente classificados em grupos com trombo ou sem trombo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e armazenamento de soro</title>
        <p>Na manh&#227; seguinte &#224; admiss&#227;o, foram coletados 4 mL de sangue perif&#233;rico de cada paciente com IC em tubos, que permaneceram em repouso &#224; temperatura ambiente por 30 minutos. Para obten&#231;&#227;o do soro, as amostras foram centrifugadas por 3 minutos a 3000 rpm. Em seguida, o soro foi alicotado em tubos est&#233;reis tipo EP e armazenado a &#8722;20 &#176;C.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mensura&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-ProBNP foram determinados utilizando um analisador bioqu&#237;mico automatizado. As concentra&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas de sCD40L e CCL3 foram medidas de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante fornecidas com os respectivos kits de ensaio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o SPSS vers&#227;o 23.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP), e a normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro&#8211;Wilk. As diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas basais e nos n&#237;veis de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP entre os dois grupos foram comparadas utilizando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre os n&#237;veis de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP foram avaliadas por meio da an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A ocorr&#234;ncia de TVMI em pacientes com IC foi investigada por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. As vari&#225;veis independentes inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram Lp(a), contagem de plaquetas, creatina quinase, sCD40L, CCL3 e n&#237;veis de NT-ProBNP. O desempenho diagn&#243;stico dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de trombose venosa em pacientes com IC foi avaliado por meio da an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC). As compara&#231;&#245;es da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) foram realizadas utilizando o teste Z. Valores de P &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos foram coletados de 200 pacientes, que foram divididos em grupo sem trombose (n = 100) e grupo com trombose (n = 100). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo e &#224; idade entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos dados cl&#237;nicos gerais entre os grupos sem trombose e com trombose (M&#233;dia&#177;DP)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Indicadores cl&#237;nicos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo sem trombose (n=100)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo com trombose (n=100)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,12&#177;5,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,54&#177;5,84</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,461</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Homens/mulheres (casos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50/50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55/45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,479</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">22,18&#177;2,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,92&#177;3,02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,521</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">132,54&#177;17,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">136,20&#177;18,17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,148</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81,25&#177;9,62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83,33&#177;9,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,122</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicemia de jejum (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,86&#177;0,85</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,93&#177;0,74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,535</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CT (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,05&#177;0,36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,09&#177;0,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,458</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TG (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,26&#177;0,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,31&#177;0,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,89&#177;0,52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,95&#177;0,47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,393</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,65&#177;0,30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,68&#177;0,32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,495</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Lp(a) (mg/L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">187,56&#177;26,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">332,04&#177;37,41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus (sim/n&#227;o, casos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32/68</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28/72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,537</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o (sim/n&#227;o, casos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26/74</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30/70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,529</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CT: colesterol total; TG: triglicer&#237;deos; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; Lp(a): lipoprote&#237;na.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es gerais entre os dois grupos</title>
        <p>O n&#237;vel m&#233;dio de Lp(a) no grupo sem trombose foi significativamente menor do que no grupo com trombose. Em contraste, os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de TG, IMC, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, glicemia de jejum, CT, HDL-C, LDL-C e os hist&#243;ricos de diabetes e hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. Esses achados fornecem um contexto valioso para a compreens&#227;o do perfil cl&#237;nico geral de ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP entre os grupos</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP entre o grupo sem trombose (n = 100) e o grupo com trombose (n = 100). Os n&#237;veis de NT-ProBNP foram significativamente mais elevados no grupo com trombose em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem trombose. Da mesma forma, os n&#237;veis de sCD40L estavam aumentados no grupo com trombose em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem trombose. Os n&#237;veis de CCL3 tamb&#233;m apresentaram aumento significativo no grupo com trombose em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem trombose.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal pr&#243;-hormonal, ligante sol&#250;vel do ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos 40 e quimiocina ligante do motivo CC 3 entre os grupos n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico e tromb&#243;tico (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Biomarcadores</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo sem trombose (n=100)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo com trombose (n=100)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">246,21&#177;30,47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">285,18&#177;38,20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">sCD40L (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,95&#177;1,76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9,16&#177;1,84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CCL3 (ng/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24,16&#177;5,36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32,29&#177;7,58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal pr&#243;-hormonal; sCD40L: ligante sol&#250;vel do ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos 40; CCL3: quimiocina ligante do motivo CC 3.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson dos n&#237;veis de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP em pacientes com IC e TVMI</title>
        <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson mostraram que, em pacientes com IC e TVMI, houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-ProBNP e sCD40L (r = 0,549; p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), entre NT-ProBNP e CCL3 (r = 0,543; p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>) e entre sCD40L e CCL3 (r = 0,512; p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal pr&#243;-hormonal (NT-proBNP) e ligante sol&#250;vel do ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos 40 (sCD40L) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e trombose venosa de membros inferiores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal pr&#243;-hormonal (NT-proBNP) e quimiocina ligante do motivo CC 3 (CCL3) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e trombose venosa de membros inferiores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ligante sol&#250;vel do ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos 40 (sCD40L)4 e quimiocina ligante do motivo CC 3 (CCL3) em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e trombose venosa de membros inferiores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada dos fatores que afetam o diagn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC e TVMI</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> apresenta os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada dos fatores associados &#224; TVMI em pacientes com IC. O NT-ProBNP aumentou significativamente as chances de trombose. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L tamb&#233;m se destacaram como um forte preditor. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CCL3 mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o risco de trombose. Esses achados destacam sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP como fatores cr&#237;ticos na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco tromb&#243;tico em pacientes com IC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada dos fatores que afetam a trombose venosa de membros inferiores em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">B</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Wald&#967;2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-ProBNP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,834</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,704</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,784</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,009</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,257</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,574~24,867</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">sCD40L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,814</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,214</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14,470</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,257</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,483~3,433</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CCL3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2,105</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,931</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,113</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,024</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8,208</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1,324~50,900</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal pr&#243;-hormonal; sCD40L: ligante sol&#250;vel do ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos 40; CCL3: quimiocina ligante do motivo CC 3; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>An&#225;lise do valor diagn&#243;stico dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP em pacientes com IC complicada por TVMI</p>
        <p>A utilidade diagn&#243;stica dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-ProBNP em pacientes com IC e TVMI foi avaliada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Com um valor de corte de 264,93 pg/mL, o NT-ProBNP apresentou uma AUC de 0,730, com sensibilidade de 68,00% e especificidade de 73,00%, resultando em um &#237;ndice de Youden de 0,380. O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de sCD40L demonstrou desempenho diagn&#243;stico superior, com uma AUC de 0,820 e valor de corte de 7,07 ng/mL, alcan&#231;ando sensibilidade de 90,00% e especificidade de 61,00%, e um &#237;ndice de Youden de 0,510. O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de CCL3 apresentou a maior acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica, com uma AUC de 0,861, valor de corte de 28,96 ng/L, sensibilidade de 76,00%, especificidade de 84,00% e &#237;ndice de Youden de 0,600. Quando os tr&#234;s biomarcadores foram combinados, a AUC aumentou para 0,894, com sensibilidade de 62,00% e especificidade de 91,00%, ressaltando o valor diagn&#243;stico coletivo (Figura Central). A an&#225;lise combinada foi superior ao desempenho diagn&#243;stico individual de NT-ProBNP, sCD40L e CCL3 (Z para combina&#231;&#227;o vs. NT-ProBNP = 5,156, p &lt; 0,001; Z para combina&#231;&#227;o vs. sCD40L = 3,337, p &lt; 0,001; Z para combina&#231;&#227;o vs. CCL3 = 2,303, p = 0,021).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curva ROC dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal pr&#243;-hormonal (NT-proBNP), ligante sol&#250;vel do ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos 40 (sCD40L) e quimiocina ligante do motivo CC 3 (CCL3) no diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca associada &#224; trombose venosa de membros inferiores.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valor diagn&#243;stico dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP, sCD40L e CCL3 na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca associada &#224; trombose venosa de membros inferiores</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AUC</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Especificidade (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">&#205;ndice de Youden</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-ProBNP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,730</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">264,93 pg/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,663~0,790</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">sCD40L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,820</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7,07 ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,759~0,870</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,510</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">CCL3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,861</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28,96 ng/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,805~0,905</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,600</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Os tr&#234;s indicadores combinados</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,894</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,843~0,933</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91,00</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,650</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>AUC: &#193;rea sob a curva ROC; NT-proBNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal pr&#243;-hormonal; sCD40L: ligante sol&#250;vel do ant&#237;geno de diferencia&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos 40; CCL3: quimiocina ligante do motivo CC 3; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com IC frequentemente apresentam um estado de hipercoagulabilidade, o que aumenta de forma significativa o risco de trombose. A incid&#234;ncia de trombose venosa em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica excede 15%, e essa taxa aumenta com o avan&#231;o da idade, maior dura&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a e piora na classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual, pacientes com IC de alto risco s&#227;o geralmente tratados com terapia anticoagulante extensa. No entanto, essa abordagem carece de evid&#234;ncias farmacol&#243;gicas suficientes, demonstra efic&#225;cia cl&#237;nica limitada e acarreta risco de rea&#231;&#245;es adversas graves em pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es complexas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As rea&#231;&#245;es adversas mais comuns incluem sangramentos internos, como hemorragia gastrointestinal, e sangramentos externos decorrentes de cortes ou contus&#245;es, com sintomas como hemat&#234;mese, hemoptise ou melena. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes podem desenvolver bolhas sangu&#237;neas, equimoses e sangramento gengival, especialmente ap&#243;s a escova&#231;&#227;o dos dentes. O sangramento interno tamb&#233;m pode se manifestar como cefaleias intensas ou desconforto abdominal, enquanto perdas sangu&#237;neas significativas podem se apresentar com fraqueza ou desorienta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Portanto, para manejar eficazmente esses riscos e garantir a seguran&#231;a dos pacientes durante a terapia, os profissionais de sa&#250;de devem monitorar de perto os pacientes em uso de anticoagulantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Consequentemente, o diagn&#243;stico precoce da TVMI em pacientes com IC e o in&#237;cio imediato do tratamento s&#227;o de vital import&#226;ncia.</p>
      <p>O NT-proBNP, um neuro-horm&#244;nio essencial liberado pelas c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, &#233; um indicador crucial da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral, que promove vasodilata&#231;&#227;o e protege a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, &#233; produzido quando o NT-proBNP &#233; clivado. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de NT-proBNP no sangue s&#227;o modestas em condi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas normais, mas aumentam rapidamente em situa&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, tornando-o um marcador essencial para monitorar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e determinar o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP, que est&#227;o marcadamente elevados em pacientes idosos com diabetes mellitus complicado por IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, foram relatados por Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> como um fator de risco independente. Feld et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m identificaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP, sugerindo que n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP podem indicar maior risco de insufici&#234;ncia cardiopulmonar em pacientes com doen&#231;a falciforme.</p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP s&#227;o mais altos em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial do que naqueles em ritmo sinusal. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP na IC &#233; dificultada pela presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, tornando mais complexo distinguir entre as duas condi&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, comorbidades como embolia pulmonar e insufici&#234;ncia renal tamb&#233;m podem aumentar os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em indiv&#237;duos com IC cr&#244;nica, os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP s&#227;o compar&#225;veis entre homens e mulheres. No entanto, em contraste com os homens (2145 ng/L), as mulheres apresentaram um valor de corte &#243;timo progn&#243;stico mais elevado (2339 ng/L). Isso sugere que valores de corte de NT-proBNP espec&#237;ficos para o sexo feminino podem melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de NT-proBNP no grupo com trombo foi significativamente maior que no grupo sem trombo, indicando que a eleva&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de TVMI em pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, a AUC para o NT-proBNP no diagn&#243;stico de IC com TVMI foi de 0,730, sugerindo que a dosagem s&#233;rica de NT-proBNP pode servir como marcador suplementar para identificar TVMI em pacientes com IC. Para otimizar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos, os m&#233;dicos devem agir prontamente quando os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP excederem 264,93 pg/mL.</p>
      <p>Um fator conhecido como sCD40L &#233; produzido quando as plaquetas regulam respostas inflamat&#243;rias. Ap&#243;s a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, o sCD40L &#233; liberado do armazenamento nos gr&#226;nulos &#945;. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de sCD40L s&#227;o considerados influ&#234;ncias significativas tanto na ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria quanto no progn&#243;stico das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Os n&#237;veis de sCD40L no sangue perif&#233;rico mostraram-se consideravelmente mais elevados em indiv&#237;duos idosos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e est&#227;o positivamente correlacionados com a hipertens&#227;o. Esse achado sugere que o sCD40L pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da estabilidade e do progn&#243;stico desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> relataram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a reestenose vascular e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. No presente estudo, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L foram significativamente mais elevados no grupo com trombo, sugerindo que o aumento de sCD40L pode estar relacionado ao desenvolvimento de TVMI em pacientes com IC. Essa observa&#231;&#227;o pode ser explicada pelo estado de hipercoagulabilidade, que estimula as plaquetas e promove a libera&#231;&#227;o de sCD40L dos gr&#226;nulos &#945; para a circula&#231;&#227;o, elevando assim os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L.</p>
      <p>Os resultados indicam que pacientes com IC e TVMI t&#234;m maior probabilidade de apresentar n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de sCD40L &gt; 7,07 ng/mL. A AUC diagn&#243;stica para o sCD40L s&#233;rico na detec&#231;&#227;o de IC com TVMI foi de 0,820. Esses achados enfatizam que a determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L pode ser clinicamente valiosa para o diagn&#243;stico de TVMI em pacientes idosos com IC.</p>
      <p>O CCL3 &#233; uma quimiocina crucial que facilita a migra&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos T, mast&#243;citos e eosin&#243;filos, estando intimamente associado &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pesquisas recentes demonstraram uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre CCL3 e TVMI. Mu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> relataram que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CCL3 estavam fortemente correlacionados com TVMI p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em pacientes com c&#226;ncer cervical, sugerindo que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CCL3 devem ser continuamente monitorados e controlados para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o manejo dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CCL3 no grupo com trombo em nossa pesquisa foram consideravelmente mais elevados do que no grupo sem trombo, indicando que n&#237;veis aumentados de CCL3 podem estar associados a um maior risco de TVMI em pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, a AUC diagn&#243;stica do CCL3 s&#233;rico na detec&#231;&#227;o de IC com TVMI foi de 0,861, indicando que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CCL3 podem ser utilizados como marcador complementar para o diagn&#243;stico dessa condi&#231;&#227;o. Para prevenir e tratar a TVMI, os m&#233;dicos devem adotar rapidamente terapia anticoagulante adequada quando os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de CCL3 ultrapassarem 28,96 ng/L.</p>
      <p>Associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre biomarcadores foram demonstradas em pacientes com IC e TVMI por meio da an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP apresentaram fortes correla&#231;&#245;es, sugerindo um mecanismo comum envolvendo a gravidade da IC, inflama&#231;&#227;o e trombose. Al&#233;m disso, foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre sCD40L e CCL3, indicando uma poss&#237;vel intera&#231;&#227;o entre esses dois biomarcadores na promo&#231;&#227;o de processos tromb&#243;ticos. Esses achados ressaltam a import&#226;ncia desses indicadores na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de trombose venosa em pacientes com IC.</p>
      <p>Uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva foi relatada entre os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos de sCD40L e CCL3 e marcadores da fun&#231;&#227;o de coagula&#231;&#227;o, como fibrinog&#234;nio e d&#237;mero-D, enquanto correla&#231;&#245;es negativas foram observadas com o tempo de protrombina,, tempo de trombina e tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada. N&#237;veis elevados de sCD40L e CCL3 tamb&#233;m foram associados a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de TVP p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria em indiv&#237;duos com m&#250;ltiplas fraturas de costelas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em conjunto, essas associa&#231;&#245;es destacam a intera&#231;&#227;o entre sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP, sugerindo que esses fatores podem atuar de forma sin&#233;rgica na indu&#231;&#227;o da TVMI em pacientes com IC. Investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para compreender melhor essas conex&#245;es e suas implica&#231;&#245;es na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e na terapia individualizada nessa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Um estudo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada revelou que sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP s&#227;o fatores de risco significativos para o desenvolvimento de TVMI em pacientes com IC. O OR indica as associa&#231;&#245;es multiplicativas entre os grupos tromb&#243;tico e n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico (controle) para cada biomarcador associado ao risco de TVMI, com base na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada.</p>
      <p>O OR de 2,257 para sCD40L indica que pacientes com n&#237;veis aumentados de sCD40L t&#234;m 2,26 vezes mais probabilidade de apresentar trombose do que o grupo controle. O CCL3 apresentou um OR de 8,208, indicando que indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis elevados de CCL3 t&#234;m 8,21 vezes mais probabilidade de desenvolver trombose venosa do que o grupo controle. Finalmente, um OR de 6,257 para NT-proBNP indica que pacientes com n&#237;veis aumentados de NT-proBNP t&#234;m aproximadamente 6,26 vezes mais probabilidade de apresentar trombose venosa do que o grupo controle. Esses odds ratios demonstram o risco elevado associado a cada biomarcador ao comparar os grupos tromb&#243;tico e n&#227;o tromb&#243;tico.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da curva ROC revelou que a combina&#231;&#227;o de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP para o diagn&#243;stico de IC com TVMI resultou em uma AUC de 0,894 e especificidade de 91,00%, superando a AUC e a especificidade individuais de cada biomarcador. Esses achados sugerem que o uso combinado de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP aprimora a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da IC com TVMI, oferecendo informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e a terapia. N&#237;veis elevados de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP t&#234;m sido associados a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de TVMI em pacientes com IC.</p>
      <p>Existem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es no presente estudo. Primeiro, os achados podem n&#227;o ser amplamente generaliz&#225;veis devido ao tamanho pequeno e homog&#234;neo da amostra de 200 pacientes. Segundo, o desenho transversal limita a capacidade de avaliar varia&#231;&#245;es temporais nos n&#237;veis de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP. Terceiro, alguns potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, como estilo de vida e comorbidades, podem n&#227;o ter sido totalmente considerados, o que poderia ter afetado a precis&#227;o dos resultados. Quarto, o estudo n&#227;o comparou fatores de risco bem estabelecidos com sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP, o que justifica investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais. Finalmente, a aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica dos achados pode ter sido limitada pela aus&#234;ncia de uma an&#225;lise abrangente dos mecanismos moleculares subjacentes &#224;s correla&#231;&#245;es observadas e pela falta de avalia&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis dos biomarcadores.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP foram encontrados significativamente elevados em pacientes com IC acompanhada de TVMI. O uso combinado desses biomarcadores pode facilitar o diagn&#243;stico de TVMI em pacientes idosos com IC de forma mais r&#225;pida e precisa. S&#227;o necess&#225;rias mais pesquisas experimentais para investigar os mecanismos subjacentes de sCD40L, CCL3 e NT-proBNP no contexto da IC com TVMI, uma vez que esses processos ainda s&#227;o pouco compreendidos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Hebei Province Medical Science Research Project (No. 20232184).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de um projeto de pesquisa de Xuelian Liu pelo Harrison International Peace Hospital.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Harrison International Peace Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2022-1-035. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250445i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagnostic Value of Serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP Levels in Detection of Lower Limb Venous Thrombosis among Elderly Patients with Heart Failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-7345-7004</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Xuelian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mu</surname>
            <given-names>Lina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Shasha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Huijing</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hengshui</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hengshui</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Surgery, Hengshui Sixth People's Hospital, Hengshui &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Xuelian Liu</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital, 180 Renmin East Road, Taocheng District, Hengshui City, Hebei Province, <postal-code>053000</postal-code> - China E-mail: <email>liuxuelianxl0904@163.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The serum levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), cytokine ligand 3 (CCL3), and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are closely associated with heart failure (HF).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study evaluated the predictive value of serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels for lower limb venous thrombosis (LLVT) in elderly patients with HF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 200 patients with HF were retrospectively included and equally divided into thrombus and non-thrombus groups based on lower limb vein ultrasound findings. Serum levels of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP were measured and analyzed. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in the thrombus group compared with the non-thrombus group (p &lt; 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that elevated serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels are risk factors for LLVT in patients with HF (p &lt; 0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for the combined serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels was greater than that of each individual marker (Z values: sCD40L = 3.337, CCL3 = 2.303, and NT-proBNP = 5.156; p &lt; 0.001, p &lt; 0.001, and p = 0.021, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Elevated serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels were associated with LLVT in elderly patients with HF. The combination of these markers provides high diagnostic value for the detection of LLVT in this population.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Trombose Venosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Hebei Province Medical Science Research</funding-source>
          <award-id>20232184</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> This study was funded by Hebei Province Medical Science Research Project (No. 20232184).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is a multifactorial clinical disease that results from structural or functional defects of the heart, limiting its ability to contract or the ventricles to relax. The incidence of HF in China has been steadily increasing in parallel with population aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients with HF typically present with symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, and fluid retention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Lower limb venous thrombosis (LLVT) is a common concomitant disorder in HF patients. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which encompasses both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT/LLVT), poses a particularly serious risk for individuals with HF. Indeed, HF patients have a 2&#8211;3 times higher risk of developing LLVT and VTE compared to the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This increased risk is largely attributed to factors such as immobility, acute infections, and comorbidities including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which itself elevates the risk of VTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> HF patients may experience severe consequences from DVT, including right ventricular failure and increased mortality. Reduced blood flow velocity in the lower limbs due to DVT leads to venous wall inflammation and a hypercoagulable state, which impairs venous return. Mortality risk may rise if the thrombus dislodges and causes a pulmonary embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, accurate diagnosis and timely intervention in HF patients with LLVT are essential to improving prognosis.</p>
        <p>A DVT in HF patients is associated with risk factors, such as advanced age, female gender, and a history of DVT or PE. Risk factors include inherited coagulation abnormalities, long-term illnesses (such as cancer), obesity (a high body mass index [BMI]), and extended immobility. Additional factors that may raise vulnerability include central venous catheters, hormonal effects (such as estrogen from hormone therapy), and injury to the veins from trauma or surgery. Taken together, these variables demonstrate the intricate interaction between clinical and demographic factors that influence the risk of a DVT in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <caption>
            <title>1. Serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in the thrombus group compared with the non-thrombus group; 2. Elevated serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels represent risk factors for LLVT in patients with HF; 3. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the combined serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels was greater than that of each individual marker.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The degree and prognosis of HF are correlated with the biomarker N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP), which reflects cardiac function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> NT-ProBNP is essential for diagnosing and evaluating HF. Studies have shown that inflammatory factors have an important role in the formation of a DVT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> To regulate inflammatory responses, platelets release soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 40 ligand (sCD40L), which is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Jin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> reported that elderly patients with severe HF have elevated serum sCD40L levels. The interaction between CD40 and sCD40L is critical in inflammatory conditions. The sCD40L level is much greater in HF patients, especially in patients with severe HF, diabetes, or hypertension than healthy controls. An increased sCD40L level may have an impact on vascular function and cardiac remodeling, as evidenced by the correlation with clinical severity, neurohormonal imbalance, and left ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Another report showed that patients with bronchial asthma and patients with osteoporosis have elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory chemokine, CCL3, which is important in controlling inflammatory processes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Venous ultrasound of the lower extremities is considered the "gold standard" for diagnosing DVT; however, it is a high-cost procedure. Serum biomarkers can be used clinically to identify indices associated with DVT and may facilitate diagnosis in elderly patients with HF. The diagnostic application of serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels in HF patients with DVT has been limited. The present study evaluated the diagnostic utility of serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels in 200 elderly HF patients, aiming to provide guidance for the clinical diagnosis of HF with concomitant DVT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <p>A total of 200 elderly patients with HF who received treatment at our institution between July 2020 and July 2022 were enrolled in the current study. Patients were categorized into two groups (thrombus and non-thrombus) based on the results of lower leg venous ultrasonography at the time of admission. This study adhered to the ethical principles and standards for human experimentation and was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of our hospital (No. 2022-1-035). Each participant gave written informed consent.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The inclusion criteria were as follows: Diagnosis of HF based on the 2021 Expert Consensus on the Quality Evaluation and Control Indicators for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Heart Failure in China, considering medical history, symptoms, signs, echocardiography, and cardiac function assessment;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> agreement to undergo lower limb venous ultrasonography; age greater than 60 years; availability of complete clinical data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: Presence of lower limb varicose veins, malignancies, hematologic diseases, PE, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, or COPD; use of anticoagulants (including warfarin, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, or low-molecular-weight heparin) prior to admission; pregnancy or lactation; severe dysfunction of vital organs, including the heart, liver, spleen, or kidneys; lack of informed consent from the patient or the patient's family.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Main reagents and instruments</title>
          <p>The following instruments and reagents were used in this study: Philips Epiq 5C (Philips Healthcare, City, the Netherlands); Hitachi 7600 Automated Biochemical Analyzer (Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, City, Japan); FK-SY96S Multifunctional Microplate Reader (Shandong Lain Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd., City, China); and sCD40L and CCL3 ELISA kits (Abcam, Cambridge, UK).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Collection of general information</title>
          <p>Data were collected from all participants, including age, sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], and medical history of diabetes and hypertension, along with other clinical indicators.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrasound examination</title>
          <p>A technician performed bedside lower limb venous ultrasound examinations immediately after participants were enrolled in the study using an ultrasound machine equipped with a high-frequency linear array probe (probe frequency range, 6&#8211;12 MHz. The assessment included the common femoral vein, femoral vein, deep femoral vein (profunda femoris vein), popliteal vein, anterior tibial vein, posterior tibial vein, peroneal vein, dorsal vein of the foot, intermuscular veins of the lower leg, and communicating veins. The diagnosis of LLVT was based on the criteria outlined in the 2018 publication, <italic>Lower Limb Venous Ultrasound: A Review of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine Guidelines for Peripheral Venous Ultrasound Examination</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Patients were subsequently classified into thrombus or non-thrombus groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum collection and storage</title>
          <p>On the morning following admission, 4 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each HF patient into tubes and left to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. To obtain serum, the samples were centrifuged for 3 minutes at 3000 rpm. The serum was then aliquoted into sterile EP tubes and stored at &#8722;20 &#176;C.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Measurement of Serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP Levels</title>
          <p>Serum NT-ProBNP levels were measured using an automated biochemical analyzer. Serum concentrations of sCD40L and CCL3 were determined according to the manufacturer's instructions provided with the respective assay kits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 23.0. Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and normality was assessed using the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test. Differences in baseline characteristics and in sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels between the two groups were compared using the unpaired Student's t-test. Associations among sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. The occurrence of LLVT in patients with HF was investigated using logistic regression analysis. Independent variables included Lp(a), platelet count, creatine kinase, sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels in the multivariate logistic regression model. The diagnostic performance of serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels for identifying venous thrombosis in HF was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Comparisons of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) were performed using the Z-test. A P value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>General clinical data were collected from 200 patients, who were divided into a non-thrombosis group (n = 100) and a thrombosis group (n = 100). There were no significant differences in sex or age between the two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of general clinical data between the non-thrombosis and thrombosis groups (Mean&#177;SD)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Clinical indicators</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Non-thrombosis Group (n=100)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Thrombosis Group (n=100)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.12&#177;5.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.54&#177;5.84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Male/female (cases)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50/50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55/45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.479</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.18&#177;2.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21.92&#177;3.02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.521</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">132.54&#177;17.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">136.20&#177;18.17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81.25&#177;9.62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83.33&#177;9.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.86&#177;0.85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.93&#177;0.74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.535</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TC (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.05&#177;0.36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.09&#177;0.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.458</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TG (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.26&#177;0.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.31&#177;0.20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.89&#177;0.52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.95&#177;0.47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.393</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL-C (mmol/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.65&#177;0.30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.68&#177;0.32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lp(a) (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">187.56&#177;26.28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">332.04&#177;37.41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">History of diabetes mellitus (yes/no, cases)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32/68</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28/72</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.537</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">History of hypertension (yes/no, case)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26/74</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30/70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.529</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Lp(a): lipoprotein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of general information between the two groups</title>
          <p>The average Lp(a) level in the non-thrombosis group was significantly lower than that in the thrombosis group. In contrast, average TG levels, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and histories of diabetes and hypertension showed no statistically significant differences. These findings provide valuable context for understanding the overall clinical profile of both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison of Serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels between groups</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> presents the comparison of serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels between the non-thrombotic group (n = 100) and the thrombotic group (n = 100). NT-ProBNP levels were significantly higher in the thrombotic group than in the non-thrombotic group. Similarly, sCD40L levels were elevated in the thrombotic group compared with the non-thrombotic group. CCL3 levels were also significantly increased in the thrombotic group relative to the non-thrombotic group.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 40 ligand and chemokine CC motif ligand 3 levels between the non-thrombotic and thrombotic groups (mean &#177; SD)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Biomarkers</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Non-thrombotic group (n=100)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Thrombosis group (n=100)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">246.21&#177;30.47</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">285.18&#177;38.20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">sCD40L (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.95&#177;1.76</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9.16&#177;1.84</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CCL3 (ng/L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24.16&#177;5.36</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32.29&#177;7.58</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; sCD40L: soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 40 ligand; CCL3: chemokine CC motif ligand 3.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pearson correlation analysis of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP Levels in HF patients with LLVT</title>
          <p>The results of the Pearson correlation analysis showed that in HF patients with LLVT, there was a positive correlation between serum NT-ProBNP and sCD40L levels (r = 0.549; p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>), between NT-ProBNP and CCL3 levels (r = 0.543; p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>), and between sCD40L and CCL3 levels (r = 0.512; p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) and soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 40 ligand (sCD40L) levels in patients with heart failure and lower extremity venous thrombosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP) and chemokine CC motif ligand 3 (CCL3) levels in patients with heart failure and lower extremity venous thrombosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Correlation between serum soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 40 ligand (sCD40L) and chemokine CC motif ligand 3 (CCL3) levels in patients with heart failure and lower extremity venous thrombosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors affecting aiagnosis in HF patients with LLVT</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> shows the multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors influencing <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> presents the results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with LLVT in HF patients. NT-ProBNP significantly increased the odds of thrombosis. Serum sCD40L levels also emerged as a strong predictor. Additionally, serum CCL3 levels were significantly associated with thrombosis risk. These findings highlight sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP as critical factors in assessing thrombotic risk among patients with HF.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors influencing lower extremity venous thrombosis in patients with heart failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">B</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SE</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Wald&#967;2</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-ProBNP</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.834</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.704</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.784</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.257</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.574~24.867</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">sCD40L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.814</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.214</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14.470</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.257</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.483~3.433</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CCL3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2.105</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.931</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5.113</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.024</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8.208</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.324~50.900</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; sCD40L: soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 40 ligand; CCL3: chemokine CC motif ligand 3; CI: confidence interval.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic value analysis of serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels for HF complicated by LLVT</title>
          <p>The diagnostic utility of serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels in patients with HF and LLVT was evaluated (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4</xref>). With a cut-off value of 264.93 pg/mL, NT-ProBNP yielded an AUC of 0.730, with a sensitivity of 68.00% and specificity of 73.00%, resulting in a Youden index of 0.380. Serum sCD40L demonstrated superior diagnostic performance, with an AUC of 0.820 and a cut-off value of 7.07 ng/mL, achieving a sensitivity of 90.00% and specificity of 61.00%, and a Youden index of 0.510. Serum CCL3 showed the highest diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.861, a cut-off value of 28.96 ng/L, sensitivity of 76.00%, specificity of 84.00%, and a Youden index of 0.600. When all three biomarkers were combined, the AUC increased to 0.894, with a sensitivity of 62.00% and specificity of 91.00%, underscoring their collective diagnostic value (Central Figure). The combined analysis was superior to the individual diagnostic performance of NT-ProBNP, sCD40L, and CCL3 (Z for combination vs. NT-ProBNP = 5.156, p &lt; 0.001; Z for combination vs. sCD40L = 3.337, p &lt; 0.001; Z for combination vs. CCL3 = 2.303, p = 0.021).</p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>ROC curve for serum N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-ProBNP), serum soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 40 ligand (sCD40L) and chemokine CC motif ligand 3 (CCL3) levels in diagnosing heart failure with lower extremity venous thrombosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250445-50445-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagnostic value of serum NT-ProBNP, sCD40L, and CCL3 levels in heart failure combined with lower extremity venous thrombosis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">AUC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Cut-off</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95%CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Sensitivity (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Specificity (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Youden index</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">NT-ProBNP</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.730</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">264.93 pg/mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.663~0.790</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">73.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">sCD40L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.820</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7.07 ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.759~0.870</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">90.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">61.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.510</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">CCL3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.861</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28.96 ng/L</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.805~0.905</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">84.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.600</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">All three indicators combined</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.894</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.843~0.933</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">91.00</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.650</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>AUC: Area under the ROC curve; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; sCD40L: soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 40 ligand; CCL3: chemokine CC motif ligand 3; CI: confidence interval.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Patients with HF often present with a hypercoagulable state, which markedly increases the risk of thrombosis. The incidence of venous thrombosis in patients with chronic HF exceeds 15% and this rate rises with advancing age, longer disease duration, and worsening cardiac function classification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In current clinical practice, high-risk HF patients are generally treated with extensive anticoagulation therapy. However, this approach lacks sufficient pharmacological evidence, demonstrates limited clinical effectiveness, and carries the risk of severe adverse reactions in patients with complex conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Common adverse reactions include internal bleeding, such as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and external bleeding from cuts or bruises, with symptoms such as hematemesis, hemoptysis, or melena. In addition, patients may develop blood blisters, bruises, and bleeding gums, particularly after tooth brushing. Internal bleeding may also manifest as severe headaches or abdominal discomfort, while significant blood loss may present with weakness or disorientation.</p>
        <p>Therefore, to effectively manage these risks and ensure patient safety during therapy, healthcare practitioners must closely monitor patients receiving anticoagulants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Consequently, early diagnosis of LLVT in HF patients and prompt initiation of treatment are vitally important.</p>
        <p>NT-ProBNT, an essential neurohormone released by left ventricular myocardial cells, is a crucial indicator of heart function. Brain natriuretic peptide, which promotes vasodilation and safeguards heart function, is produced when NT-ProBNP is cleaved. NT-ProBNP concentrations in the blood are modest in normal physiological conditions, but rise rapidly in pathological situations, making it an essential marker for monitoring cardiac function and determining prognosis in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Serum NT-ProBNP levels, which are markedly elevated in older patients with diabetes mellitus complicated by HF with preserved ejection fraction, have reported by Li et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> as an independent risk factor. Feld et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> also identified a significant association between left ventricular size and NT-proBNP levels, suggesting that elevated NT-proBNP may indicate a higher risk of cardiopulmonary failure in patients with sickle cell disease.</p>
        <p>NT-proBNP levels are higher in patients with atrial fibrillation than in those in sinus rhythm. The interpretation of NT-proBNP in HF is complicated by the presence of AF, making it more difficult to distinguish between the two conditions. Furthermore, comorbidities such as pulmonary embolism and renal failure may also increase NT-proBNP levels in HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In individuals with chronic HF, NT-proBNP levels are comparable between men and women. In contrast to males (2145 ng/L), women had a higher NT-proBNP optimum prognostic cut-off (2339 ng/L). This implies that NT-proBNP cut-offs tailored to female gender might enhance risk classification for HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The serum NT-proBNP level in the thrombus group was significantly higher than in the non-thrombus group, indicating that elevated NT-proBNP may contribute to LLVT development in HF patients. Additionally, the AUC for NT-proBNP in diagnosing HF with LLVT was 0.730, suggesting that serum NT-proBNP measurement could serve as a supplementary marker for identifying LLVT in HF. To optimize patient outcomes, physicians should act promptly when NT-proBNP levels exceed 264.93 pg/mL.</p>
        <p>A factor known as sCD40L is produced when platelets regulate inflammatory responses. Upon platelet activation, sCD40L is released from storage in &#945;-granules. Plasma levels of sCD40L are thought to significantly influence both platelet activation and the prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Peripheral blood sCD40L levels have been shown to be considerably higher in older individuals with coronary artery disease and are positively correlated with hypertension. This finding suggests that sCD40L may be useful in assessing disease stability and prognosis in these patients.</p>
        <p>Additionally, Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> reported a significant association between vascular restenosis and serum sCD40L levels in individuals with coronary artery disease. In the present study, serum sCD40L levels were significantly higher in the thrombus group, suggesting that elevated sCD40L may be linked to the development of LLVT in patients with HF. This observation may be explained by the hypercoagulable state, which stimulates platelets and promotes the release of sCD40L from &#945;-granules into the circulation, thereby increasing serum sCD40L levels.</p>
        <p>The results indicate that patients with HF and LLVT are more likely to have blood sCD40L levels &gt; 7.07 ng/mL. The diagnostic AUC for serum sCD40L in detecting HF with LLVT was 0.820. These findings emphasize that measuring serum sCD40L levels may be clinically valuable for diagnosing LLVT in elderly patients with HF.</p>
        <p>CCL3 is a crucial chemokine that facilitates the migration of T lymphocytes, mast cells, and eosinophils and is closely linked to the inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Additionally, recent research has demonstrated a robust association between CCL3 and LLVT. Serum CCL3 levels were reported to be strongly correlated with postoperative LLVT in patients with cervical cancer by Mu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> suggesting that serum CCL3 levels should be continuously monitored and controlled for the prevention and management of this disease. Serum CCL3 levels in the thrombus group of our research were considerably higher than the non-thrombus group, indicating that elevated CCL3 levels could be associated with a higher risk of LLVT in patients with HF. Furthermore, the serum CCL3 diagnostic AUC in detecting HF with LLVT was 0.861, indicating that serum CCL3 levels may be used as a backup sign for the diagnosis of this illness. To prevent and cure LLVT, physicians should rapidly adopt adequate anticoagulant medication when the blood CCL3 levels surpasses 28.96 ng/L.</p>
        <p>Significant associations among biomarkers were demonstrated in HF patients with LLVT using Pearson correlation analysis. Serum sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP levels showed strong correlations, suggesting a common mechanism involving HF severity, inflammation, and thrombosis. Furthermore, a significant correlation was observed between sCD40L and CCL3, indicating a possible interaction between these two biomarkers in promoting thrombotic processes. These findings underscore the importance of these indicators in assessing the risk of venous thrombosis in HF patients.</p>
        <p>A positive association has been reported between blood sCD40L and CCL3 levels and coagulation function markers such as fibrinogen (FIB) and D-dimer, while negative correlations were observed with prothrombin time, thrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time. Elevated levels of sCD40L and CCL3 have also been linked to an increased incidence of postoperative DVT in individuals with multiple rib fractures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Taken together, these associations highlight the interplay among sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP, suggesting that these factors may act synergistically to drive LLVT in HF patients. Further investigation is warranted to better understand these connections and their implications for risk stratification and individualized therapy in this patient population.</p>
        <p>A multivariate logistic regression study revealed that sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-ProBNP are significant risk factors for the development of LLVT in HF patients. The OR indicates the multiplicative associations between the thrombotic and non-thrombotic (control) groups for each biomarker associated with the risk of LLVT based on multivariate logistic regression analysis.</p>
        <p>The OR of 2.257 for sCD40L indicates that patients with increased sCD40L levels are 2.26 times more likely to have thrombosis than the control group. CCL3 had an OR of 8.208, indicating that people with increased CCL3 levels are 8.21 times more likely to have venous thrombosis than the control group. Finally, an OR of 6.257 for NT-ProBNP indicates that patients with increased NT-ProBNP levels are around 6.26 times more likely to have venous thrombosis than the control group. These odds ratios demonstrate the elevated risk associated with each biomarker when comparing the thrombotic and non-thrombotic groups.</p>
        <p>The ROC curve analysis revealed that combining sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP for diagnosing HF with LLVT resulted in an AUC of 0.894 and a specificity of 91.00%, surpassing the individual AUC and specificity of each biomarker. These findings suggest that the combined use of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP enhances diagnostic accuracy for HF with LLVT, offering valuable insights for clinical diagnosis and therapy. Elevated levels of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP have been associated with an increased incidence of LLVT in HF patients.</p>
        <p>There are several limitations to the current study. First, the findings may not be broadly generalizable due to the small and homogeneous sample size of 200 patients. Second, the cross-sectional design limits the ability to evaluate temporal variations in sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP levels. Third, some potential confounding variables, such as lifestyle factors and comorbidities, may not have been fully accounted for, which could have affected the accuracy of the results. Fourth, the study did not compare well-established risk factors with sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP, warranting further investigation. Finally, the practical applicability of the findings may have been constrained by the lack of a comprehensive examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed correlations and the absence of an assessment of treatment strategies in relation to biomarker levels.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Serum levels of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP were found to be markedly elevated in patients with HF accompanied by LLVT. The combined use of these biomarkers may facilitate the diagnosis of LLVT in elderly patients with HF more rapidly and accurately. Further experimental research is warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of sCD40L, CCL3, and NT-proBNP in the context of HF with LLVT, as these processes remain poorly understood.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was funded by Hebei Province Medical Science Research Project (No. 20232184).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the research project submitted by Xuelian Liu, from Harrison International Peace Hospital.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Harrison International Peace Hospital under the protocol number 2022-1-035. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
