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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">W8kMT7cQm4VnXMyPy6BTcwP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000101801</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250425</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01801</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nunca Pare de Investigar &#8211; A Resposta Nem Sempre Est&#225; no Cora&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0277-7398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cazeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bruno</surname>
            <given-names>Lia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4164-5481</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pl&#225;cido</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Lisbon</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Santa Maria, CAML, CCUL@RISE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Santa Maria, CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Lisbon</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Radiology, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Santa Maria, CAML, CCUL@RISE</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Radiology, Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Santa Maria, CAML, CCUL@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Lisbon</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Center for Disease Mechanisms Research</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Center for Disease Mechanisms Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Daniel In&#225;cio Cazeiro</bold> &#8226; Lisbon School of Medicine &#8211; Heart and Vessels Department &#8211; Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Hospital de Santa Maria (Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Santa Maria), <postal-code>1649-035</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>danielcazeiro@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250425</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Arteriovenosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Terap&#234;utica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 63 anos se apresentou com hist&#243;rico de dois anos de piora da fadiga, dispneia (classe funcional III da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de) e palpita&#231;&#245;es. O ecocardiograma demonstrou alta probabilidade de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP), e ela foi ent&#227;o encaminhada a um centro especializado em HP. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico inclu&#237;a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, anemia ferropriva secund&#225;ria a sangramento gastrointestinal por telangiectasias duodenais (tratadas endoscopicamente) e discectomia extraforaminal pr&#233;via em L3-L4 devido &#224; h&#233;rnia de disco lombar com radiculopatia associada, realizada em outro hospital dois anos antes da primeira consulta. O per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi complicado por anemia aguda grave de etiologia incerta, que exigiu nove transfus&#245;es de concentrado de hem&#225;cias.</p>
      <p>No momento do encaminhamento, a paciente estava tomando furosemida 40 mg uma vez ao dia (SID), candesartana 16 mg + hidroclorotiazida 12,5 mg SID, sinvastatina 20 mg SID e alprazolam 0,25 mg SID. Ela tinha hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, mas sem exposi&#231;&#245;es ocupacionais significativas, e seu hist&#243;rico familiar era irrelevante.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguiu-se uma avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica completa:</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou um sopro card&#237;aco pansist&#243;lico mais aud&#237;vel na borda esternal inferior esquerda, bem como edema bilateral nos membros inferiores;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O ecocardiograma revelou uma leve deformidade em D do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada, dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara card&#237;aca direita com fun&#231;&#227;o longitudinal do ventr&#237;culo direito preservada e regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide grave com velocidade de pico de 3,7 m/s (gradiente VD-AD de 54 mmHg);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os exames laboratoriais demonstraram n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP (2036 pg/mL) e descartaram doen&#231;as autoimunes, HIV e hepatite;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A ultrassonografia abdominal mostrou ascite sem anormalidades estruturais no f&#237;gado;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, a cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o e a angiotomografia computadorizada (angioTC) do t&#243;rax descartaram doen&#231;a pulmonar parenquimatosa significativa, doen&#231;a pulmonar intersticial e embolia pulmonar.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco direito (CCD) confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de HP pr&#233;-capilar, com press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPm) de 34 mmHg, press&#227;o capilar pulmonar de 10 mmHg e resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar de 3 unidades Wood (UW). Tamb&#233;m demonstrou press&#227;o atrial direita m&#233;dia de 8 mmHg e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco elevado de 11 L/min (determinado pelos m&#233;todos de termodilui&#231;&#227;o e Fick indireto). Observou-se satura&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar significativamente elevada (SvO2 88%), sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre a veia cava superior/inferior e a art&#233;ria pulmonar. Diante desses achados, bem como da aus&#234;ncia de anomalias cong&#234;nitas, se suspeitou um shunt extrator&#225;cico da esquerda para a direita.</p>
        <p>A angioTC de corpo inteiro revelou dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada da veia cava inferior e das veias il&#237;acas, bem como uma f&#237;stula arteriovenosa (FAV) entre a parede posterior da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comum direita e a conflu&#234;ncia de ambas as veias il&#237;acas comuns, ao n&#237;vel das v&#233;rtebras L3-L4 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). Esse achado foi confirmado pela angiorresson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica venosa.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Angiotomografia computadorizada pr&#233;-procedimento mostrando a comunica&#231;&#227;o fistulosa (seta) entre a art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comum direita e a veia cava inferior no n&#237;vel vertebral L3-L4. A art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comum direita est&#225; marcada (x) e se observa opacifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da veia cava inferior pelo contraste atrav&#233;s do trajeto fistuloso durante a fase arterial (asterisco). (B) Angiografia pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o demonstrando a f&#237;stula arteriovenosa (seta), a art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comum direita (x) e uma veia cava inferior marcadamente dilatada (asterisco). (C) Angiografia p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o mostrando o stent met&#225;lico revestido posicionado (setas). (D) Angiotomografia computadorizada p&#243;s-procedimento confirmando o posicionamento adequado do stent (setas) e opacifica&#231;&#227;o normal da veia cava inferior, sem evid&#234;ncia de fluxo fistuloso residual.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250425-50425-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Tr&#234;s meses depois, a paciente foi submetida a fechamento endovascular bem-sucedido da FAV com um stent met&#225;lico revestido expans&#237;vel por bal&#227;o (GORE<sup>&#174;</sup> VIABAHN<sup>&#174;</sup> VBX 11x59mm) implantado na art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comum direita. A angiografia p&#243;s-procedimento confirmou o posicionamento adequado do stent e sua perviedade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">1C</xref>).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 30 dias de acompanhamento, o paciente relatou resolu&#231;&#227;o completa dos sintomas e quase normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (2036 &gt; 207 pg/mL). O ecocardiograma de controle demonstrou normaliza&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas e resolu&#231;&#227;o da HP (regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide discreta). A angioTC de acompanhamento revelou opacifica&#231;&#227;o normal da veia cava inferior e da art&#233;ria il&#237;aca comum direita, sem evid&#234;ncia de FAV (Figura 1D).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A HP &#233; uma desordem hemodin&#226;mica caracterizada por uma PAPm superior a 20 mmHg em repouso, medida por CCD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora incomum, com uma preval&#234;ncia global estimada em aproximadamente 1%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a HP pode surgir de um amplo espectro de etiologias. O sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o mais recente divide a HP em cinco grupos com base na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, nos perfis hemodin&#226;micos e nas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora a HP seja mais frequentemente associada a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas esquerdas e dist&#250;rbios pulmonares, causas mais raras, como estados hiperdin&#226;micos, merecem aten&#231;&#227;o especial.</p>
      <p>A HP com mecanismos pouco claros e/ou multifatoriais (Grupo 5) abrange um grupo de doen&#231;as que incluem, entre outras, estados de alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, como shunt da esquerda para a direita, cirrose, hipertireoidismo e anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio da HP, na qual a vasculopatia intr&#237;nseca &#233; o principal fator determinante da doen&#231;a, e a HP relacionada a estados de alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco surge de um aumento sustentado do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, que induz estresse de cisalhamento persistente na circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar. Nesse contexto, diversos mecanismos t&#234;m sido propostos para explicar o estado circulat&#243;rio hiperdin&#226;mico, como a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica em shunts sist&#234;mico-pulmonares ou a ativa&#231;&#227;o de vias neuro-hormonais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal em est&#225;gio terminal submetidos &#224; di&#225;lise por acesso arteriovenoso, diversas explica&#231;&#245;es justificam o desenvolvimento de HP: aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, anemia, sobrecarga de fluidos e altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e metab&#243;licas com aumento do t&#244;nus vascular pulmonar (por exemplo, produ&#231;&#227;o prejudicada de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, n&#237;veis mais elevados de endotelina-1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Outras causas inclu&#237;das no Grupo Cl&#237;nico 5 de HP, como a doen&#231;a falciforme, t&#234;m sido investigadas, assim como outros mecanismos potenciais para o desenvolvimento de HP, tais como hem&#243;lise cr&#244;nica, levando &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico; emboliza&#231;&#227;o microtromb&#243;tica (com HP tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica como uma poss&#237;vel complica&#231;&#227;o); e hip&#243;xia cr&#244;nica, com regula&#231;&#227;o g&#234;nica alterada que favorece a remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular adversa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este caso raro destaca uma causa incomum de HPr resultante de uma FAV extrator&#225;cica, que induziu um shunt significativo da esquerda para a direita e foi totalmente revers&#237;vel ap&#243;s o fechamento do shunt.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que, apesar do fen&#243;tipo hemodin&#226;mico pr&#233;-capilar observado neste paciente, havia uma probabilidade significativa de que, em centros com menos experi&#234;ncia, tal apresenta&#231;&#227;o pudesse ser erroneamente classificada como HP. Isso poderia levar ao uso inadequado de terapias vasodilatadoras espec&#237;ficas para HAP, o que seria altamente prejudicial neste contexto, exacerbando os sintomas e piorando o progn&#243;stico do paciente.</p>
      <p>A distin&#231;&#227;o entre HP, uma doen&#231;a intr&#237;nseca da vasculatura pulmonar, e HP causada por hiperfluxo cr&#244;nico &#8212; frequentemente acompanhada por remodelamento vascular pr&#233;-capilar e/ou capilar que, embora seja prejudicial &#224;s c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas, &#233; teoricamente adaptativo como um mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o contra o hiperfluxo cr&#244;nico nas c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas &#8212; &#233; crucial para garantir um manejo preciso e evitar erros terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      <p>Isso destaca a complexidade da interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos perfis hemodin&#226;micos em pacientes com HP devido a estados circulat&#243;rios hiperdin&#226;micos e enfatiza a import&#226;ncia de centros especializados no manejo de casos t&#227;o desafiadores.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, ao exame f&#237;sico, seria de se esperar detectar fr&#234;mito palp&#225;vel ou sopro auscultat&#243;rio em um paciente com uma FAV t&#227;o grande. No entanto, neste caso, esses achados estavam ausentes, provavelmente devido &#224; adiposidade abdominal do paciente e ao tamanho consider&#225;vel do orif&#237;cio da f&#237;stula, o que pode ter permitido que o sangue flu&#237;sse com menos turbul&#234;ncia do que o esperado.</p>
      <p>Diversos casos de HP induzida por FAV foram documentados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em um caso, foi relatada uma FAV adquirida entre a art&#233;ria e a veia il&#237;acas comuns como complica&#231;&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica de cirurgia da coluna lombar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> uma etiologia prov&#225;vel em nosso paciente. Cabe ressaltar que a perfura&#231;&#227;o do ligamento longitudinal anterior com subsequente les&#227;o de grandes vasos tem sido descrita como uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara, por&#233;m potencialmente fatal, em pacientes submetidos &#224; laminectomia, com diversos casos relatados nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como demonstrado em outros casos, a identifica&#231;&#227;o e corre&#231;&#227;o imediatas da FAV levaram a uma r&#225;pida melhora cl&#237;nica e hemodin&#226;mica. O diagn&#243;stico oportuno &#233; essencial para prevenir cardiopatias estruturais irrevers&#237;veis e reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade associadas &#224; HP n&#227;o tratada.</p>
      <p>Este caso enfatiza a import&#226;ncia de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica minuciosa em pacientes com HP, incentivando os m&#233;dicos a considerarem causas menos comuns, por&#233;m potencialmente revers&#237;veis, a fim de otimizar os resultados para o paciente. Propomos um algoritmo diagn&#243;stico para pacientes com suspeita/confirma&#231;&#227;o de HP e alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algoritmo de diagn&#243;stico &#8211; Suspeita de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar de Alto D&#233;bito/F&#237;stula Arteriovenosa. Algoritmo diagn&#243;stico para suspeita de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar de alto d&#233;bito com poss&#237;vel FAV. Estado de alto d&#233;bito definido como IC &gt; 5 L/min/m&#178; ou DC &#8805; 8 L/min. A triagem de shunt da esquerda para a direita no cateterismo card&#237;aco direito &#233; considerada positiva se &#916;O<sub>2</sub> (VCS &#8211; AP) &#8805; 8% ou se a satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> na AP for &#8805; 80%; quando positiva, se recomenda uma oximetria completa. Se houver suspeita de shunt extracard&#237;aco e a imagem tor&#225;cica (TC/RM) for inconclusiva para localiza&#231;&#227;o, se pode utilizar angiotomografia computadorizada/angiorresson&#226;ncia abdominop&#233;lvica. Shunts intracard&#237;acos devem ser tratados de acordo com as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas (ESC/ACC). FAV: f&#237;stula arteriovenosa; MAV: malforma&#231;&#227;o arteriovenosa; IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular; TC: angiotomografia computadorizada; PAPm: press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; POAP: press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar; HP: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; PAD: press&#227;o atrial direita; CCR: cateterismo card&#237;aco direito; SvO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o venosa mista de oxig&#234;nio; VCS: veia cava superior; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250425-50425-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a HP secund&#225;ria a uma FAV extrator&#225;cica &#233; uma causa rara, por&#233;m revers&#237;vel, de HP. A detec&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o precoces s&#227;o cruciais para prevenir o desenvolvimento de cardiopatia estrutural grave. Este caso ressalta a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica abrangente em pacientes com HP e refor&#231;a a necessidade de vigil&#226;ncia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de etiologias menos comuns de estados circulat&#243;rios hiperdin&#226;micos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
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          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisbon</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Center for Disease Mechanisms Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Daniel In&#225;cio Cazeiro</bold> &#8226; Lisbon School of Medicine &#8211; Heart and Vessels Department &#8211; Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Hospital de Santa Maria (Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Santa Maria), 1649-035, Lisbon &#8211; Portugal E-mail: danielcazeiro@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Arteriovenous Fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>Therapeutics</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case presentation</title>
        <p>A 63-year-old woman presented with a two-year history of worsening fatigue, dyspnea (World Health Organization functional class III), and palpitations. The echocardiogram had demonstrated a high probability of pulmonary hypertension (PH), and she was subsequently referred to a PH expert center. Her past medical history included systemic arterial hypertension, iron deficiency anemia secondary to gastrointestinal bleeding from duodenal telangiectasias (endoscopically treated), and a previous extraforaminal L3-L4 discectomy due to lumbar herniated disk with associated radiculopathy, performed at another hospital two years before the first appointment. The post-operative period was complicated by severe acute anemia of unclear etiology, which required nine red blood cell transfusions.</p>
        <p>At the time of referral, the patient was taking furosemide 40 mg once daily (OD), candesartan 16 mg + hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg OD, simvastatin 20 mg OD, and alprazolam 0.25 mg OD. She had a history of smoking but no significant occupational exposures, and her family history was unremarkable.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>A comprehensive diagnostic evaluation followed:</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Physical examination depicted a pansystolic heart murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border, as well as bilateral lower extremity edema;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Echocardiography revealed a mild left ventricular D-shape with preserved ejection fraction, right heart chamber dilation with preserved right ventricular longitudinal function, and severe tricuspid regurgitation with a peak velocity of 3,7 m/s (RV-RA gradient 54mmHg);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Laboratory tests demonstrated high NTproBNP levels (2036 pg/mL) and excluded autoimmune disease, HIV, and hepatitis;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Abdominal ultrasound showed ascites without liver structural abnormalities;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pulmonary function tests, ventilation/perfusion scan, and chest computed tomography angiography (CTA) ruled out significant parenchymal lung disease, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary embolism.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Right heart catheterization (RHC) confirmed a diagnosis of pre-capillary PH, with a (mean pulmonary artery pressure) mPAP of 34 mmHg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 10 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance of 3 Wood units (WU). It also depicted a mean right atrial pressure of 8 mmHg and a high CO of 11 L/min (determined by both thermodilution and indirect Fick methods). A significantly elevated PA saturation was noted (SvO2 88%), with no significant step-up between the superior/inferior vena cava and PA. Given these findings, as well as the absence of congenital abnormalities, an extra-thoracic left-to-right shunt was suspected.</p>
          <p>Full-body CTA revealed marked dilation of the inferior vena cava and iliac veins, as well as an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) between the posterior wall of the right common iliac artery and the confluence of both common iliac veins, at the level of L3-L4 vertebrae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1A</xref>). This finding was confirmed by magnetic resonance venous angiography.</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) Pre-procedural CT angiogram showing the fistulous communication (arrow) between the right common iliac artery and the inferior vena cava at the L3L4 vertebral level. The right common iliac artery is marked (x), and early contrast opacification of the inferior vena cava through the fistulous tract is noted during the arterial phase (asterisk). (B) Pre-intervention angiography demonstrating the arteriovenous fistula (arrow), the right common iliac artery (x), and a markedly dilated inferior vena cava (asterisk). (C) Post-intervention angiography showing the covered metal stent in place (arrows). (D) Post-procedural CT angiogram confirming appropriate stent positioning (arrows) and normal opacification of the inferior vena cava, with no evidence of residual fistulous flow.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250425-50425-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Three months later, the patient underwent successful endovascular closure of the AVF with a balloon-expandable covered metal stent (GORE<sup>&#174;</sup> VIABAHN<sup>&#174;</sup> VBX 11x59mm) implanted in the right common iliac artery. Post-procedure angiography confirmed proper stent positioning and patency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figures 1B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">1C</xref>).</p>
          <p>At the 30-day follow-up, the patient reported complete resolution of symptoms and near normalization of NTproBNP levels (2036&gt;207 pg/mL). Repeat echocardiogram demonstrated normalization of right heart chamber dimensions and resolution of PH (trace tricuspid regurgitation). Follow-up CTA revealed normal opacification of the inferior vena cava and right iliac common artery, without evidence of AVF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>PH is a hemodynamic disorder characterized by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) greater than 20 mmHg at rest, as measured by RHC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Though uncommon, with an estimated global prevalence of approximately 1%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> PH can arise from a broad spectrum of etiologies. The most recent classification system divides PH into five groups based on clinical presentation, hemodynamic profiles, and treatment strategies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> While PH is most often associated with left heart disease and pulmonary disorders, rarer causes, such as hyperdynamic states, warrant special attention.</p>
        <p>PH with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms (Group 5) encompass a group of diseases which include, but are not limited to, high CO states, such as left-to-right shunts, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, and anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Contrary to PH, in which intrinsic vasculopathy is the primary driver of disease, PH related to high-output states arises from a sustained increase in blood flow, which induces persistent shear stress in the pulmonary circulation. In this matter, several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the hyperdynamic circulatory state, such as the reduction in systemic vascular resistance in systemic to pulmonary shunts, or the activation of neurohormonal pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In patients with end-stage kidney disease on dialysis via arteriovenous access, several explanations justify the development of PH: increased cardiac output, anemia, fluid overload, and hormonal and metabolic derangement with increased pulmonary vascular tone (e.g., impaired nitric oxide production, higher levels of endothelin-1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Other causes included in Clinical Group 5 PH, such as sickle cell disease, have explored other potential mechanisms for the development of PH, such as chronic hemolysis, leading to inhibition of nitric oxide production; microthrombotic embolization (with chronic thromboembolic PH as a potential complication), and chronic hypoxia, with altered gene regulation favoring adverse vascular remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This rare case highlights an unusual cause of PH resulting from an extrathoracic AVF, which induced a significant left-to-right shunt and was fully reversible following closure of the shunt.</p>
        <p>Importantly, despite the pre-capillary hemodynamic phenotype observed in this patient, there was a significant chance that in less experienced centers, such a presentation could be misclassified as pulmonary arterial hypertension. This could lead to the inappropriate use of PH specific vasodilator therapies, which would be highly deleterious in this context, exacerbating symptoms and worsening the patient's prognosis.</p>
        <p>The distinction between PH, an intrinsic disease of the pulmonary vasculature, and PH driven by chronic hyperflux &#8212; often accompanied by pre-capillary and/or capillary vascular remodeling that, although ultimately detrimental to right heart chambers, is theoretically adaptive as a protective mechanism against chronic hyperflux into the left heart chambers &#8212; is critical to ensure accurate management and to avoid therapeutic missteps.</p>
        <p>This highlights the complexity of interpreting hemodynamic profiles in patients with PH due to hyperdynamic circulatory states and emphasizes the importance of specialized centers in managing such challenging cases.</p>
        <p>Additionally, on physical examination, one might expect to detect palpable thrills or auscultatory bruits in a patient with such a large AVF. However, in this case, these findings were absent, likely due to the patient's abdominal adiposity and the considerable size of the shunt orifice, which may have allowed blood to flow through with less turbulence than expected.</p>
        <p>Several cases of AVF-induced PH have been documented in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In one case, an acquired AVF between the common iliac artery and vein was reported as a iatrogenic complication of lumbar spinal surgery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> a likely etiology in our patient. Of note, anterior longitudinal ligament perforation with subsequent major vessel injury has been described as a rare, but potentially life-threatening complication in patients who are submitted to laminectomy, with several cases reported in the last decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As demonstrated in other cases, prompt identification and correction of the AVF led to rapid clinical and hemodynamic improvement. Timely diagnosis is essential to prevent irreversible structural heart disease and to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with untreated PH.</p>
        <p>This case emphasizes the importance of thorough clinical investigation in patients with PH, encouraging clinicians to consider less common but potentially reversible causes in order to optimize patient outcomes. We propose a diagnostic algorithm for patients with suspected/confirmed PH and high cardiac output (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagnostic Algorithm &#8211; Suspected High-Output PH / AVF. Diagnostic algorithm for suspected high-output pulmonary hypertension with possible AVF. High-output state defined as CI &gt; 5 L/min/m&#178; or CO &#8805; 8 L/min. L&#8594;R shunt screening at RHC is considered positive if &#916;O<sub>2</sub> (SVC &#8211; PA) &#8805; 8% or if PA O<sub>2</sub> saturation &#8805; 80%; when positive, a full oximetry run is recommended. If an extracardiac shunt is suspected and thoracic imaging (CT/CMR) is inconclusive for localization, abdominopelvic CTA/MRA may be used. Intracardiac shunts should be managed according to guideline-directed care (ESC/ACC). AVF: arteriovenous fistula; AVM: arteriovenous malformation; CI: cardiac index; CO: cardiac output; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; CTA: computed tomographic angiography; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure; PA: pulmonary artery; PAWP: pulmonary artery wedge pressure; PH: pulmonary hypertension; RAP: right atrial pressure; RHC: right heart catheterization; SvO<sub>2</sub>: mixed venous oxygen saturation; SVC: superior vena cava; HTN: hypertension.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250425-50425-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In conclusion, PH secondary to an extrathoracic AVF is a rare but reversible cause of PH. Early detection and intervention are crucial in preventing the development of severe structural heart disease. This case underscores the importance of comprehensive clinical evaluation in PH patients and reinforces the need for vigilance in identifying less common etiologies of hyperdynamic circulatory states.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
