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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">MVf4TkhZhKcCzd36bJZcSkk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000100602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250356</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o do Escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc com o Fen&#244;meno de N&#227;o-Refluxo ap&#243;s Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2760-1028</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ozbay</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Bilal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gullu</surname>
            <given-names>Aysenur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Degirmen</surname>
            <given-names>Serhat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nriagu</surname>
            <given-names>Bede Nnaemeka</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozen</surname>
            <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5302-4052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yayla</surname>
            <given-names>Cagri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Plainsboro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">NJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center, Plainsboro, NJ &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">North Alabama Medical Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florence</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, North Alabama Medical Center, Florence, AL &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Metropolitan Hospital Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">NY</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, NY &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Selcuk University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Konya &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ankara City Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Mustafa Bilal Ozbay Department of Medicine, Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center, 1 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro Township, New Jersey, 08536-1913 &#8211; Estados Unidos E-mail: <email>mbozbaymd@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250356</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date>
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo (NR) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), associada a desfechos cl&#237;nicos desfavor&#225;veis. O escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, originalmente desenvolvido para avaliar o risco tromboemb&#243;lico na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, demonstrou potencial para estar associado a eventos cardiovasculares adversos, mas seu valor preditivo para NR permanece incerto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e a ocorr&#234;ncia de NR em pacientes submetidos a ICP por meio de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi realizada uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura nas bases de dados Cochrane, EMBASE e PubMed para identificar estudos que examinassem a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e a ocorr&#234;ncia de NR ap&#243;s ICP. Uma metan&#225;lise de efeitos aleat&#243;rios foi conduzida, utilizando raz&#245;es de chances (ORs) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs) de 95% como medidas do tamanho do efeito. A heterogeneidade foi calculada utilizando o teste Q de Cochran e a estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> de Higgins.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 10 estudos, incluindo 6.557 pacientes (1.068 casos de NR e 5.489 casos sem NR), foram analisados. Um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc elevado foi fortemente associado a um maior risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de NR ap&#243;s ICP (OR, 1,86; IC 95%, 1,51&#8211;2,29; p &lt; 0,00001; I<sup>2</sup> = 85%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Esta metan&#225;lise corrobora a hip&#243;tese de que o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para identificar pacientes com risco aumentado de NR durante ICP. Estudos prospectivos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar esses achados e otimizar as abordagens de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o do escore CHA2DS2-VASc com o Fen&#244;meno de N&#227;o-Refluxo ap&#243;s Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>&#205;cones por Health Icons e Freepik.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="31"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP), pode ocorrer um problema cr&#237;tico conhecido como fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o-refluxo (NR), que pode resultar em complica&#231;&#245;es graves, como aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Seus mecanismos multifatoriais incluem emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o, o que destaca a necessidade de preditores confi&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, originalmente desenvolvido para avaliar a probabilidade de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em indiv&#237;duos com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), tem sido explorado por seu valor preditivo cardiovascular mais amplo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Considerando seus componentes, hipertens&#227;o (HA), diabetes e doen&#231;a vascular, sua potencial associa&#231;&#227;o com o NR em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP est&#225; ganhando aten&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos sobre essa associa&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m apresentado resultados inconsistentes. Esta metan&#225;lise sintetiza os dados dispon&#237;veis para determinar se o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc est&#225; associado de forma confi&#225;vel &#224; NR, auxiliando potencialmente na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e na tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>Esta metan&#225;lise foi conduzida em conformidade com a lista de verifica&#231;&#227;o PRISMA 2020 para revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises, bem como com as diretrizes MOOSE para metan&#225;lises de estudos observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>Registramos nosso protocolo no Registro Internacional Prospectivo de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas (PROSPERO) sob o ID de registro &#8220;CRD42025640659&#8221;. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura foi realizada por meio da triagem das bases de dados Cochrane, EMBASE e PubMed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). As listas de refer&#234;ncias dos estudos eleg&#237;veis e das revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas foram revisadas para identificar outras pesquisas relevantes. As estrat&#233;gias de busca detalhadas para cada base de dados s&#227;o fornecidas no <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01">Material Suplementar</xref>. A busca nas bases de dados foi realizada at&#233; 15 de fevereiro de 2025.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e desfecho de interesse</title>
        <p>Para esta metan&#225;lise, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas estudos que atenderam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade: (1) estudos observacionais, prospectivos ou retrospectivos, que (2) compararam pacientes com fen&#244;meno de NR ap&#243;s ICP com aqueles que n&#227;o desenvolveram NR e (3) realizaram an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o multivariada para determinar se o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc est&#225; associado ao NR. Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes sobrepostas, resumos de congressos, relatos de caso ou s&#233;ries de casos, e estudos n&#227;o publicados em ingl&#234;s.</p>
        <p>Tr&#234;s investigadores realizaram, de forma independente, a busca de dados, selecionaram os estudos e extra&#237;ram os dados relevantes dos estudos inclu&#237;dos. Os conflitos foram resolvidos por consenso entre os autores, ap&#243;s revis&#227;o do artigo completo e dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, em consulta com o autor principal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>A ferramenta ROBINS-I (<italic>Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions</italic>) foi utilizada para avaliar potenciais vieses em estudos observacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>Dois investigadores independentes realizaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s para os estudos inclu&#237;dos. Os conflitos foram resolvidos em consulta com o autor principal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>Realizamos a an&#225;lise dos dados seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Cochrane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>Analisamos os desfechos bin&#225;rios utilizando o teste de Mantel-Haenszel com um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, relatando a raz&#227;o de chances (OR) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% como medidas do tamanho do efeito. Todos os estudos analisaram o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua na an&#225;lise multivariada, e as ORs foram extra&#237;das para refletir a mudan&#231;a nos desfechos por aumento de 1 unidade no escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figura Central</xref>). A heterogeneidade foi calculada utilizando a estat&#237;stica Q de Cochrane e a estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> de Higgins e Thompson. Valores de p abaixo de 0,10 e valores de I<sup>2</sup> acima de 25% foram considerados indicativos de heterogeneidade substancial. Realizamos an&#225;lises de sensibilidade utilizando a abordagem &#8220;<italic>leave-one-out</italic>&#8221;. Avaliamos o vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o utilizando a an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico de funil. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R vers&#227;o 4.2.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Viena, &#193;ustria) e o Review Manager 5.4 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Dinamarca).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, nossa busca inicial identificou 43 registros. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de relat&#243;rios duplicados, 29 estudos foram revisados na &#237;ntegra. Dez estudos atenderam aos nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> compreendendo 6.557 pacientes, dos quais 1.068 (16,3%) estavam no grupo NR e 5.489 (83,7%) no grupo n&#227;o-NR, conforme resumido na Figura Central. Todos os estudos foram realizados nos &#250;ltimos dez anos. Sete estudos inclu&#237;ram pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>Um estudo incluiu pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMSSST),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e dois estudos se concentraram em pacientes submetidos a ICP em enxerto de veia safena (EVS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Kanal et al. examinaram casos de ICP eletiva para EVS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> enquanto G&#252;rbak et al. investigaram pacientes com IAMSSST submetidos a ICP para EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Detalhes adicionais sobre os estudos inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o fornecidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diagrama de fluxo PRISMA da triagem e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes, NR/n&#227;o NR</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Feminino, % NR/sem NR</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Idade, anos NR/sem NR</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">DM, % NR/sem NR</th>
                <th>HA, % NR/sem NR</th>
                <th>IAM pr&#233;vio, % NR/sem NR</th>
                <th>CABG, % NR/sem NR</th>
                <th>IC, % NR/sem NR</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Comprimento<sup><bold>a</bold></sup> do stent em mm NR/sem NR</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Di&#226;metro<sup><bold>a</bold></sup> do stent, mm NR/sem NR</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Ashoori et al. 2019<sup>11</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IAMCSST agudo</td>
                <td align="center">295/1036</td>
                <td align="center">57,3/9,4</td>
                <td align="center">71,1/56,1</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">3,7/1,2</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">28,1/27,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,8/3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mirbolouk et al. 2018<sup>12</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IAMCSST agudo</td>
                <td align="center">102/294</td>
                <td align="center">37,2/22,4</td>
                <td align="center">63/57</td>
                <td align="center">51/18</td>
                <td align="center">72/31,3</td>
                <td align="center">43,1/8,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,3/1,7</td>
                <td align="center">22,5/1,3</td>
                <td align="center">26/27</td>
                <td align="center">2,95/3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ipek et al. 2016<sup>9</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IAMCSST agudo</td>
                <td align="center">111/1670</td>
                <td align="center">27,9/18,4</td>
                <td align="center">62/57</td>
                <td align="center">43,2/32,3</td>
                <td align="center">47,7/34,7</td>
                <td align="center">15,3/12,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,3/2,0</td>
                <td align="center">25,2/8,4</td>
                <td align="center">24/20</td>
                <td align="center">2,75/3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#252;rbak et al. 2020<sup>10</sup></td>
                <td align="center">EVS ICP<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">78/190</td>
                <td align="center">25,6/15,8</td>
                <td align="center">66,2/62,6</td>
                <td align="center">53,8/38,4</td>
                <td align="center">84,6/76,3</td>
                <td align="center">61,5/45,3</td>
                <td align="center">100/100</td>
                <td align="center">55,1/17,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,6/23,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,44/3,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eldessouki et al 2022<sup>13</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IAMCSST agudo</td>
                <td align="center">30/78</td>
                <td align="center">13,3/7,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,4/52,6</td>
                <td align="center">86,7/20,5</td>
                <td align="center">80/28,2</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">20/2,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,0/33,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,35/3,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avci et al. 2018<sup>14</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IAMCSST agudo</td>
                <td align="center">194/303</td>
                <td align="center">34/27</td>
                <td align="center">63,6/61,6</td>
                <td align="center">27/28</td>
                <td align="center">45/36</td>
                <td align="center">0/0</td>
                <td align="center">0/0</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Zorlu et al. 2020<sup>15</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IAMCSST agudo</td>
                <td align="center">75/1138</td>
                <td align="center">28/18,3</td>
                <td align="center">65/60</td>
                <td align="center">42,6/32</td>
                <td align="center">41,3/34,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,1/12,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,5/2,3</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">26/22</td>
                <td align="center">2,75/3,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Zhang et al. 2020<sup>16</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IAMCSST agudo</td>
                <td align="center">80/374</td>
                <td align="center">22,5/26,2</td>
                <td align="center">63,2/59,1</td>
                <td align="center">31,3/23,4</td>
                <td align="center">55,0/42,0</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">1,3/0,8</td>
                <td align="center">43,7/39,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,20/3,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Barman et al. 2020<sup>17</sup></td>
                <td align="center">IAMSSST</td>
                <td align="center">84/307</td>
                <td align="center">30/27</td>
                <td align="center">56,7/55,5</td>
                <td align="center">36/22</td>
                <td align="center">54/38</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">20/10</td>
                <td align="center">23,8/22,6</td>
                <td align="center">2,96/2,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Kanal et al. 2023<sup>18</sup></td>
                <td align="center">EVS ICP<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">19/99</td>
                <td align="center">15,7/27,2</td>
                <td align="center">56,7/55,5</td>
                <td align="center">36/22</td>
                <td align="center">68,4/65,6</td>
                <td align="center">N/D</td>
                <td align="center">100/100</td>
                <td align="center">31,5/21,2</td>
                <td align="center">24,0/20,0</td>
                <td align="center">3,5/3,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p><sup>a</sup> m&#233;dia ou mediana; <sup>b</sup> pacientes com IAMSSST; <sup>c</sup> casos eletivos. CABG: by-pass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; DM: diabetes mellitus; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; N/D: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; NR: n&#227;o-refluxo; IAMSSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; EVS: enxerto de veia safena.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Uma an&#225;lise conjunta de 1.068 pacientes com NR e 5.489 sem NR mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior entre NR e escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais elevado em pacientes submetidos a ICP (OR, 1,86; IC 95%, 1,51 a 2,29; p &lt; 0,00001; I<sup>2</sup> = 85%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>) (Figura Central). Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo para pacientes com IAMCSST agudo, que tamb&#233;m demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior entre NR e escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais elevado em pacientes submetidos a ICP (OR, 1,82; IC 95%, 1,40 a 2,36; p &lt; 0,00001; I<sup>2</sup> = 89%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Tr&#234;s estudos apresentaram um tamanho de efeito consideravelmente maior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais, com ORs de 6,52, 6,32 e 3,06.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise de subgrupos, ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o desses estudos, tamb&#233;m mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior entre a NR e um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais elevado (OR, 1,50; IC 95%, 1,34 a 1,67; p &lt; 0,00001; I<sup>2</sup> = 43%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Uma an&#225;lise de subgrupos foi realizada ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de estudos envolvendo pacientes submetidos a ICP em EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Essa an&#225;lise continuou a demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais elevado e a ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno NR (OR, 2,02; IC 95%, 1,57 a 2,61; p &lt; 0,00001; I<sup>2</sup> = 65%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Um escore CHA2DS2-VASc mais elevado apresentou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior com a ocorr&#234;ncia de n&#227;o-refluxo em pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A an&#225;lise de subgrupos de pacientes com IAMCSST agudo demonstrou uma taxa significativamente maior de associa&#231;&#227;o de NR com escore CHA2DS2-VASc mais elevado em pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea. a: mostra o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) calculado usando o m&#233;todo do tipo Wald; b: indica o Tau2 calculado usando o m&#233;todo de DerSimonian e Laird (DL).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A an&#225;lise de subgrupos, ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o dos estudos com tamanhos de efeito maiores, mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de NR com um escore CHA2DS2-VASc mais alto. a: mostra o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) calculado usando o m&#233;todo do tipo Wald; b: indica o Tau2 calculado usando o m&#233;todo de DerSimonian e Laird (DL).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A an&#225;lise de subgrupos, ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o dos estudos que inclu&#237;am pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea em enxertos de veia safena, mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior entre NR e um escore CHA2DS2-VASc mais elevado. a: mostra o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) calculado usando o m&#233;todo do tipo Wald; b: indica o Tau2 calculado usando o m&#233;todo de DerSimonian e Laird (DL).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O risco geral de vi&#233;s em estudos observacionais foi classificado como moderado (Tabela S4). A an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico de funil indicou a presen&#231;a de um efeito de pequenos estudos devido ao vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, visto que estudos com pesos compar&#225;veis apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus erros padr&#227;o, e valores discrepantes foram observados no gr&#225;fico de funil (Figura S1). Na an&#225;lise de exclus&#227;o de um estudo por vez, o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc apresentou um efeito de risco consistente (Figura Suplementar S2).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise, composta por 10 estudos e 6.557 pacientes, comparou aqueles que desenvolveram NR ap&#243;s ICP com aqueles que n&#227;o a desenvolveram. O principal achado de nossas an&#225;lises agrupadas foi que um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais elevado esteve associado a uma taxa significativamente maior de desenvolvimento de NR em pacientes submetidos a ICP. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi observada em uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo com apenas pacientes com IAMCSST. Al&#233;m disso, mesmo ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de estudos com maiores tamanhos de efeito, o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc continuou significativamente associado a uma maior probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de NR. Como ilustrado na Figura Central, essa associa&#231;&#227;o consistente refor&#231;a a utilidade potencial do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de NR relacionado &#224; ICP.</p>
      <p>O sistema de escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, amplamente utilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica contempor&#226;nea, serve como uma ferramenta simples, por&#233;m clinicamente significativa, para avaliar o risco tromboemb&#243;lico em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Este sistema de escore incorpora m&#250;ltiplos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, incluindo insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), HA, idade, diabetes mellitus (DM), acidente vascular cerebral, sexo e doen&#231;a vascular, todos intimamente ligados aos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes &#224; aterosclerose. Consequentemente, pesquisas recentes t&#234;m explorado a utilidade do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e seu papel como marcador associado a desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos, independentemente da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Diversos estudos revelaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e o progn&#243;stico cardiovascular em pacientes com ICC, s&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento do NR &#233; multifatorial, com sua etiologia exata ainda n&#227;o totalmente elucidada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia do NR envolve diversos fatores, incluindo emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal de placa e trombo, les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o devido &#224;s esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, danos microvasculares, necrose mioc&#225;rdica, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o resultante da atividade alfa-adren&#233;rgica elevada e fator tecidual ativado a partir da placa rompida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>O NR est&#225; associado &#224; IC, necrose mioc&#225;rdica e mau progn&#243;stico card&#237;aco, caracterizado por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente, arritmias e aumento da mortalidade, independentemente do tamanho do infarto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; crucial identificar os fatores de risco para NR.</p>
      <p>Todos os estudos que inclu&#237;mos relatam de forma semelhante que o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para identificar pacientes com risco aumentado do fen&#244;meno NR em pacientes submetidos a ICP, com exce&#231;&#227;o de Kanal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>N&#227;o encontraram nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc e o NR, provavelmente devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra com menor poder estat&#237;stico. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve nenhum preditor independente de NR, incluindo comprimento e di&#226;metro do stent, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, provavelmente pelo mesmo motivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>Por outro lado, a redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a doen&#231;a triarterial, o maior comprimento da les&#227;o, o menor di&#226;metro do stent, o di&#226;metro luminal de refer&#234;ncia com tamanho reduzido, o menor fluxo TIMI (tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio) e a alta carga tromb&#243;tica na apresenta&#231;&#227;o foram demonstrados como preditores de NR em pacientes submetidos a ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup>Ipek e Zorlu et al. tamb&#233;m descobriram que o comprimento e o di&#226;metro do stent s&#227;o preditores independentes de n&#227;o reperfus&#227;o, assim como nos estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>O estudo de Kanal et al. foi o &#250;nico que excluiu pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para avaliar a robustez dos nossos resultados, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade utilizando o m&#233;todo de <italic>leave-one-out</italic>. Os resultados demonstraram que a remo&#231;&#227;o de qualquer um dos estudos n&#227;o alterou significativamente a OR agrupada, que se manteve consistentemente entre 1,70 e 2,09, mesmo quando o estudo de Barman et al. foi omitido, a OR diminuiu para 1,70 [1,40, 2,07] e o I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> reduziu para 78,8%. Tamb&#233;m realizamos uma an&#225;lise de subgrupos para os estudos que inclu&#237;ram apenas pacientes com IAMCSST agudo. No entanto, o valor de I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> para esse subgrupo permaneceu alto, em 89%. Al&#233;m disso, para lidar com a alta heterogeneidade na an&#225;lise agrupada, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de subgrupos ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o dos estudos de Barman, Eldessouki e Mirbolouk et al., uma vez que estes relataram ORs consideravelmente mais altas em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Como resultado, a heterogeneidade caiu significativamente de 85% para 43%. Uma ressalva em rela&#231;&#227;o a esses estudos &#233; que eles t&#234;m uma popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo relativamente menor em compara&#231;&#227;o com os demais estudos inclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m disso, Barman et al. n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram o fluxo TIMI ou o di&#226;metro luminal de refer&#234;ncia em sua an&#225;lise multivariada, o que pode ter resultado em ORs relativamente mais altos em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos. Ademais, Mirbolouk et al. n&#227;o inclu&#237;ram o di&#226;metro luminal de refer&#234;ncia e o comprimento do stent em sua an&#225;lise multivariada, o que tamb&#233;m pode ter contribu&#237;do para o aumento relativo dos ORs. Contudo, mesmo ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o dos estudos com tamanhos de efeito maiores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais alto permaneceu associado ao desenvolvimento de NR.</p>
      <p>Para refor&#231;ar ainda mais a robustez de nossos achados e minimizar a heterogeneidade relacionada &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es em enxertos, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo excluindo estudos que se concentraram em pacientes submetidos a ICP em enxertos de veia safena (EVS).<sub>10,18</sub> Essa exclus&#227;o se baseou no fato de que as les&#245;es em EVS tipicamente exibem maior carga ateroscler&#243;tica, morfologia de placa fri&#225;vel e maior risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, fatores que podem predispor independentemente os pacientes ao fen&#244;meno de NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o desses estudos, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais alto e NR permaneceu estatisticamente significativa, com uma raz&#227;o de chances (OR) de 2,02 (IC 95%, 1,57&#8211;2,61; p &lt; 0,00001; I<sup>2</sup> = 65%). Esse achado refor&#231;a a associa&#231;&#227;o do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc em popula&#231;&#245;es submetidas a ICP em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas e sugere que sua utilidade progn&#243;stica se estende al&#233;m de contextos procedimentais espec&#237;ficos.</p>
      <p>Nossa metan&#225;lise revelou que um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais elevado estava associado a uma maior probabilidade de desenvolvimento de NR em pacientes ap&#243;s ICP. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular com cada componente do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc. A disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular tamb&#233;m &#233; um fator-chave nos mecanismos subjacentes ao fen&#244;meno de NR. Assim, como componentes do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc, HA, DM e sexo feminino demonstraram estar associados &#224; perfus&#227;o microcirculat&#243;ria prejudicada ap&#243;s ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>Na maioria dos estudos, se constatou que o diabetes era significativamente mais prevalente no grupo NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar das diferentes abordagens metodol&#243;gicas e do uso de ajustes multivariados nos estudos inclu&#237;dos, &#233; importante reconhecer que todos foram observacionais. Como tal, esses estudos s&#227;o inerentemente suscet&#237;veis a fatores de confus&#227;o residuais e n&#227;o mensurados. Fatores como t&#233;cnica do procedimento, experi&#234;ncia do operador, uso de farmacoterapias adjuvantes e comprimento da les&#227;o ou do stent n&#227;o foram relatados ou ajustados de forma uniforme entre os estudos e podem ter influenciado as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas. Al&#233;m disso, o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc incorpora m&#250;ltiplos componentes cl&#237;nicos associados a desfechos cardiovasculares adversos, o que pode introduzir fatores de confus&#227;o. Portanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais alto e o fen&#244;meno de NR deve ser interpretada com cautela. Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, a valida&#231;&#227;o prospectiva em estudos bem delineados e com poder estat&#237;stico adequado &#233; essencial antes de se considerar o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc para uso cl&#237;nico rotineiro na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de NR relacionado &#224; ICP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise encontrou uma forte rela&#231;&#227;o entre escores CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais elevados e o risco de NR em pacientes submetidos a ICP. Nossos resultados sugerem que um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc mais alto est&#225; associado a uma maior probabilidade de NR ap&#243;s ICP. Como o NR tem m&#250;ltiplas causas e efeitos graves, o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc pode ajudar a identificar pacientes de alto risco. Isso &#233; resumido visualmente na Figura Central. Pesquisas adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para validar esses achados e avaliar seu impacto na tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nossa metan&#225;lise apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram observacionais, o que introduz a possibilidade de fatores de confus&#227;o residuais, apesar dos ajustes multivariados. Segundo, se observou heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos, o que pode refletir varia&#231;&#245;es nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. Terceiro, a an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico de funil sugeriu vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, indicando um potencial efeito de pequenos estudos. Quarto, os estudos inclu&#237;dos n&#227;o se ajustaram consistentemente para todos os preditores conhecidos de NR, como comprimento do stent, di&#226;metro do stent e carga tromb&#243;tica, o que poderia influenciar a associa&#231;&#227;o observada. Quinto, a natureza retrospectiva da maioria dos estudos inclu&#237;dos pode introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, nenhum dos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta metan&#225;lise investigou o impacto do escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc em desfechos cl&#237;nicos como mortalidade, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores a longo prazo, limitando o escopo de nossas descobertas &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o com o fen&#244;meno de NR isoladamente. Portanto, estudos prospectivos em larga escala s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para corroborar nossos resultados e aprimorar os modelos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco que incorporam o CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc em pacientes submetidos a ICP.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Material suplementar</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MVf4TkhZhKcCzd36bJZcSkk/14bc08f3b42cb760a61666ea93048ca76bcd8c0f.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fnsuppl">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12301/2025-0356_AO_Supplementary_Material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250356i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc Score with No-Reflow Phenomenon after PCI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2760-1028</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ozbay</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Bilal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gullu</surname>
            <given-names>Aysenur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Degirmen</surname>
            <given-names>Serhat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nriagu</surname>
            <given-names>Bede Nnaemeka</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ozen</surname>
            <given-names>Yasin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5302-4052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yayla</surname>
            <given-names>Cagri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center, Plainsboro, NJ &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, North Alabama Medical Center, Florence, AL &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, NY &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Konya &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Ankara City Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Mustafa Bilal Ozbay Department of Medicine, Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center, 1 Plainsboro Road, Plainsboro Township, New Jersey, 08536-1913 &#8211; United States E-mail: mbozbaymd@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The no-reflow (NR) phenomenon is a serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), associated with poor clinical outcomes. The CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, originally developed to assess thromboembolic risk in atrial fibrillation, has shown potential in being associated with adverse cardiovascular events, but its predictive value for NR remains uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the association between the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score and the occurrence of NR in patients undergoing PCI through a systematic review and meta-analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A systematic review of the literature was performed across Cochrane, EMBASE, and PubMed databases to identify studies examining the relationship between the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score and the occurrence of NR following PCI. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted, using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as the measures of effect size. Heterogeneity was calculated by using Cochran&#8217;s Q test and Higgins&#8217; I<sup>2</sup> statistics.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 10 studies including 6,557 patients (1,068 NR cases and 5,489 non-NR cases) were analyzed. An elevated CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score was strongly associated with a higher risk of NR occurrence after PCI (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.51&#8211;2.29; p &lt; .00001; I<sup>2</sup> = 85%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> This meta-analysis supports that the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score may be a useful tool for identifying patients at increased risk of NR during PCI. Further prospective studies are required to validate these findings and optimize risk stratification approaches.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association of CHA2DS2-VASc Score with No-Reflow Phenomenon after PCI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Icons by Health Icons and Freepik.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>After percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), a critical issue known as the no-reflow (NR) phenomenon may occur, potentially resulting in severe complications such as increased hospital stay, myocardial infarction, and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Its multifactorial mechanisms include distal embolization, microvascular dysfunction, and reperfusion injury, highlighting the need for reliable predictors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, originally designed to assess the likelihood of thromboembolic events in individuals with atrial fibrillation(AF), has been explored for its broader cardiovascular predictive value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Given its components, hypertension, diabetes, and vascular disease, its potential association with NR in PCI patients is gaining attention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies on this association have yielded inconsistent results. This meta-analysis synthesizes available data to determine whether the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score is reliably associated with NR, potentially aiding risk stratification and clinical decision-making.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>This meta-analysis was conducted in compliance with the PRISMA 2020 checklist for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, as well as the MOOSE guidelines for meta-analyses of observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> We registered our protocol in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database under the registration ID &#8220;CRD42025640659&#8221;. A systematic literature review was performed by screening the Cochrane, EMBASE, and PubMed databases (Central Illustration). The reference lists of eligible studies and systematic reviews were reviewed to detect further relevant research. Detailed search strategies for each database are provided in the <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl01_en">Supplemental Material</xref>. The database search was performed up to February 15, 2025.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria, data extraction, and outcome of interest</title>
          <p>For this meta-analysis, only studies that met the following eligibility criteria were included: (1) observational studies, either prospective or retrospective, that (2) compared patients with NR after PCI with those who did not develop NR, and (3) conducted multivariate regression analyses to determine if the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score is associated with NR. We excluded studies with overlapping patient populations, conference abstracts, case reports, or case series, and studies not published in English.</p>
          <p>Three investigators independently conducted the data search, selected the studies, and extracted relevant data from the included studies. Conflicts were addressed through consensus among the authors, following a review of the full article and eligibility criteria in consultation with the senior author.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>The Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool was employed to assess potential biases for observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Two independent investigators performed risk of bias assessment for the included studies. Conflicts were settled in consultation with the senior author.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>We conducted the data analysis following the recommendations outlined by Cochrane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> We analyzed binary endpoints utilizing the Mantel-Haenszel test with a random-effects model, reporting the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as measures of effect size. All studies analyzed the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score as a continuous variable in the multivariate analysis, and ORs were extracted to reflect the change in outcomes per 1-unit increase in the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score (Central Illustration). Heterogeneity was calculated by using Cochrane&#8217;s Q statistic and the I2 statistic by Higgins and Thompson. P values below 0.10 and I<sup>2</sup> values exceeding 25% were deemed indicative of substantial heterogeneity. We performed sensitivity analyses using the &#8220;leave-one-out&#8221; approach. We assessed for publication bias using funnel plot analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using R Software version 4.2.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) and Review Manager 5.4 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Denmark).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>, our initial search identified 43 records. After the removal of duplicate reports, 29 studies were reviewed in full text. Ten studies met our inclusion criteria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> comprising 6,557 patients, of whom 1,068 (16.3%) were in the NR group, and 5,489 (83.7%) were in the no-NR group, as summarized in the Central Illustration. All studies were within the last ten years. Seven studies included patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> one study included patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and two studies focused on patients undergoing PCI of saphenous vein graft (SVG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Kanal et al. examined elective PCI cases for SVG,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> while Gurbak et al. investigated NSTEMI patients undergoing PCI for SVG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Additional details about the included studies are provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PRISMA flow diagram of study screening and selection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Study</th>
                  <th>Population</th>
                  <th>No. of patients, NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>Female, % NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>Age<sup><bold>a</bold></sup>, y NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>DM, % NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>HTN, % NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>Previous MI, % NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>Previous CABG, % NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>HF, % NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>Stent length<sup><bold>a</bold></sup> mm NR/no NR</th>
                  <th>Stent diameter<sup><bold>a</bold></sup>, mm NR/no NR</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ashoori et al. 2019<sup>11</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">acute STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">295/1036</td>
                  <td align="center">57.3/9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">71.1/56.1</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7/1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1/27.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.8/3.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mirbolouk et al. 2018<sup>12</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">acute STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">102/294</td>
                  <td align="center">37.2/22.4</td>
                  <td align="center">63/57</td>
                  <td align="center">51/18</td>
                  <td align="center">72/31.3</td>
                  <td align="center">43.1/8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3/1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">22.5/1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26/27</td>
                  <td align="center">2.95/3.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ipek et al. 2016<sup>9</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">acute STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">111/1670</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9/18.4</td>
                  <td align="center">62/57</td>
                  <td align="center">43.2/32.3</td>
                  <td align="center">47.7/34.7</td>
                  <td align="center">15.3/12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3/2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">25.2/8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">24/20</td>
                  <td align="center">2.75/3.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#252;rbak et al. 2020<sup>10</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">PCI of SVG<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">78/190</td>
                  <td align="center">25.6/15.8</td>
                  <td align="center">66.2/62.6</td>
                  <td align="center">53.8/38.4</td>
                  <td align="center">84.6/76.3</td>
                  <td align="center">61.5/45.3</td>
                  <td align="center">100/100</td>
                  <td align="center">55.1/17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6/23.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.44/3.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eldessouki et al 2022<sup>13</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">acute STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">30/78</td>
                  <td align="center">13.3/7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4/52.6</td>
                  <td align="center">86.7/20.5</td>
                  <td align="center">80/28.2</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">20/2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0/33.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.35/3.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Avci et al. 2018<sup>14</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">acute STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">194/303</td>
                  <td align="center">34/27</td>
                  <td align="center">63.6/61.6</td>
                  <td align="center">27/28</td>
                  <td align="center">45/36</td>
                  <td align="center">0/0</td>
                  <td align="center">0/0</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Zorlu et al. 2020<sup>15</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">acute STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">75/1138</td>
                  <td align="center">28/18.3</td>
                  <td align="center">65/60</td>
                  <td align="center">42.6/32</td>
                  <td align="center">41.3/34.2</td>
                  <td align="center">16.1/12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5/2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">26/22</td>
                  <td align="center">2.75/3.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Zhang et al. 2020<sup>16</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">acute STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">80/374</td>
                  <td align="center">22.5/26.2</td>
                  <td align="center">63.2/59.1</td>
                  <td align="center">31.3/23.4</td>
                  <td align="center">55.0/42.0</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3/0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">43.7/39.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.20/3.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Barman et al. 2020<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">NSTEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">84/307</td>
                  <td align="center">30/27</td>
                  <td align="center">56.7/55.5</td>
                  <td align="center">36/22</td>
                  <td align="center">54/38</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">20/10</td>
                  <td align="center">23.8/22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">2.96/2.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Kanal et al. 2023<sup>18</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">PCI of SVG<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">19/99</td>
                  <td align="center">15.7/27.2</td>
                  <td align="center">56.7/55.5</td>
                  <td align="center">36/22</td>
                  <td align="center">68.4/65.6</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">100/100</td>
                  <td align="center">31.5/21.2</td>
                  <td align="center">24.0/20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5/3.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>a mean or median; b NSTEMI patients; c elective cases. CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; HTN: hypertension; MI: myocardial infarction; NA: not available; NR: no-reflow; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; SVG: saphenous vein graft.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A pooled analysis of 1,068 patients with NR and 5,489 without NR showed a significantly higher rate association of NR with higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score in patients undergoing PCI (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.51 to 2.29; p&lt; 0.00001; I<sup>2</sup>= 85%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>) (Central Illustration). We performed subgroup analysis for patients with acute STEMI, which also demonstrated a significantly higher rate association of NR with higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score in patients undergoing PCI (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.40 to 2.36; p&lt; 0.00001; I<sup>2</sup>= 89%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Three studies had a considerably higher effect size compared to the others, with ORs of 6.52, 6.32, and 3.06.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Subgroup analysis, after removing those studies, also showed a significantly higher association of NR with a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score. (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.34 to 1.67; p&lt; 0.00001; I<sup>2</sup>= 43%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). A subgroup analysis was conducted following the exclusion of studies involving patients undergoing SVG PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This analysis continued to demonstrate a significant association between a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score and the occurrence of the NR phenomenon (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.57 to 2.61; p&lt; 0.00001; I<sup>2</sup>= 65%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A higher CHA2DS2-VASc score had a significantly higher rate association of no-reflow in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Subgroup analysis of acute STEMI patients demonstrated a significantly higher rate of association of NR with higher CHA2DS2-VASc score in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. a: indicates the confidence interval (CI) calculated using the Wald-type method; b: indicates Tau2 calculated using the restricted maximum-likelihood (REML) method.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Subgroup analysis, after excluding the studies with higher effect sizes, showed a significantly higher association of NR with a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score. a: shows the confidence interval CI calculated using the Wald-type method; b: indicates Tau2 calculated using the restricted maximum-likelihood (REML) method.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Subgroup analysis, after excluding the studies including patients undergoing SVG PCI, showed a significantly higher association of NR with a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score. a: shows the confidence interval CI calculated using the Wald-type method; b: indicates Tau2 calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird (DL) method.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250356-50356-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The overall risk of bias in observational studies was classified as moderate (Table S4). The funnel plot analysis indicated the presence of a small-study effect due to publication bias, as studies with comparable weights were asymmetrically distributed relative to their standard errors, and outliers were observed in the funnel plot (Figure S1). In the leave-one-out analysis, the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score showed a consistent risk effect (Supplementary Figure S2).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis, comprising 10 studies and 6,557 patients, compared those who developed NR following PCI to those who did not. The main finding from our pooled analyses was that a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score was associated with a significantly higher rate of NR development in patients undergoing PCI. This association was also observed in a subgroup analysis with only acute STEMI patients. Furthermore, even after excluding studies with larger effect sizes, the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score continued to be significantly associated with an increased probability of NR occurrence. As depicted in the Central Illustration, this consistent association reinforces the potential utility of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score in PCI-related NR risk.</p>
        <p>The CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scoring system, widely utilized in contemporary clinical practice, serves as a simple yet clinically significant tool for assessing thromboembolic risk in patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This scoring system incorporates multiple clinical parameters, including congestive heart failure (HF), hypertension (HT), age, diabetes mellitus (DM), stroke, gender, and vascular disease, all of which are closely linked to the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. Consequently, recent research has explored the utility of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score in risk stratification for various cardiovascular conditions and its role as a marker associated with adverse clinical outcomes, independent of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Several studies have revealed a significant association between the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score and cardiovascular prognosis in HF, Takotsubo syndrome, and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>NR development is multifactorial, with its exact etiology yet to be fully elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The pathophysiology of NR involves several factors, including distal plaque and thrombus embolization, reperfusion injury due to the reactive oxygen species, microvascular damage, myocardial necrosis, vasoconstriction resulting from elevated alpha-adrenergic activity, and activated tissue factor from disrupted plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The NR is associated with HF, myocardial necrosis, and poor cardiac prognosis, characterized by recurrent myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and increased mortality, irrespective of infarct size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Therefore, it is crucial to identify risk factors for NR.</p>
        <p>All the studies we included similarly report that the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score may be a useful scoring tool for identifying patients at increased risk of the NR phenomenon in patients undergoing PCI, except for Kanal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> They did not find any association between the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score and NR, likely due to a small sample size with lower statistical power. Additionally, there was no independent predictor of NR, including stent length and diameter, after multivariate analysis, likely for the same reason.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Otherwise, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), triple vessel disease, longer lesion length, lower stent diameter, reference luminal diameter with smaller size, lower thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow, and high thrombus burden on presentation have been demonstrated as predictors of NR in PCI patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Ipek and Zorlu et al also found stent length and diameter as independent predictors of NR, as in the previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>Kanal et al. was the only study that excluded ACS patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To assess the strength of our findings, a sensitivity analysis using the leave-one-out method was conducted. The results demonstrated that removing any of the studies did not significantly change the pooled OR, which consistently remained between 1.70 and 2.09, even when Barman et al study was omitted, the OR decreased to 1.70 [1.40, 2.07], and I<sup>2</sup> reduced to 78.8%. We also performed subgroup analysis for the studies that only included acute STEMI patients. However, the I<sup>2</sup> value for this subgroup remained high at 89%. Furthermore, to address the high heterogeneity in the pooled analysis, we performed a subgroup analysis after removing those studies by Barman, Eldessouki, and Mirbolouk et al., as they reported considerably higher ORs compared to the other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>As a result, heterogeneity significantly dropped from 85% to 43%. One caveat about those studies is that they have a relatively smaller study population compared to the other included studies. In addition, Barman et al. did not include TIMI flow or reference luminal diameter in their multivariate analysis, which may have resulted in relatively higher ORs compared to other studies. Furthermore, Mirbolouk et al. did not include reference luminal diameter and stent length in their multivariate analysis, which may have also contributed to the relatively increased ORs. However, even after excluding those studies with higher effect sizes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score remained associated with NR development.</p>
        <p>To further enhance the robustness of our findings and minimize heterogeneity related to graft interventions, we conducted a subgroup analysis excluding studies that focused on patients undergoing SVG PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This exclusion was based on the fact that SVG lesions typically exhibit a greater atherosclerotic burden, friable plaque morphology, and an increased risk of distal embolization, all of which may independently predispose patients to the NR phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> After excluding these studies, the association between a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score and NR remained statistically significant, with an OR of 2.02 (95% CI, 1.57&#8211;2.61; p &lt; 0.00001; I<sup>2</sup> = 65%). This finding reinforces the association of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score in native coronary artery PCI populations and suggests that its prognostic utility extends beyond specific procedural contexts.</p>
        <p>Our meta-analysis revealed that a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score was associated with an increased likelihood of NR development in patients following PCI. One potential explanation is the association of microvascular dysfunction with each component of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score. Microvascular dysfunction is also a key factor in the underlying mechanisms of the NR phenomenon. Thus, as components of the CHA0DS2-VASc score, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and female sex have been shown to be associated with impaired microcirculatory perfusion after PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In most studies, diabetes was found to be significantly more prevalent in the NR group .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the various methodological approaches and the use of multivariate adjustments in the included studies, it is important to acknowledge that all were observational in nature. As such, these studies are inherently susceptible to residual and unmeasured confounding. Factors such as procedural technique, operator experience, use of adjunctive pharmacotherapies, and lesion or stent length were not uniformly reported or adjusted for across studies and may have influenced the observed associations. Moreover, the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score incorporates multiple clinical components associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, which could introduce confounding. Therefore, the association between a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score and the NR phenomenon should be interpreted with caution. Ultimately, prospective validation in well-designed, adequately powered studies is essential before considering the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score for routine clinical use in risk stratification of PCI-related NR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis found a strong relationship between higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores and the risk of NR in patients undergoing PCI. Our results suggest that a higher CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score is associated with an increased likelihood of NR after PCI. Since NR has multiple causes and serious effects, the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score could help identify high-risk patients. This is visually summarized in the Central Illustration. Additional research is necessary to validate these findings and evaluate their impact on clinical decision-making.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our meta-analysis has some limitations. First, all included studies were observational, which introduces the possibility of residual confounding despite multivariate adjustments. Second, significant heterogeneity was observed across studies, which may reflect variations in study populations. Third, funnel plot analysis suggested publication bias, indicating a potential small-study effect. Fourth, the included studies did not consistently adjust for all known predictors of NR, such as stent length, stent diameter, and thrombus burden, which could influence the observed association. Fifth, the retrospective nature of most included studies may introduce selection bias. Lastly, none of the studies included in this meta-analysis investigated the impact of the CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score on clinical outcomes such as mortality, heart failure, or long-term major adverse cardiovascular events, limiting the scope of our findings to the association with the NR phenomenon alone. Thus, large-scale prospective studies are required to corroborate our results and improve risk stratification models incorporating CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc in PCI patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl-en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Material</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Supplemental Material</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/MVf4TkhZhKcCzd36bJZcSkk/14bc08f3b42cb760a61666ea93048ca76bcd8c0f.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fnsuppl_en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12301/2025-0356_AO_Supplementary_Material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
