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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hB8zFYMMjTNNPmgL6qbwBvb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000102201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250243</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">02201</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angina Refrat&#225;ria e Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica na Aus&#234;ncia de Doen&#231;a Coron&#225;ria Obstrutiva: A Prop&#243;sito de um Caso Cl&#237;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2042-7656</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5206-7993</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>M&#243;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1819-5507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Conde</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaspar</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Braga</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Braga, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Filipe Silva Vilela</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Braga &#8211; Cardiologia - Sete Fontes - S&#227;o Victor, Braga, <postal-code>4710-243</postal-code> - Portugal E-mail: <email>fxvilela@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250243</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Microvascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasoespasmo Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angina pectoris, o sintoma mais comum da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, afeta aproximadamente 112 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes (at&#233; 70%) submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria devido &#224; angina e &#224; evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica n&#227;o apresenta obstru&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, condi&#231;&#227;o denominada INOCA (isquemia com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coron&#225;ria e o vasoespasmo epic&#225;rdico, isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o com a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), s&#227;o mecanismos adjuvantes de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. A distin&#231;&#227;o entre o vasoespasmo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica e a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coron&#225;ria permite um tratamento espec&#237;fico e distinto, al&#233;m de fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas aos pacientes e seus m&#233;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, essas condi&#231;&#245;es raramente s&#227;o corretamente diagnosticadas, o que resulta na aus&#234;ncia de terapia personalizada para esses pacientes. Como consequ&#234;ncia, eles continuam a apresentar angina recorrente com qualidade de vida prejudicada, levando a hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es repetidas, angiografia coron&#225;ria desnecess&#225;ria e desfechos cardiovasculares adversos a curto e longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
        <p>Um homem de 65 anos compareceu &#224; cl&#237;nica de cardiologia com angina de esfor&#231;o, apesar do tratamento medicamentoso otimizado. Seu hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico inclui hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e tabagismo ativo, obesidade e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
        <p>Sua DAC se manifestou em 2022, quando sofreu um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. Na ocasi&#227;o, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) mostrou supradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores, o ecocardiograma demonstrou hipocinesia da parede inferior com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada, e a angiografia coron&#225;ria revelou oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) distal e estenose de 50% no segmento distal da art&#233;ria circunflexa (Cx). Consequentemente, foi realizada angioplastia da ACD com implante de stent farmacol&#243;gico, com bom resultado angiogr&#225;fico.</p>
        <p>Nos meses seguintes, o paciente queixou-se de dor tor&#225;cica agravada pelo esfor&#231;o, compat&#237;vel com angina t&#237;pica de grau II na escala da Sociedade Canadense de Cardiologia (CCS). Naquela &#233;poca, sua medica&#231;&#227;o habitual era bisoprolol, ramipril e aspirina. Nesse contexto, se iniciou a investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
        <p>O ECG de esfor&#231;o foi clinicamente negativo, mas eletricamente duvidoso para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, e o ecocardiograma de estresse mostrou isquemia extensa do &#225;pice, septo interventricular m&#233;dio-apical, parede anterior apical e parede posterolateral. Apesar disso, foi realizada uma angiografia coron&#225;ria, que n&#227;o revelou nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o nova (ACD sem reestenose, Cx distal com estenose de 50% e reserva de fluxo fracionado (FFR) &gt; 0,8) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">V&#237;deos 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria diagn&#243;stica: A) Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita dominante sem les&#245;es, B) Art&#233;ria descendente anterior com irregularidades, C) Art&#233;ria circunflexa com 50% no segmento distal (FFR &gt; 0,8).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
        <p>Diante disso, a terapia anti-isqu&#234;mica foi otimizada com a adi&#231;&#227;o de lercanidipina e ranolazina; no entanto, o paciente continuou a apresentar angina de esfor&#231;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o e gest&#227;o</title>
        <p>Considerando angina refrat&#225;ria com angiografia coron&#225;ria normal, se decidiu prosseguir com uma avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional coron&#225;ria invasiva, incluindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o da microcircula&#231;&#227;o e da vasorreatividade. O algoritmo de diagn&#243;stico e os valores de corte utilizados est&#227;o representados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Algoritmo para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de INOCA. ANOCA: angina com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas; CFR: reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio; IMR: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria; hMR: resist&#234;ncia microvascular hiper&#234;mica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
        <p>Para avaliar a microcircula&#231;&#227;o, foram utilizados um fio-guia diagn&#243;stico e um teste com adenosina. Este demonstrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio (RFC = 1,3) e um aumento no &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria (IRM = 28), consistente com angina microvascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fio-guia diagn&#243;stico e teste de adenosina. Estudo da microcircula&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel com disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
        <p>Posteriormente, o teste de acetilcolina para avalia&#231;&#227;o da vasorreatividade, com doses crescentes de acetilcolina (2ug &gt; 20ug &gt; 100ug), mostrou vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica significativa da Cx (&#8805; 90%) com reprodu&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica usual e depress&#227;o do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es laterais, condi&#231;&#245;es que definem o diagn&#243;stico de angina vasoesp&#225;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">V&#237;deos 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">7</xref> e <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl1">8</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Vasorreatividade - Teste com doses crescentes de Acetilcolina (ACh) A- Basal, B- 2&#956;g ACh, C- 20&#956;g ACh, D- 100&#956;g ACh, E- Ap&#243;s nitrato intracoron&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
        <p>Considerando esses resultados, o diagn&#243;stico final assumido foi isquemia com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas, resultante tanto de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular quanto de vasoespasmo coron&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Devido ao diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular e angina vasoesp&#225;stica, foram feitos ajustes na terapia. O bisoprolol foi suspenso, pois n&#227;o &#233; recomendado em casos de angina vasoesp&#225;stica; as doses de lercanidipina e ranolazina foram aumentadas e se iniciou o tratamento com verapamil. Cabe ressaltar que a paciente n&#227;o tolerou a terapia com nitratos devido a cefaleias. Essa conduta est&#225; de acordo com as diretrizes que recomendam bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio para angina vasoesp&#225;stica, evitando-se os betabloqueadores. A paciente tamb&#233;m foi incentivada a participar de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a ser avaliada em uma consulta para cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.</p>
        <p>Felizmente, ap&#243;s alguns meses, os sintomas do paciente melhoraram com uma combina&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos anti-isqu&#234;micos, mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida e controle dos fatores de risco cardiovascular modific&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica na aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva continuam sendo um desafio.</p>
      <p>A isquemia sem art&#233;rias obstrutivas &#233; definida como a condi&#231;&#227;o em que pacientes apresentam evid&#234;ncias de isquemia, mas sem DAC obstrutiva na angiografia coronariana. Na INOCA, a discrep&#226;ncia entre o suprimento sangu&#237;neo e a demanda de oxig&#234;nio do mioc&#225;rdio pode resultar tanto de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana quanto de espasmo da art&#233;ria coronariana epic&#225;rdica, particularmente em casos de aterosclerose coronariana n&#227;o obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O progn&#243;stico de pacientes com INOCA est&#225; longe de ser benigno. A angina sem DAC obstrutiva est&#225; associada &#224; piora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes, maior risco de incapacidade e maior ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos, incluindo aumento da mortalidade e morbidade, al&#233;m de maiores custos com sa&#250;de, com maiores taxas de recorr&#234;ncia de reinterna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares e angiografias coron&#225;rias repetidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devem ser empregadas abordagens invasivas, utilizando angiografia coron&#225;ria juntamente com procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos intervencionistas. Estes incluem um fio-guia diagn&#243;stico, medi&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o e fluxo, bem como testes farmacol&#243;gicos de reatividade coron&#225;ria realizados no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo. Essas estrat&#233;gias s&#227;o essenciais para distinguir entre angina vasoesp&#225;stica, angina microvascular e dor n&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo CorMicA &#8212; um estudo randomizado fundamental &#8212; demonstrou que, em pacientes com angina e sem DAC obstrutiva, o teste invasivo da fun&#231;&#227;o coronariana seguido de terapia guiada por mecanismos melhora significativamente os sintomas, a qualidade de vida e a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, sem aumentar os eventos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mileva et al. (2022) relataram que aproximadamente 23% dos pacientes com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas apresentam disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coron&#225;ria e angina vasoesp&#225;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o estudo ILIAS ANOCA, publicado recentemente (Eur Heart J. 2025), mostrou que aproximadamente 20% dos pacientes apresentam um padr&#227;o misto de vasoespasmo e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, e que aqueles tratados de acordo com o Teste de Fun&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria apresentaram melhora significativa dos sintomas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o tratamento padr&#227;o, destacando a import&#226;ncia da estratifica&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica no manejo desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre vasoespasmo e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular representa um desafio terap&#234;utico, uma vez que os betabloqueadores podem exacerbar o vasoespasmo, enquanto os bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio podem n&#227;o resolver completamente a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular. Essa combina&#231;&#227;o torna o caso excepcionalmente raro, clinicamente intrigante e notavelmente desafiador em termos de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Reconhecer a INOCA como um diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico v&#225;lido &#233;, portanto, essencial, dada a sua associa&#231;&#227;o com desfechos adversos, incluindo um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores, e suas implica&#231;&#245;es significativas para os sistemas de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este caso envolve um &#250;nico paciente, o que limita a capacidade de generalizar os resultados e n&#227;o confere poder estat&#237;stico. Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#245;es objetivas p&#243;s-tratamento, como exames de imagem ou avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas padronizadas, restringe a capacidade de determinar conclusivamente a efic&#225;cia do tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Uma abordagem estratificada para o manejo da INOCA &#233; necess&#225;ria para abordar eficazmente o progn&#243;stico a curto e longo prazo desses pacientes. Essa abordagem deve incorporar aconselhamento personalizado sobre fatores de estilo de vida, controle dos fatores de risco de acordo com as diretrizes de preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e o uso de farmacoterapia para aliviar a isquemia e os sintomas associados.</p>
      <p>Este caso demonstra a complexidade do manejo de um paciente com angina e destaca a import&#226;ncia de cl&#237;nicos e cardiologistas intervencionistas adotarem uma abordagem sistem&#225;tica para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento desses pacientes. Diante da falta de conhecimento aprofundado, pesquisas adicionais s&#227;o urgentemente necess&#225;rias para ampliar nossa compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos envolvidos, desenvolver terapias inovadoras e aprimorar o manejo dessa condi&#231;&#227;o grave.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="sec1">
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl1">
        <label>Supplemental Materials 1</label>
        <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/hB8zFYMMjTNNPmgL6qbwBvb/cd70cd216d77c36d980fbfb3b870423a169f4ba1.mp4"/>
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    </sec>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <title>Disponibilidade de Dados</title>
      <p>Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente.</p>
    </sec>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Boerhout</surname>
              <given-names>CKM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Namba</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beijk</surname>
              <given-names>MAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damman</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meuwissen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Function Testing vs Angiography Alone to Guide Treatment of Angina with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: The ILIAS ANOCA Trial</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>42</issue>
          <fpage>4396</fpage>
          <lpage>4406</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf580</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Boerhout CKM, Namba HF, Liu T, Beijk MAM, Damman P, Meuwissen M, et al. Coronary Function Testing vs Angiography Alone to Guide Treatment of Angina with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: The ILIAS ANOCA Trial. Eur Heart J. 2025;46(42):4396-406. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf580.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250243i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Refractory Angina with Myocardial Ischemia in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2042-7656</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Sofia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5206-7993</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>M&#243;nica</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1819-5507</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Conde</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gaspar</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Galv&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Hospital de Braga, Braga &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Filipe Silva Vilela</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Braga &#8211; Cardiologia - Sete Fontes - S&#227;o Victor, Braga, <postal-code>4710-243</postal-code> - Portugal E-mail: <email>fxvilela@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Microvascular Angina</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vasospasm</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Angina pectoris, the most common symptom of ischemic heart disease, affects approximately 112 million people globally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A large proportion of patients (up to 70%) undergoing coronary angiography because of angina and evidence of myocardial ischemia do not have obstructive coronary arteries, a condition termed INOCA - ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Coronary microvascular dysfunction and epicardial vasospasm, alone or in combination with coronary artery disease (CAD), are adjunctive mechanisms of myocardial ischemia. Discrimination of epicardial coronary artery vasospasm from coronary microvascular dysfunction permits specific and distinct treatment and provides prognostic information to patients and their physicians.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, these conditions are rarely correctly diagnosed, resulting in the absence of customized therapy for these patients. As a consequence, they continue to experience recurrent angina with impaired quality of life, leading to repeated hospitalizations, unnecessary coronary angiography, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in the short and long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Case presentation</title>
          <p>A 65-year-old man presented to the cardiology clinic with exertional angina despite optimal medical therapy. His medical history includes arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, active smoking, obesity, and a ST-elevation myocardial infarction.</p>
          <p>His CAD manifested in 2022 when he experienced an acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. At that time, the electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads, the echocardiography demonstrated inferior wall hypokinesia with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, and the coronary angiography revealed an occlusion of the distal right coronary artery (RCA) and a 50% stenosis of the distal segment of the circumflex artery (Cx). Consequently, angioplasty of the RCA was performed with the implantation of a drug-eluting stent, with a good angiographic result.</p>
          <p>In the following months, the patient complained of chest pain aggravated by exertion, consistent with typical angina grade II on the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) scale. At that time, his regular medication was bisoprolol, ramipril, and aspirin. In this context, diagnostic evaluation for myocardial ischemia was initiated.</p>
          <p>The exercise ECG was clinically negative but electrically dubious for myocardial ischemia, and the exercise stress echocardiography showed extensive ischemia of the apex, mid-apical interventricular septum, apical anterior wall, and posterolateral wall. Despite this, a coronary angiography was performed, which did not reveal any new changes (RCA with no restenosis, distal Cx with 50% stenosis, and Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR) &gt; 0.8) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Videos 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagnostic Coronary Angiography: A) Dominant right coronary artery without lesions, B) Anterior descending artery with irregurarities, C) Circumflex artery with 50% stenosis in the distal segment (FFR &gt; 0,8).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
          <p>Given this, the anti-ischemic therapy was optimized with the addition of lercanidipine and ranolazine; however, the patient continued to experience exertional angina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Investigation and management</title>
          <p>Considering refractory angina with normal coronary angiography, it was decided to proceed with invasive functional coronary assessment, including evaluation of microcirculation and vasoreactivity. The diagnostic algorithm and the cutoff values used are represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Algorithm for the investigation of INOCA. ANOCA: Angina with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries; CFR: coronary flow reserve; IMR: index of microcirculatory resistance; hMR: hyperaemic microvascular resistance.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
          <p>To evaluate the microcirculation, a diagnostic guidewire and adenosine test were used. This demonstrated a decrease in coronary flow reserve (CFR = 1.3) and an increase in the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR = 28), consistent with microvascular angina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagnostic Guidewire and Adenosine test. Study of microcirculation compatible with coronary microvascular dysfunction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
          <p>Subsequently, the acetylcholine test for assessing vasoreactivity, with increasing doses of acetylcholine (2ug &gt; 20ug &gt; 100ug), showed significant epicardial vasoconstriction of Cx (&#8805; 90%) with reproduction of the usual chest pain and ST-segment depression in the lateral leads, conditions that define the diagnosis of vasospastic angina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>; <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">Videos 4</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">5</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">7</xref> and <xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="suppl2">8</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vasoreactivity Assessment - Test with increasing doses of Acetylckcline (ACh), A- Basal, B- 2&#956;g ACh, C- 20&#956;g ACh, D- 100&#956;g ACh, E- Alter-coronary nitrate.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
          <p>Given these results, the final diagnosis assumed was ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries resulting from both microvascular dysfunction and coronary vasospasm.</p>
          <p>Due to the diagnosis of microvascular dysfunction and vasospastic angina, adjustments were made to the therapy. Bisoprolol was discontinued, as it is not recommended in vasospastic angina; the doses of lercanidipine and ranolazine were increased, and verapamil was initiated. It should be noted that the patient did not tolerate nitrate therapy due to headaches. This management is consistent with guidelines recommending calcium channel blockers for vasospastic angina while avoiding &#946;-blockers. The patient was also encouraged to participate in a cardiac rehabilitation program and to be assessed in a smoking cessation consultation.</p>
          <p>Fortunately, after several months, the patient's symptoms improved with a combination of anti-ischemic drugs, lifestyle changes, and control of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Patients with chest pain in the absence of obstructive CAD remain a challenge.</p>
        <p>Ischemia with no obstructive arteries is defined as patients with evidence of ischemia but no obstructive CAD at coronary angiography. In INOCA, the discrepancy between the blood supply and the oxygen demand of the myocardium may result from either coronary microvascular dysfunction or epicardial coronary artery spasm, particularly in cases of nonobstructive coronary atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prognosis of patients with INOCA is far from benign. Angina without obstructive CAD is associated with impaired quality of life for patients, a higher risk of disability, and a greater occurrence of adverse events, which include rises in mortality and morbidity, along with increased healthcare expenses, with higher recurrence rates of hospital readmissions and repeated coronary angiograms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Invasive approaches should be employed, utilizing coronary angiography along with interventional diagnostic procedures. These include a diagnostic guidewire, pressure and flow measurements, as well as pharmacological coronary reactivity testing performed in the catheterization laboratory. These strategies are essential for distinguishing between vasospastic angina, microvascular angina, and non-cardiac pain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The CorMicA trial &#8212; a cornerstone randomized study &#8212; demonstrated that in patients with angina and no obstructive CAD, invasive coronary function testing followed by mechanism-guided therapy significantly improves symptoms, quality of life, and diagnostic accuracy without increasing adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mileva et al. (2022) reported that approximately 23% of patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries have both coronary microvascular dysfunction and vasospastic angina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, the very recently published ILIAS ANOCA trial (Eur Heart J. 2025) showed that approximately 20% of patients present a mixed pattern of vasospasm and microvascular dysfunction, and that those treated according to the Coronary Function Test experienced significant symptom improvement compared with standard care, highlighting the importance of physiological stratification in the management of these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The overlap between vasospasm and microvascular dysfunction presents a therapeutic challenge, as beta-blockers may exacerbate vasospasm while calcium channel blockers may not fully address microvascular dysfunction. This combination makes the case exceptionally rare, clinically intriguing, and notably challenging in terms of diagnosis and management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recognizing INOCA as a valid clinical diagnosis is therefore essential, given its association with adverse outcomes, including an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, and its significant implications for healthcare systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This case involves a single patient, which limits the ability to generalize the findings and provides no statistical power. In addition, the absence of objective post-treatment assessments, such as imaging studies or standardized clinical evaluations, restricts the capacity to conclusively determine the treatment's effectiveness.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>A stratified approach for managing INOCA is necessary to effectively address the short- and long-term prognosis of these patients. This approach should incorporate personalized counseling on lifestyle factors, management of risk factors according to cardiovascular disease prevention guidelines, and the use of pharmacotherapy to relieve ischemia and associated symptoms.</p>
        <p>This case demonstrates the complexity of managing a patient with angina and highlights that clinicians and interventional cardiologists should adopt a systematic approach to diagnose and treat these patients. Given the lack of in-depth knowledge, further research is urgently needed to increase our mechanistic understanding, develop innovative therapies, and improve the management of this serious condition.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <title>Data Availability Statement</title>
        <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding Author.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="supplementary-material" id="sec2">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl2">
          <label>Supplemental Materials 1</label>
          <media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/hB8zFYMMjTNNPmgL6qbwBvb/cd70cd216d77c36d980fbfb3b870423a169f4ba1.mp4"/>
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        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
