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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RhKF66MMBxYVZQrkz6xnrNS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000100607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00607</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250116</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia e Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do Fen&#243;tipo de Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Avaliado por Ecocardiografia em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Adulta Brasileira: O Estudo ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1382-5277</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bertuol</surname>
            <given-names>Amadeu Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce Bartholow</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pianca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Crici&#250;ma</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Crici&#250;ma , SC &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label> 4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label> 5 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>:  Murilo Foppa Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Bloco A. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mfoppa@gmail.com</email> , <email>mufoppa@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250116</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de origem gen&#233;tica, associada a impacto cl&#237;nico significativo. Embora sua epidemiologia esteja bem descrita em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, a preval&#234;ncia da CMH em popula&#231;&#245;es latino-americanas permanece pouco definida. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Estimar a preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo ecocardiogr&#225;fico de CMH e descrever suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em uma grande coorte de adultos brasileiros. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo ELSA-Brasil &#233; uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica que inclui 15.105 servidores p&#250;blicos ativos e aposentados, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos na linha de base com extensa coleta de dados cl&#237;nicos em cada centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos realizados na linha de base foram revisados, e os participantes foram classificados como portadores de CMH Definitiva quando os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos estabelecidos foram atendidos. A preval&#234;ncia de CMH e seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) foram calculados. Indiv&#237;duos que preencheram crit&#233;rios lim&#237;trofes foram classificados como CMH Poss&#237;vel. Valores p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre os 3.267 participantes submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia na linha de base (idade m&#233;dia de 64 &#177; 9 anos; 53% mulheres), cinco indiv&#237;duos preencheram os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para CMH, dos quais 80% eram mulheres. A preval&#234;ncia estimada de CMH foi de 0,15% (IC 95%, 0,05%-0,36%). Tr&#234;s participantes apresentaram fen&#243;tipo de hipertrofia septal, e todos os casos classificados como CMH Definitiva exibiram altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Outros 19 participantes foram classificados como CMH Poss&#237;vel, sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de CMH Definitiva. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de CMH nesta coorte brasileira foi de aproximadamente 1,5 por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos, valor consistente com o observado em outras popula&#231;&#245;es. A maioria dos casos de CMH ocorreu em mulheres e frequentemente com condi&#231;oes metab&#243;licas associadas. Esses achados fornecem dados in&#233;ditos sobre a epidemiologia e o perfil cl&#237;nico da CMH no Brasil e destacam a necessidade de pesquisas adicionais sobre cardiomiopatias gen&#233;ticas na Am&#233;rica Latina.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Transversais</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0010.00</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 10 0643.00 RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0212.00 BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0300.00 ES</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0278.00 MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0115.00 SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0071.00 RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o, que concederam os aux&#237;lios 01 06 0010.00, 01 10 0643.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP e 01 06 0071.00 RJ, bem como pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="48"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca heredit&#225;ria de origem gen&#233;tica mais comum. Est&#225; associada a risco aumentado de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, arritmias e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico da CMH baseia-se principalmente na evid&#234;ncia de hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica detectada por m&#233;todos de imagem, geralmente assim&#233;trica em sua distribui&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o atribu&#237;vel a outras causas. <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) &#233; o principal m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia do VE e de outras caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e funcionais associadas &#224; CMH. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Tradicionalmente, a preval&#234;ncia da CMH tem sido estimada em aproximadamente 1 caso para cada 500 indiv&#237;duos, com ocorr&#234;ncia ligeiramente maior em homens. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup> No entanto, avan&#231;os nos testes gen&#233;ticos e nos m&#233;todos de imagem card&#237;aca, particularmente entre familiares de indiv&#237;duos afetados, sugerem taxas de preval&#234;ncia mais elevadas, alcan&#231;ando at&#233; 1 caso para cada 200 indiv&#237;duos. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> A maioria dos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos utilizou a ETT para identificar hipertrofia assim&#233;trica do VE em coortes populacionais. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup> Alguns estudos incorporaram eletrocardiograma (ECG) ou triagem cl&#237;nica antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia e relataram estimativas de preval&#234;ncia semelhantes. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> Embora o n&#250;mero absoluto de casos identificados em estudos baseados em ETT tenha sido geralmente pequeno, frequentemente inferior a 25 indiv&#237;duos, essas investiga&#231;&#245;es forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es fundamentais sobre a preval&#234;ncia da CMH. Mais recentemente, an&#225;lises em larga escala baseadas em c&#243;digos da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Doen&#231;as, 10&#170; Revis&#227;o, provenientes de bases de dados administrativas e de sistemas de sa&#250;de, relataram estimativas de preval&#234;ncia mais baixas, em torno de 1 caso para cada 2.000 indiv&#237;duos. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> - <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Em contraste, os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre a preval&#234;ncia da CMH no Brasil e na Am&#233;rica Latina permanecem limitados. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Os estudos dispon&#237;veis nessas regi&#245;es t&#234;m se concentrado, em sua maioria, em an&#225;lises descritivas derivadas de registros de pacientes com CMH. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> - <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> </sup> A Am&#233;rica Latina e o Caribe possuem uma popula&#231;&#227;o superior a 650 milh&#245;es de habitantes e caracterizam-se por ampla heterogeneidade gen&#233;tica, resultante da miscigena&#231;&#227;o entre popula&#231;&#245;es ind&#237;genas e imigrantes europeus e africanos. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> Pesquisas sobre doen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas nessa regi&#227;o ainda se encontram em est&#225;gio inicial. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar a preval&#234;ncia do fen&#243;tipo de CMH identificado por ETT entre os participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil). Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise descritiva transversal para avaliar a preval&#234;ncia da CMH em uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira urbana e caracterizar as caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas associadas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>A coorte ELSA-Brasil &#233; composta por servidores p&#250;blicos de seis institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas de ensino e pesquisa localizadas em capitais brasileiras. O ELSA-Brasil foi concebido para o estudo de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis. Um total de 15.105 participantes, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, foi inclu&#237;do, com estratifica&#231;&#227;o por sexo, faixa et&#225;ria e categoria ocupacional. Avalia&#231;&#245;es abrangentes na linha de base foram realizadas em cada centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o entre 2008 e 2010. Essas avalia&#231;&#245;es inclu&#237;ram exames demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e complementares, al&#233;m de visitas de seguimento. Descri&#231;&#245;es detalhadas do desenho do estudo, das avalia&#231;&#245;es e dos procedimentos de acompanhamento foram previamente publicadas. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup> O estudo ELSA-Brasil est&#225; em conformidade com a vers&#227;o mais recente da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica em pesquisa institucionais de cada centro participante. Todos os participantes forneceram termos de consentimento livre e esclarecido por escrito.</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na presente an&#225;lise os participantes que realizaram ETT completo na linha de base. Esse subgrupo foi composto por indiv&#237;duos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos (n = 2.933) e por uma subamostra aleat&#243;ria correspondente a 10% de toda a coorte (n = 1.543).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados do ELSA-Brasil. As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das foram sexo, idade, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, ra&#231;a autorreferida (branca, preta, parda ou outra) e hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita. O perfil de risco cardiometab&#243;lico foi definido com base nos dados coletados na visita inicial. Hipertens&#227;o arterial foi definida como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805; 140 mmHg, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva nas 2 semanas anteriores. Diabetes foi definido como relato pr&#233;vio da condi&#231;&#227;o ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o hipoglicemiante, bem como pela presen&#231;a de glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dl, hemoglobina glicada &#8805; 6,5% ou glicemia plasm&#225;tica &#8805; 200 mg/dl ap&#243;s sobrecarga oral de glicose com 75 g. Obesidade foi definida como &#237;ndice de massa corporal &#8805; 30 kg/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> .</p>
        <p>Os dados laboratoriais inclu&#237;ram medidas da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, colesterol total, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade e triglicer&#237;deos. O risco cardiovascular foi estimado utilizando as equa&#231;&#245;es de coorte combinada descritas na Diretriz de 2013 do American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco Cardiovascular. <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eletrocardiograma</title>
        <p>Um ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado em cada centro de investiga&#231;&#227;o durante a visita inicial, utilizando o equipamento Burdick Atria 6100 (Davis Medical Electronics, Calif&#243;rnia, EUA). Os tra&#231;ados de ECG foram transferidos digitalmente para um centro central de leitura e armazenados em um banco de dados eletr&#244;nico. A an&#225;lise automatizada foi realizada por meio do algoritmo de interpreta&#231;&#227;o de ECG de Glasgow. Os registros considerados anormais foram posteriormente revisados manualmente de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do C&#243;digo de Minnesota. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>Os achados de ECG foram categorizados em i) dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, incluindo bloqueio atrioventricular, bloqueio completo ou incompleto de ramo, desvio do eixo, ondas delta ou ondas Q patol&#243;gicas; ii) altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, incluindo desvios do segmento ST, ondas T aumentadas e/ou invertidas ou altera&#231;&#245;es do intervalo QT; e iii) hipertrofia do VE, definida de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do C&#243;digo de Minnesota.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</title>
        <p>Entre 2008 e 2010, ecocardiografistas treinados realizaram todos os exames de ETT na linha de base nos centros de investiga&#231;&#227;o, utilizando sistemas de ultrassonografia padronizados (Aplio XG; Toshiba Corporation, Tochigi, Jap&#227;o). As interpreta&#231;&#245;es preliminares foram registradas localmente e encaminhadas ao centro de leitura ecocardiogr&#225;fica do ELSA-Brasil juntamente com os conjuntos de imagens. As an&#225;lises finais foram realizadas em esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho dedicada (ComPACS 10.5, Medimatic Srl, It&#225;lia).</p>
        <p>O di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, a espessura da parede do VE e as dimens&#245;es das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas foram mensurados na janela paraesternal longitudinal. Os volumes atriais foram calculados pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson a partir das janelas apicais. Foram obtidos registros Doppler colorido e espectral dos fluxos mitral, a&#243;rtico e tric&#250;spide, bem como das velocidades do anel mitral. Os leitores tamb&#233;m avaliaram qualitativamente a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia do VE, gradientes intracard&#237;acos anormais, altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade segmentar, doen&#231;a valvar e outros achados relevantes. Os protocolos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens foram desenvolvidos de acordo com as diretrizes ecocardiogr&#225;ficas contempor&#226;neas. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo hipertr&#243;fico</title>
        <p>O fen&#243;tipo de CMH Definitiva foi definido com base nos seguintes crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: i) espessura assim&#233;trica da parede do VE &#8805; 15 mm; ou ii) hipertrofia apical inequ&#237;voca, com espessura parietal superior &#224; dos segmentos basais. <sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas de suporte inclu&#237;ram raz&#227;o de espessura entre paredes contralaterais superior a 1,5 e a presen&#231;a de movimento sist&#243;lico anterior (SAM) da valva mitral, definido como deslocamento sist&#243;lico do folheto mitral ou das estruturas cordais em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; via de sa&#237;da do VE.</p>
        <p>O fen&#243;tipo de CMH Poss&#237;vel foi definido como espessura assim&#233;trica da parede do VE de 13-15 mm; espessura sim&#233;trica da parede do VE &#8805; 15 mm; ou presen&#231;a de caracter&#237;sticas secund&#225;rias sugestivas de cardiomiopatia prim&#225;ria, incluindo SAM, criptas mioc&#225;rdicas ou deslocamento dos m&#250;sculos papilares.</p>
        <p>Para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos casos de CMH, dois ecocardiografistas experientes (A.B. e M.F.) revisaram independentemente todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos com espessura da parede do VE &gt; 13 mm reportada no centro de leitura central (n = 170). As discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso. Participantes com causa alternativa para hipertrofia do VE, como hipertens&#227;o arterial est&#225;gio 3 ou doen&#231;a valvar esquerda moderada a grave (excluindo SAM), n&#227;o foram classificados como portadores de fen&#243;tipo de CMH. Exames com qualidade de imagem inadequada ou com encurtamento das janelas foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Os casos de CMH Definitiva e CMH Poss&#237;vel foram adicionalmente classificados nos subtipos septal, apical ou conc&#234;ntrico, de acordo com a regi&#227;o predominante de hipertrofia do VE. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> O subtipo conc&#234;ntrico foi definido pela presen&#231;a de hipertrofia envolvendo duas paredes opostas do VE. O SAM foi identificado pelo deslocamento anterior do folheto mitral em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; via de sa&#237;da do VE durante a s&#237;stole. A obstru&#231;&#227;o subvalvar em repouso foi quantificada em mmHg por meio do Doppler de onda cont&#237;nua. As medidas quantitativas das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram obtidos a partir do banco de dados final de ecocardiografia do ELSA-Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de CMH foi calculada como a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos que preencheram os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para CMH Definitiva em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero total de participantes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%) foram estimados pelo m&#233;todo do escore de Wilson. <sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>Estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram utilizadas para caracterizar a popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo e os subgrupos de CMH (Definitiva e Poss&#237;vel). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e percentuais e comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. A normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, pela an&#225;lise de assimetria e curtose e pela inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de histogramas. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e comparadas utilizando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student n&#227;o pareado. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana (intervalo interquartil) e comparadas pelo teste de <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney. Todos os testes foram bicaudais, e valores p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software Stata vers&#227;o 14.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 4.476 participantes inicialmente eleg&#237;veis para a presente an&#225;lise, 3.267 (idade m&#233;dia de 64 &#177; 9 anos; 53% mulheres) completaram a ETT na linha de base com imagens arquivadas interpret&#225;veis ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas ou cl&#237;nicas entre os participantes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise e aqueles exclu&#237;dos (Tabela Suplementar 1). A <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, e a <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos detalhados.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Fluxograma do estudo. CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; ETT: exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico transtor&#225;cico.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e de ECG da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos com CMH Definitiva e CMH Poss&#237;vel no estudo ELSA-Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 3.267)</th>
                <th>CMH Definitiva (n = 5)</th>
                <th>CMH Poss&#237;vel (n = 19)</th>
                <th>Valor p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">62 [57&#8211;67]</td>
                <td align="center">64 [61&#8211;67]</td>
                <td align="center">64 [62&#8211;71]</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo feminino, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.728 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Preta</td>
                <td align="center">497 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (32)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Parda</td>
                <td align="center">801 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (16)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1.798 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (53)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">972 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.667 (51)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes melito</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">764 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (58)</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Obesidade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">724 (22)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,46</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1.399 (43)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27,0 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">32,5 &#177; 9,1</td>
                <td align="center">29,8 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DRC</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">364 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">7 (37)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TFGe, ml/min/1,73 m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79 [68&#8211;90]</td>
                <td align="center">67 [62&#8211;78]</td>
                <td align="center">69 [58&#8211;84]</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">126 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">139 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">149 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">0,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD, mmHg</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">84 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Risco de DCVA em 10 anos, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">8,4 [3,5&#8211;16,8]</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 [7,6&#8211;26,9]</td>
                <td align="center">23,5 [14,6&#8211;41,0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ECG</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> FC, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial</td>
                <td align="center">29 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1.107 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (68)</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">945 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hipertrofia do VE</td>
                <td align="center">22 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; ECG: eletrocardiograma; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n (%), m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana [intervalo interquartil]. *Valor p para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos com CMH Definitiva e CMH Poss&#237;vel. <sup><italic>&#8224;</italic></sup> Definida como TFGe &lt; 60 ml/min/1,73 m <sup><italic>2</italic></sup> .</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos com CMH Definitiva e CMH Poss&#237;vel no estudo ELSA-Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 3.267)</th>
                <th>CMH Definitiva (n = 5)</th>
                <th>CMH Poss&#237;vel (n = 19)</th>
                <th>Valor p*</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura septal do VE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,7</td>
                <td align="center">17,0 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">15,7 &#177; 2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da parede posterior do VE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">44,9 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">39,0 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">44,1 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do VE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,1 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">29,7 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, % (Teichholz)</td>
                <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ERP</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 &#177; 0,13</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVAE, ml/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de massa do VE, g/m <sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 21</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 50</td>
                <td align="center">130 &#177; 31</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade da onda E, cm/s</td>
                <td align="center">67 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 16,5</td>
                <td align="center">63 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;</td>
                <td align="center">8,3 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,1 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; IVAE: &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o. *Valor p para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos com CMH Definitiva e CMH Poss&#237;vel.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Cinco participantes preencheram os crit&#233;rios ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para o fen&#243;tipo de CMH Definitiva, resultando em uma preval&#234;ncia estimada de 0,15% (IC 95%, 0,05%-0,36%), o que corresponde a aproximadamente 1 caso a cada 667 indiv&#237;duos ( <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura Central</xref> ). Um participante com padr&#227;o de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica n&#227;o foi classificado como portador de CMH em raz&#227;o da presen&#231;a concomitante de hipertens&#227;o arterial est&#225;gio 3. Os participantes classificados como CMH Definitiva apresentaram idade m&#233;dia de 64 &#177; 3 anos, sendo quatro mulheres (80%). A <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> detalha as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas individuais.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Preval&#234;ncia e Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do Fen&#243;tipo de Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Avaliado por Ecocardiografia em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Adulta Brasileira: O Estudo ELSA-Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          <attrib>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica.</attrib>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos indiv&#237;duos com fen&#243;tipo de CMH Definitiva na coorte ELSA-Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Participante</th>
                <th>Idade, anos</th>
                <th>Sexo</th>
                <th>Ra&#231;a</th>
                <th>Espessura m&#225;xima da parede, mm</th>
                <th>Espessura da parede septal, mm</th>
                <th>Espessura da parede posterior, mm</th>
                <th>Di&#226;metro do VE, mm</th>
                <th>Fen&#243;tipo</th>
                <th>Gradiente da via de sa&#237;da do VE, mmHg</th>
                <th>IMC, kg/m <sup><bold>2</bold></sup> </th>
                <th>PAS, mmHg</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">I</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">Preta</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">Septal</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">II</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">Preta</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">Septal</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="center">158</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">III</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">Branca</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">Septal</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">IV</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">Conc&#234;ntrico</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">V</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">Parda</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">Apical</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">128</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os casos de CMH Definitiva, a hipertrofia septal foi o subtipo mais frequente, observada em tr&#234;s participantes. Nenhum desses indiv&#237;duos apresentou obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do VE em repouso; entretanto, um participante apresentou SMA t&#237;pico, associado a insufici&#234;ncia mitral leve. Um participante apresentou fen&#243;tipo apical, caracterizado por espessura parietal de 11 mm, oblitera&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica dos segmentos apicais do VE e aus&#234;ncia do afinamento basal-apical esperado da espessura parietal. O caso restante apresentou hipertrofia envolvendo as regi&#245;es apical, septal e inferior do VE, sem altera&#231;&#245;es da contratilidade segmentar, sendo classificado como fen&#243;tipo de CMH conc&#234;ntrica. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o geral do estudo, os casos de CMH Definitiva apresentaram menores dimens&#245;es da cavidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia do VE e evid&#234;ncias de remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico. Tamb&#233;m foram observadas caracter&#237;sticas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, incluindo aumento dos volumes do &#225;trio esquerdo, redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce do anel mitral (e&#8217;) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;.</p>
      <p>Todos os participantes com fen&#243;tipo de CMH Definitiva encontravam-se em ritmo sinusal e n&#227;o relataram hist&#243;ria de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ou <italic>flutter</italic> atrial. Altera&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o foram evidentes em todos os casos ao ECG, embora nenhum tenha preenchido os crit&#233;rios do C&#243;digo de Minnesota para hipertrofia do VE. Dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o foram identificados em quatro dos cinco indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      <p>Um total de 19 participantes foi classificado como portador de fen&#243;tipo de CMH Poss&#237;vel. Esse grupo apresentou alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial (94%; PAS m&#233;dia de 149 &#177; 26 mmHg), diabetes (50%), obesidade (41%) e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica est&#225;gio 3 ou maior (37%). Destes, 14 indiv&#237;duos (73%) apresentaram espessamento assim&#233;trico do septo interventricular anterior que n&#227;o excedeu o limiar diagn&#243;stico de 15 mm. Os cinco participantes restantes apresentaram padr&#227;o conc&#234;ntrico, com envolvimento sim&#233;trico das paredes do VE.</p>
      <p>As Tabelas 1 e 2 apresentam as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos de CMH Definitiva e CMH Poss&#237;vel. Ambos os grupos apresentaram elevadas taxas de hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso, sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. Padr&#245;es semelhantes foram observados quanto &#224; hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita e aos achados de ECG. Os participantes do grupo CMH Definitiva tenderam a apresentar menores dimens&#245;es da cavidade do VE e remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico mais pronunciado. No entanto, o pequeno n&#250;mero de casos de CMH Definitiva resultou em intervalos de confian&#231;a amplos e poder estat&#237;stico limitado para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta an&#225;lise baseada em ecocardiografia de uma grande coorte de servidores p&#250;blicos ativos e aposentados de importantes centros urbanos brasileiros, observou-se que a preval&#234;ncia de CMH foi de 1,5 por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos. Essa estimativa &#233; compat&#237;vel com os achados de grandes estudos populacionais sobre CMH conduzidos no hemisf&#233;rio norte. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos sobre a preval&#234;ncia de CMH na Am&#233;rica Latina permanecem escassos. Ainda assim, os padr&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficos observados no presente estudo s&#227;o amplamente consistentes com relatos baseados em registros da regi&#227;o. Espinola-Zavaleta et al. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> descreveram predom&#237;nio de hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica e n&#227;o obstrutiva entre pacientes mexicanos. Dois estudos brasileiros relataram achados semelhantes: predomin&#226;ncia do sexo feminino, representando 52% dos casos no estudo de Arteaga et al. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> e 60% no estudo de Mattos et al., <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> com maior frequ&#234;ncia de fen&#243;tipos septais. Em contraste, de Leon et al. <sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> descreveram uma coorte colombiana caracterizada por predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino, maior frequ&#234;ncia de fen&#243;tipos septais obstrutivos e baixa preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade (8%).</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos com CMH Definitiva era composta por mulheres em idade adulta tardia. Embora a CMH tenha sido tradicionalmente considerada uma doen&#231;a de indiv&#237;duos mais jovens, <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> evid&#234;ncias crescentes indicam aumento da incid&#234;ncia e da preval&#234;ncia em popula&#231;&#245;es mais idosas, o que &#233; consistente com os achados observados. Moon et al. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> demonstraram forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre idade e a incid&#234;ncia de CMH em uma popula&#231;&#227;o coreana. De forma semelhante, Bai et al. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> relataram aumento progressivo tanto da incid&#234;ncia quanto da preval&#234;ncia ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 10 anos em uma coorte chinesa est&#225;vel. A penetr&#226;ncia relacionada &#224; idade &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica reconhecida da CMH; indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipo positivo e fen&#243;tipo negativo podem desenvolver doen&#231;a manifesta mais tardiamente na vida. <sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup> Embora a distribui&#231;&#227;o et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada da amostra submetida &#224; ecocardiografia no ELSA-Brasil possa explicar parcialmente a preval&#234;ncia observada, os achados tamb&#233;m podem refletir um curso cl&#237;nico relativamente mais benigno entre indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados em idades mais avan&#231;adas.</p>
      <p>Os participantes do estudo ELSA-Brasil apresentaram elevada carga global de dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> De forma consistente com esse perfil, mais da metade dos indiv&#237;duos com CMH Definitiva e praticamente todos aqueles classificados como CMH Poss&#237;vel apresentaram hipertens&#227;o arterial. A hipertens&#227;o &#233; comum em pacientes idosos com CMH e pode influenciar a express&#227;o fenot&#237;pica e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> Uma coorte espanhola de CMH relatou menor preval&#234;ncia de muta&#231;&#245;es sarcom&#233;ricas entre indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, sugerindo poss&#237;vel modula&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica. <sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos casos de CMH no presente estudo apresentava sobrepeso ou obesidade. A obesidade tornou-se cada vez mais prevalente em todo o mundo <sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup> e tem sido relatada em 25%-37% dos pacientes com CMH. <sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> , <xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> </sup> O excesso de peso corporal tem sido associado a maior espessura da parede do VE, dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas e pior estado funcional. <sup><xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m pode exacerbar gradientes da via de sa&#237;da do VE e aumentar a carga de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. <sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup> Park et al. <sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup> observaram maiores taxas de diagn&#243;stico de CMH entre indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesidade. Estudos recentes sugerem que a obesidade pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento ou a express&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo de CMH, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos sem muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas identific&#225;veis. <sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> , <xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref> </sup> Por exemplo, Feria et al. <sup><xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup> relataram maiores taxas de obesidade e idade mais avan&#231;ada ao diagn&#243;stico entre pacientes com CMH gen&#243;tipo-negativo em compara&#231;&#227;o com casos gen&#243;tipo-positivos. Em conjunto, esses achados sugerem que condi&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas alteradas associadas &#224; obesidade e &#224; hipertens&#227;o podem influenciar a express&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo de CMH.</p>
      <p>A inclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos classificados como CMH Poss&#237;vel teve car&#225;ter explorat&#243;rio. Esse grupo apresentou elevada preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial, obesidade e fun&#231;&#227;o renal anormal, condi&#231;&#245;es frequentemente associadas &#224; hipertrofia do VE. Apesar do poder estat&#237;stico limitado, esses indiv&#237;duos pareceram apresentar um padr&#227;o distinto, com maior propor&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia do VE exc&#234;ntrica, compat&#237;vel com o remodelamento adaptativo tipicamente observado na cardiopatia hipertensiva. <sup><xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></sup> Ainda assim, aproximadamente tr&#234;s quartos dos casos de CMH Poss&#237;vel apresentaram hipertrofia assim&#233;trica, o que pode estar parcialmente relacionado &#224; presen&#231;a de morfologia sigmoide do septo basal, um achado comum em adultos mais velhos. <sup><xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel excluir sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre os fen&#243;tipos de CMH Definitiva e CMH Poss&#237;vel. A partir dos dados dispon&#237;veis, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar se alguns achados observados no grupo de CMH Poss&#237;vel representam formas iniciais ou mais leves de CMH verdadeira ou, alternativamente, refletem remodelamento do VE relacionado &#224; idade ou a comorbidades. Essa sobreposi&#231;&#227;o destaca um desafio cl&#237;nico frequente na distin&#231;&#227;o entre CMH e outras causas de hipertrofia do VE quando baseada exclusivamente em achados de imagem.</p>
      <p>Um ECG normal &#233; incomum na CMH; <sup><xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></sup> no presente estudo, todos os indiv&#237;duos com CMH Definitiva apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es de ECG, incluindo dist&#250;rbios de repolariza&#231;&#227;o e de condu&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, nenhum deles preencheu os crit&#233;rios do C&#243;digo de Minnesota para hipertrofia do VE, o que est&#225; de acordo com relatos pr&#233;vios que demonstram sensibilidade limitada dos crit&#233;rios baseados em voltagem na CMH. <sup><xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref></sup> A elevada preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade entre os casos de CMH pode ter reduzido ainda mais a sensibilidade do ECG, uma vez que o aumento do tecido corporal pode atenuar as voltagens do complexo QRS.</p>
      <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas. A coorte ELSA-Brasil &#233; composta por servidores p&#250;blicos ativos e aposentados de grandes centros urbanos e, portanto, pode n&#227;o ser totalmente representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira como um todo. Indiv&#237;duos com incapacidade grave ou limita&#231;&#227;o importante da capacidade laboral podem estar sub-representados. Participantes com menos de 35 anos n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos, o que pode ter exclu&#237;do casos de CMH de in&#237;cio precoce, frequentemente associados a doen&#231;a mais grave. <sup><xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref> , <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref> </sup> A amostragem ecocardiogr&#225;fica priorizou indiv&#237;duos mais velhos, que apresentam maior probabilidade de anormalidades cardiovasculares e hipertrofia do VE. Para reduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, uma subamostra aleat&#243;ria predefinida correspondente a 10% da coorte tamb&#233;m foi inclu&#237;da. Por fim, o protocolo do estudo n&#227;o foi concebido para estabelecer diagn&#243;stico definitivo de CMH de acordo com os padr&#245;es atuais, uma vez que testes gen&#233;ticos, avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica detalhada e m&#233;todos avan&#231;ados de imagem n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis. Assim, os achados refletem a preval&#234;ncia de um fen&#243;tipo ecocardiogr&#225;fico de CMH, e n&#227;o de CMH clinicamente confirmada; no entanto, essa abordagem &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224; utilizada em estudos populacionais de preval&#234;ncia previamente publicados. O pequeno n&#250;mero de casos de CMH Definitiva limitou as an&#225;lises de subgrupos e resultou em intervalos de confian&#231;a amplos para as estimativas de preval&#234;ncia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Esta an&#225;lise baseada em ecocardiografia de uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira estimou a preval&#234;ncia de um fen&#243;tipo de CMH em aproximadamente 1,5 casos por 1.000 indiv&#237;duos (IC 95%, 0,5-3,6 por 1.000). Os casos identificados ocorreram predominantemente em mulheres e apresentaram elevada preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial e excesso de peso corporal. Al&#233;m disso, foi identificado um subgrupo de indiv&#237;duos com caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas lim&#237;trofes sugestivas de CMH, cuja relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica demanda investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional.</p>
      <p>At&#233; onde se tem conhecimento, este estudo fornece a estimativa populacional mais robusta da preval&#234;ncia de CMH na Am&#233;rica Latina at&#233; o momento. Pesquisas adicionais sobre cardiomiopatias gen&#233;ticas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para melhor identificar, caracterizar e manejar os indiv&#237;duos afetados, especialmente diante do n&#250;mero crescente de op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas dispon&#237;veis para a CMH.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12301/2025-0116_AO_Supplemental_table_1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Amadeu Antonio Bertuol Filho pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
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        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica das institui&#231;&#245;es participantes: i) Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia (protocolo 027/06; 26 de maio de 2006); ii) Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (protocolo 343/06; 18 de setembro de 2006); iii) Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (protocolo 659/06; 19 de maio de 2006); iv) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (protocolo 186; 28 de junho de 2006); v) Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (protocolo 041/06; 31 de maio de 2006); vi) Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (protocolo 194/06; 15 de maio de 2006). Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
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        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e pelo Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o, que concederam os aux&#237;lios 01 06 0010.00, 01 10 0643.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP e 01 06 0071.00 RJ, bem como pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prevalence and Characterization of the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Phenotype Assessed by Echocardiography in an Adult Brazilian Population: The ELSA-Brasil Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1382-5277</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bertuol</surname>
            <given-names>Amadeu Antonio</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce Bartholow</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pianca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Luis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2914-4406</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Crici&#250;ma</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense , Crici&#250;ma , SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Murilo Foppa Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre. Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 &#8211; Bloco A. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mfoppa@gmail.com, mufoppa@hcpa.edu.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetically inherited cardiac disease with significant clinical impact. Although its epidemiology is well described in developed countries, the prevalence of HCM in Latin American populations remains poorly defined. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To estimate the prevalence of the HCM phenotype and describe its clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in a large adult Brazilian cohort. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The ELSA-Brasil study is a multicenter cohort including 15,105 active and retired public servants aged 35-74 years at baseline. Comprehensive clinical data collection was conducted at each investigation center. Baseline echocardiographic examinations were reviewed, and participants were classified as having Definitive HCM if established diagnostic criteria were met. The prevalence of HCM and its 95% CI were calculated. Individuals meeting borderline criteria were classified as Possible HCM. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among 3,267 participants who underwent echocardiography at baseline (mean age 64 &#177; 9 years; 53% women), five individuals met diagnostic criteria for HCM, of whom 80% were women. The estimated prevalence of HCM was 0.15% (95% CI, 0.05%-0.36%). Three participants exhibited a septal hypertrophy phenotype, and all cases of Definitive HCM showed abnormal electrocardiographic findings. A total of 19 additional participants were classified as Possible HCM, with no statistically significant differences compared with the Definitive HCM group. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The prevalence of HCM in this Brazilian cohort was approximately 1.5 per 1,000 individuals, consistent with rates reported in other populations. Most cases of HCM occurred in women and were frequently associated with metabolic conditions. These findings provide novel data on the epidemiology and clinical profile of HCM in Brazil and highlight the need for further research on genetic cardiomyopathies in Latin America.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Cross-Sectional Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by the Department of Science and Technology of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, which provided grants 01 06 0010.00, 01 10 0643.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 06 0300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP, and 01 06 0071.00 RJ; as well as the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetically inherited heart disease. It is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, arrhythmias, and heart failure.<sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup>The diagnosis of HCM is primarily based on imaging evidence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy that is typically asymmetric in distribution and cannot be attributed to other causes.<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the main diagnostic modality for identifying LV hypertrophy and other structural and functional features associated with HCM.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prevalence of HCM has traditionally been estimated at approximately 1 in 500 individuals, with a slightly higher occurrence in men.<sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref></sup>However, advances in genetic testing and cardiac imaging, particularly among relatives of affected individuals, have suggested higher prevalence rates, reaching up to 1 in 200.<sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup>Most epidemiological studies have relied on TTE to identify asymmetric LV hypertrophy in population-based cohorts.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> - <xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> </sup>Some investigations incorporated electrocardiogram (ECG) or clinical screening before echocardiography and reported similar prevalence estimates.<sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup>Although the absolute number of cases identified in TTE-based studies has generally been small, often fewer than 25 individuals, these investigations provided foundational insights into the prevalence of HCM. More recently, large-scale analyses based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision coding from health care and administrative databases have reported lower prevalence estimates of about 1 in 2,000 individuals.<sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref> - <xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>In contrast, epidemiological data on the prevalence of HCM in Brazil and Latin America remain limited.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>Available studies from these regions have largely focused on descriptive analyses derived from HCM patient registries.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> - <xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref> </sup>Latin America and the Caribbean have a population of more than 650 million inhabitants and are characterized by substantial genetic heterogeneity, resulting from admixture among Indigenous populations and European and African immigrants.<sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup>Research on genetic diseases in this region is still in its early stages.<sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of the HCM phenotype identified by TTE among participants in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). A descriptive, cross-sectional analysis was conducted to assess the prevalence of HCM in a community-dwelling, adult Brazilian population and characterize the associated phenotypic features.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The ELSA-Brasil cohort consists of public servants from six public educational and research institutions located in Brazilian capital cities. ELSA-Brasil was designed to study chronic noncommunicable diseases. A total of 15,105 participants aged 35-74 years were enrolled, stratified by sex, age, and occupational category. Comprehensive baseline assessments were conducted at each investigation center between 2008 and 2010. Such assessments included demographic, clinical, laboratory, and ancillary examinations as well as follow-up visits. Previously published detailed descriptions of the study design, evaluations, and follow-up procedures are available.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup>ELSA-Brasil complies with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional research ethics committees at each participating center. All participants provided written informed consent.</p>
          <p>We included participants who underwent complete TTE at baseline in the present analysis. This subgroup consisted of individuals aged 60 years or older (n = 2,933) and a randomly selected subsample of 10% of the entire cohort (n = 1,543).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and demographic parameters</title>
          <p>Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the ELSA-Brasil database. Included variables were sex, age, anthropometric measurements, self-reported race (White, Black, Brown, or other), and family history of sudden death. Cardiometabolic risk profile was defined using data collected at the initial visit. Hypertension was defined as having a systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure &#8805; 90 mmHg, or having used antihypertensive medication within the previous 2 weeks. Diabetes was defined as self-reported diabetes or the use of hypoglycemic medication. It was also defined as having a fasting plasma glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL, a glycated hemoglobin level &#8805; 6.5%, or 2-hour plasma glucose level &#8805; 200 mg/dL after a 75-g oral glucose load. Obesity was defined as a body mass index &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup>.</p>
          <p>Laboratory data included measures of kidney function, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Cardiovascular risk was estimated using the pooled cohort equations outlined in the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk.<sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiogram</title>
          <p>A standard 12-lead ECG was performed at each investigation center during the initial visit by using Burdick Atria 6100 equipment (Davis Medical Electronics, California, USA). ECG tracings were then digitally transferred to a central reading center and stored in an electronic database. Automated analysis was performed using the Glasgow ECG Interpretation Algorithm. Abnormal recordings were then manually reviewed according to Minnesota Code criteria.<sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </sup></p>
          <p>ECG findings were categorized as i) conduction abnormalities, namely atrioventricular block, complete or incomplete bundle branch block, axis deviation, delta waves, or pathological Q waves; ii) repolarization abnormalities, namely ST-segment deviations, enlarged and/or inverted T waves, or QT interval abnormalities; and iii) LV hypertrophy, which was defined according to Minnesota criteria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Transthoracic echocardiography</title>
          <p>Between 2008 and 2010, trained echocardiographers performed all baseline TTE examinations at the investigation centers using standardized ultrasound systems (Aplio XG; Toshiba Corporation, Tochigi, Japan). Preliminary interpretations were recorded locally and forwarded to the ELSA-Brasil echocardiography reading center together with the image datasets. Final analyses were conducted using a dedicated workstation (ComPACS 10.5, Medimatic Srl, Italy).</p>
          <p>Left atrial diameter, LV wall thickness, and chamber dimensions were measured from the parasternal long-axis view. Atrial volumes were calculated using Simpson&#8217;s method from apical views. Color and spectral Doppler recordings of the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid flows, as well as the mitral annular velocities, were obtained. Readers also qualitatively assessed the presence of LV hypertrophy, abnormal intracardiac gradients, wall motion abnormalities, valvular disease, and other relevant findings. Image acquisition and interpretation protocols were developed in accordance with contemporary echocardiographic guidelines.<sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of the hypertrophic phenotype</title>
          <p>A Definitive HCM phenotype was defined according to the following echocardiographic criteria: i) asymmetric LV wall thickness &#8805; 15 mm; or ii) unequivocal apical hypertrophy with wall thickness exceeding that of the basal segments.<sup><xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Supporting features included a contralateral wall thickness ratio greater than 1.5 and the presence of systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, which is defined as systolic displacement of the mitral valve leaflet or chordal structures toward the LV outflow tract.</p>
          <p>A Possible HCM phenotype was defined as asymmetric LV wall thickness of 13-15 mm; symmetric LV wall thickness &#8805; 15 mm; or the presence of secondary features suggestive of a primary cardiomyopathy, including SAM, myocardial crypts, or papillary muscle displacement.</p>
          <p>In order to identify cases of HCM, two experienced echocardiographers (A.B. and M.F.) independently reviewed all echocardiographic studies with a reported LV wall thickness &#8805; 13 mm at the central reading center (n = 170). Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. Participants with an alternative cause of LV hypertrophy, such as stage 3 hypertension or moderate-to-severe left-sided valvular disease (excluding SAM), were not classified as having an HCM phenotype. Studies with inadequate image quality or foreshortened views were excluded.</p>
          <p>Definitive and Possible cases of HCM were further classified into septal, apical, or concentric subtypes according to the predominant region of LV hypertrophy.<sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup>The concentric subtype was defined by hypertrophy involving two opposing LV walls. SAM was identified by anterior displacement of the mitral valve leaflet toward the LV outflow tract during systole. Resting subvalvular obstruction was quantified in mmHg using continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. Quantitative measurements of cardiac chambers and diastolic function parameters were obtained from the final ELSA-Brasil echocardiography database.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The prevalence of HCM was calculated as the proportion of individuals who met the Definitive diagnostic criteria, relative to the total number of participants included in the analysis. 95% CIs were estimated by using the Wilson score method.<sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the overall study population and the HCM subgroups (Definitive and Possible). Categorical variables were presented as absolute frequencies and percentages, which were then compared using the chi-square test. Normality of continuous variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, evaluation of skewness and kurtosis, and visual inspection of histograms. Normally distributed variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation and were compared using an unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test. Non-normally distributed variables are presented as median (interquartile range) and were compared using the Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test. All tests were two-tailed, and p-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 14.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of the 4,476 participants who were initially eligible for the present analysis, 3,267 (mean age 64 &#177; 9 years; 53% women) completed baseline TTE with interpretable archived images ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ). No significant differences in demographic or clinical characteristics were observed between participants included in the analysis and those excluded (Supplemental <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ). <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> presents the overall characteristics of the study population. <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> presents detailed echocardiographic findings.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Study flowchart. HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; TTE: transthoracic echocardiographic examination.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, clinical, and ECG characteristics of the study population and comparison between Definitive and Possible HCM groups in the ELSA-Brasil study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Characteristic</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Study population</bold>
                    <bold>(n = 3,267)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Definitive HCM</bold>
                    <bold>(n = 5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Possible HCM</bold>
                    <bold>(n = 19)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p-value*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">62 [57-67]</td>
                  <td align="center">64 [61-67]</td>
                  <td align="center">64 [62-71]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female sex, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,728 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Race</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Black</td>
                  <td align="center">497 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (32)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">801 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (16)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> White</td>
                  <td align="center">1,798 (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (53)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Family history of sudden death</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">972 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,667 (51)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">764 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Obesity</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">724 (22)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,399 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27.0 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">32.5 &#177; 9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CKD</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8224;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">364 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79 [68-90]</td>
                  <td align="center">67 [62-78]</td>
                  <td align="center">69 [58-84]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">126 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">139 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">149 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">86 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>10-year ASCVD risk, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 [3.5-16.8]</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 [7.6-26.9]</td>
                  <td align="center">23.5 [14.6-41.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ECG</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> HR, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Atrial fibrillation or flutter</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Conduction abnormalities</td>
                  <td align="center">1,107 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Repolarization abnormalities</td>
                  <td align="center">945 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> LV hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; ECG: electrocardiogram; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR: heart rate; LV: left ventricle; SBP: systolic blood pressure. Data are presented as n (%), mean &#177; standard deviation, or median [interquartile range]. *p-value for comparison between Definitive HCM and Possible HCM groups.<sup><italic>&#8224;</italic></sup>Defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup><italic>2</italic></sup>.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic parameters of the study population and comparison between Definitive and Possible HCM groups in the ELSA-Brasil study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Characteristic</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Study population</bold>
                    <bold>(n = 3,267)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Definitive HCM</bold>
                    <bold>(n = 5)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Possible HCM</bold>
                    <bold>(n = 19)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>p-value*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV septal thickness, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">17.0 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">15.7 &#177; 2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV posterior wall thickness, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-diastolic diameter, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">44.9 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">39.0 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">44.1 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV end-systolic diameter, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1 &#177; 7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">29.7 &#177; 5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV ejection fraction, % (Teichholz)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RWT</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41 &#177; 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55 &#177; 0.13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAVI, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3 &#177; 11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV mass index, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">82 &#177; 21</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 50</td>
                  <td align="center">130 &#177; 31</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E-wave velocity, cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">67 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 16.5</td>
                  <td align="center">63 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#180; ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">8.3 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">13.1 &#177; 6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.1 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LAVI: left atrial volume index; LV: left ventricle; RWT: relative wall thickness. Data are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation. *p-value for comparison between Definitive HCM and Possible HCM groups.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Five participants met the echocardiographic criteria for a Definitive HCM phenotype, yielding an estimated prevalence of 0.15% (95% CI, 0.05%-0.36%), corresponding to approximately 1 case per 667 individuals ( <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Central Illustration</xref> ). One participant with a concentric hypertrophy pattern was not classified as having HCM because of concomitant stage 3 hypertension. Participants classified as having Definitive HCM had a mean age of 64 &#177; 3 years, and four were women (80%). <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> details individual-level clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Prevalence and Characterization of the Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Phenotype Assessed by Echocardiography in an Adult Brazilian Population: The ELSA-Brasil Study</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            <attrib>
              <italic>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and echocardiographic findings of the Definitive HCM phenotype individuals in the ELSA-Brasil cohort</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Participant</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Race</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Maximum wall thickness, mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Septal wall thickness, mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Posterior wall thickness, mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>LV diameter, mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Phenotype</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>LV outflow tract gradient, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>SBP, mmHg</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">Black</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">Septal</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">II</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">Black</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">Septal</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td align="center">158</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">White</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">Septal</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IV</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">Concentric</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">135</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">V</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">Apical</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">128</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>BMI: body mass index; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; LV: left ventricle; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Among Definitive cases of HCM, septal hypertrophy was the most frequent subtype, observed in three participants. None of these individuals exhibited resting LV outflow tract obstruction; however, one participant showed typical SAM of the mitral valve with mild mitral regurgitation. One participant presented with an apical phenotype, characterized by a wall thickness of 11 mm, systolic obliteration of the apical LV segments, and absence of the expected basal-to-apical tapering of wall thickness. The remaining case exhibited hypertrophy involving the apical, septal, and inferior LV regions, without wall motion abnormalities, and was classified as a concentric HCM phenotype. Compared with the overall study population, Definitive cases of HCM had smaller LV cavity dimensions, a high prevalence of LV hypertrophy, and evidence of concentric remodeling. Features of diastolic dysfunction were also observed, including increased left atrial volumes, reduced early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e&#8217;), and elevated E/e&#8217; ratios.</p>
        <p>All participants with a Definitive HCM phenotype were in sinus rhythm and reported no history of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Repolarization abnormalities were evident in all cases on ECG, though none met the Minnesota criteria for LV hypertrophy. Conduction abnormalities were identified in four of the five individuals.</p>
        <p>A total of 19 participants were classified as having a Possible HCM phenotype. This group exhibited a high prevalence of hypertension (94%; mean SBP 149 &#177; 26 mmHg), diabetes (50%), obesity (41%), and chronic kidney disease stage 3 or greater (37%). A total of 14 of these individuals (73%) had asymmetric thickening of the anterior interventricular septum that did not exceed the 15-mm diagnostic threshold. The remaining five participants exhibited a concentric pattern with symmetric involvement of the LV walls.</p>
        <p>Tables 1 and 2 present comparisons between the Definitive and Possible HCM groups. Both groups showed high rates of hypertension and excess body weight, with no statistically significant differences. Similar patterns were observed for family history of sudden death and ECG findings. Participants in the Definitive HCM group tended to have smaller LV cavity dimensions and more pronounced concentric remodeling. However, the small number of Definitive cases of HCM resulted in wide confidence intervals and limited statistical power for between-group comparisons.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this echocardiography-based analysis of a large cohort of active and retired public employees from major Brazilian cities, we found that the prevalence of HCM was 1.5 per 1,000 individuals. This estimate aligns with findings from significant major population-based HCM studies conducted in the Northern Hemisphere.<sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>Epidemiological data on the prevalence of HCM in Latin America remain scarce. Nevertheless, the echocardiographic patterns observed in the present study are broadly consistent with registry-based reports from the region. Espinosa-Zabaleta et al.<sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup>described a predominance of asymmetric, nonobstructive septal hypertrophy among Mexican patients. Two Brazilian studies similarly reported similar findings: a predominance of women accounting for 52% of cases in the study by Arteaga et al.<sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup>and 60% in the study by Mattos et al.,<sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup>with septal phenotypes being most frequent. In contrast, de Leon et al.<sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup>described a Colombian cohort characterized by a predominance of men, a higher frequency of obstructive septal phenotypes, and a low prevalence of overweight and obesity (8%).</p>
        <p>In our study, most individuals with Definitive HCM were women in late adulthood. Although HCM has traditionally been considered a disease of younger individuals,<sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup>accumulating evidence indicates an increasing incidence and prevalence in older populations, which is consistent with our findings. Moon et al.<sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup>demonstrated a strong association between age and <italic>de novo</italic> HCM diagnosis in a Korean population. Similarly, Bai et al.<sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup>reported a progressive increase in both incidence and prevalence over a 10-year period in a stable Chinese cohort. Age-related penetrance is a recognized feature of HCM; genotype-positive, phenotype-negative individuals may develop overt disease later in life.<sup><xref rid="B32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref> , <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup>While the older age distribution of the ELSA-Brasil echocardiography sample may partially explain the observed prevalence, our findings may also reflect a relatively benign clinical course among individuals diagnosed later in life.</p>
        <p>Participants in the ELSA-Brasil study exhibited a high overall burden of metabolic disorders.<sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup>Consistent with this profile, more than half of individuals with Definitive HCM and nearly all those classified as Possible HCM had arterial hypertension. Hypertension is common in older patients with HCM and may influence phenotypic expression and clinical presentation.<sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup>A Spanish HCM cohort reported a lower prevalence of sarcomeric mutations among hypertensive individuals, suggesting potential phenotypic modulation.<sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup>In addition, most cases of HCM in our study were overweight or obese. Obesity has become increasingly prevalent worldwide<sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref></sup>and has been reported in 25%-37% of patients with HCM.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> , <xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> </sup>Excess body weight has been linked to increased LV wall thickness, chamber dilation, and poorer functional status.<sup><xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup>It may also exacerbate LV outflow tract gradients and atrial fibrillation burden.<sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup>Park et al.<sup><xref rid="B40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup>observed higher rates of HCM diagnosis among overweight and obese individuals. Recent studies have proposed that obesity may contribute to the development or expression of an HCM phenotype, even in genotype-negative individuals.<sup><xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> , <xref rid="B41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref> </sup>For example, De Feria et al.<sup><xref rid="B42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref></sup>reported higher obesity rates and later age at diagnosis among genotype-negative HCM patients compared with genotype-positive cases. Taken together, these findings suggest that altered metabolic and hemodynamic loading conditions associated with obesity and hypertension may influence the expression of the HCM phenotype.</p>
        <p>The inclusion of individuals classified as Possible HCM was intended as an exploratory analysis. This group showed a high prevalence of hypertension, obesity, and abnormal kidney function, conditions that are often associated with LV hypertrophy. Despite limited statistical power, these individuals appeared to exhibit a distinct pattern, with relatively more eccentric LV hypertrophy, which is consistent with the adaptive remodeling typically seen in hypertensive heart disease.<sup><xref rid="B43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref></sup>Nonetheless, approximately three-quarters of Possible cases of HCM showed asymmetric hypertrophy, which may be partly due to the presence of a septal bulge, a common finding in older adults.<sup><xref rid="B44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An overlap between Definitive and Possible HCM phenotypes cannot be ruled out. It is not possible to determine from the present data whether some findings in the Possible HCM group represent early or milder forms of true HCM or instead reflect age-related or comorbidity-driven LV remodeling. This overlap underscores a frequent clinical challenge in distinguishing HCM from other causes of LV hypertrophy based solely on imaging findings.</p>
        <p>A normal ECG is uncommon in HCM;<sup><xref rid="B45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></sup>all individuals with Definitive HCM in our study had abnormal ECG findings, including both repolarization and conduction abnormalities. However, none of them met the Minnesota criteria for LV hypertrophy, which is in line with previous reports showing limited sensitivity of voltage-based criteria in HCM.<sup><xref rid="B46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref></sup>The high prevalence of overweight and obesity among cases of HCM may have further reduced ECG sensitivity, as increased body habitus can attenuate QRS voltages.</p>
        <p>Several limitations merit consideration. The ELSA-Brasil cohort consists of active and retired public servants from major urban centers, so it may not be fully representative of the Brazilian population as a whole. Individuals with severe disability or limited work capacity may be underrepresented. Participants younger than 35 years were not included, which may have excluded cases of early-onset HCM, often associated with more severe disease.<sup><xref rid="B47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref> , <xref rid="B48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref> </sup>Echocardiographic sampling prioritized older individuals, who are more likely to exhibit cardiovascular abnormalities and LV hypertrophy. To reduce selection bias, a predefined random subsample of 10% of the cohort was also included. Finally, the study protocol was not designed to establish a Definitive diagnosis of HCM according to current standards because genetic testing, a detailed clinical evaluation, and advanced imaging modalities were unavailable. Therefore, our findings reflect the prevalence of an HCM echocardiographic phenotype rather than confirmed clinical HCM; however, this approach is comparable to that used in earlier population-based prevalence studies. The small number of Definitive cases limited subgroup analyses and resulted in wide confidence intervals around prevalence estimates.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This echocardiography-based analysis of a Brazilian adult population estimated the prevalence of an HCM phenotype at approximately 1.5 cases per 1,000 individuals (95% CI, 0.5-3.6 per 1,000). The identified cases were predominantly female and exhibited a high prevalence of hypertension and excess body weight. Additionally, we identified a subgroup of individuals with borderline echocardiographic features suggestive of HCM whose clinical significance warrants further investigation.</p>
        <p>To our knowledge, this study provides the most robust population-based estimate of the prevalence of HCM in Latin America to date. Further research on genetic cardiomyopathies is necessary to better identify, characterize, and manage affected individuals, especially given the growing number of treatment options for HCM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12301/2025-0116_AO_Supplemental_table_1.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Amadeu Antonio Bertuol Filho, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the participating institutions: i) Public Health Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia (protocol 027/06; May 26, 2006); ii) Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (protocol 343/06; September 18, 2006); iii) University Hospital, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (protocol 659/06; May 19, 2006); iv) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (protocol 186; June 28, 2006); v) Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (protocol 041/06; May 31 2006); vi) Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (protocol 194/06; May 15, 2006). All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
          <label>Data Availability Statement</label>
          <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
