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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">R4TLJDmTjDwD4QVmn3TzYLh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000100605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00605</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250076</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de Diferentes F&#243;rmulas de Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG) na Predi&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade e Extens&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6506-8397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Verdoia</surname>
            <given-names>Monica</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clemente</surname>
            <given-names>Alyssa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malabaila</surname>
            <given-names>Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montini</surname>
            <given-names>Chantal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rognoni</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Division of Cardiology Ospedale degli Infermi</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ASL Biella</institution>
        <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology Ospedale degli Infermi, ASL Biella &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Clinical Chemistry</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ospedale degli Infermi</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ASL Biella</institution>
        <country country="IT">It&#225;lia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinical Chemistry, Ospedale degli Infermi, ASL Biella &#8211; It&#225;lia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Monica Verdoia &#8226; Interventional Cardiologists and Research Fellow - Ospedale degli Infermi, ASL Biella, Eastern Piedmont University, Via dei Ponderanesi, 13900 Biella - It&#225;lia . E-mail: <email>ve.monica@libero.it</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250076</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) &#233; um fator de risco estabelecido para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), apresentando uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear com a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG). O papel progn&#243;stico das diferentes f&#243;rmulas para estimativa da TFG ainda &#233; debatido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o impacto do c&#225;lculo da TFG na previs&#227;o da DAC avaliada por angiografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Em pacientes consecutivos submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria, a TFG foi avaliada na admiss&#227;o utilizando as f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault, CKD-EPI (Colabora&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia da Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica) (<italic>Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration</italic>) e MDRD, Estudo de Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta na Doen&#231;a Renal (<italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study</italic>). Um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre 1742 pacientes, 79,8% apresentaram DAC. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos valores m&#233;dios da TFG entre pacientes com e sem DAC, utilizando as tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas de TFG diferentes. Observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre DAC grave e TFG, segundo as f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault (26,6% vs. 35% vs. 36,9%, p&lt;0,001), MDRD (27,1% vs. 36,9% vs. 39%, p&lt;0,001) e CKD-EPI (28,9% vs. 39,2% vs. 22,2%, p=0,03). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas a f&#243;rmula MDRD permaneceu estatisticamente significativa (OR ajustada [IC 95%] = 1,27 [1,01-1,59], p=0,04). Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, identificamos o valor de 12,4 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> como o melhor valor preditivo para DAC grave com a f&#243;rmula MDRD. Foram observadas taxas mais elevadas de calcifica&#231;&#245;es, reestenose e oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica com as f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault e MDRD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O presente estudo demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a extens&#227;o da DAC definida angiograficamente e a TFG, estimada pela f&#243;rmula MDRD, mas n&#227;o pelas f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault e CKD-EPI. Valores de MDRD abaixo de 12,4 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> foram os que melhor predisseram DAC mais grave.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Compara&#231;&#227;o de Diferentes F&#243;rmulas de Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG) na Predi&#231;&#227;o da Gravidade e Extens&#227;o da Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</title>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) representa um problema de sa&#250;de crescente, afetando cerca de 10-15% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial, embora sua preval&#234;ncia seja amplamente subestimada, n&#227;o sendo diagnosticada corretamente em at&#233; dois em cada tr&#234;s pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, o papel progn&#243;stico negativo da DRC, mesmo em est&#225;gios iniciais, est&#225; bem estabelecido, demonstrando um aumento incremental no risco de mortalidade e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) em associa&#231;&#227;o com o grau de albumin&#250;ria e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por&#233;m, ainda existem diversas controv&#233;rsias sobre o m&#233;todo mais preciso para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da TFG, visto que as medi&#231;&#245;es diretas s&#227;o dispendiosas e tecnicamente complexas, e as diferentes f&#243;rmulas para suas estimativas indiretas, baseadas na creatinina s&#233;rica ou na cistatina C, apresentam grandes discrep&#226;ncias. Atualmente, a equa&#231;&#227;o de creatinina da Colabora&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia da Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica (CKD-EPI) de 2009 &#233; recomendada nas diretrizes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> para a estimativa da filtra&#231;&#227;o renal, sendo menos enviesada, especialmente para valores de TFG mais elevados e em indiv&#237;duos mais jovens, mulheres e de etnia branca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> al&#233;m de apresentar maior correla&#231;&#227;o com o risco a longo prazo de doen&#231;a renal terminal e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, essas f&#243;rmulas s&#227;o menos validadas em certos subgrupos de pacientes com maior risco cardiovascular, como idosos, nos quais a identifica&#231;&#227;o de formas mesmo leves de DRC pode impactar significativamente a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e os desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> De fato, nesses contextos e em pacientes com DCV estabelecida, a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault ajustada &#224; &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal tem sido sugerida como uma predi&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da mortalidade cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> embora em outros estudos a f&#243;rmula do Estudo de Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta na Doen&#231;a Renal (MDRD) tenha fornecido melhor predi&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e do risco cardiovascular em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, a maioria dos dados publicados at&#233; agora nesses subconjuntos de pacientes foram derivados de pequenos registros e coortes n&#227;o randomizadas, onde a defini&#231;&#227;o de DCV era frequentemente autodeclarada, portanto n&#227;o apoiando as diretrizes da Doen&#231;a renal: melhorando os resultados globais (KDIGO) <italic>(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome)</italic> para fornecer indica&#231;&#245;es conclusivas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da TFG em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi, portanto, comparar as 3 f&#243;rmulas mais comuns para o c&#225;lculo da TFG (CG, MDRD, CKD-EPI) na estimativa da DRC e na predi&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a, extens&#227;o e gravidade da DAC avaliada por angiografia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este registro observacional incluiu uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes consecutivos submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria em um &#250;nico centro, de janeiro de 2019 a junho de 2020, por indica&#231;&#227;o eletiva (angina est&#225;vel, isquemia silenciosa, arritmias ou doen&#231;a valvar) ou s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. O estudo foi aprovado pelo nosso Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local. Os principais dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos, juntamente com a indica&#231;&#227;o para a angiografia coron&#225;ria, foram registrados na admiss&#227;o e inclu&#237;dos em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico, protegido por senha. Os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular foram identificados. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida como press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &gt; 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mmHg ou se o indiv&#237;duo estivesse em uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. O diagn&#243;stico de diabetes foi baseado em hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de diabetes tratado com ou sem terapia medicamentosa, glicemia de jejum &gt; 126 g/dL ou HbA1c &gt; 6,5% no momento da admiss&#227;o. Considerou-se insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica a presen&#231;a de hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia renal ou TFG na admiss&#227;o &lt; 60 mol/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, determinada por diferentes f&#243;rmulas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada rotineiramente pela t&#233;cnica de Judkins, com abordagem radial preferencial, utilizando cateteres card&#237;acos direito e esquerdo de 5 ou 6 French. A angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa foi realizada por cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes, por meio de um sistema autom&#225;tico de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas (um software associado ao angiografista).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Medimos o di&#226;metro luminal m&#237;nimo, o di&#226;metro de refer&#234;ncia, a porcentagem de estenose do di&#226;metro e o comprimento da les&#227;o. Em pacientes previamente submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, tanto as art&#233;rias nativas quanto os enxertos foram considerados na avalia&#231;&#227;o da extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (n&#250;mero de vasos doentes). A doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria foi definida como pelo menos uma estenose &gt; 50%, enquanto a doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria grave foi definida como doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda principal e/ou doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos. Uma estenose foi considerada significativa se superior a 70%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros qu&#237;micos e taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</title>
        <p>Uma amostra de sangue em jejum foi coletada na admiss&#227;o para a determina&#231;&#227;o do hemograma, n&#237;veis de glicose no sangue, creatinina, eletr&#243;litos, &#225;cido &#250;rico, enzimas mioc&#225;rdicas espec&#237;ficas, perfil lip&#237;dico, par&#226;metros de coagula&#231;&#227;o e vitamina D.</p>
        <p>Em particular, os n&#237;veis de creatinina foram determinados pelo teste Creatinina Jaff&#232; Gen.2 (CREJ2, Roche Diagnostic International LFD, Su&#237;&#231;a) a partir de amostras armazenadas em tubos contendo heparina como anticoagulante, ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 3700 rpm durante 10 minutos.</p>
        <p>A TFG foi avaliada com as seguintes f&#243;rmulas:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Cockcroft-Gault: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mrow><mml:mi>eCCr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>140</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Idade</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> Massa </mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>kg</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> [0,85 se mulher] / </mml:mtext><mml:mn>72</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> [Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL)] </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Colabora&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia da Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica (CKD-EPI): <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>cr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>142</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>min</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>cr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#954;</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mi>&#945;</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>max</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>cr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#954;</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>200</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>9938</mml:mn><mml:mtext> Idade </mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>012</mml:mn><mml:mtext> [se mulher] </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Estudo de Modifica&#231;&#227;o da Dieta na Doen&#231;a Renal (MDRD): <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>TFG</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mL</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>min</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>73</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>175</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>cr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>154</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> (Idade) </mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>203</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>742</mml:mn><mml:mtext> se mulher </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>212</mml:mn><mml:mtext> se afro-americano) </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS 23.0. Os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e os dados categ&#243;ricos como porcentagens. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, enquanto o teste-t de Student n&#227;o pareado e a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via foram aplicados para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, ap&#243;s confirma&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados, para a compara&#231;&#227;o de 2 ou mais grupos, respectivamente. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com a preval&#234;ncia e extens&#227;o da DAC e de acordo com a TFG, calculada com as 3 f&#243;rmulas diferentes (&lt; 30; -&#8805;60).ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>). Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a TFG e a doen&#231;a coronariana, ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para diferen&#231;as basais (todas as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa na an&#225;lise univariada, ou seja, qui-quadrado ou ANOVA, respectivamente), que foram inseridas no modelo &#8220;em bloco&#8221;. A curva ROC (<italic>Receiver-operating Curve</italic>) foi utilizada para avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a TFG e a doen&#231;a coronariana. A an&#225;lise da curva ROC foi aplicada para identificar o valor da TFG que melhor predizia a DAC grave.</p>
        <p>Um valor p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; representada por 1742 pacientes, entre eles n=1391 (79,8%) apresentaram DAC e n=519 (29,8%) DAC grave. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta os principais par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de acordo com a preval&#234;ncia de DAC definida angiograficamente. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a nos valores m&#233;dios da TFG entre pacientes com e sem DAC com as tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas de TFG diferentes (Cockroft-Gault, p=0,87; MDRD, p=0,22; CK-EPI, p=0,71).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas de acordo com a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais</th>
                <th>Sem DAC N = 351</th>
                <th>DAC N = 1391</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade &gt;75 anos (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68,8</td>
                <td align="center">70,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo masculino (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">53,8</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">67,5</td>
                <td align="center">69,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipercolesterolemia (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">43,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fumantes ativos (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">34,8</td>
                <td align="center">44,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">25,6</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia renal (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">11.4</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico de IM (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5.4</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ICP anterior (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">33,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>CRM anterior (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">7.3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Terapia na admiss&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30,9</td>
                <td align="center">36,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21,7</td>
                <td align="center">20,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores (%)</td>
                <td align="center">53.1</td>
                <td align="center">52,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitratos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">10.1</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antagonistas de c&#225;lcio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21,4</td>
                <td align="center">24.1</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32,4</td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas (%)</td>
                <td align="center">28,6</td>
                <td align="center">45,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ASA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">36,9</td>
                <td align="center">54,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores de P2Y12 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">17,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Qu&#237;mica principal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia (mg/dl; m&#233;dia) &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">117&#177;39,5</td>
                <td align="center">132&#177;61,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL; m&#233;dia) &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,17&#177;0,97</td>
                <td align="center">1,15&#177;0,74</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (10^3/&#181;l; m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">232&#177;67,2</td>
                <td align="center">231&#177;68,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl; m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">13,5&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl; m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">165&#177;42,0</td>
                <td align="center">161&#177;45,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl; m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">108&#177;49,9</td>
                <td align="center">118&#177;58,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clearance Cockcroft-Gault (m&#233;dia &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">72,3&#177;31,7</td>
                <td align="center">72,0&#177;31,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clearance MDRD (m&#233;dia &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">72,9&#177;25,0</td>
                <td align="center">74,9&#177;26,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clearance CKD-EPI (m&#233;dia &#177; SD)</td>
                <td align="center">79,5&#177;15,4</td>
                <td align="center">79,1&#177;15,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CRM: Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina; ASA: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; MDRD: estudo de modifica&#231;&#227;o da dieta na doen&#231;a renal; CKD-EPI: colabora&#231;&#227;o em epidemiologia da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal (DRC grave &lt; 30 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>; DRC leve: 30-60 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>; fun&#231;&#227;o normal &#8805;60 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>) com as tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas diferentes.</p>
      <p>Conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal com todas as f&#243;rmulas; no entanto, os valores de TFG foram menores com a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault, identificando 6% (n=105) dos pacientes com DRC grave, sendo apenas 0,5% com a f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI (n=9).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal de acordo com diferentes f&#243;rmulas para o c&#225;lculo da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">F&#243;rmula</th>
                <th>Fun&#231;&#227;o normal</th>
                <th>DRC leve (TFG 30-60)</th>
                <th>DRC grave (TFG &lt;30)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Cockcroft-Gault</td>
                <td align="center">62,1</td>
                <td align="center">31,9</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MDRD</td>
                <td align="center">72,7</td>
                <td align="center">22,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CKD-EPI</td>
                <td align="center">90,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; MDRD: estudo de modifica&#231;&#227;o da dieta na doen&#231;a renal; CKD-EPI: colabora&#231;&#227;o em epidemiologia da doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, a concord&#226;ncia entre as f&#243;rmulas na classifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da DRC foi baixa em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estimada com diferentes f&#243;rmulas: Cockcroft-Gault vs. MDRD (1A), MDRD vs. CKD-EPI (1B), Cockcroft-Gault vs. CKD-EPI (1C).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a gravidade da DRC s&#227;o mostradas nas Tabelas Suplementares 1, 2 e 3 para Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CK-EPI, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>O projeto completo e os resultados do estudo est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DAC n&#227;o foi associada &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal, estimada pelas f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CKD-EPI, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estimada com diferentes f&#243;rmulas: Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CKD-EPI. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre DAC grave e TFG, estimada com as tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas diferentes: Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CKD-EPI, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana grave de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estimada com diferentes f&#243;rmulas: Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CKD-EPI. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o, distribu&#237;das de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estimada pelas tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas de TFG, s&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabelas 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref>, para Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CK-EPI, respectivamente. Observaram-se taxas mais elevadas de calcifica&#231;&#245;es com todas as f&#243;rmulas, enquanto a rela&#231;&#227;o com reestenose e oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica foi significativa apenas para as f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault e MDRD.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento e angiogr&#225;ficas de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estimada pela f&#243;rmula da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular de Cockcroft-Gault</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas procedimentais</th>
                <th>Normal N=1678</th>
                <th>DRC leve N = 951</th>
                <th>DRC grave N=185</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comprimento da les&#227;o (mm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22,3&#177;12,1</td>
                <td align="center">22,3&#177;13,1</td>
                <td align="center">22,5&#177;13,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do vaso alvo (mm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;0,58</td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;0,56</td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;0,51</td>
                <td align="center">0,84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estenose (%, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,3&#177;12,6</td>
                <td align="center">85,7&#177;12,9</td>
                <td align="center">85,5&#177;13,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vaso alvo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46,1</td>
                <td align="center">56,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Principal Esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,7</td>
                <td align="center">14,0</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Descendente Anterior Esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63,7</td>
                <td align="center">65,3</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ramo circunflexo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39,2</td>
                <td align="center">45,3</td>
                <td align="center">47,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Calcifica&#231;&#245;es (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18,4</td>
                <td align="center">29,1</td>
                <td align="center">40,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Trombo (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fluxo TIMI (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">74,9</td>
                <td align="center">73,0</td>
                <td align="center">75,1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">1,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">23,1</td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Reestenose intra-stent (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Bifurca&#231;&#245;es (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento e angiogr&#225;ficas de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estimada pela f&#243;rmula MDRD da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas procedimentais</th>
                <th>Normal N=2005</th>
                <th>DRC leve N = 679</th>
                <th>DRC grave N=154</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comprimento da les&#227;o (mm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22,2&#177;12.2</td>
                <td align="center">22,4&#177;13,1</td>
                <td align="center">22,6&#177;13,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do vaso alvo (mm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;0,57</td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;0,58</td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estenose (%, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,2&#177;12.6</td>
                <td align="center">85,7&#177;13,0</td>
                <td align="center">85,4&#177;13,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vaso alvo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46,1</td>
                <td align="center">56,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Principal esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Descendente anterior esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64,1</td>
                <td align="center">63,0</td>
                <td align="center">67,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ramo circunflexo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39,5</td>
                <td align="center">47,5</td>
                <td align="center">48,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Calcifica&#231;&#245;es (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">31,2</td>
                <td align="center">34,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Trombo (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">13,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fluxo TIMI (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">74,9</td>
                <td align="center">72,3</td>
                <td align="center">73,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
                <td align="center">20,1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Reestenose intra-stent (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">15,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Bifurca&#231;&#245;es (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,6</td>
                <td align="center">15,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic><sup><italic>&#167;</italic></sup>por defini&#231;&#227;o de paciente. DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento e angiogr&#225;ficas de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal estimada pela f&#243;rmula da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular CKD-EPI</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas procedimentais</th>
                <th>Normal N=2526</th>
                <th>DRC leve N = 294</th>
                <th>DRC grave N=18</th>
                <th>Normal N=1085</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comprimento da les&#227;o (mm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22,2&#177;12,4</td>
                <td align="center">23,4&#177;13,7</td>
                <td align="center">17,8&#177;10,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do vaso alvo (mm, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;0,58</td>
                <td align="center">3,0&#177;0,53</td>
                <td align="center">2,9&#177;0,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estenose (%, m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">86,0&#177;12,8</td>
                <td align="center">86,8&#177;12,1</td>
                <td align="center">78,3&#177;14,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vaso alvo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (%)</td>
                <td align="center">48,7</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td align="center">57,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Principal esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Descendente anterior esquerda (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td align="center">66,5</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ramo circunflexo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">51,5</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Calcifica&#231;&#245;es (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22,3</td>
                <td align="center">34,7</td>
                <td align="center">33,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Trombo (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
                <td align="center">9,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fluxo TIMI (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">74,3</td>
                <td align="center">72,4</td>
                <td align="center">88,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">1,3</td>
                <td align="center">1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">21,3</td>
                <td align="center">22,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Reestenose intra-stent (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">13,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,1</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Bifurca&#231;&#245;es (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16,2</td>
                <td align="center">15,0</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e o trombo intracoron&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada, ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para diferen&#231;as basais (idade, sexo, hipercolesterolemia, diabetes, tabagismo ativo, interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias pr&#233;vias, apresenta&#231;&#227;o aguda, uso de estatinas na admiss&#227;o), confirmamos a aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o entre DAC e fun&#231;&#227;o renal com as tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas (Cockcroft-Gault (OR ajustada [IC 95%] = 0,92 [0,69-1,21], p = 0,54), MDRD (OR ajustada [IC 95%] = 0,96 [0,72-1,27], p = 0,75) e CKD-EPI (OR ajustada [IC 95%] = 0,88 [0,54-1,43], p = 0,60).</p>
      <p>Pelo contr&#225;rio, apenas a f&#243;rmula MDRD permaneceu significativamente associada &#224; DAC grave (OR ajustada [IC 95%] = 1,27 [1,01-1,59], p = 0,04), enquanto nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada para Cockcroft-Gault (OR ajustada [IC 95%] = 1,25 [0,99-1,57], p = 0,06) e CDK-EPI (OR ajustada [IC 95%] = 1,21 [0,82-1,8], p = 0,34).</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, identificamos o valor de 12,4 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> como o melhor valor preditivo para DAC grave com a f&#243;rmula MDRD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A an&#225;lise da curva ROC demonstra que o valor da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estima melhor a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana grave com a f&#243;rmula MDRD.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo representa uma das maiores coortes de pacientes em que comparamos as tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas mais comuns para a estimativa da TFG na previs&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia e extens&#227;o da DAC definida angiograficamente.</p>
      <p>Observamos que a f&#243;rmula MDRD foi a &#250;nica significativamente associada &#224; DAC mais grave na angiografia, enquanto nenhuma associa&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada para as outras f&#243;rmulas.</p>
      <p>A DRC representa um fator de risco estabelecido para dist&#250;rbios cardiovasculares e, em particular, DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A persist&#234;ncia no campo circulat&#243;rio de subst&#226;ncias n&#227;o excretadas pelos rins tem sido geralmente considerada como gatilho pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico, al&#233;m do desequil&#237;brio no sistema renina-aldosterona e na homeostase do c&#225;lcio, levando &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; degenera&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica da parede arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os dados epidemiol&#243;gicos apontaram para a particular relev&#226;ncia do problema, uma vez que 9,1 a 13,4% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial tem DRC, e a DCV foi identificada em 20-30% deles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Foi demonstrado um aumento linear no risco de desenvolvimento de DAC juntamente com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da TFG, para valores abaixo de 60 a 75 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> e em pacientes com DRC grave (TFG entre 15 e 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>), onde o risco de mortalidade por DCV &#233; duas a tr&#234;s vezes maior em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes sem DRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> De fato, em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal grave ou em di&#225;lise, as causas cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis por 1 em cada 4 &#243;bitos, o que se traduz em cerca de 6% de mortalidade anual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, como idade avan&#231;ada, diabetes e hipertens&#227;o, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o mais frequentes em pacientes com DRC, exigindo, portanto, uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o e gest&#227;o de risco mais atentas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, apesar da associa&#231;&#227;o estabelecida entre DRC e DCV, v&#225;rios m&#233;todos e f&#243;rmulas t&#234;m sido propostos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, e seu papel na predi&#231;&#227;o de DAC e desfechos ainda &#233; controverso. Atualmente, as diretrizes KDIGO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> afirmam que a equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI &#233; mais precisa do que a equa&#231;&#227;o do estudo MDRD, especialmente em TFG mais elevadas, representando, portanto, a f&#243;rmula mais amplamente utilizada em todo o mundo. De fato, valores de TFG mais altos, que reduzem as taxas de DRC, podem aumentar a especificidade dessa f&#243;rmula na estimativa de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Piscitelli et al. documentaram em uma grande coorte de 1017 pacientes submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria que a TFG reduzida, estimada pela f&#243;rmula CKD-EPI, amplificou significativamente o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas associado &#224; doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Resultados semelhantes foram relatados por Do&#287;aner et al. em uma coorte menor de 356 pacientes, onde as f&#243;rmulas Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CKD-EPI puderam prever a gravidade da DAC em homens, mas n&#227;o em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, em um registro prospectivo multic&#234;ntrico envolvendo 1699 pacientes consecutivos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, Rivera-Caravaca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> observaram que a equa&#231;&#227;o de Cockcroft-Gault apresentou capacidade preditiva superior para eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores, sangramento maior e mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o com a equa&#231;&#227;o MDRD-4, e capacidade preditiva superior para sangramento maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com a equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI.</p>
      <p>Resultados diferentes foram relatados em um estudo retrospectivo com 3744 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, onde a f&#243;rmula de Mayo se mostrou superior &#224;s outras f&#243;rmulas na previs&#227;o de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A superioridade da f&#243;rmula de Mayo tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada por Orvin et al. em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro estudo dedicado a pacientes com SCA concluiu que o uso de cistatina, em vez de creatinina, poderia fornecer melhores resultados na previs&#227;o de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, esses &#250;ltimos resultados foram obtidos em pacientes mais selecionados com DAC estabelecida ou eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos, enquanto que em nosso estudo, inclu&#237;mos uma das maiores popula&#231;&#245;es irrestritas, incluindo pacientes submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria por indica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o coron&#225;rias, como doen&#231;a valvar, arritmias ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Demonstramos baixa concord&#226;ncia entre as tr&#234;s f&#243;rmulas diferentes, Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD e CKD-EPI, na defini&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e da DRC, sendo que esta &#250;ltima tende a superestimar a TFG em compara&#231;&#227;o com as outras f&#243;rmulas.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o tenhamos observado diferen&#231;a nos valores m&#233;dios da TFG entre pacientes com e sem DAC, a DRC mais grave esteve significativamente relacionada &#224; gravidade da DAC. No entanto, ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o para diferen&#231;as basais, essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi confirmada apenas para a f&#243;rmula MDRD. Assim, al&#233;m da nefrologia, as diretrizes KDIGO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> sugerem que a f&#243;rmula CK-EPI deve ser preferida para a estimativa da TFG em pacientes com DCV; a f&#243;rmula MDRD pode oferecer vantagens adicionais para uma melhor defini&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados est&#227;o em conson&#226;ncia com as conclus&#245;es de Barra et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que demonstraram que, em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a f&#243;rmula MDRD foi significativamente mais precisa na previs&#227;o da gravidade da DAC e do risco CV em dois anos.</p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> confirmaram em mais de 8000 pacientes que uma f&#243;rmula MDRD modificada, espec&#237;fica para a popula&#231;&#227;o chinesa, surgiu como a mais conveniente para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP).</p>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica, a f&#243;rmula MDRD &#233; mais restritiva na estimativa dos valores de TFG, sendo mais precisa em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida, especialmente para TFG &lt;60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, que tamb&#233;m s&#227;o aqueles com maior risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Assim, se pode postular que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre DRC e DAC poderia ter se tornado mais evidente com a f&#243;rmula que melhor prediz a doen&#231;a renal.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, observamos uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e calcifica&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias, representando um marcador precoce de DAC, mas tamb&#233;m o reflexo de les&#245;es mais complexas, traduzindo-se em piores resultados quando tratadas com ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Bundy et al. mostraram que, apesar do valor progn&#243;stico das calcifica&#231;&#245;es ser semelhante ao da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, a progress&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o coronariana &#233; mais r&#225;pida com o agravamento da DRC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De fato, apesar dos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que ligam a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares estarem bem estabelecidos, como o papel progn&#243;stico negativo da diminui&#231;&#227;o da TFG, o m&#233;todo mais preciso para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal ainda precisa ser definido. Estudos futuros espec&#237;ficos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor definir o poder preditivo diferencial das f&#243;rmulas dispon&#237;veis para a estimativa da TFG em diferentes subgrupos de pacientes e se uma abordagem personalizada de acordo com o perfil de risco dos pacientes poderia proporcionar uma melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o do seu risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Uma primeira limita&#231;&#227;o pode ser representada pela heterogeneidade das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e angiogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;da, embora isso tamb&#233;m represente um valor adicional potencial do estudo, refletindo a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica real.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o realizamos um acompanhamento sistem&#225;tico de nossos pacientes; portanto, n&#227;o pudemos definir o papel das diferentes f&#243;rmulas de TFG nos resultados.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a defini&#231;&#227;o de DAC e DAC grave se baseou apenas em dados angiogr&#225;ficos, uma vez que a imagem intracoron&#225;ria ou a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional n&#227;o foram realizadas sistematicamente em todos os pacientes e, portanto, n&#227;o puderam ser inclu&#237;das na presente an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Por fim, n&#227;o medimos outros par&#226;metros para a estimativa da TFG, como a cistatina C, nem conseguimos repetir a coleta de amostras para an&#225;lise de creatinina no acompanhamento para avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstrou, em uma grande coorte de pacientes submetidos a angiografia coron&#225;ria, que a preval&#234;ncia de DAC n&#227;o difere de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Foi encontrada uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a extens&#227;o da DAC definida angiograficamente e a TFG, estimada pela f&#243;rmula MDRD, mas n&#227;o pelas f&#243;rmulas de Cockcroft-Gault e CKD-EPI, sendo que valores abaixo de 12,4 ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup> foram os que melhor predisseram DAC mais grave.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Material suplementar</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/R4TLJDmTjDwD4QVmn3TzYLh/169311267a160649ab0b2964cac69744b6fcaaba.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Alyssa Clemente pela Universit&#224; del Piemonte Orientale.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Interinstitucional de Novara sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CE 151/18. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12301/2025-0076_supp_tables.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250076i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Comparison of Different Glomerular Filtration Rate Formulas in the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Extent</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6506-8397</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Verdoia</surname>
            <given-names>Monica</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Clemente</surname>
            <given-names>Alyssa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Malabaila</surname>
            <given-names>Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montini</surname>
            <given-names>Chantal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Rognoni Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rognoni</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Rognoni Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Cardiology Ospedale degli Infermi, ASL Biella &#8211; Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="IT">Italy</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Clinical Chemistry, Ospedale degli Infermi, ASL Biella &#8211; Italy</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Monica Verdoia &#8226; Interventional Cardiologists and Research Fellow - Ospedale degli Infermi, ASL Biella, Eastern Piedmont University, Via dei Ponderanesi, 13900 Biella - Italy . E-mail: ve.monica@libero.it </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an established risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), displaying a linear relationship with glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The prognostic role of the different formulas for the estimation of GFR is still debated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the impact of GFR calculation in the prediction of angiographically assessed CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> In consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography, GFR was assessed at admission with the formulas Cockroft-Gault, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD). A 2-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among 1742 patients, 79.8% displayed CAD. No difference in the mean values of GFR was observed in patients with and without CAD with the three different GFR formulas. We observed a significant association between severe CAD and GFR, by Cockcroft Gault (26.6% vs 35% vs 36.9%, p&lt;0.001), MDRD (27.1% vs 36.9% vs 39%, p&lt;0.001), and CKD-EPI (28.9% vs 39.2% vs 22.2%, p=0.03). In multivariate analysis, only MDRD remained statistically significant (adjusted OR[95%CI]= 1.27[1.01-1.59], p=0.04). In ROC curve analysis, we identified the value of 12.4 ml/min/1.73m^2 as the best predicting value for severe CAD with the MDRD formula. Higher rates of calcifications, restenosis, and chronic occlusion were observed for the Cockroft-Gault and MDRD formulas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The present study showed a significant association between the extent of angiographically-defined CAD and GFR, estimated by the MDRD, but not for the Cockroft-Gault and CKD-EPI formulas. MDRD values below 12.4 ml/min/1.73m^2 best predicted more severe CAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of Different Glomerular Filtration Rate Formulas in the Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Extent</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chronic Kidney Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Glomerular Filtration Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a rising health problem, affecting around 10-15% of the population worldwide, although its prevalence is largely underestimated, not being correctly diagnosed in up to two out of three patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nevertheless, the negative prognostic role of CKD, even in initial stages, has been well established, displaying an incremental increase in the risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease in association with the degree of albuminuria and the decrease of glomerular filtration rate (GFR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, several controversies still exist on the most accurate method for the assessment of GFR, since direct measurements are costly and technically demanding, and the different formulas for its indirect estimates, based on serum creatinine or cystatin C, have shown great discrepancies. Currently, the 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) creatinine equation is recommended in guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> for the estimation of renal filtration, being less biased, especially for higher GFR values and in younger individuals, women, and white ethnicity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and additionally displaying a greater correlation with long-term risk of end-stage renal disease and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, these formulas are less validated in certain subsets of higher-cardiovascular risk patients, as the elderly, where the identification of even mild forms of CKD could significantly impact risk-stratification and the outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In fact, in these settings and in patients with established cardiovascular disease, the body surface area&#8211;adjusted Cockcroft-Gault formula has been suggested to result in more accurate prediction of cardiovascular mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> although in other studies the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD) formula provided better prediction of the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and cardiovascular risk in patients with myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, most of the data published so far in these subsets of patients were derived from small registries and non-randomized cohorts, where the definition of cardiovascular disease was often self-reported, therefore not supporting the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) guidelines to provide conclusive indications for the assessment of GFR in high-cardiovascular risk populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of the present study was, then, to compare the 3 most common formulas for GFR calculation (CG, MDRD, CKD-EPI) in the estimation of CKD and in the prediction of angiographically assessed CAD presence, extent, and severity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This observational registry included an &#8220;all-comers&#8221; population of consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography in a single center from January 2019 to June 2020 for elective indication (stable angina, silent ischemia, arrhythmias, or valvular disease) or acute coronary syndrome. The study was approved by our local Ethical Committee. Main demographic, clinical, and angiographic data, together with the indication for coronary angiography, were recorded at admission and included in a dedicated database, protected by a password. The main cardiovascular risk factors were identified. Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure &gt; 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic pressure&gt;90 mmHg or if the individual was taking antihypertensive medications. The diagnosis of diabetes was based on a previous history of diabetes treated with or without drug therapies, fasting glucose &gt;126 g/dl, or HbA1c &gt; 6.5% at the moment of admission. Chronic renal failure was considered for a history of renal failure or an admission GFR &lt; 60 mol/min/1.73 m2 by different formulas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography was routinely performed by the Judkins technique, with a preferential radial approach, using 5 or 6-French right and left heart catheters. Quantitative coronary angiography was performed by experienced interventional cardiologists, by an automatic edge-detection system (a software associated with the angiographer).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> We measured minimal luminal diameter (MLD), reference diameter (RD), percent diameter stenosis, and length of the lesion. In previously bypassed patients, both native arteries and grafts were taken into account in the evaluation of the extension of CAD (number of diseased vessels). CAD was defined as at least one stenosis &gt; 50%, whereas severe CAD was defined as left main and/or 3-vessel disease. A stenosis was considered significant if more than 70%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chemistry parameters and glomerular filtration rate</title>
          <p>A fasting blood sample was taken upon admission for the determination of blood count, blood glucose levels, creatinine, electrolytes, uric acid, myocardial-specific enzymes, lipid profile, coagulation parameters, and vitamin D.</p>
          <p>In particular, creatinine levels were determined by the Creatinine Jaff&#232; Gen.2 (CREJ2, Roche Diagnostic International LFD, Switzerland) test from samples stored in tubes containing heparin as an anticoagulant, after centrifugation at 3700 rpm for 10 min.</p>
          <p>GFR was assessed with the following formulas:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Cockroft-Gault: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>C</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>140</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> Age </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mtext> Mass </mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>k</mml:mi><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.85</mml:mn><mml:mtext> if female] / </mml:mtext><mml:mn>72</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mtext> Serum Creatinine (mg/dL)] </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI): <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mi>e</mml:mi><mml:mi>G</mml:mi><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mi>R</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>142</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>min</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#954;</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mi>&#945;</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>max</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mi>r</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#954;</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.200</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.9938</mml:mn><mml:mtext> Age </mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.012</mml:mn><mml:mtext> [if female] </mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD): <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> GFR </mml:mtext><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>mL</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>min</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.73</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mi>m</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>175</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>cr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.154</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mtext> Age </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.203</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.742</mml:mn><mml:mtext> if female </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.212</mml:mn><mml:mtext> if African American </mml:mtext><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 23.0 statistical package. Continuous data were expressed as mean <underline>+</underline> standard deviation (SD) and categorical data as percentages. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables, whereas the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were applied for continuous variables, after confirming the normal distribution of the data, for the comparison of 2 or more groups, respectively. Patients were grouped according to CAD prevalence and extent and according to GFR, calculated with the 3 different formulas (&lt; 30; -&#8805;60 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between GFR and Coronary disease, after correction for baseline differences (all variables displaying a significant association at univariable analysis, i.e., chi-square or ANOVA accordingly), that were entered in the model &#8220;in block&#8221;. Receiver-operating Curve (ROC) analysis was applied to identify the GFR value best predicting severe CAD.</p>
          <p>A 2-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Our population is represented by 1742 patients, among them n=1391 (79.8%) displayed CAD and n=519 (29.8%) severe CAD. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> displays the main clinical and laboratory parameters according to the prevalence of angiographically-defined CAD. No difference in the mean values of GFR was observed in patients with and without CAD with the three different GFR formulas (Cockroft-Gault, p=0.87; MDRD, p=0.22; CK-EPI, p=0.71).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic features according to the presence of coronary artery disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Baseline Clinical Characteristics</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> No CAD N= 351 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> CAD N= 1391 </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age &gt; 75 years (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68.8</td>
                  <td align="center">70.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Male Sex (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53.8</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">67.5</td>
                  <td align="center">69.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypercholesterolemia (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">43.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Active Smokers (%</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34.8</td>
                  <td align="center">44.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25.6</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Renal failure (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>History of MI (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous PCI (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">33.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous CABG (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Acute coronary syndrome (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27.9</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Therapy at admission</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE inhibitors (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.7</td>
                  <td align="center">20.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53.1</td>
                  <td align="center">52.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrates (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium antagonists (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.4</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.4</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6</td>
                  <td align="center">45.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ASA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.9</td>
                  <td align="center">54.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P2Y12 inhibitors (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">17.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Main chemistry</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glycemia (mg/dl; mean&#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">117&#177;39.5</td>
                  <td align="center">132&#177;61.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL; mean&#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.17&#177;0.97</td>
                  <td align="center">1.15&#177;0.74</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelets (10^3/&#181;l; mean&#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">232&#177;67.2</td>
                  <td align="center">231&#177;68.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin ( g/dl; mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dl; mean&#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">165&#177;42.0</td>
                  <td align="center">161&#177;45.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tryglicerides (mg/dl; mean&#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">108&#177;49.9</td>
                  <td align="center">118&#177;58.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clearance Cockcroft-Gault (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">72.3&#177;31.7</td>
                  <td align="center">72.0&#177;31.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clearance MDRD (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">72.9&#177;25.0</td>
                  <td align="center">74.9&#177;26.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clearance CKD-EPI (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.5&#177;15.4</td>
                  <td align="center">79.1&#177;15.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAD: Coronary artery disease; MI: Myocardial infarction; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG: Coronary artery bypass graft surgery; ACE inhibitor: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker; ASA: Acetylsalicylic acid; MDRD: modification of diet in renal disease study; CKD-EPI: Collaboration in Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Patients were divided according to renal function (severe CKD &lt; 30 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>; mild CKD: 30-60 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>; normal function &#8805;60 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>) with the three different formulas.</p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, the majority of the patients displayed normal renal function with all the formulas; however, GFR values were lower with the Cockroft-Gault formula, identifying 6% (n=105) of the patients with severe CKD, being only 0.5% with CKD-EPI (n=9).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classification of renal function according to different formulas for glomerular filtration rate calculation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Formula</th>
                  <th>Normal function</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Mild CKD (GFR 30-60) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Severe CKD (GFR &lt;30) </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cockcroft-Gault</td>
                  <td align="center">62.1</td>
                  <td align="center">31.9</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MDRD</td>
                  <td align="center">72.7</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD-EPI</td>
                  <td align="center">90.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CKD: chronic kidney disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>, the concordance among the formulas in the classification of the severity of CKD was low for all the comparisons.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of patients according to renal function estimated with different formulas: Cockroft-Gault vs MDRD (1A), MDRD vs CKD-EPI (1B), Cockroft-Gault vs CKD-EPI (1C).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The clinical features of the population according to the severity of CKD are shown in Supplementary Tables 1,2, and 3 for Cockroft-Gault, MDRD, and CK-EPI, respectively.</p>
        <p>The complete design and results of the study are summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>The prevalence of CAD was not associated with renal function, estimated with the Cockcroft-Gault formula, MDRD formula, and CKD-EPI, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prevalence of coronary artery disease according to renal function estimated with different formulas: Cockroft-Gault, MDRD, and CKD-EPI. CAD: coronary artery disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; CKD: chronic kidney disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>We observed a significant association between severe CAD and GFR, estimated with the three different formulas: Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD, and CKD-EPI, as in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prevalence of severe coronary artery disease according to renal function estimated with different formulas: Cockroft-Gault, MDRD, and CKD-EPI. CAD: coronary artery disease; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; CKD: chronic kidney disease.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The angiographic features of the population, distributed according to the renal function estimated with the three GFR formulas, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>, for Cockroft-Gault, MDRD, and CK EPI, respectively. Higher rates of calcifications were observed with all the formulas, while the relationship with restenosis and chronic occlusion was significant only for the Cockroft-Gault and MDRD formulas.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Procedural and angiographic features according to renal function estimated by the Cockroft-Gault glomerular filtration rate (GFR) formula</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Procedural features</th>
                  <th>Normal N=1678</th>
                  <th>Mild CKD N= 951</th>
                  <th>Severe CKD N=185</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lesion length (mm, mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22.3&#177;12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">22.3&#177;13.1</td>
                  <td align="center">22.5&#177;13.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Target Vessel diameter (mm, mean&#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;0.58</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;0.56</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;0.51</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stenosis (%, mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.3&#177;12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">85.7&#177;12.9</td>
                  <td align="center">85.5&#177;13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Target vessel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Right Coronary Artery (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1</td>
                  <td align="center">63.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Main (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Anterior Descending (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.7</td>
                  <td align="center">65.3</td>
                  <td align="center">63.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circumflex branch (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.2</td>
                  <td align="center">45.3</td>
                  <td align="center">47.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Calcifications (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18.4</td>
                  <td align="center">29.1</td>
                  <td align="center">40.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Thrombus (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14.1</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIMI flow (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">74.9</td>
                  <td align="center">73.0</td>
                  <td align="center">75.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">20.3</td>
                  <td align="center">23.1</td>
                  <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>In-stent restenosis (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronical occlusion (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">15.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bifurcations (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.2</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CKD: chronic kidney disease.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Procedural and angiographic features according to renal function estimated by the MDRD glomerular filtration rate formula</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Procedural features</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Normal N=2005 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Mild CKD N= 679 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Severe CKD N=154 </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lesion length (mm. mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22.2&#177;12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">22.4&#177;13.1</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6&#177;13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Target Vessel diameter (mm. mean&#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;0.58</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stenosis (%. mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.2&#177;12.6</td>
                  <td align="center">85.7&#177;13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">85.4&#177;13.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Target vessel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Right Coronary Artery (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.1</td>
                  <td align="center">56.1</td>
                  <td align="center">63.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Main (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0</td>
                  <td align="center">12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Anterior Descending (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.1</td>
                  <td align="center">63.0</td>
                  <td align="center">67.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circumflex branch (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.5</td>
                  <td align="center">47.5</td>
                  <td align="center">48.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Calcifications (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20.3</td>
                  <td align="center">31.2</td>
                  <td align="center">34.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Thrombus (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">9.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIMI flow (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">74.9</td>
                  <td align="center">72.3</td>
                  <td align="center">73.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">20.3</td>
                  <td align="center">24.3</td>
                  <td align="center">20.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>In-stent restenosis (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronical occlusion (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bifurcations (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <sup>&#167;</sup>
                  <italic>per patient definition. CKD: chronic kidney disease.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Procedural and angiographic features according to renal function estimated by the CKD-EPI glomerular filtration rate formula</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Procedural features</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Normal N=2526 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Mild CKD N= 294 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Severe CKD N=18 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Normal N=1085 </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lesion length (mm. mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22.2&#177;12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">23.4&#177;13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8&#177;10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Target Vessel diameter (mm. mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;0.58</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0&#177;0.53</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9&#177;0.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stenosis (%. mean &#177; SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">86.0&#177;12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">86.8&#177;12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">78.3&#177;14.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Target vessel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Right Coronary Artery (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.7</td>
                  <td align="center">63.8</td>
                  <td align="center">57.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Main (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left Anterior Descending (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.8</td>
                  <td align="center">66.5</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Circumflex branch (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40.7</td>
                  <td align="center">51.5</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Calcifications (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22.3</td>
                  <td align="center">34.7</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Thrombus (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12.9</td>
                  <td align="center">9.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIMI flow (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">74.3</td>
                  <td align="center">72.4</td>
                  <td align="center">88.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">22.1</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>In-stent restenosis (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronical occlusion (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">17.1</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Bifurcations (% )</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16.2</td>
                  <td align="center">15.0</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CKD: chronic kidney disease.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>An inverse association was observed between renal function and intracoronary thrombus.</p>
        <p>At multivariate analysis, after correction for baseline differences (age, gender, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, active smoking, previous coronary interventions, acute presentation, statins at admission), we confirmed the lack of association between CAD and the renal function with the three formulas (Cockcroft-Gault (adjusted OR[95%CI]= 0.92[0.69-1.21], p=0.54), MDRD (adjusted OR[95%CI]= 0.96[0.72-1.27], p=0.75) and CKD-EPI (adjusted OR[95%CI]= 0.88[0.54-1.43, p=0.60).</p>
        <p>On the contrary, only the MDRD formula remained significantly associated with severe CAD, adjusted OR[95%CI]= 1.27[1.01-1.59], p=0.04), whereas no association was found for Cockroft-Gault (adjusted OR[95%CI]= 1.25[0.99-1.57], p=0.06) and CDK-EPI (adjusted OR[95%CI]=1.21[0.82-1.8], p=0.34).</p>
        <p>At ROC curve analysis, we identified the value of 12.4 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> as the best predicting value for severe CAD with the MDRD formula (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve analysis showing that the value of glomerular filtration rate better estimates severe coronary artery disease with the MDRD formula.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250076-50076-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study represents one of the largest cohorts of patients where we compared the three most common formulas for the estimation of GFR in the prediction of the prevalence and extent of angiographically defined CAD.</p>
        <p>We observed that the MDRD was the only formula significantly associated with more severe CAD at angiography, while no association was found for the other formulas.</p>
        <p>CKD represents an established risk factor for cardiovascular disorders and, in particular, CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The persistence in the circulatory field of substances not excreted by the kidneys has been generally appointed as pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic trigger, in addition to the imbalance in the renin-aldosterone system and calcium homeostasis, leading to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic degeneration of the arterial wall.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Epidemiological data have pointed to the particular relevance of the problem, since 9.1 to 13.4% of the worldwide population has CKD and cardiovascular disease has been identified in 20-30% of them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A linear increase in the risk of developing CAD has been shown along with the decrease of GFR, for values below 60 to 75 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and in patients with severe CKD (GFR between 15 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), where the risk of CVD mortality is two/three-fold increased respect to patients without CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In fact, in patients with severe renal disease or dialysis, cardiovascular causes account for 1 out of 4 deaths, translating into around 6% yearly mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, as advanced age, diabetes, and hypertension, are also more frequent in patients with CKD, therefore requiring a more attentive risk stratification and management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, despite the established association between CKD and cardiovascular disease, several methods and formulas have been proposed for the assessment of renal function, and their role in the prediction of CAD and outcomes is still controversial. Currently, the KDIGO guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> state that the CKD-EPI equation is more accurate than the MDRD Study equation, especially at higher GFR, therefore representing the most widely used formula worldwide. In effect, higher GFR values, lessening the rates of CKD, could increase the specificity of this formula in the risk estimation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Piscitelli et al. documented in a large cohort of 1017 patients undergoing coronary angiography that lower GFR, estimated by the CKD-EPI formula, significantly amplified the risk of all-cause mortality associated with three-vessel disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Similar results were reported by Doganer et al. in a smaller cohort of 356 patients, where Cockroft-Gault, MDRD, and CKD-EPI formulas could predict the severity of CAD in men, but not in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conversely, in a multicenter prospective registry involving 1699 consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome, Rivera-Caravaca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> observed that the Cockcroft-Gault equation presented superior predictive ability for major adverse cardiovascular events, major bleeding, and all-cause mortality compared with the MDRD-4 equation, and superior predictive ability for major bleeding compared with the CKD-EPI equation.</p>
        <p>Different findings were reported in a retrospective study on 3744 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, where the Mayo formula was found to be superior to the other formulas in prognosticating mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Superiority of the Mayo formula was also demonstrated by Orvin et al. in patients with acute coronary syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another study dedicated to ACS patients concluded that the use of cystatin, instead of creatinine, could provide better results in the prediction of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the latter results were obtained in more selected patients with established CAD or acute ischemic events, whereas in our study, we enrolled one of the largest unrestricted populations, including patients undergoing coronary angiography for non- coronary indications, as valvular disease, arrhythmias, or heart failure.</p>
        <p>We demonstrated low concordance among the three different formulas, Cockroft-Gault, MDRD, and CKD-EPI, in the definition of renal function and CKD, the latter tending to overestimate GFR as compared to the other formulas.</p>
        <p>Although we observed no difference in the mean values of GFR between patients with and without CAD, more severe CKD was significantly related to the severity of CAD. However, after correction for baseline differences, this association was confirmed only for the MDRD formula. Thus, besides nephrology, KDIGO guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> suggest that the CK-EPI formula should be preferred for the estimation of GFR in patients with cardiovascular disease; the MDRD formula could offer additional advantages for a better risk definition.</p>
        <p>Our results are in line with the findings of Barra et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> concluding that in patients with acute myocardial infarction, the MDRD formula was significantly more accurate in predicting the severity of CAD and two-year CV risk.</p>
        <p>Similarly, Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> confirmed in over 8000 patients that a modified MDRD formula specific for the Chinese population emerged as the most convenient for the prognostic stratification of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).</p>
        <p>In effect, the MDRD formula is more restrictive in the estimation of GFR values, being the most accurate in patients with impaired renal function, especially for GFR &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, which are also the ones with higher cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Thus, it might be postulated that the association between CKD and CAD could have emerged more clearly with the formula best predicting renal disease.</p>
        <p>Moreover, we observed a significant association between renal dysfunction and coronary calcifications, representing an early marker of CAD, but also the mirror of more complex lesions, translating into poorer outcomes when treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Similarly, Bundy et al. showed that despite the prognostic value of calcifications being similar to that in the general population, the progression of coronary calcification is faster with worsening of CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Indeed, despite the pathophysiological mechanisms linking renal dysfunction with the development of cardiovascular disease being well established, as the negative prognostic role of decreasing GFR, the most accurate method for the assessment of renal disease still needs to be defined. Future dedicated studies are needed to better define the differential predictive power of the available formulas for the estimation of GFR in different subsets of patients, and whether a tailored approach according to patients&#8217; risk profile could provide a better stratification of their cardiovascular risk.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>A first limitation can be represented by the heterogeneity of the clinical and angiographic characteristics of the enclosed population, although representing also a potential additional value of the study, reflecting the real-life clinical practice.</p>
          <p>Moreover, we did not perform a systematic follow-up of our patients; therefore, we could not define the role of the different GFR formulas on the outcomes.</p>
          <p>Additionally, the definition of CAD and severe CAD was based only on angiographical data, since intracoronary imaging or functional assessment were not systematically performed in all the patients and could not be, therefore, included in the present analysis.</p>
          <p>Finally, we did not measure other parameters for the estimation of GFR, as cystatin C, nor were we able to repeat sampling for creatinine analysis at follow-up to assess the evolution of renal function.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study showed, in a large cohort of patients undergoing coronary angiography, that the prevalence of CAD does not differ according to renal function. A significant association was found between the extent of angiographically-defined CAD and GFR, estimated by the MDRD formula, but not for Cockroft-Gault and CKD-EPI, with values below 12.4 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup> the best predicting more severe CAD.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Supplemental Materials</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/R4TLJDmTjDwD4QVmn3TzYLh/169311267a160649ab0b2964cac69744b6fcaaba.pdf"/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Alyssa Clemente from Universit&#224; del Piemonte Orientale.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Interinstitutional Ethics Committee of Novara under the protocol number CE 151/18. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability">
          <label>Data Availability Statement</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2026/12301/2025-0076_supp_tables.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
