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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qLPYFmmkDXhCrRxpVrG7GJd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2026000100601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Capta&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica de Fluordesoxiglicose-18F na Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons/Tomografia Computadorizada: Uma Janela para Fen&#243;tipos Cardiovasculares e Assinaturas Metab&#243;licas em Pacientes com C&#226;ncer</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3644-0457</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcelo Duarte</given-names>
            <suffix>Sobrinho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-6714-8320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuel Davi Lima de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8046-7379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Accioly</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8102-9654</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourato</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2809-1990</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Becker</surname>
            <given-names>Monica de Moraes Chaves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Simone Cristina Soares Brand&#227;o Av. Beira Rio, 360, apt 201. CEP 50750-400, Ilha do Retiro, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sbrandaonuclearufpe@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>123</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250028</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date>
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT) com fluordesoxiglicose-18F (FDG) &#233; amplamente utilizada no manejo do c&#226;ncer, mas seu papel na avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade permanece incerto. Compreender como os fatores de risco cardiovascular influenciam a capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de glicose pode aprimorar seu uso nessa &#225;rea.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es metab&#243;licos card&#237;acos em PET/CT oncol&#243;gico e fatores de risco cardiovascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo, transversal, que classificou exames oncol&#243;gicos de PET/CT pela aus&#234;ncia (G1) ou presen&#231;a (G2) de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, definida visualmente como superior ao pool sangu&#237;neo da aorta. Foram analisados dados cl&#237;nicos e fatores de risco cardiovascular e, por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, identificados preditores de presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o, com ajuste para potenciais confundidores. Adotou-se p &lt; 0,05 como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Inclu&#237;ram-se 983 exames (64% mulheres; idade m&#233;dia de 56 &#177; 15,8 anos; 39,9% hipertensos; 19,7% diab&#233;ticos), sendo 559 (56,8%) no G1 e 424 (43,2%) no G2. Os c&#226;nceres mais prevalentes foram linfoma (28,9%) e mama (17,6%). Sexo masculino (p = 0,0008) e maior peso (p = 0,0001) foram preditores independentes de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, enquanto diabetes (p = 0,01) e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (p = 0,007) previram aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es, este estudo identificou, de forma pioneira, padr&#245;es distintos de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG em exames oncol&#243;gicos de PET/CT, independentemente associados a fatores de risco cardiovascular. Esses achados refor&#231;am o potencial do PET/CT com FDG na avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade ap&#243;s tratamento oncol&#243;gico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Capta&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica de fluordesoxiglicose-18F na Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons/Tomografia Computadorizada: Uma Janela para Fen&#243;tipos Cardiovasculares e Assinaturas Metab&#243;licas em Pacientes com C&#226;ncer</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; FDG: fluordesoxiglicose-18F; PET/CT: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Tomografia por Emiss&#227;o de P&#243;sitrons combinada &#224; Tomografia Computadorizada</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Oncologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>PIBIC</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>UFPE</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement> O presente estudo foi financiado por Edital PROPESQI n&#186;04/2023 - Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC/UFPE/CNPq).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiotoxicidade induzida por quimioterapia &#233; um desafio crescente na oncologia moderna, impulsionado pelo aumento da sobrevida de pacientes oncol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada (PET/CT) com fluordesoxiglicose-18F (FDG) desponta n&#227;o apenas como ferramenta diagn&#243;stica oncol&#243;gica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> mas tamb&#233;m como potencial biomarcador de altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O metabolismo card&#237;aco, tradicionalmente sustentado pela oxida&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> apresenta regula&#231;&#227;o complexa e influenciada por m&#250;ltiplos fatores, como sexo, peso corporal e comorbidades &#8212; entre elas, diabetes melito e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, que reflete a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose pelo mioc&#225;rdio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> pode oferecer insights valiosos sobre como esses determinantes modulam o metabolismo card&#237;aco e, potencialmente, influenciam a suscetibilidade &#224; cardiotoxicidade.</p>
      <p>Embora estudos pr&#233;vios tenham explorado o uso do PET/CT com FDG na detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de cardiotoxicidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> permanece incerta a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os padr&#245;es de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e os fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais. Essa lacuna &#233; particularmente relevante, considerando que exames oncol&#243;gicos de rotina &#8212; realizados sem preparo espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#8212; podem revelar &#8220;assinaturas metab&#243;licas&#8221; compat&#237;veis com diferentes fen&#243;tipos cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, investigamos a associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG e fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma ampla popula&#231;&#227;o oncol&#243;gica, a fim de compreender em que medida essas vari&#225;veis podem influenciar o metabolismo card&#237;aco. Esse entendimento pode fortalecer o potencial uso do PET/CT com FDG na avalia&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas relacionadas ao c&#226;ncer e ao tratamento oncol&#243;gico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho, local e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo observacional, transversal, anal&#237;tico e retrospectivo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco sob o n&#250;mero 68674623.9.0000.8807. Foi conduzido no servi&#231;o de Medicina Nuclear da mesma institui&#231;&#227;o, refer&#234;ncia regional para exames de FDG PET/CT. Inclu&#237;ram-se todos os pacientes submetidos a FDG PET/CT com indica&#231;&#227;o oncol&#243;gica entre 1 de janeiro de 2023 e 31 de dezembro de 2023. Foram exclu&#237;dos os casos com fichas cl&#237;nicas incompletas e/ou impossibilidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o das imagens de PET/CT por problemas t&#233;cnicos ou indisponibilidade nos arquivos digitais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes e fontes de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos foram obtidos das fichas de avalia&#231;&#227;o preenchidas antes de cada exame, dos laudos e da an&#225;lise direta das imagens de PET/CT no software Xeleris 4.0 (GE Healthcare). Coletaram-se: sexo; idade (anos); peso (kg); altura (m); &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC); presen&#231;a de comorbidades cardiovasculares (hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes, dislipidemia, DAC); tabagismo; medica&#231;&#245;es de uso cont&#237;nuo (cardiol&#243;gicas e hipoglicemiantes); neoplasia de base; e tratamentos oncol&#243;gicos recebidos (radioterapia e/ou quimioterapia).</p>
        <p>A DAC foi considerada presente quando o paciente referiu DAC (hist&#243;ria de infarto, angina, angioplastia coron&#225;ria ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o) ou acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio, ou quando fazia uso concomitante de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico (AAS) e estatina. Consideraram-se medica&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares: betabloqueadores, inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina, AAS, inibidores do cotransportador s&#243;dio-glicose e estatinas.</p>
        <p>Dos exames de PET/CT registraram-se: data de realiza&#231;&#227;o, tempo de jejum, dieta pr&#233;via, motivo do exame (estadiamento, reestadiamento, avalia&#231;&#227;o de resposta ao tratamento ou controle de doen&#231;a), atividade injetada de FDG (MBq e mCi) e tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o (min). Na an&#225;lise das imagens, todos os exames foram reavaliados quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, conforme descrito adiante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de realiza&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise do PET/CT</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram orientados a seguir, por 24 horas, dieta com baixa ingest&#227;o de carboidratos e alta oferta de gorduras e a manter jejum m&#237;nimo de 6 horas antes do exame, de acordo com o protocolo do servi&#231;o. No dia do exame, mediram-se peso corporal e glicemia de jejum (&lt; 180 mg/dl) antes da administra&#231;&#227;o do FDG por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa. A atividade m&#233;dia administrada foi de 233,1 &#177; 135,42 MBq (6,3 &#177; 3,66 mCi). Aproximadamente 60 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o, as imagens foram adquiridas em equipamento h&#237;brido PET/CT (GE Discovery 710, CT de 128 canais), da base do cr&#226;nio ao ter&#231;o m&#233;dio proximal do f&#234;mur, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 1 a 3 minutos por <italic>bed</italic>. Os par&#226;metros de aquisi&#231;&#227;o inclu&#237;ram cortes de 5 mm e 120 kV, sem contraste intravenoso.</p>
        <p>A capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG foi avaliada qualitativamente e classificada como presente ou ausente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Considerou-se &#8220;presente&#8221; quando a capta&#231;&#227;o visual superava a do pool sangu&#237;neo na aorta. Nos casos com capta&#231;&#227;o presente, os pacientes foram subdivididos conforme o padr&#227;o observado: focal (G2a, capta&#231;&#227;o limitada a uma parede), heterog&#234;neo (G2b, capta&#231;&#227;o em mais de uma parede) e difuso (G2c, capta&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea em todas as paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Padr&#245;es de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG analisados. Cortes coronais de tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons combinada com imagens de tomografia computadorizada representando os padr&#245;es analisados de capta&#231;&#227;o de FDG no mioc&#225;rdio. Da esquerda para a direita: aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o de FDG no mioc&#225;rdio (G1); capta&#231;&#227;o focal (G2a), capta&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea (G2b) e capta&#231;&#227;o difusa (G2c). FDG: fluordesoxiglicose-18F.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais; as cont&#237;nuas, como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. Os pacientes foram agrupados em G1 (aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG) e G2 (presen&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o). Em seguida, comparou-se G1 com os subgrupos G2a (focal), G2b (heterog&#234;neo) e G2c (difuso). Utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e, quando indicado, o teste exato de Fisher. A normalidade foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Aplicou-se regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para identificar fatores associados &#224; capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, ajustando para potenciais confundidores. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas no MedCalc<sup>&#174;</sup> Statistical Software vers&#227;o 23.0.2 (MedCalc Software Ltd, Oostende, B&#233;lgica), adotando-se P &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 991 exames oncol&#243;gicos de FDG PET/CT realizados, oito foram exclu&#237;dos: cinco por fichas cl&#237;nicas incompletas e tr&#234;s por impossibilidade t&#233;cnica de avaliar as imagens. Entre os 983 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, 883 (89,8%) tinham todos os dados cl&#237;nicos para an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. As neoplasias mais prevalentes foram linfoma (28,91%) e c&#226;ncer de mama (17,6%), com a distribui&#231;&#227;o global apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>. Cerca de 75% dos pacientes haviam recebido algum tratamento oncol&#243;gico antes do PET/CT, incluindo quimioterapia (73,94%) e radioterapia mediastinal (25,83%).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra e compara&#231;&#227;o entre aus&#234;ncia (G1) e presen&#231;a (G2) de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Total (n = 983)</th>
                <th>G1 (n = 559)</th>
                <th>G2 (n = 424)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo feminino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">628 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">389 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">238 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,665</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Peso (kg)*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">69 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#177; 16</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Altura (m)*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,61 &#177; 0,99</td>
                <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">1,62 &#177; 0,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">25 &#177; 7</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HGT (mg/dl)*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">104 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">99 &#177; 24</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">0,277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Motivo do exame</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de resposta ao tratamento</td>
                <td align="center">448 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">251 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">197 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,633</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Controle</td>
                <td align="center">113 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (11%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estadiamento</td>
                <td align="center">196 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (18%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reestadiamento</td>
                <td align="center">223 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Radioterapia mediastinal</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">251 (26%)</td>
                <td align="center">152 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (24%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Quimioterapia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">718 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">409 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">309 (74%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,923</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">392 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">214 (38%)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,260</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes melito</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">193 (20%)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (22%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">107 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">155 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,856</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DAC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">30 (3%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Uso de medica&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">349 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">199 (36%)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,915</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HGT: hemoglucoteste. * Valores de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o absoluta dos tipos de c&#226;nceres na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 983).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>No preparo para o exame, 982 pacientes (99,9%) seguiram a dieta recomendada, com tempo m&#233;dio de jejum de 6 horas. A principal indica&#231;&#227;o foi a avalia&#231;&#227;o de resposta ao tratamento, em 448 casos (45,71%). Na an&#225;lise visual, 559 pacientes (56,8%) n&#227;o apresentaram capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG (G1), enquanto 424 (43,2%) apresentaram capta&#231;&#227;o: focal em 88 (8,95%), heterog&#234;nea em 249 (25,4%) e difusa em 87 (8,85%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de pizza ilustrando a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Ao lado do gr&#225;fico, imagens coronais do PET/CT exemplificam os padr&#245;es analisados: G1, aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o; G2a, capta&#231;&#227;o focal; G2b, capta&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea; G2c, capta&#231;&#227;o difusa. FDG: fluordesoxiglicose-18F; PET/CT: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre G1 (aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o) e G2 (presen&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG) est&#225; na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Na an&#225;lise univariada, G1 apresentou menor peso, menor altura e menor IMC, al&#233;m de maior preval&#234;ncia de sexo feminino, diabetes e DAC. Na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, maior peso e sexo masculino foram fatores independentes associados &#224; presen&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, enquanto diabetes e DAC associaram-se independentemente &#224; aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis preditoras associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG no PET/CT. As ORs e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (linhas pretas cont&#237;nuas) foram estimados por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. OR &gt; 1 indica associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com a capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; OR &lt; 1, associa&#231;&#227;o negativa. O valor p reflete a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de cada vari&#225;vel. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; FDG: fluordesoxiglicose-18F; OR: odds ratio; PET/CT: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos subgrupos de capta&#231;&#227;o (G2a, G2b e G2c) versus G1, a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica mostrou: maior IMC como preditor independente de capta&#231;&#227;o focal (G2a); sexo masculino como preditor de capta&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea (G2b) ou difusa (G2c); maior peso associado &#224; capta&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea (G2b); e diabetes melito e radioterapia mediastinal associados &#224; aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o (G1) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis preditoras da capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG no PET/CT. As ORs e seus intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% (linhas pretas cont&#237;nuas) foram estimadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. OR &gt; 1 indica associa&#231;&#227;o positiva; OR &lt; 1, associa&#231;&#227;o negativa. O valor p expressa a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. *Vari&#225;veis analisadas especificamente para capta&#231;&#227;o difusa. FDG: fluordesoxiglicose-18F; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; OR: odds ratio; PET/CT: tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons/tomografia computadorizada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os exames oncol&#243;gicos de PET/CT revelaram perfis variados de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, influenciados por fatores de risco cardiovascular e comorbidades. Caracter&#237;sticas como sexo, peso corporal, diabetes e DAC parecem modular a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose pelo mioc&#225;rdio. Na atual era do metabolismo card&#237;aco, compreender como as c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas utilizam glicose &#233; essencial para elucidar de que forma as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares impactam diretamente a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, dada a rela&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca entre metabolismo energ&#233;tico e desempenho mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Esse entendimento pode ampliar as aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do PET/CT com FDG para al&#233;m do contexto oncol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o, &#243;rg&#227;o de alta demanda energ&#233;tica, depende predominantemente da fosforila&#231;&#227;o oxidativa para sustentar a contra&#231;&#227;o. Sob estresse &#8212; como durante a quimioterapia &#8212; o metabolismo card&#237;aco pode adaptar-se, com maior utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose pela via glicol&#237;tica anaer&#243;bica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A capta&#231;&#227;o de FDG pelo mioc&#225;rdio, contudo, &#233; mediada pela hexoquinase, cuja atividade pode ser amplificada em resposta ao estresse oxidativo, sugerindo que o FDG pode sinalizar n&#227;o apenas a glic&#243;lise, mas tamb&#233;m a atividade antioxidante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Outra explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel &#233; a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias ativadas, que exibem aumento da express&#227;o de transportadores de glicose e, por isso, afinidade pelo FDG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Assim, a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica exige cautela: a eleva&#231;&#227;o observada ap&#243;s quimioterapia pode refletir n&#227;o s&#243; altera&#231;&#245;es no consumo de glicose, mas tamb&#233;m processos como atividade antioxidante ou inflama&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria ao tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos retrospectivos indicam que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG pode atuar como marcador precoce de cardiotoxicidade, associando-se &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Essa possibilidade &#233; promissora, pois permitiria monitorar, em um &#250;nico exame, o c&#226;ncer e eventuais efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudo prospectivo em pacientes com linfoma avaliados antes e ap&#243;s a quimioterapia (dados ainda n&#227;o publicados) n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG e a piora do strain ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Isso sugere que, embora &#250;til para estadiamento e avalia&#231;&#227;o de resposta tumoral, o FDG pode n&#227;o captar toda a complexidade das altera&#231;&#245;es funcionais card&#237;acas subcl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>Neste trabalho, observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre sexo masculino e maior peso corporal com a presen&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG. Em contraste, diabetes e DAC associaram-se &#224; aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foram detectadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre pacientes com e sem hist&#243;rico de tratamento oncol&#243;gico (quimioterapia ou radioterapia). Esses resultados evidenciam a complexidade das intera&#231;&#245;es entre fatores de risco cardiovascular e metabolismo da glicose, indicando que o FDG pode n&#227;o ser um marcador sens&#237;vel para todas as altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas cardioprotetoras. Al&#233;m disso, apontam para padr&#245;es distintos de capta&#231;&#227;o vinculados a comorbidades como diabetes, sobrepeso e DAC, refletindo respostas metab&#243;licas heterog&#234;neas conforme o perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes.</p>
      <p>Estudos indicam que a menor utiliza&#231;&#227;o de glicose pelo mioc&#225;rdio em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes, DAC ou obesidade decorre de m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos. Entre eles, destacam-se a redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de transportadores transmembrana de glicose e a menor transloca&#231;&#227;o desses transportadores em resposta &#224; insulina, em raz&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica t&#237;pica dessas condi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Observa-se, ainda, queda da atividade da piruvato desidrogenase e da capacidade oxidativa mitocondrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Outro fator relevante &#233; o aumento dos &#225;cidos graxos circulantes, associado a menor capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose, sobretudo na presen&#231;a de adiposidade visceral aumentada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, os achados do G1 est&#227;o em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre maior IMC e aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, como seria esperado pelos mecanismos acima. Observou-se, ao contr&#225;rio, que indiv&#237;duos com maior peso &#8212; n&#227;o necessariamente obesos &#8212; exibiram maior ocorr&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o. Assim, investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras devem explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre IMC, distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal e presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o oncol&#243;gica, em que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal assume relev&#226;ncia adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto ao sexo masculino, a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal &#8212; caracterizada por maior propor&#231;&#227;o de massa muscular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo feminino &#8212; e um perfil de menor resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina podem contribuir para maior capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose e, consequentemente, de FDG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Embora os mecanismos n&#227;o estejam totalmente elucidados, postula-se que miocinas liberadas pelo m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico possam melhorar a sensibilidade &#224; insulina no mioc&#225;rdio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> e oferecer prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Medica&#231;&#245;es e comorbidades tamb&#233;m podem influenciar a capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> F&#225;rmacos como inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio-glicose-2 e metformina, por exemplo, podem modificar a capta&#231;&#227;o ao refletirem mudan&#231;as no metabolismo energ&#233;tico, sem necessariamente indicar dano card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> No presente estudo, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as nos padr&#245;es de capta&#231;&#227;o segundo o uso de drogas cardiol&#243;gicas; contudo, por se tratar de delineamento retrospectivo, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar esse aspecto de forma conclusiva. Ademais, comorbidades como diabetes e doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o demandam estratifica&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada, pois diferentes graus de comprometimento metab&#243;lico podem alterar a capta&#231;&#227;o de FDG e dificultar sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados &#233; limitada pela composi&#231;&#227;o da amostra &#8212; majoritariamente de pacientes da rede p&#250;blica, com alta preval&#234;ncia de linfoma e c&#226;ncer de mama. Al&#233;m disso, protocolos espec&#237;ficos para an&#225;lise card&#237;aca da capta&#231;&#227;o de FDG, que incluem per&#237;odos mais longos de jejum, n&#227;o foram adotados, pois n&#227;o constitu&#237;am o objetivo prim&#225;rio do exame. Por ser um estudo retrospectivo, a defini&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis ficou restrita &#224;s fichas cl&#237;nicas, incluindo limita&#231;&#245;es como a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de DAC baseada no uso concomitante de AAS e estatina &#8212; combina&#231;&#227;o que pode ter sido indicada por outros motivos cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o necessariamente por DAC ou cerebrovascular. Reconhecemos, ainda, como limita&#231;&#227;o a an&#225;lise agrupada de diferentes medica&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas e hipoglicemiantes, com mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o, meias-vidas e esquemas de suspens&#227;o distintos, o que impediu avalia&#231;&#227;o mais espec&#237;fica dos impactos metab&#243;licos por classe. Apesar dessas restri&#231;&#245;es, a ampla casu&#237;stica oferece base s&#243;lida para estudos futuros e refor&#231;a a necessidade de investigar, com maior detalhamento, as diferen&#231;as no metabolismo mioc&#225;rdico da glicose em fun&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, bem como sua rela&#231;&#227;o com fen&#243;tipos e poss&#237;veis mecanismos de prote&#231;&#227;o contra cardiotoxicidade.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es, este estudo identificou, de forma pioneira, padr&#245;es distintos de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de FDG, sugerindo fen&#243;tipos metab&#243;licos espec&#237;ficos associados a comorbidades cardiovasculares em pacientes oncol&#243;gicos. Fatores como sexo masculino, maior peso corporal, diabetes e DAC parecem exercer papel relevante na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de FDG pelo mioc&#225;rdio. Diabetes e DAC foram preditores independentes de aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o, ao passo que sexo masculino e maior peso corporal previram presen&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o. Esses achados refor&#231;am a necessidade de aprofundar a compreens&#227;o dos mecanismos subjacentes a tais associa&#231;&#245;es &#8212; n&#227;o apenas para avan&#231;ar o entendimento das doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas, mas tamb&#233;m para consolidar o potencial do PET/CT com FDG na avalia&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade ap&#243;s o tratamento oncol&#243;gico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 68674623.9.0000.8807. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT (OpenAI) para corre&#231;&#227;o de erros gramaticais e ferramenta de busca para reunir informa&#231;&#245;es e refer&#234;ncias relevantes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Edital PROPESQI n&#186;04/2023 - Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC/UFPE/CNPq).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250028i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Myocardial Uptake of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose on Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography: A Window into Cardiovascular Phenotypes and Metabolic Signatures in Patients with Cancer</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3644-0457</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcelo Duarte</given-names>
            <suffix>Sobrinho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-6714-8320</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Le&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Emanuel Davi Lima de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-8046-7379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Accioly</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8102-9654</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourato</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2809-1990</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Becker</surname>
            <given-names>Monica de Moraes Chaves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9899-1612</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Cristina Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Simone Cristina Soares Brand&#227;o Av. Beira Rio, 360, apt 201. CEP 50750-400, Ilha do Retiro, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sbrandaonuclearufpe@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is widely used in cancer care, but its role in assessing cardiotoxicity remains uncertain. Understanding how cardiovascular risk factors influence myocardial glucose uptake may improve its application in this setting.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To investigate associations between cardiac metabolic patterns on oncologic PET/CT and cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study classifying oncologic PET/CT scans by absence (G1) or presence (G2) of myocardial FDG uptake, visually defined as greater than the aortic blood pool. Clinical data and cardiovascular risk factors were analyzed, and logistic regression identified predictors of presence or absence of uptake, adjusting for potential confounders. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> We included 983 scans (64% women; mean age 56 &#177; 15.8 years; 39.9% with hypertension; 19.7% with diabetes), of which 559 (56.8%) were G1 and 424 (43.2%) were G2. The most prevalent cancers were lymphoma (28.9%) and breast (17.6%). Male sex (p = 0.0008) and higher weight (p = 0.0001) were independent predictors of myocardial FDG uptake, whereas diabetes (p = 0.01) and coronary artery disease (p = 0.007) predicted absence of uptake.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Despite limitations, this study identified distinct patterns of myocardial FDG uptake on oncologic PET/CT independently associated with cardiovascular risk factors. These findings support the potential of FDG PET/CT for evaluating cardiotoxicity after cancer treatment.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Myocardial Uptake of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose on Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography: A Window into Cardiovascular Phenotypes and Metabolic Signatures in Patients with Cancer</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>CAD: coronary artery disease; FDG: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; PET/CT: positron emission tomography/computed tomography.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Positron emission tomography/computed tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>18F-fluorodeoxyglucose</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Oncology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is a growing challenge in modern oncology, driven by improved survival among patients with cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this context, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has emerged not only as an oncologic diagnostic tool,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> but also as a potential biomarker of cardiac metabolic alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac metabolism, traditionally sustained by fatty-acid oxidation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> is tightly regulated and influenced by multiple factors such as sex, body weight, and comorbidities &#8212; including diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Myocardial FDG uptake, which reflects myocardial glucose utilization,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> may offer valuable insight into how these determinants modulate cardiac metabolism and potentially influence susceptibility to cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <p>Although prior studies have explored FDG PET/CT for the early detection of cardiotoxicity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> the relationship between myocardial uptake patterns and traditional cardiovascular risk factors remains uncertain. This gap is particularly relevant because routine oncologic scans &#8212; performed without specific cardiac preparation &#8212; may reveal &#8220;metabolic signatures&#8221; consistent with distinct cardiovascular phenotypes.</p>
        <p>In this study, we investigated the association between myocardial FDG uptake patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in a large oncologic population to understand the extent to which these variables influence cardiac metabolism. This knowledge may support the use of FDG PET/CT in evaluating cancer- and treatment-related cardiac alterations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design, setting, and population</title>
          <p>This observational, cross-sectional, analytical, retrospective study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (approval No. 68674623.9.0000.8807). It was conducted in the institution&#8217;s Department of Nuclear Medicine, a regional referral center for FDG PET/CT. We included all patients who underwent FDG PET/CT for an oncologic indication between January 1, 2023 and December 31, 2023. We excluded cases with incomplete clinical forms and/or when PET/CT image assessment was not feasible due to technical issues or unavailability in the digital archive.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients and data sources</title>
          <p>Clinical and epidemiologic data were obtained from pre-scan assessment forms, official reports, and direct image review on Xeleris 4.0 software (GE Healthcare). Collected variables included sex; age (years); weight (kg); height (m); body mass index (BMI); cardiovascular comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, CAD); smoking status; chronic medications (cardiovascular and antihyperglycemic agents); primary malignancy; and oncologic treatments received (radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy).</p>
          <p>CAD was considered present if the patient reported CAD (history of myocardial infarction, angina, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass grafting) or prior stroke, or if they were concurrently using acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and a statin. Cardiovascular medications for primary or secondary prevention were defined as beta-blockers, renin&#8211;angiotensin system inhibitors, ASA, sodium&#8211;glucose cotransporter inhibitors, and statins.</p>
          <p>For PET/CT we recorded the scan date, fasting time, pre-scan diet, indication (staging, restaging, treatment response assessment, or disease surveillance), injected FDG activity (MBq and mCi), and uptake time (minutes). All scans were re-evaluated for the presence or absence of myocardial FDG uptake as described below.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PET/CT acquisition and image analysis</title>
          <p>Per institutional protocol, patients were instructed to follow a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet for 24 hours and to fast for at least 6 hours before the scan. On the day of imaging, body weight and fasting blood glucose (&lt; 180 mg/dL) were measured prior to intravenous FDG administration. The mean administered activity was 233.1 &#177; 135.42 MBq (6.3 &#177; 3.66 mCi). Approximately 60 minutes after injection, images were acquired on a hybrid PET/CT system (GE Discovery 710; 128-slice CT) from the skull base to the mid-thigh, with 1&#8211;3 minutes per bed position. Acquisition parameters included 5-mm slices and 120 kV; no intravenous contrast was used.</p>
          <p>Myocardial FDG uptake was assessed qualitatively and classified as present or absent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Uptake was deemed present when visual myocardial activity exceeded the aortic blood-pool activity. When present, patterns were further categorized as follows: focal (G2a, uptake limited to one wall), heterogeneous (G2b, uptake involving more than one wall), and diffuse (G2c, homogeneous uptake across all left-ventricular walls).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patterns of myocardial FDG uptake analyzed. Coronal positron emission tomography fused with computed tomography images illustrating the myocardial FDG uptake patterns assessed. From left to right: absence of myocardial FDG uptake (G1); focal uptake (G2a); heterogeneous uptake (G2b); and diffuse uptake (G2c). FDG: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages; continuous variables as mean &#177; standard deviation. Patients were grouped as G1 (absence of myocardial FDG uptake) and G2 (presence of uptake), and G1 was compared with G2a (focal), G2b (heterogeneous), and G2c (diffuse). The chi-square test was used for categorical variables, with Fisher&#8217;s exact test when appropriate. Normality was assessed with the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test. Continuous variables with normal distribution were compared using the independent-samples Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test. Logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with myocardial FDG uptake, adjusting for potential confounders. Analyses were performed in MedCalc<sup>&#174;</sup> Statistical Software, version 23.0.2 (MedCalc Software Ltd., Ostend, Belgium). A two-sided P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Of 991 oncologic FDG PET/CT scans performed, eight were excluded &#8212; five due to incomplete clinical forms and three due to technical limitations precluding image assessment. Among the 983 eligible patients, 883 (89.8%) had complete clinical data available for analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Population characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The most prevalent malignancies were lymphoma (28.91%) and breast cancer (17.6%), with overall distribution depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>. Approximately 75% of patients had received prior oncologic treatment before PET/CT, including chemotherapy (73.94%) and mediastinal radiotherapy (25.83%).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample characteristics and comparison between absence (G1) and presence (G2) of myocardial FDG uptake</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Total (n = 983)</th>
                  <th>G1 (n = 559)</th>
                  <th>G2 (n = 424)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">628 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">389 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.665</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Weight (kg)*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#177; 16</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Height (m)*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.61 &#177; 0.99</td>
                  <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">1.62 &#177; 0.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">25 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HGT (mg/dL)*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">104 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">99 &#177; 24</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.277</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Scan indication</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Assessment of treatment response</td>
                  <td align="center">448 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">251 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.633</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Surveillance</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (11%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Staging</td>
                  <td align="center">196 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (18%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Restaging</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mediastinal radiotherapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">251 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chemotherapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">718 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">409 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.923</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">392 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.260</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">193 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">107 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.088</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">155 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.856</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CAD</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30 (3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Use of cardiovascular medications</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">349 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">199 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.915</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; HGT: hemoglucotest. * Mean values &#177; standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Absolute distribution of cancer types in the study population (n = 983).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For scan preparation, 982 patients (99.9%) adhered to the recommended diet, with a mean fasting time of 6 hours. The primary indication was treatment response assessment in 448 cases (45.71%). On visual analysis, 559 patients (56.8%) showed no myocardial FDG uptake (G1), whereas 424 (43.2%) exhibited uptake: focal in 88 (8.95%), heterogeneous in 249 (25.4%), and diffuse in 87 (8.85%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Pie chart illustrating the distribution of myocardial FDG uptake patterns in the study population. Next to the chart, coronal PET/CT images exemplify the analyzed patterns: G1, absence of uptake; G2a, focal uptake; G2b, heterogeneous uptake; G2c, diffuse uptake. FDG: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; PET/CT: positron emission tomography/computed tomography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Comparisons between G1 (absence of uptake) and G2 (presence of myocardial FDG uptake) are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. In univariate analyses, G1 had lower weight, height, and BMI as well as a higher prevalence of female sex, diabetes, and CAD. In logistic regression, higher weight and male sex were independently associated with the presence of myocardial FDG uptake, whereas diabetes and CAD were independently associated with the absence of uptake (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Predictor variables associated with the presence of myocardial FDG uptake on PET/CT. ORs and their 95% CIs (solid black lines) were estimated by logistic regression. OR &gt; 1 indicates a positive association with myocardial uptake; OR &lt; 1, a negative association. The p value reflects the statistical significance of each variable. CAD: coronary artery disease; FDG: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; OR: odds ratio; PET/CT: positron emission tomography/computed tomography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In subgroup analyses (G2a, G2b, G2c) versus G1, logistic regression showed that higher BMI independently predicted focal uptake (G2a); male sex predicted heterogeneous (G2b) or diffuse uptake (G2c); higher weight was associated with heterogeneous uptake (G2b); and diabetes mellitus and mediastinal radiotherapy were associated with absence of uptake (G1) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Predictor variables of myocardial FDG uptake on PET/CT. ORs and their 95% CIs (solid black lines) were estimated by logistic regression. OR &gt; 1 indicates a positive association; OR &lt; 1, a negative association. The p value indicates statistical significance. *Variables analyzed specifically for diffuse uptake. BMI: body mass index; FDG: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose; OR: odds ratio; PET/CT: positron emission tomography/computed tomography.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-123-01-e20250028-50028-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Oncologic PET/CT scans revealed varied profiles of myocardial FDG uptake that were influenced by cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. Characteristics such as sex, body weight, diabetes, and CAD appear to modulate myocardial glucose utilization. In the current era of cardiac metabolism, understanding how myocardial cells use glucose is essential to clarify how cardiovascular diseases directly affect cardiac function, given the intrinsic link between energy metabolism and myocardial performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This insight may broaden the clinical applications of FDG PET/CT beyond oncology.</p>
        <p>The heart, an organ with high energy demand, relies predominantly on oxidative phosphorylation to sustain contraction. Under stress &#8212; such as during chemotherapy &#8212; cardiac metabolism may adapt with increased reliance on anaerobic glycolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Myocardial FDG uptake, however, is mediated by hexokinase, whose activity can be amplified in response to oxidative stress, suggesting that FDG may signal not only glycolysis but also antioxidant activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Another plausible explanation is infiltration by activated inflammatory cells, which display increased expression of glucose transporters and thus higher affinity for FDG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Accordingly, interpreting patterns of myocardial uptake requires caution: elevations observed after chemotherapy may reflect not only changes in glucose consumption but also processes such as antioxidant activity or treatment-related inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Retrospective studies indicate that elevated myocardial FDG uptake may serve as an early marker of cardiotoxicity, associated with reductions in left-ventricular ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This possibility is promising because it could allow simultaneous monitoring of cancer and potential cardiotoxic effects in a single scan.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, a prospective study in patients with lymphoma evaluated before and after chemotherapy (unpublished data) did not find an association between increased myocardial FDG uptake and worsening ventricular strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> This suggests that, while useful for staging and assessing tumor response, FDG may not capture the full complexity of subclinical cardiac functional alterations.</p>
        <p>In the present study, male sex and higher body weight were significantly associated with the presence of myocardial FDG uptake, whereas diabetes and CAD were associated with its absence. No statistically significant differences were detected between patients with and without a history of oncologic therapy (chemotherapy or radiotherapy). These findings highlight the complexity of interactions between cardiovascular risk factors and glucose metabolism, indicating that FDG may not be a sensitive marker for all cardioprotective metabolic changes. They also point to distinct uptake patterns linked to comorbidities such as diabetes, excess weight, and CAD, reflecting heterogeneous metabolic responses according to patients&#8217; clinical profiles.</p>
        <p>Evidence suggests that reduced myocardial glucose utilization in individuals with diabetes, CAD, or obesity arises from multiple mechanisms. These include decreased expression of transmembrane glucose transporters and reduced insulin-stimulated translocation of these transporters due to the insulin resistance typical of these conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Additional contributors include diminished pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and impaired mitochondrial oxidative capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Another relevant factor is the elevation of circulating fatty acids, which is associated with lower glucose uptake &#8212; particularly in the presence of increased visceral adiposity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Findings in G1 are consistent with prior research.</p>
        <p>In the present study, higher BMI was not significantly associated with the absence of myocardial FDG uptake, contrary to what the mechanisms above would suggest. Instead, individuals with greater body weight &#8212; not necessarily those with obesity &#8212; showed a higher likelihood of uptake. Future investigations should therefore examine the relationship among BMI, body-fat distribution, and the presence or absence of myocardial FDG uptake, particularly in people with cancer, where body-composition assessment has added relevance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding male sex, body composition &#8212; characterized by a higher proportion of lean mass compared with females &#8212; and a profile of lower insulin resistance may contribute to greater glucose uptake and, consequently, higher FDG uptake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Although the mechanisms are not fully elucidated, it has been proposed that myokines released by skeletal muscle can enhance insulin sensitivity in the myocardium<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> and confer cardiovascular protection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Medications and comorbidities may also influence myocardial FDG uptake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Agents such as sodium&#8211;glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and metformin, for example, can modify uptake by reflecting shifts in energy metabolism, without necessarily indicating cardiac injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In the present study, we did not observe differences in uptake patterns according to the use of cardiovascular drugs; however, given the retrospective design, this aspect could not be assessed conclusively. Moreover, comorbidities such as diabetes and ischemic heart disease warrant more granular stratification, as varying degrees of metabolic impairment may alter FDG uptake and complicate its interpretation.</p>
        <p>Generalizability is limited by the sample composition &#8212; predominantly patients from the public health system, with a high prevalence of lymphoma and breast cancer. In addition, cardiac-specific FDG protocols, which include longer fasting periods, were not applied because cardiac evaluation was not the primary purpose of the scans. As a retrospective study, variable definitions were constrained by the clinical forms, including the characterization of CAD based on concomitant use of ASA and a statin &#8212; a combination that may have been prescribed for reasons other than coronary or cerebrovascular disease. We also acknowledge as a limitation the grouped analysis of different cardiovascular and antihyperglycemic medications, which have distinct mechanisms of action, half-lives, and withholding regimens, precluding more specific assessment of class-level metabolic effects. Despite such constraints, the large sample provides a solid foundation for future studies and underscores the need to investigate, in greater detail, how cardiovascular risk factors shape myocardial glucose metabolism and how these patterns relate to phenotypes and potential mechanisms of protection against cardiotoxicity.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Despite its limitations, this study is, to our knowledge, the first to identify distinct patterns of myocardial FDG uptake that suggest specific metabolic phenotypes associated with cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with cancer. Factors such as male sex, higher body weight, diabetes, and CAD appear to play a meaningful role in myocardial FDG utilization. Diabetes and CAD independently predicted absence of uptake, whereas male sex and higher body weight predicted its presence. These findings underscore the need to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these associations &#8212; not only to advance understanding of cardiometabolic disease, but also to solidify the potential of FDG PET/CT for evaluating cardiotoxicity after cancer therapy.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco under the protocol number 68674623.9.0000.8807. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to correct grammatical errors and a search tool to gather relevant information and references.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Edital PROPESQI n&#186;04/2023 - Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica (PIBIC/UFPE/CNPq).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
