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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8PXktbbxCbkvFzvMPYsrstr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001200307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250340</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Fisiol&#243;gica de Endotipos Coron&#225;rios: Poss&#237;veis Liga&#231;&#245;es com Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matute-Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#237;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belmonte</surname>
            <given-names>Thalia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Kristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8509-6184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Guimaraes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casanova-Sandoval</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ben&#237;tez</surname>
            <given-names>Iv&#225;n D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuertes-Ferre</surname>
            <given-names>Georgina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7848-0273</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerrero</surname>
            <given-names>Ainhoa P&#233;rez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Segovia</surname>
            <given-names>Ra&#250;l Mill&#225;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Worner</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalo-Calvo</surname>
            <given-names>David De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2793-3631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lleida</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">IRBLleida</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grup de Fisiologia i Patologia Cardiaca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lleida</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">IRBLleida - Grup de Fisiologia i Patologia Cardiaca, Institut de Recerca Biom&#232;dica de Lleida Fundaci&#243; Dr. Pifarr&#233;, Lleida &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">IRBLleida</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine Group</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lleida</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">IRBLleida - Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine Group, Institut de Recerca Biom&#232;dica de Lleida Fundaci&#243; Dr. Pifarr&#233;, Lleida &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">CIBERES</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Salud Carlos III</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Madrid</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaci&#243;n Biom&#233;dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitario de Cabue&#241;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gij&#243;n</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Asturias</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario de Cabue&#241;es, Gij&#243;n, Asturias &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Lleida Biomedical Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Lleida</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lleida</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Lleida &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Zaragoza</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet - Department of Cardiology, Zaragoza &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario Lozano Blesa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Zaragoza</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario Lozano Blesa - Department of Cardiology, Zaragoza &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universitario Son Espases</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Palma</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario Son Espases - Department of Cardiology, Palma &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correpond&#234;ncia:</label> Diego Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova &#8211; Cardiology - Rovira Roure 80, Lleida, 25198 &#8211; Espanha E-mail: <email>d.fernan.2@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250340</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica abrangente dos endotipos coron&#225;rios permanece limitada, especialmente na disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Descrever os perfis hemodin&#226;micos em todo o espectro de endotipos coron&#225;rios e explorar poss&#237;veis liga&#231;&#245;es com a isquemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias cr&#244;nicas submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica invasiva no Projeto ANFIBIO (NCT05374694) foram classificados de acordo com a reserva de fluxo fracionada [(RFF)&#8804;0,80] e o &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria [(IRM) &#8805;25] na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda em quatro grupos: &#237;ndices normais, disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica isolada, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular isolada e disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada. Os &#237;ndices de press&#227;o, fluxo e resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;rios foram comparados entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 130 pacientes foram finalmente inclu&#237;dos. Uma diminui&#231;&#227;o gradual no fluxo coron&#225;rio hiper&#234;mico [(Q<sub>cor</sub>) em mL/min; &#237;ndices normais: 387&#177;192, epic&#225;rdico isolado: 278&#177;153, microvascular isolado: 130&#177;41, combinados: 96&#177;33; p&lt;0,001] e um aumento progressivo na resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria total [(R<sub>Total</sub>) em unidades Wood (WU); &#237;ndices normais: 238&#177;139, epic&#225;rdico isolado: 373&#177;167, microvascular isolado: 694&#177;210, combinado: 999&#177;342; p&lt;0,001] foram observados &#224; medida que mais compartimentos estavam envolvidos. Al&#233;m disso, a disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica foi associada principalmente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o coron&#225;ria distal (Pd) e ao aumento da resist&#234;ncia epic&#225;rdica [(R<sub>Epi</sub>) em WU; &#237;ndices normais: 25&#177;18, epic&#225;rdico isolado: 145&#177;113, microvascular isolado: 66&#177;34, combinados: 389&#177;282; p&lt;0,001], enquanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular foi caracterizada por Pd preservado, mas Q<sub>cor</sub> acentuadamente diminu&#237;do e resist&#234;ncia microvascular aumentada [(R<sub>Micro</sub>) em WU; &#237;ndices normais: 213&#177;124, epic&#225;rdico isolado: 228&#177;73, microvascular isolado: 628&#177;195, combinados: 610&#177;137; p&lt;0,001. A disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada compartilha mecanismos de disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e microvascular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os endotipos coron&#225;rios exibem padr&#245;es hemodin&#226;micos distintos com mecanismos isqu&#234;micos espec&#237;ficos relacionados &#224; press&#227;o e ao fluxo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica integrada &#233; essencial para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o precisa do endotipo e para estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas personalizadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Fisiol&#243;gica de Endotipos Coron&#225;rios: Poss&#237;veis Liga&#231;&#245;es com Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fluxo coron&#225;rio, press&#227;o distal coron&#225;ria e poss&#237;veis liga&#231;&#245;es com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Q: fluxo coron&#225;rio; Pd: press&#227;o coron&#225;ria distal. Q est&#225; relacionado &#224; renova&#231;&#227;o do volume capilar e Pd &#224; press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica capilar. Na disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica, um Pd baixo se traduz em redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica capilar, enquanto a redu&#231;&#227;o em Q &#233; apenas ligeira. Na disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, Pd permanece preservado apesar de uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa em Q. A disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada mostra uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada em Pd juntamente com Q gravemente comprometido.</attrib>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fracionada de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a</funding-source>
          <award-id>CLI 23/04</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Instituto de Salud Carlos III</funding-source>
          <award-id>CP20/00041</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a (SEC/FEC-INV-CLI 23/04). CIBERES &#233; uma iniciativa do Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Um autor recebeu apoio financeiro do Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Miguel Servet 2020: CP20/00041), cofinanciado pela Uni&#227;o Europeia.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina, um modelo bicompartimental &#233; usado para estudar a regula&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coron&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O compartimento epic&#225;rdico, que compreende art&#233;rias &#8805;400&#181;m, cuja fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; distribuir o fluxo sangu&#237;neo para os diferentes territ&#243;rios, e o compartimento microvascular, que compreende art&#233;rias &lt;400&#181;m, arter&#237;olas intermedi&#225;rias e pequenas arter&#237;olas, cuja fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; regular a quantidade de fluxo sangu&#237;neo que chega &#224; rede capilar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica de pacientes com suspeita de s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias cr&#244;nicas (SCC) depende cada vez mais de t&#233;cnicas invasivas que permitem a avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional de cada compartimento coron&#225;rio individualmente ou da circula&#231;&#227;o como um todo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O uso combinado de &#237;ndices coron&#225;rios, como &#8220;reserva de fluxo fracionada&#8221; (RFF), &#8220;reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio&#8221; (RFC) e &#8220;&#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria&#8221; (IRM), juntamente com o teste de vasoespasmo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (VAC), permite uma defini&#231;&#227;o mais refinada dos endotipos coron&#225;rios fisiol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, a maioria dos estudos at&#233; o momento se concentrou na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de endotipos associados &#224; VAC ou disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular em pacientes com angina e art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstru&#237;das (ANOCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em contraste, o perfil fisiol&#243;gico de pacientes com isquemia relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica, ou daqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e microvascular combinadas, permanece amplamente inexplorado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o presente estudo visa caracterizar sistematicamente todo o espectro de endotipos coron&#225;rios fisiol&#243;gicos, incluindo disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica isolada, disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular isolada e disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada epic&#225;rdica e microvascular, em pacientes com suspeita de SCC, integrando &#237;ndices de press&#227;o, fluxo e resist&#234;ncia, e elucidar poss&#237;veis liga&#231;&#245;es mecan&#237;sticas com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica nos diferentes padr&#245;es de disfun&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um subestudo do Projeto ANFIBIO, um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, descritivo e iniciado por investigadores, realizado em quatro centros espanh&#243;is e concebido principalmente para identificar perfis de microRNA relacionados com padr&#245;es de envolvimento coron&#225;rio. O desenho do Projeto ANFIBIO (NCT05374694) j&#225; foi descrito em outra publica&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e, em resumo, inclui pacientes com suspeita de angina encaminhados para angiografia coron&#225;ria e eventual angioplastia, com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o:</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Idade igual ou superior a 18 anos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica sugestiva de angina s&#227;o avaliados por um cardiologista e encaminhados para angiografia coron&#225;ria e eventual angioplastia coron&#225;ria.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que podem causar dor no peito, como doen&#231;a valvar grave (por exemplo, estenose a&#243;rtica grave&#8230;), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar grave, entre outras.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Consentimento informado.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o:</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Alergia ao contraste n&#227;o suscet&#237;vel &#224; pr&#233;-medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Asma br&#244;nquica grave ou intoler&#226;ncia &#224; adenosina.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Bloqueio atrioventricular (&#8805;2&#186; grau) ou intoler&#226;ncia &#224; acetilcolina.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Oclus&#227;o total de qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria que impossibilite medi&#231;&#245;es com fios-guia de press&#227;o-temperatura.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cirurgia pr&#233;via de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Mulheres com possibilidade de gravidez.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal com taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt;30 mL/min/1,73m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Incapacidade de compreender a natureza do estudo e/ou assinar o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Qualquer outra condi&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica que, na opini&#227;o do pesquisador, possa acarretar problemas de seguran&#231;a para os pacientes ou alterar os resultados do estudo.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>O desenho do Projeto ANFIBIO classificou os pacientes de acordo com a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e/ou microvascular, com base nos valores de RFF e IRM. A disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica foi definida como um valor de RFF &#8804; 0,80 e a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular como um valor de IRM &#8805; 25. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) foi obrigat&#243;ria em todos os pacientes, e outros vasos (principais ou secund&#225;rios) foram avaliados apenas em caso de estenose coron&#225;ria &#8805; 30% ou isquemia induzida em testes de estresse, correspondentes aos seus territ&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Portanto, para este subestudo, foi utilizada apenas a avalia&#231;&#227;o da DAE, dispon&#237;vel para todos os pacientes, reclassificando-os de acordo com os valores de RFF e IRM na DAE. Os diferentes grupos de estudo, de acordo com as poss&#237;veis combina&#231;&#245;es de valores de RFF e IRM, s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. O fluxograma do estudo &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Grupos de estudo de acordo com a avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica invasiva</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">FFR e IRM</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#205;ndices Normais (n=66)</td>
                    <td align="center">RFF &gt; 0,8 IRM &lt; 25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Epic&#225;rdico isolado (n=25)</td>
                    <td align="center">RFF &#8804; 0,8 IRM &lt; 25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Microvascular isolado (n=28)</td>
                    <td align="center">RFF &gt; 0,8 IRM &#8805; 25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Combina&#231;&#227;o de Epic&#225;rdio e Microvascular (n=11)</td>
                    <td align="center">RFF &#8804; 0,8 IRM &#8805; 25</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1">
                  <p>RFF: reserva de fluxo fracionada; IRM: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microvascular.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo. OTC: oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica; DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; RFF: reserva de fluxo fracionada; IRM: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria; miRNA: microRNA.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250340-50340-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimento de diagn&#243;stico e medi&#231;&#245;es</title>
          <p>Resumidamente, o protocolo diagn&#243;stico foi realizado da seguinte forma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a angiografia coron&#225;ria diagn&#243;stica, uma an&#225;lise padronizada por angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (ACQ) utilizando o software CAAS 2000 foi realizada em cada centro. As medi&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas invasivas foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Um fio-guia com sensor de press&#227;o e temperatura na ponta (Pressure Wire&#8482; X guidewire 0.014&#8217;, Abbott, IL, EUA) foi utilizado. Ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de 200 &#181;g de nitroglicerina, o sensor de press&#227;o na ponta foi avan&#231;ado at&#233; a por&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio-distal do vaso. A press&#227;o a&#243;rtica em repouso (Pa) e a press&#227;o coron&#225;ria distal (Pd) foram obtidas, e os &#237;ndices de repouso, Pd/Pa e &#8220;raz&#227;o de ciclo completo em repouso&#8221; (RFR), foram determinados. Para medir a Tmn em repouso, bolus intracoron&#225;rios de 3 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina &#224; temperatura ambiente foram injetados manualmente tr&#234;s vezes em sucess&#227;o (3 mL/s).</p>
          <p>Em seguida, a hiperemia m&#225;xima foi induzida utilizando adenosina intravenosa (140 a 180 mg/kg/min) como vasodilatador, e tr&#234;s volumes adicionais de 3 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o salina &#224; temperatura ambiente foram administrados por via intracoron&#225;ria para determinar o Tmn hiper&#234;mico. Finalmente, o RFF, o IRM, o &#8220;IRM corrigido&#8221; (IRM<sub>corr</sub>), o RFC e a &#8220;raz&#227;o de reserva resistiva&#8221; (RRR) foram determinados, utilizando o software Coroventis Coroflow (Coroventis AB, Uppsala, Su&#233;cia), em todos os centros.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m disso, o &#8220;fluxo coron&#225;rio&#8221; em repouso e hiper&#234;mico (Q<sup>cor</sup>), e a &#8220;resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria total&#8221; (R<sup>Total</sup>), a &#8220;resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica&#8221; (R<sub>Epi</sub>) e a &#8220;resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria microvascular&#8221; (R<sub>Micro</sub>), sob hiperemia m&#225;xima, foram calculados por f&#243;rmulas descritas no <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl">Material Suplementar</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Adicionalmente, a VAC foi avaliada em casos que apresentavam &#237;ndices coron&#225;rios normais ou disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular isolada, atrav&#233;s da administra&#231;&#227;o intracoron&#225;ria incremental de acetilcolina (2, 20 e 100 &#181;g) na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, seguindo um protocolo padronizado previamente descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O espasmo epic&#225;rdico foi definido como a presen&#231;a de angina, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e contra&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro arterial &#8805;90%. O espasmo microvascular foi definido como a presen&#231;a de angina, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e contra&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro arterial &lt;90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>&#201; importante destacar que um investigador dedicado foi respons&#225;vel por registrar os valores de cada vari&#225;vel angiogr&#225;fica e fisiol&#243;gica, enquanto os operadores permaneceram alheios &#224; atribui&#231;&#227;o desses valores.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em contagens (percentagens). A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi verificada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana com IIQ (intervalo interquartil), de acordo com sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. Independentemente da distribui&#231;&#227;o, Tmn e Q<sub>cor</sub> foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP e mediana (IIQ). Para comparar vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram utilizados testes qui-quadrado ou testes exatos de Fisher, conforme apropriado. Para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos de estudo, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via. Quando efeitos significativos foram identificados, testes post-hoc com corre&#231;&#227;o de Bonferroni foram aplicados para ajustar o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia em compara&#231;&#245;es entre m&#250;ltiplos grupos e reduzir o risco de erros do Tipo I. Al&#233;m disso, para controlar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o na aloca&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de estudo, foram empregados modelos lineares generalizados, incluindo sexo e presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus como covari&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bicaudal foi definido como p &lt; 0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS Statistics 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De um total de 186 pacientes avaliados para elegibilidade, cento e trinta pacientes foram recrutados para este subestudo do Projeto ANFIBIO. Ap&#243;s a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes de acordo com os valores de RFF e IRM na DAE, a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes finalmente avaliados para esta suban&#225;lise foi a seguinte: a) &#237;ndices normais (n=66); b) disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica isolada (n=25); c) disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular isolada (n=28); e d) disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e microvascular combinada (n=11) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas basais est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do sexo feminino foi maior no grupo com &#237;ndices normais (p=0,002) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros grupos, e o h&#225;bito de fumar variou entre os grupos (p=0,022). Destaca-se a presen&#231;a de uma preval&#234;ncia diferente de diabetes entre os grupos, mostrando menor preval&#234;ncia em pacientes com &#237;ndices normais e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, e maior preval&#234;ncia em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica isolada e disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica combinada (p=0,021). Os modelos lineares generalizados n&#227;o mostraram intera&#231;&#245;es significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo (p=0,080) ou diabetes mellitus (p=0,106) na aloca&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de estudo. Nenhuma outra diferen&#231;a foi observada.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">&#205;ndices Normais (n=66)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Epic&#225;rdico isolado (n=25)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Microvascular isolado (n=28)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Combina&#231;&#227;o de Epic&#225;rdio e Microvascular (n=11)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade, (anos), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">65,8 (10,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,2 (13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,9 (8,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">70,7 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo feminino, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33 (50,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (21,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC, (Kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28,5 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,7 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,2 (4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,9 (6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,650</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>H&#225;bito de fumar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>N&#227;o fumante, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32 (48,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (81,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ex-fumante, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24 (36,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (44,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (63,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Fumante atual, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (15,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Alcoolismo ativo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,373</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">44 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (72,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (81,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (63,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,514</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dislipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38 (57,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (68,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (63,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">13 (19,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (44,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SCA anterior, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (22,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (25,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (15,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,601</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,513</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anamnese por interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (22,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (40,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (29,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,351</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,166</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DPOC, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,804</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SAOS, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico de sangramento grave, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,810</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TFG, (mL/min/1,73m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79,2 (15,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,9 (16,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">73,8 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,1 (12,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,453</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemat&#243;crito, (%), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">41,9 (3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,5 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,3 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">42,3 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,262</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE, (%), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">62,4 (7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,9 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8 (6,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,8 (11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,475</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; SAOS: apneia obstrutiva do sono; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e medidas fisiol&#243;gicas</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e as medidas fisiol&#243;gicas s&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da localiza&#231;&#227;o das estenoses coron&#225;rias foi diferente entre os grupos, destacando-se uma preval&#234;ncia superior de aus&#234;ncia de estenoses coron&#225;rias em pacientes com &#237;ndices normais e disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular isolada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica isolada e disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada (p&lt;0,001). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas fisiol&#243;gicas, sob hiperemia m&#225;xima, a Pd foi menor nos casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica isolada e disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada (&#237;ndices normais: 68 &#177; 16 mmHg vs. epic&#225;rdica isolada: 55 &#177; 15 mmHg vs. microvascular isolada: 75 &#177; 14 mmHg vs. combinada: 56 &#177; 15 mmHg; p&lt;0,001) e a Tmn foi maior nos casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular isolada e disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada (&#237;ndices normais: 0,20 &#177; 0,15 s vs. epic&#225;rdica isolada: 0,27 &#177; 0,12 s vs. microvascular isolada: 0,52 &#177; 0,20 s vs. combinada: 0,71 &#177; 0,32 s; p&lt;0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao espasmo microvascular ou epic&#225;rdico.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas e medidas fisiol&#243;gicas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">&#205;ndices Normais (n=66)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Epic&#225;rdico isolado (n=25)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Microvascular isolado (n=28)</th>
                  <th>Combina&#231;&#227;o de epic&#225;rdio e microvascular (n=11)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Domin&#226;ncia coron&#225;ria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,897</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Direita, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50 (75,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (84,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (82,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (81,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Esquerda, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (13,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (12,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Codomin&#226;ncia, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o da estenose principal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DAE proximal, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36,4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DAE Meia, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16 (24,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (60,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (35,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>DAE distal, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Aus&#234;ncia de estenose, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">44 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (46,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Percentagem de estenose, (QCA %) m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28 (13)&#8224;, &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (14) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (13) *, &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (15) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comprimento da les&#227;o, (mm), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (4) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (10) *</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (5) *</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro do vaso, (mm), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.6 (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medidas fisiol&#243;gicas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pa em repouso, (mm Hg), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">87 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,608</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pd em repouso, (mm Hg), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">83 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tmn em repouso, (s), m&#233;dia (DP) mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,60 (0,28) &#8225;, &#167; 0,56 (0,41-0,78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0,30) &#8225;, &#167; 0,53 (0,48-0,87)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (0,37) *, &#8224; 1,06 (0,70-1,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (0,33) *, &#8224; 1,12 (0,72-1,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pa hiper&#234;mico, (mm Hg), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">75 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pd hiper&#234;mico, (mm Hg), m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68 (16) &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (15) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (14) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (15) &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hiperemia Tmn, (s), m&#233;dia (DP) mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,20 (0,15) &#8225;, &#167; 0,17 (0,13-0,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27 (0,12) &#8225;, &#167; 0,28 (0,18-0,36)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52 (0,20) *, &#8224;, &#167; 0,49 (0,36-0,59)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 (0,32) *, &#8224;, &#8225; 0,69 (0,49-0,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vasoespasmo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,644</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Espasmo microvascular, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (7,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Espasmo epic&#225;rdico, n (%)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">21 (31,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (25,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>DAE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; Pa: press&#227;o a&#243;rtica; Pd: press&#227;o coron&#225;ria distal; Tmn: tempo m&#233;dio de tr&#226;nsito; IIQ: intervalo interquartil. <sup>&#8727;</sup>p&lt;0:05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo &#8220;&#205;ndices Normais&#8221;. &#8224; p&lt;0:05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo &#8220;Epic&#225;rdico Isolado&#8221;. &#8225; p&lt;0:05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo &#8220;Microvascular Isolado&#8221;. &#167; p&lt;0:05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo &#8220;Epic&#225;rdico e Microvascular Combinados&#8221;.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#205;ndices coron&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, s&#227;o apresentados os &#237;ndices coron&#225;rios. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#237;ndices coron&#225;rios, observaram-se diferen&#231;as n&#227;o apenas no RFF e no IRM, utilizados para constituir os grupos, mas tamb&#233;m em todos os demais &#237;ndices coron&#225;rios. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>, observa-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o valor m&#233;dio do Q<sub>cor</sub> hiper&#234;mico e do RFC com o valor m&#233;dio do R<sup>Total</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, observa-se que o R<sub>Epi</sub> e o R<sub>Micro</sub> aumentam nos casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e microvascular, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; &#205;ndices coron&#225;rios</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">&#205;ndices Normais (n=66)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Epic&#225;rdico isolado (n=25)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Microvascular isolado (n=28)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Combina&#231;&#227;o de Epic&#225;rdio e Microvascular (n=11)</th>
                  <th>valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RFF, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,04) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66 (0,13) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,05) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65 (0,14) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IRM, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (5) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (4) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (10) *, &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (8) *, &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RFC, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 (1.4) &#8224;, &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">2,6 (1,3) *</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 (0,8) *</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6 (0,5) *</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pd/Pa, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,04) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,12) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,03) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80 (0,13) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RFR, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,02) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76 (0,17) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 (0,04) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 (0,19) *, &#8225;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IRMcorr, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (5) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (11) *, &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (7) *, &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IRMcorr &#8805;23, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RRR, m&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 (2.0) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 (2.2) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3 (0,9) *, &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2 (0,8) *, &#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>Total</bold>
                    </sub>
                    <bold>,(WU), m&#233;dia (DP) mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">238 (139) &#8224;, &#8225;, &#167; 217 (152-269)</td>
                  <td align="center">373 (167) *, &#8225;, &#167; 360 (237-484)</td>
                  <td align="center">694 (210) *, &#8224;, &#167; 621 (530-773)</td>
                  <td align="center">999 (342) *, &#8224;, &#8225; 936 (800-1173)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>Epi</bold>
                    </sub>
                    <bold>,(WU), m&#233;dia (DP) mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25 (18) &#8224;, &#167; 22 (11-33)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (113) *, &#8225;, &#167; 111 (56-200)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (34)&#8224;, &#167; 58 (40-97)</td>
                  <td align="center">389 (282) *, &#8224;, &#8225; 270 (204-532)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>R</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>Micro</bold>
                    </sub>
                    <bold>,(WU), m&#233;dia (DP) mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">213 (124) &#8225;, &#167; 193 (140-241)</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (73) &#8225;, &#167; 210 (177-276)</td>
                  <td align="center">628 (195) *, &#8224; 571 (486-670)</td>
                  <td align="center">610 (137) *, &#8224; 590 (466-732)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Q</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>cor</bold>
                    </sub>
                    <bold>em repouso, (mL/min), m&#233;dia (DP) mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">126 (71) &#8225;, &#167; 108 (77-148)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (59) &#8225; 113 (69-126)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (27) *, &#8224; 57 (43-86)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (21) * 54 (49-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Q</bold>
                    <sub>
                      <bold>cor</bold>
                    </sub>
                    <bold>hiper&#234;mico, (mL/min), m&#233;dia (DP) mediana (IIQ)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">387 (192) &#8224;, &#8225;, &#167; 353 (261-471)</td>
                  <td align="center">278 (153) *, &#8225;, &#167; 214 (169-333)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (41) *, &#8224; 124 (102-166)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (33) *, &#8224; 87 (71-122)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6"> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>RFF: reserva de fluxo fracionada; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IRM: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria; RFC: reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio; Pd: press&#227;o coron&#225;ria distal; Pa: press&#227;o a&#243;rtica; RFR: raz&#227;o de ciclo completo em repouso; IRMcorr: &#237;ndice corrigido de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria; RRR: raz&#227;o de reserva resistiva; RTotal: resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria total; WU: unidades Wood; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; REpi: resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica; RMicro: resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria microvascular; Qcor: fluxo coron&#225;rio. *p&lt;0:05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo &#8220;&#205;ndices Normais&#8221;. &#8224; p&lt;0:05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo &#8220;Epic&#225;rdico Isolado&#8221;. &#8225; p&lt;0:05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo &#8220;Microvascular Isolado&#8221;. &#167; p&lt;0:05 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo &#8220;Epic&#225;rdico e Microvascular Combinados&#8221;.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#245;es entre os valores m&#233;dios do fluxo coron&#225;rio, da reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio e das resist&#234;ncias coron&#225;rias. hipQcor: fluxo coron&#225;rio hiper&#234;mico; RFC: reserva de fluxo coron&#225;rio; RTotal: resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria total; REpi: resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica; RMicro: resist&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria microvascular; RFF: reserva de fluxo fracionada; IRM: &#237;ndice de resist&#234;ncia microcirculat&#243;ria.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250340-50340-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este subestudo fisiol&#243;gico sugere a exist&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es hemodin&#226;micos coron&#225;rios distintos, ou endotipos coron&#225;rios, com base na localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica da disfun&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Os principais achados podem ser resumidos da seguinte forma: a) houve um aumento progressivo no R<sub>Total</sub> e uma diminui&#231;&#227;o correspondente no Q<sub>cor</sub> hiper&#234;mico e no RFC, &#224; medida que o n&#250;mero de compartimentos afetados aumentava; b) a contribui&#231;&#227;o relativa do R<sub>Epi</sub> e do R<sub>Micro</sub> para o R<sub>Total</sub> variou de acordo com o endotipo espec&#237;fico; e c) a disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica foi caracterizada principalmente pelo aumento do R<sub>Epi</sub> e pela redu&#231;&#227;o do Pd, enquanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular foi definida pelo aumento do R<sub>Micro</sub> e pela redu&#231;&#227;o do Q<sub>cor</sub>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica em diferentes endotipos coron&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados demonstram uma redu&#231;&#227;o gradual no Q<sub>cor</sub> hiper&#234;mico e na RFC de pacientes com fisiologia normal para aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o combinada, sugerindo um comprometimento progressivo da perfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria &#224; medida que mais compartimentos s&#227;o afetados. Esse fen&#244;meno, consistente com relatos anteriores sobre disfun&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria multin&#237;vel, tem sido associado a piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em paralelo, o R<sub>Total</sub> apresentou um aumento progressivo entre os endotipos, corroborando ainda mais o conceito de restri&#231;&#227;o cumulativa do fluxo. Curiosamente, esse aumento no R<sub>Total</sub> n&#227;o teve origem uniforme, pois as respectivas contribui&#231;&#245;es do R<sub>Epi</sub> e do R<sub>Micro</sub> variaram dependendo do local da disfun&#231;&#227;o. Em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica isolada, o aumento no R<sub>Total</sub> foi impulsionado predominantemente pela eleva&#231;&#227;o do R<sub>Epi</sub>. Por outro lado, naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular isolada, o R<sub>Total</sub> estava elevado devido a um aumento acentuado no R<sub>Micro</sub>, consistente com informa&#231;&#245;es anteriores que descrevem o aumento do R<sub>Micro</sub> como uma caracter&#237;stica da disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Notavelmente, os pacientes no grupo de endotipos combinados apresentaram eleva&#231;&#245;es em ambos os componentes de resist&#234;ncia (R<sub>Epi</sub> e R<sub>Micro</sub>).</p>
        <p>Esses achados ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de uma an&#225;lise compartimental abrangente. Embora medidas globais, como a RFC ou o R<sub>Total</sub>, forne&#231;am uma impress&#227;o geral da fisiologia coron&#225;ria, elas podem obscurecer a etiologia subjacente se &#237;ndices espec&#237;ficos de cada compartimento, como RFF, IRM, R<sub>Epi</sub> ou R<sub>Micro</sub>, n&#227;o forem considerados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Isso &#233; relevante n&#227;o apenas em pacientes com angina e achados angiogr&#225;ficos inconclusivos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> que podem apresentar disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, mas tamb&#233;m naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica, nos quais a falha em identificar estenoses hemodinamicamente significativas pode resultar na reten&#231;&#227;o de uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o potencialmente ben&#233;fica. Portanto, a identifica&#231;&#227;o correta do local da disfun&#231;&#227;o permite que os m&#233;dicos adaptem a terapia de forma mais eficaz, abordando a fisiopatologia subjacente espec&#237;fica, seja visando o t&#244;nus microvascular com vasodilatadores, revascularizando e otimizando a terapia medicamentosa para estenoses epic&#225;rdicas ou combinando ambas as abordagens em casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o mista.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que a preval&#234;ncia de VAC epic&#225;rdica e microvascular n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos, sugerindo que a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica foi predominantemente impulsionada por anormalidades estruturais ou funcionais fixas, e n&#227;o por reatividade din&#226;mica transit&#243;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Papel da press&#227;o distal e do fluxo nos endotipos coron&#225;rios: poss&#237;veis liga&#231;&#245;es com a isquemia</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o (Pd) fornece informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais sobre a Pd que impulsiona o sangue atrav&#233;s da microcircula&#231;&#227;o e &#233; diretamente influenciada pela gravidade das estenoses epic&#225;rdicas a montante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>Em nosso estudo, pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na Pd, indicando uma queda substancial de press&#227;o no segmento esten&#243;tico, consistente com seus valores mais baixos de RFF. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o na Pd leva &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica capilar, o que pode comprometer a troca transcapilar de oxig&#234;nio e nutrientes do l&#250;men para o interst&#237;cio e, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, para os cardiomi&#243;citos. Tal comprometimento da oferta de oxig&#234;nio ao mioc&#225;rdio dependente da press&#227;o pode desempenhar um papel central na g&#234;nese da isquemia nesse endotipo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>Notavelmente, isso ocorre apesar de apenas uma modesta redu&#231;&#227;o no Q<sub>cor</sub> hiper&#234;mico, sugerindo que a Pd, em vez do volume de fluxo, &#233; o principal fator limitante para o suprimento metab&#243;lico neste contexto.</p>
          <p>Em contraste, a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular &#233; caracterizada por valores de Pd preservados, mas uma redu&#231;&#227;o acentuada no Q<sub>cor</sub> hiper&#234;mico. Essa redu&#231;&#227;o reflete uma renova&#231;&#227;o prejudicada do volume sangu&#237;neo capilar, limitando a renova&#231;&#227;o do fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio e substratos, apesar da Pd adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>Assim, um mecanismo dependente do fluxo emerge como o principal contribuinte para a isquemia neste contexto, onde a troca volum&#233;trica &#233; insuficiente para atender &#224;s demandas metab&#243;licas do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          <p>Em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e microvascular combinadas, tanto a Pd quanto o Q<sub>cor</sub> est&#227;o gravemente reduzidos, o que implica a coexist&#234;ncia de limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; press&#227;o e ao fluxo. Esse comprometimento duplo provavelmente resulta em uma carga isqu&#234;mica agravada, impulsionada por ambos os mecanismos.</p>
          <p>Em geral, esses achados refor&#231;am a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica integrada que avalie simultaneamente os par&#226;metros de press&#227;o e fluxo coron&#225;rios (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Ilustra&#231;&#227;o Central</xref>). Essa abordagem permite a distin&#231;&#227;o de mecanismos isqu&#234;micos espec&#237;ficos de cada endotipo, dependentes da press&#227;o na disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e dependentes do fluxo na disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>Primeiro, esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise post-hoc de um estudo descritivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> que n&#227;o foi especificamente concebido para o objetivo atual. Segundo, o pequeno tamanho da amostra de alguns grupos, particularmente o grupo com endotipo combinado, pode limitar a robustez de nossas conclus&#245;es. Portanto, os achados devem ser interpretados como geradores de hip&#243;teses e necessitam de confirma&#231;&#227;o em estudos maiores. Terceiro, a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em diferentes grupos foi realizada de acordo com os crit&#233;rios do desenho inicial do estudo, com base nos valores de RFF e IRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, existem preocupa&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; utilidade do uso do IRM para determinar o comprometimento da microcircula&#231;&#227;o em casos de disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Contudo, em nosso estudo, a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes n&#227;o foi afetada pelo uso do IRM em pacientes com valores de RFF &#8804;0,80, visto que nenhum dos pacientes teria sido reclassificado utilizando o IRM<sub>corr</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> em caso de doen&#231;a funcional epic&#225;rdica. Quarto, os resultados se aplicam apenas &#224; DAE, sendo necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais avaliando as art&#233;rias circunflexa esquerda e coron&#225;ria direita.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os endotipos coron&#225;rios definidos por disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica e/ou microvascular exibem diversos padr&#245;es hemodin&#226;micos. &#192; medida que mais compartimentos s&#227;o afetados, observa-se um aumento progressivo no RTotal com uma redu&#231;&#227;o correspondente no Q<sub>cor</sub> e no RFC. A disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica &#233; caracterizada principalmente por uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no Pd, enquanto a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular est&#225; associada principalmente a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o acentuada no Q<sub>cor</sub>. Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia de uma caracteriza&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica integrada para identificar com precis&#227;o o local predominante da disfun&#231;&#227;o e orientar estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas personalizadas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec id="suppl" sec-type="supplementary-material">
      <title>*Material suplementar</title>
      <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
        <label>Material suplementar</label>
        <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/8PXktbbxCbkvFzvMPYsrstr/5fae3bbb527ffd642ab2fb4f1e8f0b98d423f682.pdf"/>
      </supplementary-material>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Luc&#237;a Matute-Blanco pela University of Lleida.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Arnau de Vilanova Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CEIC-2665. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o Diego Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por <italic>Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a</italic> (SEC/FEC-INV-CLI 23/04). CIBERES &#233; uma iniciativa do <italic>Instituto de Salud Carlos III</italic>. Um autor recebeu apoio financeiro do <italic>Instituto de Salud Carlos III</italic> (Miguel Servet 2020: CP20/00041), cofinanciado pela Uni&#227;o Europeia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12212/2025-0340_supplementary.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250340i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physiological Characterization of Coronary Endotypes: Potential Links with Myocardial Ischemia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matute-Blanco</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#237;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of dataAnalysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Belmonte</surname>
            <given-names>Thalia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Kristian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8509-6184</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garc&#237;a-Guimaraes</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casanova-Sandoval</surname>
            <given-names>Juan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ben&#237;tez</surname>
            <given-names>Iv&#225;n D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuertes-Ferre</surname>
            <given-names>Georgina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7848-0273</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerrero</surname>
            <given-names>Ainhoa P&#233;rez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Segovia</surname>
            <given-names>Ra&#250;l Mill&#225;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Worner</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalo-Calvo</surname>
            <given-names>David De</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2793-3631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez</surname>
            <given-names>Diego</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, Lleida &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">IRBLleida - Grup de Fisiologia i Patologia Cardiaca, Institut de Recerca Biom&#232;dica de Lleida Fundaci&#243; Dr. Pifarr&#233;, Lleida &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">IRBLleida - Translational Research in Respiratory Medicine Group, Institut de Recerca Biom&#232;dica de Lleida Fundaci&#243; Dr. Pifarr&#233;, Lleida &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investigaci&#243;n Biom&#233;dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario de Cabue&#241;es, Gij&#243;n, Asturias &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Lleida Biomedical Research Institute (IRBLleida), University of Lleida, Lleida &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet - Department of Cardiology, Zaragoza &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cl&#237;nico Universitario Lozano Blesa - Department of Cardiology, Zaragoza &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universitario Son Espases - Department of Cardiology, Palma &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Diego Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova &#8211; Cardiology - Rovira Roure 80, Lleida, 25198 &#8211; Spain E-mail: d.fernan.2@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Comprehensive physiological characterization of coronary endotypes remains limited, especially in epicardial dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To describe hemodynamic profiles across the full spectrum of coronary endotypes and explore potential links with ischemia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Patients with suspected chronic coronary syndromes who underwent invasive physiological assessment in the ANFIBIO Project (NCT05374694) were classified according to fractional flow reserve [(FFR)&#8804;0.80] and index of microcirculatory resistance [(IMR)&#8805;25] in the left anterior descending artery into four groups: normal indices, isolated epicardial, isolated microvascular, and combined dysfunction. Coronary pressure, flow, and resistance indices were compared between groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 130 patients were finally included. A gradual decrease in hyperemic coronary flow [(Q<sub>cor</sub>) in mL/min; normal indices: 387&#177;192, isolated epicardial: 278&#177;153, isolated microvascular: 130&#177;41, combined: 96&#177;33; p&lt;0.001] and a progressive increase in total coronary resistance [(R<sub>Total</sub>) in Wood units (WU); normal indices: 238&#177;139, isolated epicardial: 373&#177;167, isolated microvascular: 694&#177;210, combined: 999&#177;342; p&lt;0.001] were observed as more compartments were involved. Also, epicardial dysfunction was primarily associated with reduced distal coronary pressure (Pd) and elevated epicardial resistance [(R<sub>Epi</sub>) in WU; normal indices: 25&#177;18, isolated epicardial: 145&#177;113, isolated microvascular: 66&#177;34, combined: 389&#177;282; p&lt;0.001], whereas microvascular dysfunction was characterized by preserved Pd but markedly decreased Q<sub>cor</sub> and increased microvascular resistance [(R<sub>Micro</sub>) in WU; normal indices: 213&#177;124, isolated epicardial: 228&#177;73, isolated microvascular: 628&#177;195, combined: 610&#177;137; p&lt;0.001]. Combined dysfunction shares mechanisms of both epicardial and microvascular dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Coronary endotypes exhibit distinct hemodynamic patterns with specific pressure- and flow-related ischemic mechanisms. Integrated physiological assessment is essential for accurate endotype characterization and personalized therapeutic strategies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Physiological Characterization of Coronary Endotypes: Potential Links with Myocardial Ischemia</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Coronary Flow, Coronary Distal Pressure and Potential Links with Myocardial Ischemia. Q: coronary flow; Pd: distal coronary pressure. Q is related to capillary volume turnover: and Pd to capillary hydrostatic pressure. In epicardial dysfunction: a low Pd translates into reduced capillary hydrostatic pressure: while the reduction in Q is only slight. In microvascular dysfunction: Pd remains preserved despite a significant reduction in Q. Combined dysfunction shows a marked reduction in Pd along with severely impaired Q.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250340-50340-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Fractional Flow Reserve</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In routine clinical practice, a bicompartmental model is used to study the regulation of coronary blood flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The epicardial compartment, which comprises arteries &#8805;400&#181;m, whose function is to distribute blood flow to the different territories, and the microvascular compartment, which comprises arteries &lt;400&#181;m, intermediate arterioles, and small arterioles, whose function is to regulate the amount of blood flow reaching the capillary network.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The physiological evaluation of patients with suspected chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) increasingly relies on invasive techniques that allow for the functional assessment of each coronary compartment individually or the circulation as a whole.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The combined use of coronary indices, such as &#8220;fractional flow reserve&#8221; (FFR), &#8220;coronary flow reserve&#8221; (CFR), and &#8220;index of microcirculatory resistance&#8221; (IMR), along with coronary artery vasospasm (CAV) testing, enables a more refined definition of patient-specific physiological coronary endotypes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, most studies to date have focused on characterizing endotypes associated with CAV or microvascular dysfunction in patients with angina and non-obstructed coronary arteries (ANOCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In contrast, the physiological profiling of patients with ischemia related to epicardial dysfunction, or those with combined epicardial and microvascular dysfunction, remains largely underexplored.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study aims to systematically characterize the full spectrum of physiological coronary endotypes, including isolated epicardial, isolated microvascular, and combined epicardial and microvascular dysfunction, in patients with suspected CCS, by integrating pressure, flow, and resistance indices, and to elucidate potential mechanistic links with myocardial ischemia across the different patterns of coronary dysfunction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>This is a substudy of the ANFIBIO Project, a multicentric investigator-initiated and descriptive study conducted in four Spanish centers and primarily designed to identify miRNA profiles related to patterns of coronary involvement. The design of the ANFIBIO Project (NCT05374694) has been described elsewhere,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and in summary, it includes patients with suspected angina referred for coronary angiography and eventual angioplasty, with the following inclusion and exclusion criteria.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Inclusion Criteria:</title>
            <p>1. Age &#8805; 18 years.</p>
            <p>2. Patients with chest pain suggestive of angina evaluated by a cardiologist and referred for coronary angiography and eventual coronary angioplasty.</p>
            <p>3. Echocardiographic abnormalities that could cause chest pain, such as severe valvular disease (e.g., severe aortic stenosis&#8230;), severe left ventricular dysfunction, severe pulmonary hypertension, among others.</p>
            <p>4. Informed consent.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exclusion Criteria:</title>
            <p>1. Contrast allergy not susceptible to premedication.</p>
            <p>2. Severe bronchial asthma or adenosine intolerance.</p>
            <p>3. Atrio-ventricular block (&#8805;2nd degree) or acetylcholine intolerance.</p>
            <p>4. Acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation.</p>
            <p>5. Acute myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation.</p>
            <p>6. Cardiogenic shock.</p>
            <p>7. Total occlusion of any coronary artery that excludes measurements with pressure-temperature guidewires.</p>
            <p>8. Previous coronary artery bypass grafting.</p>
            <p>9. Women with the possibility of being pregnant.</p>
            <p>10. Renal dysfunction with an estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;30 mL/min/1.73m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.</p>
            <p>11. Inability to understand the nature of the study and/or sign informed consent.</p>
            <p>12. Any other medical condition that, in the opinion of the researcher, may lead to safety issues for patients or may alter the results of the study.</p>
            <p>The design of the ANFIBIO Project classified the patients according to the presence of epicardial and/or microvascular dysfunction, based on the FFR and the IMR values. Epicardial dysfunction was defined as whether the FFR value was &#8804;0.80, and microvascular dysfunction as whether the IMR value was &#8805;25. The evaluation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery was mandatory in all patients, and other vessels (main or secondary) were only evaluated in case of coronary stenosis &#8805;30% or inducible ischemia in stress tests, corresponding to their territories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Therefore, only the LAD evaluation, which was available in all patients, was used for the purpose of this substudy, reclassifying patients according to the FFR and IMR values in LAD. Different groups of study, according to the possible combinations of FFR and IMR values, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The study flow chart is depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t1001">
                <label>Table 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Study groups according to invasive physiological evaluation</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">FFR &amp; IMR</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left">Normal Indices (n=66)</td>
                      <td align="center">FFR &gt; 0.8 IMR &lt; 25</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Isolated Epicardial (n=25)</td>
                      <td align="center">FFR &#8804; 0.8 IMR &lt; 25</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Isolated Microvascular (n=28)</td>
                      <td align="center">FFR &gt; 0.8 IMR &#8805; 25</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>Combined Epicardial &amp; Microvascular (n=11)</td>
                      <td align="center">FFR &#8804; 0.8 IMR &#8805; 25</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN1001">
                    <p>FFR: fractional flow reserve; IMR: index of microvascular resistance.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Study flow chart. CTO: chronic total occlusion; LAD: left anterior descending; FFR: fractional flow reserve; IMR: index of microcirculatory resistance; miRNA: microRNA.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250340-50340-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Diagnostic Procedure and Measurements</title>
            <p>Briefly, the diagnostic protocol was carried out as follows.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> After diagnostic coronary angiography, a standardized analysis by quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) powered by CAAS 2000 was performed at each center. Invasive physiological measurements were performed according to recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> An intracoronary pressure and temperature sensor-tipped guidewire (Pressure Wire TM X guidewire 0.014&#8217;, Abbott, IL, USA) was used. After administration of 200&#181;g of nitroglycerin, the tip pressure sensor was advanced to the mid-distal portion of the vessel. The resting aortic pressure (Pa) and distal coronary pressure (Pd) were obtained, and resting indices, Pd/Pa and &#8220;resting full-cycle ratio&#8221; (RFR) were determined. To measure the Tmn at rest, 3 mL of room-temperature saline intracoronary boluses were injected three times manually in succession (3 mL/s).</p>
            <p>Then, maximal hyperemia was induced using adenosine iv (140 to 180 mg/kg/min) as a vasodilator, and three additional 3 mL of room-temperature saline intracoronary were administered to determine the hyperemic Tmn. Finally, the FFR, the IMR, the &#8220;corrected IMR&#8221; (IMR<sub>corr</sub>), the CFR, and the &#8220;resistive reserve ratio&#8221; (RRR) were determined, using the software Coroventis Coroflow (Coroventis AB, Uppsala, Sweden), in all centers.</p>
            <p>Also, the resting and the hyperemic &#8220;coronary flow&#8221; (Q<sub>cor</sub>)<sub>,</sub> and the &#8220;total coronary resistance&#8221; (R<sub>Total</sub>), the &#8220;epicardial coronary resistance&#8221; (R<sub>Epi</sub>), and the &#8220;microvascular coronary resistance&#8221; (R<sub>Micro</sub>), under maximal hyperemia, were calculated by formulas depicted in the <xref ref-type="sec" rid="suppl_en">Supplementary Material</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Additionally, CAV was assessed in cases presenting with normal coronary indices or isolated microvascular dysfunction, through incremental intracoronary administration of acetylcholine (2, 20, and 100&#181;g) into the left coronary artery, following a standardized protocol previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Epicardial spasm was defined as the presence of angina, electrocardiographic changes, and arterial diameter contraction &#8805;90%. Microvascular spasm was defined as the presence of angina, electrocardiographic changes, and arterial diameter contraction &lt;90%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
            <p>It is noteworthy that a dedicated investigator was responsible for recording the values of each angiographic and physiological variable, while the operators remained blinded to the assignment of these values.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed as counts (percentages). Continuous variables were explored for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables and expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median with interquartile range (IQR), according to their distribution. Irrespective of their distribution, the Tmn and Q<sub>cor</sub> were expressed as mean &#177; SD and median (IQR). To compare categorical variables, Chi-square tests or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests, as appropriate, were used. To compare continuous variables among the study groups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. When significant effects were identified, post-hoc tests with Bonferroni correction were applied to adjust the significance level in multiple group comparisons and reduce the risk of Type I errors. In addition, to control for potential confounding variables in the assignment to the study groups, generalized linear models were employed, including sex and the presence of diabetes mellitus as covariates.</p>
        <p>A two-tailed significance level was set at p &lt; 0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics 20.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From a total of 186 patients evaluated for eligibility, one hundred and thirty patients were recruited for this substudy of the ANFIBIO Project. After reclassifying patients according to FFR and IMR values in LAD, the distribution of patients finally evaluated for this subanalysis was the following: a) normal indices (n=66); b) isolated epicardial dysfunction (n=25); c) isolated microvascular dysfunction (n=28); and d) combined epicardial and microvascular dysfunction (n=11) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>The baseline characteristics are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. The proportion of female patients was higher in the group with normal indices (p=0.002) as compared with other groups, and the smoking habit varied between the groups (p=0.022). Noteworthy is the presence of a different prevalence of diabetes between groups, showing less prevalence in patients with normal indices and microvascular dysfunction, and more prevalence in patients with isolated epicardial and combined epicardial dysfunction (p=0.021). Generalized linear models showed no significant interactions regarding sex (p=0.080) or diabetes mellitus (p=0.106) on the assignment to the study groups. No other differences were observed.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Normal Indices (n=66)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Isolated Epicardial (n=25)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Isolated Microvascular (n=28)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Combined Epicardial and Microvascular (n=11)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age, (years), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">65.8 (10.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.2 (13.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.9 (8.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">70.7 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.050</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Female sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">33 (50.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (12.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (21.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (36.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI, (Kg/m</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">28.5 (5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.7 (3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.2 (4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.9 (6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.650</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoking habit</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Not smoker, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">32 (48.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (81.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Prior smoker, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">24 (36.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (44.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (63.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Current smoker, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">10 (15.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (16.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Active alcoholism, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.373</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">44 (66.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (72.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (81.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (63.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.514</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">38 (57.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (68.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (66.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (63.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.755</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">13 (19.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (44.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (22.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (54.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Familial history of IHD, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior ACS, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">15 (22.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (48.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (25.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Congestive heart failure, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.181</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">10 (15.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.601</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.513</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior PCI, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">15 (22.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (29.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.351</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (11.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.166</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>COPD, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.804</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>OSA, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (16.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (11.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.313</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>History of major bleeding, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.810</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>GFR, (mL/min/1.73m</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">79.2 (15.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.9 (16.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">73.8 (17.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.1 (12.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.453</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hematocrit, (%), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">41.9 (3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.5 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.3 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">42.3 (4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.262</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF, (%), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">62.4 (7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.9 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.8 (6.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.8 (11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.475</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; IHD: ischemic heart disease; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic characteristics and physiological measurements</title>
          <p>Angiographic characteristics and physiological measurements are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. The distribution of the location of coronary stenoses was different between groups, highlighting a superior prevalence of absence of coronary stenoses in patients with normal indices and isolated microvascular dysfunction, as compared with patients with isolated epicardial and combined dysfunction (p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Angiographic characteristics and physiological measurements</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Normal Indices (n=66)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Isolated Epicardial (n=25)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Isolated Microvascular (n=28)</th>
                    <th>Combined Epicardial and Microvascular (n=11)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Angiographic characteristics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Coronary dominance</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.897</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Right, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">50 (75.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (84.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (82.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (81.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Left, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">9 (13.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (12.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (14.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.1%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Codominance, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">7 (10.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.1%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Location of main stenosis</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Left main coronary artery, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Proximal LAD, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">5 (7.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (28.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (36.4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Mid LAD, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">16 (24.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (60.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (35.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (54.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Distal LAD, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (1.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (10.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.1%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Absence of stenosis, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">44 (66.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (46.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Percentage of stenosis, (QCA %), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">28 (13) &#8224;, &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (14) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (13) *, &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (15) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Length of the lesion, (mm), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">9 (4) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (10) *</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (5) *</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Vessel diameter, (mm), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.6 (1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9 (0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.6 (0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.339</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Physiologic measurements</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Resting Pa, (mm Hg), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">87 (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.608</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Resting Pd, (mm Hg), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">83 (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">73 (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">83 (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Resting Tmn, (s), mean (SD) median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.60 (0.28) &#8225;, &#167; 0.56 (0.41-0.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 (0.30) &#8225;, &#167; 0.53 (0.48-0.87)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (0.37) *, &#8224; 1.06 (0.70-1.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06 (0.33) *, &#8224; 1.12 (0.72-1.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hyperemic Pa, (mm Hg), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">75 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">83 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hyperemic Pd, (mm Hg), mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">68 (16) &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (15) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (14) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (15) &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hyperemic Tmn, (s), mean (SD) median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.20 (0.15) &#8225;, &#167; 0.17 (0.13-0.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27 (0.12) &#8225;, &#167; 0.28 (0.18-0.36)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52 (0.20) *, &#8224;, &#167; 0.49 (0.36-0.59)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71 (0.32) *, &#8224;, &#8225; 0.69 (0.49-0.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Coronary artery vasospasm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.644</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Microvascular spasm, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4 (6.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (7.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <list list-type="bullet">
                        <list-item>
                          <p>Epicardial spasm, n (%)</p>
                        </list-item>
                      </list>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">21 (31.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (25.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>SD: standard deviation; Pa: aortic pressure; Pd: distal coronary pressure; Tmn: mean transit time; IQR: interquartile range. *p&lt;0.05 compared with the &#8220;Normal Indices&#8221; group. &#8224; p&lt;0.05 compared with &#8220;Isolated Epicardial&#8221; group. &#8225; p&lt;0.05 compared with &#8220;Isolated Microvascular&#8221; group. &#167; p&lt;0.05 compared with &#8220;Combined Epicardial and Microvascular&#8221; group.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding physiological measurements, under maximal hyperemia, Pd was lower in case of isolated epicardial dysfunction and combined dysfunction (normal indices: 68 &#177; 16 mm Hg vs. isolated epicardial: 55 &#177; 15 mm Hg vs. isolated microvascular: 75 &#177; 14 mm Hg vs. combined: 56 &#177; 15 mm Hg; p&lt;0.001) and Tmn was higher in case of isolated microvascular dysfunction and combined dysfunction (normal indices: 0.20 &#177; 0.15 s vs. isolated epicardial: 0.27 &#177; 0.12 s vs. isolated microvascular: 0.52 &#177; 0.20 s vs. combined: 0.71 &#177; 0.32 s; p&lt;0.001). There were no differences regarding microvascular or epicardial spasm.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary indices</title>
          <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>, coronary indices are depicted. Regarding coronary indices, there were differences, not only in the FFR and IMR that were used to constitute the groups, but also in all the other coronary indices. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>, we observe an inverse relationship between the mean value of the hyperemic Q<sub>cor</sub> and CFR with the mean value of R<sub>Total</sub>. Moreover, we observe that R<sub>Epi</sub> and R<sub>Micro</sub> increase in cases of epicardial and microvascular dysfunction, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Coronary indices</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Normal Indices (n=66)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Isolated Epicardial (n=25)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Isolated Microvascular (n=28)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Combined Epicardial and Microvascular (n=11)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>FFR, mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 (0.04) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66 (0.13) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 (0.05) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65 (0.14) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>IMR, mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">12 (5) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (4) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (10) *, &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (8) *, &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CFR, mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3.6 (1.4) &#8224;, &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">2.6 (1.3) *</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2 (0.8) *</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6 (0.5) *</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Pd/Pa, mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.94 (0.04) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79 (0.12) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.03) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80 (0.13) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>RFR, mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.02) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76 (0.17) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92 (0.04) &#8224;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70 (0.19) *, &#8225;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>IMRcorr, mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">12 (5) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (4) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (11) *, &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (7) *, &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>IMRcorr &#8805;23, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>RRR, mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4.5 (2.0) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">4.0 (2.2) &#8225;, &#167;</td>
                    <td align="center">2.3 (0.9) *, &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2 (0.8) *, &#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>R</bold>
                      <sub>
                        <bold>Total</bold>
                      </sub>
                      <bold>, (WU), mean (SD) median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">238 (139) &#8224;, &#8225;, &#167; 217 (152-269)</td>
                    <td align="center">373 (167) *, &#8225;, &#167; 360 (237-484)</td>
                    <td align="center">694 (210) *, &#8224;, &#167; 621 (530-773)</td>
                    <td align="center">999 (342) *, &#8224;, &#8225; 936 (800-1173)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>R</bold>
                      <sub>
                        <bold>Epi</bold>
                      </sub>
                      <bold>, (WU), mean (SD) median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">25 (18) &#8224;, &#167; 22 (11-33)</td>
                    <td align="center">145 (113) *, &#8225;, &#167; 111 (56-200)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (34) &#8224;, &#167; 58 (40-97)</td>
                    <td align="center">389 (282) *, &#8224;, &#8225; 270 (204-532)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>R</bold>
                      <sub>
                        <bold>Micro</bold>
                      </sub>
                      <bold>, (WU), mean (SD) median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">213 (124) &#8225;, &#167; 193 (140-241)</td>
                    <td align="center">228 (73) &#8225;, &#167; 210 (177-276)</td>
                    <td align="center">628 (195) *, &#8224; 571 (486-670)</td>
                    <td align="center">610 (137) *, &#8224; 590 (466-732)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Resting Q</bold>
                      <sub>
                        <bold>cor</bold>
                      </sub>
                      <bold>, (mL/min), mean (SD) median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">126 (71) &#8225;, &#167; 108 (77-148)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (59) &#8225; 113 (69-126)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (27) *, &#8224; 57 (43-86)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (21) * 54 (49-83)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hyperemic Q</bold>
                      <sub>
                        <bold>cor</bold>
                      </sub>
                      <bold>, (mL/min), mean (SD) median (IQR)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">387 (192) &#8224;, &#8225;, &#167; 353 (261-471)</td>
                    <td align="center">278 (153) *, &#8225;, &#167; 214 (169-333)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (41) *, &#8224; 124 (102-166)</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (33) *, &#8224; 87 (71-122)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>FFR: fractional flow reserve; SD: standard deviation; IMR: index of microcirculatory resistance; CFR: coronary flow reserve; Pd: distal coronary pressure; Pa: aortic pressure; RFR: resting full-cycle ratio; IMRcorr: corrected index of microcirculatory resistance; RRR: resistive reserve ratio; RTotal: total coronary resistance; WU: Wood units; IQR: interquartile range; REpi: epicardial coronary resistance; RMicro: microvascular coronary resistance; Qcor: coronary flow. * p&lt;0.05 compared with the &#8220;Normal Indices&#8221; group. &#8224; p&lt;0.05 compared with &#8220;Isolated Epicardial&#8221; group. &#8225; p&lt;0.05 compared with &#8220;Isolated Microvascular&#8221; group. &#167; p&lt;0.05 compared with &#8220;Combined Epicardial and Microvascular&#8221; group.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Relationships between mean values of Coronary Flow, Coronary Flow Reserve, and Coronary Resistances. hypQcor: hyperemic coronary flow; CFR: coronary flow reserve; RTotal: total coronary resistance; REpi: epicardial coronary resistance; RMicro: microvascular coronary resistance; FFR: fractional flow reserve; IMR: index of microcirculatory resistance.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250340-50340-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This physiological substudy suggests the existence of distinct hemodynamic coronary patterns or coronary endotypes, based on the anatomical location of coronary dysfunction. The main findings can be summarized as follows: a) there was a progressive increase in R<sub>Total</sub> and a corresponding decrease in hyperemic Q<sub>cor</sub> and CFR, as the number of affected compartments increased; b) the relative contribution of R<sub>Epi</sub> and R<sub>Micro</sub> to R<sub>Total</sub> varied according to the specific endotype; and c) epicardial dysfunction was primarily characterized by increased R<sub>Epi</sub> and reduced Pd, while microvascular dysfunction was defined by elevated R<sub>Micro</sub> and reduced Q<sub>cor</sub>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Physiological characterization across coronary endotypes</title>
          <p>Our results demonstrate a stepwise reduction in hyperemic Q<sub>cor</sub> and CFR from patients with normal physiology to those with combined dysfunction, suggesting a progressive impairment in coronary perfusion as more compartments become involved. This phenomenon, consistent with previous reports on multilevel coronary dysfunction, has been associated with worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In parallel, R<sub>Total</sub> exhibited a progressive increase across endotypes, further substantiating the concept of cumulative flow restriction. Interestingly, this increase in R<sub>Total</sub> was not uniform in its origin because the respective contributions of R<sub>Epi</sub> and R<sub>Micro</sub> varied depending on the site of dysfunction. In patients with isolated epicardial dysfunction, the rise in R<sub>Total</sub> was driven predominantly by the elevation in R<sub>Epi</sub>. Conversely, in those with isolated microvascular dysfunction, R<sub>Total</sub> was elevated due to a marked increase in R<sub>Micro</sub>, consistent with previous information describing increased R<sub>Micro</sub> as a hallmark of coronary microvascular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Notably, patients in the combined endotype group exhibited elevations in both resistance components (R<sub>Epi</sub> and R<sub>Micro</sub>).</p>
          <p>These findings underscore the importance of a comprehensive compartmental analysis. While global measurements, such as CFR or R<sub>Total,</sub> provide a general impression of coronary physiology, they may obscure the underlying etiology if compartment-specific indices, such as FFR, IMR, R<sub>Epi,</sub> or R<sub>Micro,</sub> are not considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This is relevant not only in patients with angina and inconclusive angiographic findings,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> who may have microvascular dysfunction, but also in those with epicardial dysfunction, in whom failing to identify hemodynamically significant stenoses may result in withholding potentially beneficial revascularization. Therefore, the correct identification of the site of dysfunction enables clinicians to tailor therapy more effectively, addressing the specific underlying pathophysiology, whether by targeting microvascular tone with vasodilators, revascularizing and optimizing medical therapy for epicardial stenoses, or combining both approaches in cases of mixed dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Importantly, the prevalence of both epicardial and microvascular CAV did not differ significantly between groups, suggesting that myocardial ischemia was predominantly driven by fixed structural or functional abnormalities, rather than by transient dynamic reactivity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> in our population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Role of distal pressure and flow in coronary endotypes: potential links with ischemia</title>
          <p>Pd provides essential insight into the perfusion pressure driving blood through the microcirculation and is directly influenced by the severity of upstream epicardial stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In our study, patients with epicardial dysfunction exhibited a significant reduction in Pd, indicating a substantial pressure drop across the stenotic segment, consistent with their lower FFR values. This reduction in Pd leads to decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure, which may compromise the transcapillary exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the lumen to the interstitium and ultimately to the cardiomyocytes. Such pressure-dependent impairment of myocardial oxygen delivery may play a central role in the genesis of ischemia in this endotype.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Notably, this occurs despite only a modest decline in hyperemic Q<sub>cor</sub>, suggesting that perfusion pressure, rather than flow volume, is the primary limiting factor for metabolic supply in this context.</p>
          <p>In contrast, microvascular dysfunction is characterized by preserved Pd values but a marked reduction in hyperemic Q<sub>cor</sub>. This reduction reflects an impaired turnover of capillary blood volume, limiting the renewal of oxygen and substrate delivery despite adequate perfusion pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Thus, a flow-dependent mechanism emerges as the dominant contributor to ischemia in this setting, where volumetric exchange is insufficient to meet myocardial metabolic demands.</p>
          <p>In patients with combined epicardial and microvascular dysfunction, both Pd and Q<sub>cor</sub> are severely reduced, implicating the coexistence of pressure- and flow-related limitations. This dual compromise likely results in a compounded ischemic burden driven by both mechanisms.</p>
          <p>Overall, these findings support the need for an integrated physiological assessment that concurrently evaluates coronary pressure and flow parameters (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). This approach enables the distinction of endotype-specific ischemic mechanisms, pressure-dependent in epicardial dysfunction and flow-dependent in microvascular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>First, this is a post-hoc analysis of a descriptive study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> which was not specifically designed for the current aim. Second, the small sample size of some groups, particularly the combined endotype group, may limit the robustness of our conclusions. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating and warrant confirmation in larger studies. Third, the classification of patients into different groups was carried out according to the criteria of the initial study design, according to the FFR and IMR values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, there are concerns about the usefulness of using the IMR to determine the affectation of the microcirculation in case of epicardial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, in our study, the classification of patients was not affected by using the IMR in patients with FFR values &#8804; 0.80, since none of the patients would have been reclassified using the IMR<sub>corr</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> in the case of epicardial functional disease. Fourth, results only apply to LAD, requiring further studies evaluating left circumflex and right coronary arteries.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Coronary endotypes defined by epicardial and/or microvascular dysfunction exhibit diverse hemodynamic patterns. As more compartments became affected, a progressive increase in R<sub>Total</sub> with a corresponding reduction in Q<sub>cor</sub> and CFR is observed. Epicardial dysfunction is primarily characterized by a significant reduction in Pd, whereas microvascular dysfunction is mainly associated with a marked decrease in Q<sub>cor</sub>. These findings highlight the importance of an integrated physiological characterization to accurately identify the predominant site of dysfunction and to guide personalized therapeutic strategies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec id="suppl_en" sec-type="supplementary-material">
        <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01_en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application">
          <label>Supplementary material</label>
          <media mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href=""/>
        </supplementary-material>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Luc&#237;a Matute-Blanco, from University of Lleida.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Arnau de Vilanova Hospital under the protocol number CEIC-2665. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the Diego Fern&#225;ndez-Rodr&#237;guez.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Project funded by <italic>Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Cardiolog&#237;a</italic> (SEC / FEC-INV-CLI 23/04). CIBERES is an initiative of the <italic>Instituto de Salud Carlos III</italic>. One author has received financial support from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Miguel Servet 2020: CP20/00041), co-funded by the European Union.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1_en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12212/2025-0340_supplementary.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
