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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pWqTLyV8nRrRKjgFG9zkGkB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001200306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250331</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Baseada em Exerc&#237;cio em Pacientes com Angina Refrat&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3546-4166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4060-4672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6785-7506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4652-1226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4436-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9852-3293</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes Dourado Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, andar AB. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>lucianaocdourado@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250331</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As evid&#234;ncias sobre a seguran&#231;a e os efeitos anti-isqu&#234;micos da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseada em exerc&#237;cio (RCE) em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria (AR) ainda s&#227;o limitadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia de um programa de RCE de 12 semanas em pacientes com AR, com foco na melhora dos sintomas, da capacidade funcional e da carga isqu&#234;mica avaliada por ecocardiografia de estresse com exerc&#237;cio (EEE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, controlado, e unic&#234;ntrico, que avaliou um programa de RCE de 12 semanas em pacientes com AR. Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram randomizados para o grupo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o (GR), que recebeu RCE, ou para o grupo controle (GC), que recebeu apenas tratamento m&#233;dico. Os desfechos avaliados inclu&#237;ram mortalidade, eventos cardiovasculares, sintomas anginosos e par&#226;metros da EEE e do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Na EEE, a dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio foi significativamente maior no GRp&#243;s (ap&#243;s a RCE) em compara&#231;&#227;o com GRpr&#233; (antes da RCE) (&#8710; = 63,24 &#177; 19,87 s; p &lt; 0,01). A quantifica&#231;&#227;o de angina foi menor no GRp&#243;s em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GRpr&#233;, ao GCp&#243;s (ap&#243;s tratamento m&#233;dico isolado) e ao GCpr&#233; (antes do tratamento m&#233;dico isolado) (&#8710; = &#8211;1,64 &#177; 0,48 n, p &lt; 0,01; -3,10 &#177; 0,97 n, p &lt; 0,01; e -2,73 &#177; 0,92 n, p = 0,01, respectivamente). O limiar de angina foi maior em GRp&#243;s em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GRpr&#233; e ao GRp&#243;s (&#8710; = 89,66 &#177; 33,16 s, p = 0,04; e 111,76 &#177; 42,25 s, p = 0,04, respectivamente). A melhora na carga isqu&#234;mica na EEE foi demonstrada pelo aumento do tempo at&#233; o limiar isqu&#234;mico GRp&#243;s em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GCpr&#233;, e ao GCpr&#233; e GRp&#243;s (&#8710; = 83,23 &#177; 21,84 s, p &lt; 0,01; 98,44 &#177; 35,11 s, p = 0,03; e 109,34 &#177; 34,00 s, p &lt; 0,01, respectivamente). No TCPE, o GRp&#243;s apresentou aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio (&#8710; = 104,54 &#177; 28,09 s; p &lt; 0,01) e na dist&#226;ncia percorrida (&#8710; = 131,23 &#177; 30,48 m; p &lt; 0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao GRpr&#233;. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas no VO<sub>2</sub> entre os grupos. Dois pacientes do grupo CG faleceram. Um paciente do GR apresentou angina prolongada durante o treinamento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas nos eventos cardiovasculares maiores entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O programa de RCE de 12 semanas foi seguro e eficaz na melhora da dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, da dist&#226;ncia percorrida e da carga isqu&#234;mica na EEE em pacientes com AR.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia da Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Baseada em Exerc&#237;cio em Pacientes com Angina Refrat&#225;ria</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pWqTLyV8nRrRKjgFG9zkGkB/8b5c9fd9578dd96f5be2294f151373c5acdccf63.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pWqTLyV8nRrRKjgFG9zkGkB/98edcdb5367ba95e6763259aed9ed6bea30f3806.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Angina</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo foi financiado por Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angina refrat&#225;ria (AR) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e debilitante com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a tr&#234;s meses, caracterizada por angina limitante devido &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica que n&#227;o &#233; controlada por meio da combina&#231;&#227;o de tratamento medicamentoso, angioplastia e cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pacientes com AR apresentam comprometimento significativo na qualidade de vida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e diversas terapias alternativas promissoras &#8211; algumas ainda experimentais &#8211; t&#234;m sido testadas com resultados variados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, &#233; urgente a necessidade de incorporar terapias seguras, eficazes e acess&#237;veis para aliviar os sintomas da AR. A reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseada em exerc&#237;cios (RCE) &#233; considerada o padr&#227;o de cuidado na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ela promove adapta&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares ben&#233;ficas que melhoram a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> exercem efeitos anti-isqu&#234;micos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e reduzem eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de seus benef&#237;cios, a RCE n&#227;o &#233; frequentemente prescrita a pacientes com AR na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, devido a preocupa&#231;&#245;es com eventos adversos durante a atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Tal fato decorre da escassez de evid&#234;ncias que sustentem sua seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia no contexto da AR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> j&#225; que esses pacientes geralmente apresentam um limiar isqu&#234;mico (LI) baixo e limita&#231;&#245;es significativas no desempenho f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o treinamento f&#237;sico moderado em pacientes com AR pode melhorar a capacidade funcional &#8211; medida pelo desempenho no teste de caminhada progressiva (<italic>Progressive Shuttle Walk</italic>) &#8211; e reduzir a percep&#231;&#227;o de amea&#231;a da angina, embora n&#227;o pare&#231;a melhorar a percep&#231;&#227;o de qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ainda assim, pouco se sabe sobre a seguran&#231;a e os efeitos anti-isqu&#234;micos da RCE nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, especialmente no que diz respeito &#224; melhora dos sintomas anginosos, da capacidade funcional e da carga isqu&#234;mica avaliada por ecocardiografia de estresse com exerc&#237;cio (EEE), quando os pacientes s&#227;o tratados com terapia m&#233;dica contempor&#226;nea e estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o clinicamente apropriadas.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, testamos a hip&#243;tese de que um programa de RCE com dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 semanas &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia segura e eficaz para melhorar os sintomas anginosos, a capacidade funcional e a carga isqu&#234;mica avaliada por EEE em pacientes com AR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, prospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, que avaliou um programa de RCE de 12 semanas em pacientes com AR. O estudo foi realizado em um hospital universit&#225;rio p&#250;blico terci&#225;rio em S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; local de &#233;tica e pesquisa (CAAE: 24308213.7.0000.0068) e registrado no ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03218891). O estudo seguiu os princ&#237;pios estabelecidos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AR durante o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico em um ambulat&#243;rio especializado. Os participantes eleg&#237;veis eram de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 45 e 75 anos, apresentando angina (classe funcional II a IV da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> [CCS]) persistente por mais de tr&#234;s meses, apesar da terapia m&#233;dica otimizada (&#8805;3 medicamentos antianginosos). Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos apresentavam isquemia mioc&#225;rdica documentada por EEE e n&#227;o eram eleg&#237;veis a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: 1) presen&#231;a de marca-passo definitivo ou cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; 2) ritmo card&#237;aco n&#227;o sinusal; 3) hist&#243;rico de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea) nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses; 4) comprometimento funcional causado por qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que impe&#231;a a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios; 5) restri&#231;&#227;o de atividade classificada como Classe D, segundo os crit&#233;rios da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de eventos durante o exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os pacientes que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram randomizados em blocos para garantir a homogeneidade da amostra, considerando o tamanho da amostra. Uma sequ&#234;ncia gerada por computador foi utilizada para aloc&#225;-los em um dos dois grupos: 1) grupo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o (GR): Tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado combinado com um programa de treinamento f&#237;sico de 12 semanas; 2) grupo controle (GC): Tratamento m&#233;dico otimizado apenas. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais, teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) e EEE tanto na inclus&#227;o quanto ao final do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>Os desfechos pr&#233;-especificados inclu&#237;ram a avalia&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a de um programa de RCE de 12 semanas em pacientes com AR. Essa avalia&#231;&#227;o focou em eventos cl&#237;nicos (morte e eventos cardiovasculares maiores), bem como no impacto sobre os sintomas anginosos &#8211; classe funcional da angina, n&#250;mero de crises de angina por semana (AAW, do ingl&#234;s <italic>angina attacks per week</italic>) e consumo semanal de nitrato de a&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida (SANCW, do ingl&#234;s <italic>short-acting nitrate consumption per week</italic>). Desfechos adicionais inclu&#237;ram a carga isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica e a capacidade funcional avaliada por meio de TCPE e EEE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados em consultas m&#233;dicas antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o por um cardiologista cego quanto &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o dos grupos. A classe funcional da angina segundo a CCS foi avaliada. O AAW e o SANC foram registrados em um di&#225;rio de angina. A ades&#227;o &#224; terapia m&#233;dica foi incentivada durante as consultas, com base na toler&#226;ncia de cada paciente. A prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos antianginosos seguiu as diretrizes cl&#237;nicas vigentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE)</title>
        <p>Para verificar a efic&#225;cia e prescrever o treinamento aer&#243;bico (TA), foi realizado o TCPE antes e ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, utilizando uma esteira motorizada (modelo T2100, GE Healthcare, EUA) e um ergoespir&#244;metro (SensorMedics &#8211; VmaxAnalyzer Assembly, Encore 29S, EUA), seguindo um protocolo de exerc&#237;cio incremental (Balke modificado a 2,5 mph). O TCPE foi realizado conforme as diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O teste de esfor&#231;o foi conduzido, interpretado e interrompido de acordo com as Diretrizes Brasileiras para Teste de Esfor&#231;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A capacidade funcional no TCPE foi avaliada por meio de par&#226;metros de aptid&#227;o cardiopulmonar, bem como pelo limiar de angina (LA) durante o exerc&#237;cio e sua quantifica&#231;&#227;o. O LA foi determinado pelo tempo exato (em segundos) e pela frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) no momento em que o paciente relatou sintomas de angina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia de estresse com exerc&#237;cio (EEE)</title>
        <p>Para determinar a carga isqu&#234;mica, foi realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional com o aparelho Vivid9 (vers&#227;o 110.x.x, GE Healthcare), conforme as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A carga isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdica na EEE foi definida por: 1) escore isqu&#234;mico, calculado pela diferen&#231;a entre os escores em esfor&#231;o e em repouso; e/ou 2) limiar isqu&#234;mico (LI), determinado durante a EEE. O teste de esfor&#231;o foi realizado em um cicloerg&#244;metro para membros inferiores, com aumento progressivo da carga de trabalho de 5 para 25 J/s a cada 3 minutos. O teste foi interrompido conforme os crit&#233;rios das diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Para avaliar a contratilidade segmentar na EEE, foi utilizado um modelo de 17 segmentos, e o &#237;ndice de escore de movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede foi definido com base nas diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O in&#237;cio da isquemia detectada pela EEE foi determinado pelo momento e pela FC em que come&#231;aram as altera&#231;&#245;es regionais na movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede mioc&#225;rdica, sendo considerado o LI. A capacidade funcional na EEE foi avaliada pela dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, carga m&#225;xima atingida, LA (FC e tempo) e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da angina. A angina foi graduada por uma escala subjetiva de dor de 0 (sem dor) a 10 (dor muito intensa).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca baseado em exerc&#237;cio (RCE)</title>
        <p>O programa de RCE foi realizado em um centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de um hospital terci&#225;rio, em uma sala de treinamento com temperatura controlada, equipada com bicicletas ergom&#233;tricas, esteiras e equipamentos para exerc&#237;cios de for&#231;a, sob supervis&#227;o de profissionais qualificados em reabilita&#231;&#227;o. O protocolo consistiu em 36 sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio ao longo de 12 semanas, com frequ&#234;ncia de tr&#234;s vezes por semana. Cada sess&#227;o supervisionada teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 60 minutos, incluindo: 40 minutos de TA, 15 minutos de treinamento resistido e 5 minutos de alongamento. O componente TA incluiu cinco minutos de aquecimento, 30 minutos de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico cont&#237;nuo em esteira motorizada e cinco minutos de desaquecimento. A prescri&#231;&#227;o do TA foi orientada por par&#226;metros fisiol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos do exerc&#237;cio identificados durante o TCPE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> visando uma FC correspondente, no m&#237;nimo, ao primeiro limiar ventilat&#243;rio (VT1) e/ou ao LA, nos casos em que a FC do LA era inferior &#224; FC do VT1.</p>
        <p>O exerc&#237;cio cont&#237;nuo foi incentivado; no entanto, caso o paciente apresentasse angina leve a moderada (classificada at&#233; 3 em uma escala de dor de 0 [sem dor] a 10 [dor intensa]), eram recomendadas breves interrup&#231;&#245;es ou redu&#231;&#227;o da intensidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O exerc&#237;cio era retomado assim que os sintomas cessavam. Os pacientes foram monitorados continuamente por telemetria, e a FC foi registrada no meio e ao final de cada sess&#227;o aer&#243;bica para o c&#225;lculo da FC m&#233;dia de treinamento. Dinitrato de isossorbida sublingual (5 mg) foi administrado conforme necess&#225;rio, com base na toler&#226;ncia individual &#224; angina. Nesses casos, os pacientes eram orientados a n&#227;o retomar o exerc&#237;cio. As sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cio resistido seguiram as diretrizes mais recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A intensidade moderada foi adotada com base na escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o (n&#237;veis 4 a 6) e consistiu em duas s&#233;ries de 8 a 15 repeti&#231;&#245;es. Os exerc&#237;cios foram realizados de forma r&#237;tmica, evitando a apneia e o esfor&#231;o excessivo (manobra de Valsalva), com expira&#231;&#227;o durante a fase de contra&#231;&#227;o ou esfor&#231;o e inspira&#231;&#227;o durante a fase de relaxamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando o software SPSS Statistics 20. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas por mediana e intervalo interquartil. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos, foi aplicado o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney, conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e o teste do qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, conforme apropriado. Equa&#231;&#245;es de estima&#231;&#227;o generalizadas (GEE) foram utilizadas para an&#225;lise de dados longitudinais, e testes post hoc de Bonferroni foram realizados quando diferen&#231;as significativas foram identificadas. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>Para determinar o tamanho da amostra, baseamo-nos em um estudo anterior<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que avaliou a capacidade funcional utilizando o Shuttle Walking Test, assumindo um desvio padr&#227;o de 1,2 e uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia entre os grupos de 0,96. Com esses par&#226;metros, calculamos que seriam necess&#225;rios 26 participantes em cada grupo (interven&#231;&#227;o e controle) para alcan&#231;ar um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. O c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral foi realizado utilizando o software Power and Sample Size Calculator (PS), vers&#227;o 3.0.43.</p>
        <p>O tamanho do efeito para os desfechos cont&#237;nuos foi calculado como a diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias marginais estimadas dividida pelo desvio padr&#227;o baseado no modelo, uma m&#233;trica an&#225;loga ao d de Cohen. Essa abordagem considera a correla&#231;&#227;o intra-indiv&#237;duo nos dados longitudinais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O fluxograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>) ilustra a aloca&#231;&#227;o nos grupos, as perdas e o acompanhamento. Um total de 45 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do no estudo &#8211; 22 alocados para o GR e 23 para o GC.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do grupo reabilita&#231;&#227;o versus grupo controle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250331-50331-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de seguran&#231;a</title>
        <p>Dois pacientes do GC foram a &#243;bito durante o estudo, sendo um por causa cardiovascular. Um paciente do GR apresentou angina prolongada durante uma sess&#227;o de treinamento, foi encaminhado ao departamento de emerg&#234;ncia para observa&#231;&#227;o e posteriormente exclu&#237;do do estudo. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos eventos cardiovasculares maiores entre os grupos ao final do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Eventos cardiovasculares durante o per&#237;odo do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Eventos</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> GR (n=22) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> CG (n=23) </th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte cardiovascular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eventos cardiovasculares maiores, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>GR: grupo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o; GC: grupo controle.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas significativas entre os grupos no in&#237;cio do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; classe funcional da angina segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o da CCS, AAW, SANCW e outros par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos. Ambos os grupos apresentaram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) m&#233;dia dentro da normalidade. Os pacientes do GR haviam sido submetidos a mais interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas do que os do GC.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Dados basais do paciente</th>
                  <th>GR (n=22)</th>
                  <th>GC (n=23)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,4&#177;7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">60,7&#177;9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,2</td>
                  <td align="center">60,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Achados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional da angina CCS (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">31,8</td>
                  <td align="center">43,5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3</td>
                  <td align="center">21,7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9</td>
                  <td align="center">34,8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AAW, n (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (1 - 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,5 - 49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SANCW, n (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25 (0 &#8211; 24,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0 &#8211; 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mmHg (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (100-160)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (90-166)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, mmHg (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,5 (60-98)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (60-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR, bpm (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (51-76)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (40-67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CA, cm (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,9 &#177; 9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">104,8 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, Kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#233;dia &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,7 &#177; 4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC de padr&#227;o obstrutivo (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a de &#250;nico vaso</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a de dois vasos</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">8,7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a de tr&#234;s vasos</td>
                  <td align="center">90,9</td>
                  <td align="center">78,3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE no ecocardiograma, % (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,4 &#177; 7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">49,9 &#177; 9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico de DAC, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,9 &#177; 7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0 &#177; 9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,2</td>
                  <td align="center">43,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CABG)%</td>
                  <td align="center">90,0</td>
                  <td align="center">69,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,2</td>
                  <td align="center">77,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,1</td>
                  <td align="center">82,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,7</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (atual ou anterior) (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">54,5</td>
                  <td align="center">68,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiperlipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,5</td>
                  <td align="center">93,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,8</td>
                  <td align="center">35,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inatividade f&#237;sica (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,7</td>
                  <td align="center">75,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,9</td>
                  <td align="center">60,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Achados laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,0 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dL (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 &#177; 0,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol LDL, mg/dL (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,0 &#177; 25,4</td>
                  <td align="center">89,9 &#177; 40,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol HDL, mg/dL (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,7 &#177; 9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">47,3 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">143,1 &#177; 42,6</td>
                  <td align="center">112,8 &#177; 41,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia de jejum, mg/dL (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">125,5 (99-207)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (91-370)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina glicada, % (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 (5,4-10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (5,5-12,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR, mg/dL (mediana, IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,1-11,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 (0,4-9,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>GR: grupo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o; GC: grupo controle; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; AAW: ataques de angina por semana; SANCW: consumo de nitrato de a&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida por semana; PAS: Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; CA: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; CABG: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (bypass coron&#225;rio); LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; PCR: prote&#237;na c reativa. IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A complexidade dos pacientes foi evidente em ambos os grupos, como demonstrado pelas altas taxas de fatores de risco cardiovascular, padr&#245;es anat&#244;micos da DAC, condi&#231;&#245;es coexistentes e pelo uso frequente de m&#250;ltiplos agentes antianginosos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Os achados laboratoriais n&#227;o revelaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos, exceto pelos n&#237;veis de HDL-colesterol e triglicer&#237;deos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medicamentos usados pelos pacientes no basal</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Medicamento</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> GR (n = 22) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> GC (n = 23) </th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Aspirina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,5</td>
                  <td align="center">95,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Clopidogrel</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estatinas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ezetimibe</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">17,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Betabloqueadores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,5</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% dosagem m&#225;xima (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (25-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (12,5-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,9</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% dosagem m&#225;xima (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (25-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Nitratos de longa dura&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">90,9</td>
                  <td align="center">95,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% dosagem m&#225;xima (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Trimetazidina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">95,5</td>
                  <td align="center">95,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ivabradina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,2</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Inibidores de ECA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9</td>
                  <td align="center">60,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% dosagem m&#225;xima (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (25-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BRAs</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,7</td>
                  <td align="center">30,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% dosagem m&#225;xima (mediana, IIQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diur&#233;ticos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,4</td>
                  <td align="center">47,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Agentes antidiab&#233;ticos orais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50,0</td>
                  <td align="center">52,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Insulina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pacientes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,3</td>
                  <td align="center">30,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>GR: grupo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o; GC: grupo controle; ECA: enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRAs: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina; IIQ: Intervalo Interquartil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico</title>
        <p>Dezenove pacientes do grupo RG completaram o protocolo; dois pacientes desistiram por motivos pessoais e um devido a um evento cardiovascular. A ades&#227;o ao programa de treinamento f&#237;sico foi de 76,7 &#177; 19,0% das sess&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do TA foi de 39,3 &#177; 3,7 minutos. A FC m&#233;dia durante o TA foi de 78,7 &#177; 5,4 bpm, correspondendo a 50,1 &#177; 4,3% da FC m&#225;xima estimada pela idade e 96,7 &#177; 11,3% da FC no limiar ventilat&#243;rio 1 (VT1). A FC limiar para angina durante o TA foi de 81,3 &#177; 8,9 bpm, pr&#243;xima ao LA/isquemia identificado no TCPE. Quinze pacientes (73,7%) apresentaram angina durante o TA, e cinco deles (26,3%) precisaram utilizar nitrato sublingual em pelo menos uma sess&#227;o. A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica m&#233;dia durante o TA foram de 121,7 &#177; 14,1 mmHg e 70,8 &#177; 5,6 mmHg, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Apesar da presen&#231;a de angina, n&#227;o ocorreram arritmias ou depress&#245;es do segmento ST que exigissem a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio durante o TA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao treinamento resistido, os pacientes n&#227;o relataram sintomas de angina e/ou qualquer desconforto muscular; portanto, o treinamento resistido foi realizado conforme o planejado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s 12 semanas de protocolo, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos quanto &#224; classe funcional da angina segundo a CCS, AAW, SANCW ou par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos em cada grupo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">GR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">GC</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s</th>
                  <th>G</th>
                  <th>M</th>
                  <th>Int.</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional da angina CCS, n</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">6 (31,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (14,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (31,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (43,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (42,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (27,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (14,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (40,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (26,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (34,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (28,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia de angina, n</td>
                  <td align="center">11,6&#177;10,1</td>
                  <td align="center">7,18&#177;12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">8,8&#177;11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4&#177;11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumo de nitrato, n</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6&#177;6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5&#177;6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7&#177;7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8&#177;9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">124&#177;16,8</td>
                  <td align="center">119&#177;16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">123&#177;17,6</td>
                  <td align="center">121&#177;20,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">76,3&#177;9,4</td>
                  <td align="center">72,3&#177;9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">74,9&#177;12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">72,5&#177;12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">63,3&#177;6,5</td>
                  <td align="center">61,7&#177;5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">59,3&#177;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">63,3&#177;9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">29,7&#177;4,6</td>
                  <td align="center">29,8&#177;5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">29,9&#177;4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">28,7&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>Dados laboratoriais</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia de jejum, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">131&#177;31,5</td>
                  <td align="center">123&#177;26,8</td>
                  <td align="center">149&#177;72,8</td>
                  <td align="center">143&#177;82,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HBA1C, %</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7&#177;1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">7,0&#177;1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8&#177;1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">75,1&#177;25,4</td>
                  <td align="center">72,8&#177;23,2</td>
                  <td align="center">89,9&#177;40,9</td>
                  <td align="center">93,2&#177;42,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,145</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">39,7&#177;9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0&#177;9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">47,3&#177;12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">48,1&#177;10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG, mL/g</td>
                  <td align="center">143&#177;42,6</td>
                  <td align="center">136&#177;50</td>
                  <td align="center">113&#177;41</td>
                  <td align="center">141&#177;71,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,331</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,1&#177;2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,355</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou n&#250;mero (%). GR: Grupo de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o; GC: grupo controle G: grupo M: momento Int.: Intera&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;: antes da reabilita&#231;&#227;o ou do tratamento m&#233;dico isolado; P&#243;s: ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o ou o tratamento m&#233;dico isolado; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; PAS: Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; HBA1C: hemoglobina glicada; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade CRP: prote&#237;na C reativa; G: RG vs CG M: pr&#233; vs p&#243;s Int.: efeito combinado entre grupo e momento.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o por EEE</title>
        <p>Houve uma melhora significativa na carga m&#225;xima, na quantifica&#231;&#227;o da angina, na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e no tempo at&#233; os limiares de angina e isquemia entre os grupos, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> e nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 2B, 2C e 2D</xref>, respectivamente. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as na FEVE m&#233;dia, nos escores isqu&#234;micos, na FC m&#225;xima ou na FC nos LI e LA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e cardiopulmonares em cada grupo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">GR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">GC</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;</th>
                  <th>P&#243;s</th>
                  <th>G</th>
                  <th>M</th>
                  <th>Int,</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>EEE</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">54,5&#177;7,6</td>
                  <td align="center">53&#177;7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">50&#177;9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">48,8&#177;9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore em repouso, n</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28&#177;0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">1,28&#177;0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45&#177;0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37&#177;0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore no exerc&#237;cio, n</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49&#177;0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36&#177;0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">1,62&#177;0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49&#177;0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Delta score, ua</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21&#177;0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,16&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, s</td>
                  <td align="center">291&#177;89,5</td>
                  <td align="center">344&#177;143</td>
                  <td align="center">277&#177;110</td>
                  <td align="center">266&#177;93,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carga m&#225;xima (W), J/s</td>
                  <td align="center">34,7&#177;17,8</td>
                  <td align="center">46,2&#177;23,8</td>
                  <td align="center">35,2&#177;24,2</td>
                  <td align="center">35&#177;21,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da angina, n</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2&#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4&#177;2,6</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4&#177;2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6&#177;2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico (FC), bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">96,1&#177;9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">95,5&#177;18</td>
                  <td align="center">99,5&#177;15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">94,8&#177;11,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LI (FC), bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">90,5&#177;7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">93,5&#177;12,7</td>
                  <td align="center">93,6&#177;15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">91,6&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo para LI, s</td>
                  <td align="center">241&#177;86,4</td>
                  <td align="center">299&#177;136</td>
                  <td align="center">210&#177;74,9</td>
                  <td align="center">214&#177;83,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (FC), bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">89,1&#177;7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">89,2&#177;8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">92,1&#177;16,5</td>
                  <td align="center">90,6&#177;10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (tempo), s</td>
                  <td align="center">188&#177;80,6</td>
                  <td align="center">265&#177;160</td>
                  <td align="center">204&#177;95,2</td>
                  <td align="center">161&#177;69,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="8">
                    <bold>TCPE</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico VO<sub>2</sub> mL.kg.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">15,9&#177;3,3</td>
                  <td align="center">16,3&#177;4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">15,7&#177;3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6&#177;3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VO<sub>2</sub> previsto, %</td>
                  <td align="center">63,8&#177;19,2</td>
                  <td align="center">64,5&#177;18,3</td>
                  <td align="center">60,2&#177;14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">61,3&#177;10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,80</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da angina, n</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5&#177;1,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2&#177;2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4&#177;2,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VT1 (HR), bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">82,1&#177;9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">82,7&#177;9,7</td>
                  <td align="center">87,6&#177;16,0</td>
                  <td align="center">83,6&#177;10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (time), s</td>
                  <td align="center">198&#177;66</td>
                  <td align="center">322&#177;174</td>
                  <td align="center">248&#177;132</td>
                  <td align="center">287&#177;94</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA (HR), bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">85,9&#177;13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">88&#177;13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">92,5&#177;16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">90,7&#177;15,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QR, ua</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9&#177;0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0&#177;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0&#177;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,0&#177;0,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oxig&#234;nio de pulso, mL/batimento</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6&#177;3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">14,7&#177;3,4</td>
                  <td align="center">12:3&#177;3:1</td>
                  <td align="center">12,9&#177;3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dist&#226;ncia percorrida, m</td>
                  <td align="center">312&#177;151</td>
                  <td align="center">443&#177;205</td>
                  <td align="center">360&#177;155</td>
                  <td align="center">363&#177;130</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o total, s</td>
                  <td align="center">345&#177;124</td>
                  <td align="center">435&#177;181</td>
                  <td align="center">327&#177;141</td>
                  <td align="center">371&#177;128</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. GR: Grupo de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o; GC: grupo controle; G: Grupo; M: Momento; Int.: Intera&#231;&#227;o; Pr&#233;: antes da reabilita&#231;&#227;o ou do tratamento m&#233;dico isolado; P&#243;s: ap&#243;s a reabilita&#231;&#227;o ou o tratamento m&#233;dico isolado; EEE: ecocardiografia de estresse com exerc&#237;cio; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; LI: limiar isqu&#234;mico; LA: limiar de angina; TCPE: teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio VT1: primeiro limiar ventilat&#243;rio; QR: Quociente Respirat&#243;rio; G: GR vs GC; M: pr&#233; vs. p&#243;s; Int.: efeito combinado entre grupo e momento.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#227;o na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio no teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio, dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, tempo at&#233; o limiar isqu&#234;mico e tempo at&#233; o limiar de angina na ecocardiografia de estresse com exerc&#237;cio, por grupo de estudo; GR: grupo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o; GC: grupo controle; EEE: ecocardiografia de estresse com exerc&#237;cio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250331-50331-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Tamanho do efeito (d de Cohen) e Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> Vari&#225;veis (p&#243;s-GR vs. p&#243;s-GC) </th>
                  <th scope="col">d de Cohen</th>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col">IC 95% Inferior</th>
                  <th scope="col">IC 95% Superior</th>
                  <th scope="col">G</th>
                  <th scope="col">M</th>
                  <th scope="col">Int,</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="8">EEE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, s</td>
                  <td>0,65</td>
                  <td>-5,79</td>
                  <td colspan="2">186,32</td>
                  <td>0,07</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Carga m&#225;xima (W), J/s</td>
                  <td>0,49</td>
                  <td>-7,18</td>
                  <td colspan="2">31,76</td>
                  <td>0,31</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da angina, n</td>
                  <td>0,87</td>
                  <td>-5,58</td>
                  <td colspan="2">-0,63</td>
                  <td>0,01</td>
                  <td>0,04</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo para LI, s</td>
                  <td>0,80</td>
                  <td>5,79</td>
                  <td colspan="2">191,09</td>
                  <td>0,02</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo par LA, s</td>
                  <td>0,96</td>
                  <td>0,27</td>
                  <td colspan="2">223,25</td>
                  <td>0,09</td>
                  <td>0,12</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="8">TCPE</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dist&#226;ncia percorrida, m</td>
                  <td>0,47</td>
                  <td>-66,45</td>
                  <td colspan="2">225,76</td>
                  <td>0,76</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td>&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o total, s</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">-32,31</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">231,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>P&#243;s-GR: grupo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o; p&#243;s-GC: grupo controle ap&#243;s tratamento m&#233;dico isolado; G: grupo M: momento Int.: intera&#231;&#227;o EEE: Ecocardiografia de Estresse com Exerc&#237;cio; LI: limiar isqu&#234;mico; LA: limiar de angina TCPE: Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio; G: GR vs. GC M: pr&#233; vs p&#243;s Int.: efeito combinado entre grupo e momento.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de desempenho no TCPE</title>
        <p>Houve um aumento significativo na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio e na dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante o TCPE no grupo RG, conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada no consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> pico) ou em outras vari&#225;veis do TCPE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pela primeira vez, a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da RCE na melhora dos sintomas, da carga isqu&#234;mica e da capacidade funcional foram avaliadas objetivamente em pacientes com AR. Nossos resultados demonstram que um programa de ECR de 12 semanas, realizado pr&#243;ximo aos LA e/ou VT1, foi seguro e apresentou efeitos positivos na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, intensidade da angina e nos limiares isqu&#234;mico e de angina durante a EEE.</p>
      <p>Desde que a RA foi documentada pela primeira vez como uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no in&#237;cio dos anos 2000, a ECR tem sido considerada uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento. No entanto, ainda faltam evid&#234;ncias robustas que sustentem sua seguran&#231;a e orientem sua aplica&#231;&#227;o no contexto da AR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, os pacientes apresentavam angina debilitante devido &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, apesar do uso de pelo menos tr&#234;s classes de agentes antianginosos, e n&#227;o eram eleg&#237;veis para interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana devido &#224; complexidade da doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva. Consequentemente, esses pacientes apresentavam um perfil de alto risco para eventos card&#237;acos adversos induzidos pelo exerc&#237;cio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e suas limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas tornaram tanto a prescri&#231;&#227;o quanto a execu&#231;&#227;o segura do exerc&#237;cio particularmente desafiadoras &#8211; especialmente para alcan&#231;ar a intensidade moderada-alvo.</p>
      <p>No entanto, o treinamento f&#237;sico guiado por par&#226;metros do TCPE e pelo LA &#8211; permitindo a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de sintomas de angina at&#233; o n&#237;vel 3 em uma escala de 0 a 10 &#8211; n&#227;o aumentou o risco de eventos cardiovasculares durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Esses dados s&#227;o refor&#231;ados por resultados anteriores, que demonstraram que uma sess&#227;o aguda de exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico n&#227;o altera os n&#237;veis de hs-cTnT em pacientes com AR, sugerindo que nenhum dano mioc&#225;rdico significativo foi provocado quando o exerc&#237;cio foi realizado conforme o protocolo prescrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da aus&#234;ncia de melhora nos par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos definidos pela classe funcional da angina (CCS), AAW e SANCW &#8211; vari&#225;veis autorreferidas &#8211; consideramos a melhora nos par&#226;metros dos testes de exerc&#237;cio um indicador fundamental do efeito positivo da RCE. O aumento na dura&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, a redu&#231;&#227;o na intensidade da angina e o atraso no in&#237;cio dos sintomas podem impactar positivamente a qualidade de vida, que &#233; o foco central do manejo da AR. Al&#233;m disso, os par&#226;metros dos testes de exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o medidas objetivas, tornando-os indicadores confi&#225;veis de melhora real em pacientes com RA na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o foi observada melhora significativa no VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Devido &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas decorrentes do baixo LA, manter a intensidade moderada-alvo no TA foi desafiador &#8211; e, por vezes, invi&#225;vel &#8211; o que pode explicar a aus&#234;ncia de melhora no VO<sub>2</sub> pico. Ainda assim, mesmo sem aumento no VO<sub>2</sub> pico (o par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico mais importante no TCPE), o aumento na dist&#226;ncia percorrida durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio pode ser interpretado como uma melhora cl&#237;nica, j&#225; que tamb&#233;m &#233; considerado um marcador progn&#243;stico em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A melhora no desempenho durante o exerc&#237;cio (sem altera&#231;&#227;o concomitante no VO<sub>2</sub> pico) pode ser parcialmente explicada por adapta&#231;&#245;es iniciais, como altera&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e musculares induzidas pelo treinamento resistido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, a RC &#233; uma terapia adjuvante vi&#225;vel para pacientes com AR, corroborando sua indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Acreditamos que o programa de RCE de 12 semanas representa um ponto de partida para os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com RA, e que a continuidade da RCE pode promover efeitos adicionais positivos e melhorar a qualidade de vida.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os resultados desta an&#225;lise devem ser interpretados considerando as poss&#237;veis limita&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra foi baseado no &#250;nico estudo anterior que avaliou o efeito da RC em pacientes com AR, apesar de apresentar desfechos pr&#233;-determinados diferentes.</p>
        <p>O estudo apresentou dificuldades de inclus&#227;o devido aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o rigorosos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Um programa de RCE de 12 semanas foi seguro e eficaz na melhora da capacidade funcional e da carga isqu&#234;mica avaliada pelo EEE em pacientes com AR.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; Camila de Assump&#231;&#227;o e Carla Montenegro por suas valiosas contribui&#231;&#245;es que tornaram esta pesquisa poss&#237;vel.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250331i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Safety and Efficacy of Exercise-based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Refractory Angina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3546-4166</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dourado</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Oliveira Cascaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4060-4672</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jord&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Camila Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4561-5717</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6785-7506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gowdak</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Henrique Wolff</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4652-1226</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Negr&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4436-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9852-3293</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Luciana Oliveira Cascaes Dourado Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, andar AB. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lucianaocdourado@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Evidence on the safety and anti-ischemic effects of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (ECR) in patients with refractory angina (RA) remains limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a 12-week ECR program in patients with RA, focusing on improvements in symptoms, functional capacity, and ischemic burden assessed by exercise stress echocardiography (ESE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This was a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial evaluating a 12-week ECR program in patients with RA. Forty-five patients were randomized to either the rehabilitation group (RG), receiving ECR, or the control group (CG), receiving medical treatment (MT) alone. Outcomes included mortality, cardiovascular events, anginal symptoms, and parameters from ESE and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> In ESE, exercise duration was significantly greater in RGpost (after ECR) compared to RGpre (before ECR) (&#8710; = 63.24 &#177; 19.87 s; p &lt; 0.01). Angina quantification was lower in RGpost than in RGpre, CGpost (after MT alone), and CGpre (before MT alone) (&#8710; = &#8211;1.64 &#177; 0.48 n, p &lt; 0.01; &#8211;3.10 &#177; 0.97 n, p &lt; 0.01; and &#8211;2.73 &#177; 0.92 n, p = 0.01, respectively). The angina threshold was higher in RGpost than in RGpre and CGpost (&#8710; = 89.66 &#177; 33.16 s, p = 0.04; and 111.76 &#177; 42.25 s, p = 0.04, respectively). Improvement in ischemic burden on ESE was demonstrated by increased time to ischemic threshold in RGpost compared to RGpre, CGpost, and CGpre (&#8710; = 83.23 &#177; 21.84 s, p &lt; 0.01; 98.44 &#177; 35.11 s, p = 0.03; and 109.34 &#177; 34.00 s, p &lt; 0.01, respectively). In CPET, RGpost showed increased exercise duration (&#8710; = 104.54 &#177; 28.09 s, p &lt; 0.01) and distance covered (&#8710; = 131.23 &#177; 30.48 m, p &lt; 0.01) compared to RGpre. No significant differences in VO<sub>2</sub> were observed between groups. Two patients in the CG group died. One patient in the RG group experienced prolonged angina during training. No significant differences in major cardiovascular events were observed between groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The 12-week ECR-program was safe and effective in improving exercise duration, distance covered and ischemic burden on ESE in patients with RA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Safety and Efficacy of Exercise-based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients with Refractory Angina</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250331-50331-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Angina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Refractory angina (RA) is a chronic and debilitating condition lasting more than three months, characterized by limiting angina due to myocardial ischemia that is not controlled by a combination of medical therapy, angioplasty, and surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients with RA experience significant impairment in quality of life,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and several promising alternative therapies &#8211; some experimental &#8211; have been tested with varying results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, there is an urgent need to incorporate safe, effective, and accessible therapies to alleviate symptoms in RA. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (ECR) is considered the standard of care for the prevention and treatment of chronic coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It promotes beneficial cardiovascular adaptations that improve cardiorespiratory fitness,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> exert anti-ischemic effects,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and reduce cardiovascular events and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite its benefits, ECR is not frequently prescribed to patients with RA in clinical practice due to concerns about adverse events during physical exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This hesitation stems from the limited evidence supporting its safety and efficacy in the context of RA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> as these patients typically have a low ischemic threshold and significant limitations in physical performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies have shown that moderate exercise training in patients with RA can improve functional capacity &#8211; measured by Progressive Shuttle Walk test performance &#8211; and reduce angina threat perception, although it does not appear to enhance perceived quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nevertheless, little is known about the safety and anti-ischemic effects of ECR in this population, particularly regarding improvements in anginal symptoms, functional capacity, and ischemic burden as assessed by exercise stress echocardiography (ESE), when patients are treated with contemporary medical therapy and clinically appropriate revascularization strategies.</p>
        <p>In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a 12-week ECR program is a safe and effective strategy to improve anginal symptoms, functional capacity, and ischemic burden as assessed by ESE in patients with RA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a prospective, single-center, randomized controlled trial evaluating a 12-week cardiac rehabilitation program in patients with RA. The study was conducted at a public tertiary university hospital in S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). It was approved by the local ethics and research committee (CAAE: 24308213.7.0000.0068) and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03218891). The study adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study patients</title>
          <p>Patients diagnosed with RA during clinical follow-up at a specialized outpatient clinic were enrolled. Eligible participants were of both sexes, aged 45 to 75 years, with angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS] functional class II to IV) persisting for more than three months despite optimal medical therapy (&#8805;3 antianginal medications). Included patients had documented myocardial ischemia confirmed by exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) and were not eligible for surgical or percutaneous myocardial revascularization procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included: 1) presence of permanent pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators; 2) non-sinus cardiac rhythm; 3) history of acute coronary syndrome or myocardial revascularization (surgical or percutaneous) within the past three months; 4) functional impairment due to any clinical condition that precludes exercise; 5) activity restriction classified as Class D according to the American Heart Association criteria for risk stratification of exercise-related events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Randomization and intervention</title>
          <p>Patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomized in blocks to ensure ample homogeneity given the sample size. A computer-generated sequence was used to assign them to one of two groups: 1) ECR group (RG), consisting of optimized clinical treatment combined with a 12-week physical training program or 2) control group (CG), consisting of optimized medical treatment alone. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory evaluations, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and ESE both at baseline and at the end of the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study endpoints</title>
          <p>The prespecified endpoints included evaluating the safety of a 12-week ECR program in patients with RA. This assessment focused on clinical events (death and major cardiovascular events), as well as the impact on anginal symptoms &#8211; angina functional class, angina attacks <italic>per</italic> week (AAW) and short-acting nitrate consumption <italic>per</italic> week (SANCW). Additional endpoints included myocardial ischemic burden evaluated through ESE, and functional capacity evaluated through CPET and ESE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical evaluation</title>
          <p>Patients were assessed during medical visits both before and after the intervention by a cardiologist who was blinded to group allocation. The CCS angina functional class was evaluated. The AAW and SANC were recorded in an angina diary. Adherence to medical therapy was encouraged during visits, based on each patient&#8217;s tolerance. Antianginal medications were prescribed in accordance with current clinical guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)</title>
          <p>To verify effectiveness and prescribe the aerobic exercise training (AET), CPET was performed both before and after the intervention using a motorized treadmill (T2100 Model, GE Healthcare, USA) and an ergospirometer (SensorMedics &#8211; VmaxAnalyzer Assembly, Encore 29S, USA), following a graded exercise protocol (modified Balke 2.5 mph). CPET was performed in accordance with the American Heart Association guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The exercise test was performed, interpreted and interrupted according to the Brazilian Guidelines of the exercise test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> CPET was evaluated using cardiopulmonary fitness parameters, and also through angina exercise threshold and its quantification. Angina threshold (AT) was determined at the exact time (in seconds) and HR at which the patient complained of angina symptoms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise stress echocardiography (ESE)</title>
          <p>To assess myocardial ischemic burden, a two-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation was performed with the Vivid9 device (version 110.x.x, GE Healthcare), in accordance with the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Myocardial ischemic burden on ESE was defined by 1) ischemic score, calculated as the difference between stress and rest scores, and/or 2) ischemic threshold (IT), determined during ESE. Exercise testing was performed on a lower limb cycle ergometer, with workload progressively increased from 5 to 25 J/s every 3 minutes. The test was interrupted based on guidelines criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Segmental contractility was assessed using a 17-segment model, and the wall motion score index was defined based on established guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The onset of ischemia identified at the time and HR when regional myocardial wall motion abnormalities first appeared, which was considered the IT. ESE functional capacity was evaluated through exercise duration, peak load, AT (HR and time) and angina quantification. Angina was graded using a subjective pain scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (very intense).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation</title>
          <p>The ECR program was conducted at a cardiovascular rehabilitation center in a tertiary hospital, within a temperature-controlled training room equipped with stationary bikes, treadmills, and strength training equipment, and supervised by qualified rehabilitation professionals. The protocol consisted of 36 exercise sessions over 12 weeks, with sessions held three times per week. Each supervised session lasted 60 minutes and included: 40 minutes of AET, 15 minutes of resistance training, and 5 minutes of stretching. The AET component comprised a 5-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of continuous aerobic exercise on a motorized treadmill, and a 5-minute cool-down. AET prescription was guided by exercise-related physiological parameters identified during CPET,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> targeting a heart rate (HR) corresponding to at least the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) and/or the AT, in cases where AT HR was below VT1 HR.</p>
          <p>Continuous exercise was encouraged; however, if the patient experienced mild to moderate angina (rated up to 3 on a pain scale from 0 [no pain] to 10 [severe pain]), brief interruptions or a reduction in intensity were recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Exercise was resumed once symptoms subsided. Patients were continuously monitored via telemetry, and HR was recorded at the midpoint and end of each aerobic session to calculate the mean training HR. Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (5 mg) was administered as needed, based on individual angina tolerance. In such cases, patients were advised not to resume exercise. Resistance exercise sessions followed the latest guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Moderate intensity was targeted, based on the perceived exertion scale (levels 4 to 6), and consisted of two sets of 8 to 15 repetitions. Exercises were performed rhythmically, avoiding breath-holding and straining (Valsalva maneuver), with exhalation during the contraction or exertion phase and inhalation during the relaxation phase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis and sample size calculation</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 20 software. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables as percentages. Continuous variables that did not present a normal distribution were described using median and interquartile range. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was used to assess data distribution. For comparison between groups, was applied Student&#8217;s t-test unpaired or Mann-Whitney according to distribution for continuous variables, or the Chi-square test for categorical variables, as appropriate. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) were used for longitudinal data analysis, and Bonferroni post hoc tests were conducted when significant differences were identified. Statistical significance was set at a p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          <p>To determine the sample size, we based on a previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> assessing functional capacity using Shuttle Walking Test, assuming a standard deviation of 1.2 and a mean difference among groups was 0.96 between groups. Using these parameters, we calculated that 26 participants were required in each group (intervention and control) to achieve 80% statistical power at a 5% significance level. The sample size calculation was performed using the Power and Sample Size Calculator (PS), version 3.0.43.</p>
          <p>The effect size for the continuous outcomes was calculated as the difference in estimated marginal means divided by the model-based standard deviation, a metric analogous to Cohen&#8217;s d. This approach accounts for the within-subject correlation in the longitudinal data.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The flow diagram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>) illustrates group allocation, withdrawals, and follow-up. A total of 45 patients were included in the study &#8211; 22 assigned to the RG and 23 to the CG.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flow diagram of rehabilitation group versus control group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250331-50331-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Safety evaluation</title>
          <p>Two patients in the CG died during the study &#8211; 1 due to cardiovascular causes. One patient in the RG experienced prolonged angina during a training session, was admitted to the emergency department for observation, and subsequently withdrawn from the study. No significant differences in major cardiovascular events were observed between the groups at the end of the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular events during the study period</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Events</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">RG (n=22)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">CG (n=23)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (8.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular death, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular major events, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>RG: rehabilitation group; CG: control group.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>There were no significant clinical differences between the groups at baseline (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>) with respect to CCS angina functional class, AAW, SANCW, and other clinical parameters. Both groups had a normal mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Patients in the RG group had undergone more coronary interventions than those in the CG group.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients at baseline</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Baseline patient data</th>
                    <th>RG (n=22)</th>
                    <th>CG (n=23)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.4&#177;7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">60.7&#177;9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.2</td>
                    <td align="center">60.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Clinical findings</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCS angina functional class (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">31.8</td>
                    <td align="center">43.5</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">27.3</td>
                    <td align="center">21.7</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9</td>
                    <td align="center">34.8</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AAW, n (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (1 - 35)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.5 - 49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SANCW, n (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25 (0 &#8211; 24.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0 &#8211; 35)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP, mmHg (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (100-160)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (90-166)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP, mmHg (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.5 (60-98)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (60-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR, bpm (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (51-76)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (40-67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AC, cm (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.9 &#177; 9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">104.8 &#177; 11.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.7 &#177; 4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAD obstructive pattern (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>One-vessel disease</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Two-vessel disease</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">8.7</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Three-vessel disease</td>
                    <td align="center">90.9</td>
                    <td align="center">78.3</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Echocardiographic LVEF, % (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.4 &#177; 7.6</td>
                    <td align="center">49.9 &#177; 9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Past medical history</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time from diagnosis of CAD, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.9 &#177; 7.2</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0 &#177; 9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous angioplasty (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.2</td>
                    <td align="center">43.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous CABG (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.0</td>
                    <td align="center">69.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous myocardial infarction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.2</td>
                    <td align="center">77.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.1</td>
                    <td align="center">82.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.7</td>
                    <td align="center">87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking (previous or current) (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">54.5</td>
                    <td align="center">68.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.5</td>
                    <td align="center">93.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.8</td>
                    <td align="center">35.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physical inactivity (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.7</td>
                    <td align="center">75.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Family history of CAD (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.9</td>
                    <td align="center">60.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Laboratory findings</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.0 &#177; 1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine, mg/dL (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2 &#177; 0.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-cholesterol , mg/dL (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.0 &#177; 25.4</td>
                    <td align="center">89.9 &#177; 40.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">39.7 &#177; 9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">47.3 &#177; 12.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides, mg/dL (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">143.1 &#177; 42.6</td>
                    <td align="center">112.8 &#177; 41.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fasting glucose, mg/dL (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">125.5 (99-207)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (91-370)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glycated hemoglobin, (%) (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.3 (5.4-10.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2 (5.5-12.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP, mg/dL (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9 (0.1-11.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4 (0.4-9.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.1</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>RG: rehabilitation group; CG: control group; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; AAW: angina attacks per week; SANCW: short-acting nitrate consumption per week; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; SD: standard deviation; AC: abdominal circumference; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; IQR: interquartile range; CRP: C-reactive protein.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Patient complexity was evident in both groups, as demonstrated by high rates of cardiovascular risk factors, coronary artery disease (CAD) anatomical patterns, coexisting conditions, and the frequent use of multiple antianginal agents (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Laboratory findings revealed no significant differences between the groups, except for HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline medications used by patients allocated in each group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Medication</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">RG (n = 22)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">CG (n = 23)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Aspirin</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.5</td>
                    <td align="center">95.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clopidogrel</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9</td>
                    <td align="center">17.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Statins</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ezetimibe</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">17.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>&#946;-Blockers</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.5</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>% maximum dosage (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (25-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (12.5-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Calcium channel blockers</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.9</td>
                    <td align="center">87</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>% maximum dosage (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (25-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Long-acting nitrates</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">90.9</td>
                    <td align="center">95.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>% maximum dosage (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Trimetazidine</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">95.5</td>
                    <td align="center">95.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ivabradine</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients %</td>
                    <td align="center">18.2</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ACE inhibitors</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients %</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9</td>
                    <td align="center">60.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>% maximum dosage (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (25-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (33-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ARBs</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.7</td>
                    <td align="center">30.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>% maximum dosage (median, IQR)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (50-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diuretics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.4</td>
                    <td align="center">47.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Oral antidiabetic agents</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">50.0</td>
                    <td align="center">52.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Insulin</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Patients (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.3</td>
                    <td align="center">30.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>RG: rehabilitation group; CG: control group; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; IQR: interquartile range.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of exercise training</title>
          <p>Nineteen patients in the RG completed the protocol; two patients withdrew for personal reasons and one due to a cardiovascular event. Adherence to the exercise training program was 76.7 &#177; 19.0% of sessions.</p>
          <p>The mean duration of AET was 39.3 &#177; 3.7 minutes. Mean HR during AET was 78.7 &#177; 5.4 bpm, corresponding to 50.1 &#177; 4.3% of the maximum age-related HR and 96.7 &#177; 11.3% of the VT1 HR. The angina threshold HR during AET was 81.3 &#177; 8.9 bpm, which was near close to the angina/ischemic threshold identified during CPET. Fifteen patients (73.7%) experienced angina during AET, and five of them (26.3%) required sublingual nitrate during at least one AET session. Mean systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure during AET was 121.7 &#177; 14.1 mmHg and 70.8 &#177; 5.6 mmHg, respectively.</p>
          <p>Despite the presence of angina, no arrhythmias or ST-segment depressions requiring cessation of exercise occurred during AET.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Regarding resistance training, patients did not report angina symptoms and/or any muscle discomfort; thus, resistance training was carried out as planned.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical evaluation</title>
          <p>After 12 weeks on the protocol, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of CCS angina functional class, AAW, SANCW, or clinical and laboratory parameters (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Changes in clinical parameters in each group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">GR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">GC</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Valor p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Pre</th>
                    <th>Post</th>
                    <th>Pre</th>
                    <th>Post</th>
                    <th>G</th>
                    <th>M</th>
                    <th>Int.</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina functional class CCS, n</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">6 (31.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">3 (14.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (31.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (31.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (43.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (42.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (27.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (21.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (14.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (40.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (26.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (34.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (28.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina frequency, n</td>
                    <td align="center">11.6&#177;10.1</td>
                    <td align="center">7.18&#177;12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">8.8&#177;11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">10.4&#177;11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nitrate consumption, n</td>
                    <td align="center">4.6&#177;6.5</td>
                    <td align="center">4.5&#177;6.9</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7&#177;7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">5.8&#177;9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
                    <td align="center">124&#177;16.8</td>
                    <td align="center">119&#177;16.5</td>
                    <td align="center">123&#177;17.6</td>
                    <td align="center">121&#177;20.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP, mmHg</td>
                    <td align="center">76.3&#177;9.4</td>
                    <td align="center">72.3&#177;9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">74.9&#177;12.0</td>
                    <td align="center">72.5&#177;12.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR, bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">63.3&#177;6.5</td>
                    <td align="center">61.7&#177;5.7</td>
                    <td align="center">59.3&#177;7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">63.3&#177;9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">29.7&#177;4.6</td>
                    <td align="center">29.8&#177;5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">29.9&#177;4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">28.7&#177;4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>Laboratory data</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fasting glucose, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">131&#177;31.5</td>
                    <td align="center">123&#177;26.8</td>
                    <td align="center">149&#177;72.8</td>
                    <td align="center">143&#177;82.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HBA1C, %</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7&#177;1.3</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">7.0&#177;1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8&#177;1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">75.1&#177;25.4</td>
                    <td align="center">72.8&#177;23.2</td>
                    <td align="center">89.9&#177;40.9</td>
                    <td align="center">93.2&#177;42.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.145</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-c, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">39.7&#177;9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0&#177;9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">47.3&#177;12.7</td>
                    <td align="center">48.1&#177;10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG, mL/g</td>
                    <td align="center">143&#177;42.6</td>
                    <td align="center">136&#177;50</td>
                    <td align="center">113&#177;41</td>
                    <td align="center">141&#177;71.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.331</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP, mg/dL</td>
                    <td align="center">1.68&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">2.7&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">2.1&#177;2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.355</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Data is shown in mean &#177; SD or n: number (%). RG: rehabilitation group; CG: control group; G: group; M: moment; Int.: interaction; Pre: before rehabilitation or medical treatment alone; Post: after rehabilitation or medical treatment alone; CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; BMI: body mass index; HBA1C: glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; CRP: C-reactive protein. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or number (%). G: RG vs CG. M: pre vs post. Int.: combined effect between group and moment.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ESE evaluation</title>
          <p>There was a significant improvement in peak load, angina quantification, exercise duration, and time to angina and ischemic thresholds between groups, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B, 2C, and 2D</xref>, respectively. No differences were found in mean LVEF, ischemic scores, peak HR, or HR at IT and AT (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Changes in echocardiographic and cardiopulmonary parameters in each group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">RG</th>
                    <th colspan="2">CG</th>
                    <th colspan="3">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Pre</th>
                    <th>Post</th>
                    <th>Pre</th>
                    <th>Post</th>
                    <th>G</th>
                    <th>M</th>
                    <th>Int.</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>ESE</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, %</td>
                    <td align="center">54.5&#177;7.6</td>
                    <td align="center">53&#177;7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">50&#177;9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">48.8&#177;9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rest score, n</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28&#177;0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">1.28&#177;0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">1.45&#177;0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">1.37&#177;0.28</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise score, n</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49&#177;0.28</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36&#177;0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">1.62&#177;0.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49&#177;0.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Delta score, au</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21&#177;0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.16&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Exercise Duration, s</td>
                    <td align="center">291&#177;89.5</td>
                    <td align="center">344&#177;143</td>
                    <td align="center">277&#177;110</td>
                    <td align="center">266&#177;93.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak load (W), J/s</td>
                    <td align="center">34.7&#177;17.8</td>
                    <td align="center">46.2&#177;23.8</td>
                    <td align="center">35.2&#177;24.2</td>
                    <td align="center">35&#177;21.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina quantification, n</td>
                    <td align="center">5.2&#177;3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4&#177;2.6</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4&#177;2.3</td>
                    <td align="center">6.6&#177;2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak (HR), bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">96.1&#177;9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">95.5&#177;18</td>
                    <td align="center">99.5&#177;15.8</td>
                    <td align="center">94.8&#177;11.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IT (HR), bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">90.5&#177;7.2</td>
                    <td align="center">93.5&#177;12.7</td>
                    <td align="center">93.6&#177;15.7</td>
                    <td align="center">91.6&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IT time, s</td>
                    <td align="center">241&#177;86.4</td>
                    <td align="center">299&#177;136</td>
                    <td align="center">210&#177;74.9</td>
                    <td align="center">214&#177;83.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT (HR), bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">89.1&#177;7.5</td>
                    <td align="center">89.2&#177;8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">92.1&#177;16.5</td>
                    <td align="center">90.6&#177;10.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT (time), s</td>
                    <td align="center">188&#177;80.6</td>
                    <td align="center">265&#177;160</td>
                    <td align="center">204&#177;95.2</td>
                    <td align="center">161&#177;69.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="8">
                      <bold>CPET</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO<sub>2 peak</sub>, mL.kg.min<sup>-1</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">15.9&#177;3.3</td>
                    <td align="center">16.3&#177;4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">15.7&#177;3.6</td>
                    <td align="center">15.6&#177;3.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VO<sub>2</sub> predicted, %</td>
                    <td align="center">63.8&#177;19.2</td>
                    <td align="center">64.5&#177;18.3</td>
                    <td align="center">60.2&#177;14.8</td>
                    <td align="center">61.3&#177;10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.80</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Angina quantification, n</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4&#177;1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5&#177;1.8</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2&#177;2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4&#177;2.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>VT1 (HR), bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">82.1&#177;9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">82.7&#177;9.7</td>
                    <td align="center">87.6&#177;16.0</td>
                    <td align="center">83.6&#177;10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT (time), s</td>
                    <td align="center">198&#177;66</td>
                    <td align="center">322&#177;174</td>
                    <td align="center">248&#177;132</td>
                    <td align="center">287&#177;94</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT (HR), bpm</td>
                    <td align="center">85.9&#177;13.9</td>
                    <td align="center">88&#177;13.1</td>
                    <td align="center">92.5&#177;16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">90.7&#177;15.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RQ, au</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9&#177;0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0&#177;0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0&#177;0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.0&#177;0.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulse oxygen, mL/beat</td>
                    <td align="center">13.6&#177;3.7</td>
                    <td align="center">14.7&#177;3.4</td>
                    <td align="center">12:3&#177;3:1</td>
                    <td align="center">12.9&#177;3.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Covered distance, m</td>
                    <td align="center">312&#177;151</td>
                    <td align="center">443&#177;205</td>
                    <td align="center">360&#177;155</td>
                    <td align="center">363&#177;130</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total duration, s</td>
                    <td align="center">345&#177;124</td>
                    <td align="center">435&#177;181</td>
                    <td align="center">327&#177;141</td>
                    <td align="center">371&#177;128</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>Data is shown in mean &#177; SD . RG: rehabilitation group; CG: control group; G: group; M: moment; Int.: interaction; Pre: before rehabilitation or medical treatment alone; Post: after rehabilitation or medical treatment alone; ESE: exercise stress echocardiography; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HR: heart rate; IT: ischemic threshold; AT: angina threshold; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing; VT1: ventilatory threshold; RQ: respiratory quotient. G: RG vs CG. M: pre vs post. Int.: combined effect between group and moment.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Change in exercise duration in cardiopulmonary exercise test, exercise duration, time to ischemic threshold and time to angina threshold in exercise stress echocardiography by study group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250331-50331-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Effect Sizes (Cohen&#8217;s d) and their Confidence Intervals (CI)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Variables (RGpost vs. CGpost)</th>
                    <th scope="col">Cohen&#8217;s d</th>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">CI 95% Lower</th>
                    <th scope="col">CI 95% Upper</th>
                    <th scope="col">G</th>
                    <th scope="col">M</th>
                    <th scope="col">Int.</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" colspan="8">ESE</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Exercise Duration, s</td>
                    <td>0.65</td>
                    <td>-5.79</td>
                    <td colspan="2">186.32</td>
                    <td>0.07</td>
                    <td>0.02</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Peak load (W), J/s</td>
                    <td>0.49</td>
                    <td>-7.18</td>
                    <td colspan="2">31.76</td>
                    <td>0.31</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Angina quantification, n</td>
                    <td>0.87</td>
                    <td>-5.58</td>
                    <td colspan="2">-0.63</td>
                    <td>0.01</td>
                    <td>0.04</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">IT time, s</td>
                    <td>0.80</td>
                    <td>5.79</td>
                    <td colspan="2">191.09</td>
                    <td>0.02</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">AT (time), s</td>
                    <td>0.96</td>
                    <td>0.27</td>
                    <td colspan="2">223.25</td>
                    <td>0.09</td>
                    <td>0.12</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" colspan="8">CPET</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Covered Distance, m</td>
                    <td>0.47</td>
                    <td>-66.45</td>
                    <td colspan="2">225.76</td>
                    <td>0.76</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td>&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total Duration, s</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">-32.31</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">231.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>RGpost: rehabilitation group after rehabilitation period; CG: control group after medical treatment alone; G: group; M: moment; Int.: interaction; ESE: exercise stress echocardiography; IT: ischemic threshold; AT: angina threshold; CPET: cardiopulmonary exercise testing; G: RG vs CG. M: pre vs post. Int.: combined effect between group and moment.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CPET performance evaluation</title>
          <p>There was a significant increase in CPET exercise duration and distance covered in RG, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>. No significant differences were observed in VO<sub>2</sub> peak or other CPET variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">6</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>For the first time, the safety and efficacy of ECR in improving symptoms, ischemic burden, and functional capacity were objectively evaluated in patients with RA. Our results demonstrate that a 12-week ECR program, performed near the AT and/or VT1, was safe and yielded positive effects on exercise duration, angina intensity, and ESE ischemic and angina thresholds.</p>
        <p>Since RA was first documented as a clinical condition in the early 2000s, ECR has been considered a treatment option. However, strong evidence supporting its safety and guidance on its application in the RA context has remained lacking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, patients experienced debilitating angina due to myocardial ischemia despite using at least three classes of antianginal agents and were not eligible for coronary intervention due to the complexity of coronary obstructive disease. Consequently, these patients presented a had a high-risk profile for exercise-induced adverse cardiac events,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and their physical limitations made both the prescription and safe execution of exercise particularly challenging &#8211; especially in achieving the target of moderate-intensity exercise.</p>
        <p>However, exercising training guided by CPET parameters and angina threshold &#8211; allowing the experience of angina symptoms up to level 3 on a 10-point scale &#8211; did not increase the risk of cardiovascular events during the study period. These data are supported by our previous data, which demonstrated that an acute aerobic exercise session does not alter hs-cTnT in patients with RA, suggesting that no significant myocardial injury occurred when exercise was performed according to our prescribed protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the lack of improvement in clinical parameters defined by angina functional class (CCS), AAW, and SANCW &#8211; self-reported variables &#8211; we consider the improvement in exercise test parameters a key indicator of ECR&#8217;s positive effect. The increase in exercise duration, reduction in angina intensity, and delayed onset of angina can positively impact quality of life, which is the central focus of RA management. Moreover, exercise test parameters are objective measures, making them reliable indicators of actual improvement in RA patients in clinical practice.</p>
        <p>No significant improvement was observed in VO<sub>2</sub> peak. Due to physical limitations stemming from a low angina threshold, maintaining the target moderate-intensity AET was challenging &#8211; and at times unfeasible &#8211; which may explain the lack of improvement in VO<sub>2</sub> peak. Nevertheless, even without an increase in VO<sub>2</sub> peak (the most important prognostic parameter in CPET), the increase in distance covered during exercise testing can be interpreted as a clinical improvement, as it is also considered a prognostic marker in patients with heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The improvement in exercise performance (and the non-concomitant change in VO<sub>2</sub>peak) may be partially explained by early adaptations, such as neurological and muscular changes induced by resistance training.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, RC is a feasible adjuvant therapy for patients with RA, supporting its clinical indication. We believe that 12-week ECR is a starting point to exercise benefits in RA patients and sustained ECR may promote additional positive effects and improve quality of life.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The results of this analysis must be interpreted within the context of potential limitations.</p>
          <p>The sample size calculation was based on the only previous study that evaluated the effect of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with RA, despite different pre-determined outcomes.</p>
          <p>The study presented difficulties of inclusion due to strict inclusion criteria.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>A 12-week ECR was safe and effective in improving functional capacity and ESE ischemic burden in patients with RA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We are grateful to Camila de Assump&#231;&#227;o and Carla Montenegro for their valuable contributions to making this research possible.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP under the protocol number CAAE 24308213.7.0000.0068 All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p><italic><label>:</label></italic> The content is available at the link [<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.08.24311708v1">https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.08.24311708v1</ext-link>]</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
