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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HRWjnDnWGPTJqzMNBBmfPGt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001200310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250316</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos Valores de Press&#227;o Arterial e dos Medicamentos Anti-Hipertensivos Utilizados por Brasileiros n&#227;o Afrodescendentes e Afrodescendentes com Hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1884-5103</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Euz&#233;bio</surname>
            <given-names>Maicon Borges</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Bolivar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>MotaGomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Manoel dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Veiga Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">&#193;guas Lindas de Goi&#225;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Goi&#225;s, &#193;guas Lindas de Goi&#225;s, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s (PUC Goi&#225;s), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Diretoria Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; Diretoria Cl&#237;nica, Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC &#8211; Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota, Macei&#243;, AP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">North Carolina</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Clinic</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Barcelona</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit. Hospital Clinic. University of Barcelona, Barcelona &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Maicon Borges Euz&#233;bio Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Medicina &#8211; R. 235, s/n. CEP 74605-050, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>maiconborges@gmail.com</email>, <email>sebbabarroso@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250316</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o (HAS) &#233; elevada em comunidades &#233;tnicas, particularmente entre adultos afrodescendentes nos Estados Unidos. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; uma escassez de estudos que abordem essa quest&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Analisar o controle da press&#227;o arterial e o uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos entre brasileiros afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo transversal avaliou dados do Primeiro Registro Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o, que incluiu indiv&#237;duos com mais de 18 anos de idade, autodeclarados como afrodescendentes ou n&#227;o afrodescendentes, com HAS h&#225; pelo menos quatro semanas ou em uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo. As compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas utilizando testes t ou o teste de Mann-Whitney. Foi adotado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 2.643 participantes foi inclu&#237;do, dos quais 82,8% eram n&#227;o afrodescendentes e 17,1% eram afrodescendentes. As taxas de HAS n&#227;o controlada foram de 44,68% entre os n&#227;o afrodescendentes e de 54,64% entre os afrodescendentes. Os valores medianos da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foram mais elevados nos afrodescendentes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o afrodescendentes (p &lt; 0,001). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos variou entre as popula&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas no controle da HAS entre os usu&#225;rios de betabloqueadores nos grupos afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes, mesmo quando estratificados por sexo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente no Brasil apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS n&#227;o controlada e valores mais elevados de PAS, PAD e IMC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afrodescendente. A escolha dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos diferiu entre os grupos, sendo os tiaz&#237;dicos mais comumente prescritos para afrodescendentes e os bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II para n&#227;o afrodescendentes. No entanto, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas no controle da PA entre os grupos que utilizavam betabloqueadores, independentemente do sexo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos Valores de Press&#227;o Arterial e dos Medicamentos Anti-Hipertensivos Utilizados por Brasileiros n&#227;o Afrodescendentes e Afrodescendentes com Hipertens&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Indiv&#237;duos que se auto declararam &#8220;pretos&#8221; foram considerados afrodescendentes, e aqueles que se auto declararam &#8220;brancos&#8221;, &#8220;pardos&#8221; (ra&#231;a mista) ou &#8220;asi&#225;ticos&#8221; foram considerados n&#227;o afrodescendentes. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</attrib>
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          </fig>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores Raciais</kwd>
        <kwd>Caracter&#237;sticas da Popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o (HAS) &#233; o principal fator de risco modific&#225;vel para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) em todo o mundo e continua sendo a principal causa de morte nas Am&#233;ricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nos Estados Unidos, comunidades &#233;tnicas como afrodescendentes, hisp&#226;nicos e asi&#225;ticos tendem a desenvolver HAS mais precocemente e apresentam menores taxas de controle da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em compara&#231;&#227;o com brancos n&#227;o hisp&#226;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O conceito de ra&#231;a &#233; amplamente debatido e, em estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, pode obscurecer as verdadeiras causas das disparidades em sa&#250;de entre grupos raciais &#8212; desviando a aten&#231;&#227;o de fatores socioecon&#244;micos e ambientais &#8212; o que contribui para as menores taxas de controle da HAS observadas nessas comunidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Globalmente, em 2019, as taxas de diagn&#243;stico de HAS foram de 59% entre mulheres e 49% entre homens, enquanto as taxas de tratamento foram de 47% nas mulheres e 38% nos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ao longo das &#250;ltimas quatro d&#233;cadas, os padr&#245;es globais de HAS se modificaram: a preval&#234;ncia diminuiu em pa&#237;ses de alta renda, enquanto aumentou simultaneamente em na&#231;&#245;es de baixa renda no Sul da &#193;sia e na &#193;frica Subsaariana. Enquanto isso, o n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de casos por ano permaneceu inalterado na Europa Central e Oriental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia da HAS &#233; significativa em comunidades &#233;tnicas, especialmente entre adultos afrodescendentes. A taxa de mortalidade associada &#224; HAS entre homens e mulheres de ascend&#234;ncia africana &#233; aproximadamente duas vezes maior em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros grupos raciais/&#233;tnicos. As origens dessas disparidades s&#227;o multifatoriais e ainda n&#227;o totalmente elucidadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Manter o controle da HAS continua sendo um desafio persistente tanto na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica quanto na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da exist&#234;ncia de disparidades socioecon&#244;micas e raciais em sa&#250;de no Brasil, as implica&#231;&#245;es da segrega&#231;&#227;o nos desfechos de sa&#250;de ainda n&#227;o foram adequadamente analisadas nesse contexto. Isso torna o Brasil &#8212; com suas semelhan&#231;as e diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o aos Estados Unidos &#8212; um cen&#225;rio particularmente relevante para investiga&#231;&#245;es nessa &#225;rea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, a fus&#227;o de afrodescendentes e grupos de pessoas pardas forma uma ampla categoria populacional conhecida como &#8220;negros&#8221;, com estimativas sugerindo que o n&#250;mero de pessoas com ascend&#234;ncia africana excede a simples soma de afrodescendentes e pardos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Atualmente, 55,5% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira se identifica como negra, sendo 20,7 milh&#245;es (10,3%) autodeclarados afrodescendentes e 92,1 milh&#245;es (45,3%) pardos. Os brancos totalizam 88,3 milh&#245;es (43,5%), os ind&#237;genas 1,7 milh&#227;o (0,6%) e os asi&#225;ticos 850 mil (0,4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando que uma parcela significativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira possui ascend&#234;ncia africana, e que o menor controle da HAS &#233; observado especificamente nessa comunidade &#233;tnica &#8212; evidenciando os desafios enfrentados pelo Estado &#8212; compreender tais disparidades pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas mais justas e para aprimorar a efetividade do cuidado cl&#237;nico voltado a essas popula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo transversal utilizou dados do Primeiro Registro Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o (1RBH),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em 17 de fevereiro de 2014, sob o protocolo n&#186; 532.146. O 1RBH foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico que analisou pacientes diagnosticados com HAS. Incluiu participantes de todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil, provenientes de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de p&#250;blicos, privados e mistos. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre junho de 2013 e outubro de 2015.</p>
      <p>O registro foi conduzido em conformidade com diretrizes nacionais e internacionais, incluindo a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque, a Resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS 196/96 e seus complementos (CNS/MS), as Diretrizes de Boas Pr&#225;ticas Cl&#237;nicas da ICH (1996), o Documento das Am&#233;ricas (2005) e a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012. Cada centro de pesquisa cl&#237;nica submeteu o protocolo do estudo, o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e toda a documenta&#231;&#227;o pertinente ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) de sua institui&#231;&#227;o para revis&#227;o e aprova&#231;&#227;o antes de iniciar quaisquer procedimentos inclu&#237;dos no registro.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do consentimento livre e esclarecido, os prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos foram revisados e os participantes foram entrevistados em cada centro por pesquisadores treinados para o preenchimento de um formul&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico de relato de caso.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise da frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e da distribui&#231;&#227;o percentual das classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos utilizadas pela popula&#231;&#227;o foi realizada considerando as seguintes categorias: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina (BRAs), diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos, betabloqueadores (BBs), inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCCs) e diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a. Indiv&#237;duos que se autodeclararam pretos foram classificados como afrodescendentes, enquanto aqueles que se autodeclararam brancos, pardos (mesti&#231;os) ou asi&#225;ticos foram classificados como n&#227;o afrodescendentes.</p>
      <p>Seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes vigentes &#224; &#233;poca do estudo, a m&#233;dia de duas medidas perif&#233;ricas de PA, realizadas durante a visita inicial, foi utilizada para avaliar o controle da PA nos grupos. Os participantes foram classificados como tendo PA n&#227;o controlada se a PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) fosse &#8805; 140 mmHg, a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) fosse &#8805; 90 mmHg, ou ambas. Aqueles com PA controlada apresentavam PAS &lt; 140 mmHg e PAD &lt; 90 mmHg.</p>
      <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), idade m&#237;nima de 18 anos e diagn&#243;stico confirmado de HAS por pelo menos quatro semanas, com PAS &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805; 90 mmHg medida na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> ou uso atual de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, al&#233;m da matr&#237;cula regular no centro/institui&#231;&#227;o participante.</p>
      <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos com insufici&#234;ncia renal em di&#225;lise, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o no momento da inclus&#227;o ou nos 30 dias anteriores, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica que exigisse o uso de drogas vasoativas nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca classificada como classe funcional III ou IV, gestantes e/ou lactantes, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave, transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos que impedissem a ades&#227;o ao protocolo, hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio nos 30 dias anteriores &#224; inclus&#227;o no estudo, doen&#231;as graves avaliadas pelo investigador e neoplasias com progn&#243;stico de sobrevida inferior a um ano.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil), dependendo da normalidade dos dados, a qual foi testada pelo teste de Shapiro&#8211;Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em n&#250;meros absolutos e percentuais. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas em subgrupos predefinidos, considerando-se valores de p &lt; 0,05 como estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises comparativas foram realizadas pelo teste de Mann&#8211;Whitney quando p &lt; 0,05 e pelo teste t quando p &gt; 0,05. Para a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria, foi aplicado intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Nesse contexto, PA n&#227;o controlada, n&#227;o uso de BBs e sexo feminino foram definidos como n&#237;vel de refer&#234;ncia 1 para avaliar se o uso de BBs poderia estar associado a melhor controle da PA. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software Jamovi, vers&#227;o 2.3.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu 2643 participantes de 45 centros de pesquisa distribu&#237;dos por todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil, dos quais 2191 (82,9%) se autodeclararam n&#227;o afrodescendentes e 452 (17,1%) se autodeclararam afrodescendentes. Os pacientes foram atendidos em unidades de sa&#250;de p&#250;blicas (46,7%), privadas (31,1%) e mistas (22,2%). Informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre idade, &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunfer&#234;ncia da Cintura (CC) e sexo da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, bem como dos grupos n&#227;o afrodescendentes e afrodescendentes, est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo entre 2013 e 2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>n</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o afrodescendentes</th>
                  <th>Afrodescendentes</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Etnia autodeclarada</td>
                  <td align="center">2643</td>
                  <td align="center">2191 (82,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">452 (17,1%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1472 (55,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1212 (55,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">260 (57,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,390</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 (54,1 - 69,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,9 (54,1 - 69,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5 (54,2 - 69,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,922</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">98,0 (90,0 - 107)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,3 (90,0 - 107)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,0 (91,0 - 106)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,788</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, Kg/m<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> </td>
                  <td align="center">28,7 (25,6 - 32,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,4 (25,5 - 31,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,4 (26,0 - 32,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS, dura&#231;&#227;o (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4 - 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (5 - 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (5 - 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAS tratamento, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4 - 17)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (4 - 17)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (5 - 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus (DM)</td>
                  <td align="center">784 (29,66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">656 (29,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (28,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,492</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, dura&#231;&#227;o (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1 (3 - 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3 - 15)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2 -10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">197 (7,45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (6,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (9,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (6,24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (6,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,552</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>DM: Diabetes Mellitus; HAS: hipertens&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura. Fonte: elaborado pelo autor.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valores de press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica</title>
        <p>Os valores da PAS e PAD perif&#233;rica foram mais elevados entre os indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes em compara&#231;&#227;o com os n&#227;o afrodescendentes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise comparativa dos valores de press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica em popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras hipertensas n&#227;o afrodescendentes e afrodescendentes (2013&#8211;2015)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Valores de press&#227;o arterial</th>
                  <th>n (n&#227;o afrodescendentes; n&#227;o afrodescendentes</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o afrodescendentes</th>
                  <th>Afrodescendentes</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">2191; 452</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (120&#8211;150)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (129&#8211;151<sup>)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">2191; 452</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0 (73,5&#8211;90,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">85,5 (80,0&#8211;93,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>* teste de Mann-Whitney, se p &lt; 0,05. PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica medida na visita inicial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica medida na visita inicial; os valores de PAS e PAD s&#227;o apresentados em mmHg. Fonte: elaborado pelo autor.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do controle da press&#227;o arterial em popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras hipertensas n&#227;o afrodescendentes e afrodescendentes</p>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente apresentou uma maior porcentagem de PA n&#227;o controlada em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afrodescendente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Percentual de indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o afrodescendentes e afrodescendentes com press&#227;o arterial controlada e n&#227;o controlada, inclu&#237;dos no estudo entre 2013 e 2015.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250316-50316-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Medicamentos anti-hipertensivos utilizados por popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras hipertensas afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes</p>
        <p>Proporcionalmente, a popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente utilizou um maior n&#250;mero de classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afrodescendente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e do percentual das classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos utilizados por popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras hipertensas n&#227;o negras e negras, inclu&#237;das no estudo entre 2013 e 2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>N&#250;mero de classes *</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o afrodescendentes (n = 2191)</th>
                  <th>Afrodescendentes (n = 452)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (5,00%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3,50%)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">0,967*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">478 (21,80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (25,40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">793 (36,20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (29,40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">550 (25,10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (26,50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">204 (9,30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (10,40%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (2,10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (3,80%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (0,50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,90%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>* teste de Mann-Whitney, se p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos utilizados por indiv&#237;duos hipertensos no Brasil, nas popula&#231;&#245;es afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes</p>
        <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o percentual das tr&#234;s primeiras classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos foi diferente entre os grupos afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes, tornando-se semelhante apenas a partir da quarta classe (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ordem decrescente do percentual das classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos utilizados por popula&#231;&#245;es brasileiras hipertensas, n&#227;o afrodescendentes e afrodescendentes, inclu&#237;das no estudo entre 2013 e 2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Ordem</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> N&#227;o afrodescendentes (%) (n = 2,191) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Afrodescendentes (%) (n = 452) </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">47,6% (BRA)</td>
                  <td align="center">52% (Tiaz&#237;dicos)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">47,3% (Tiaz&#237;dicos)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,3% (Betabloqueadores)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">42,4% (Betabloqueadores)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,1% (BRA)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">33,5% (IECA)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,6% (IECA)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">28,1% (BCCs)</td>
                  <td align="center">35,0% (BCCs)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">10,6% (Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,6% (Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7&#186;</td>
                  <td align="center">7,4% (Espironolactona)</td>
                  <td align="center">9,7% (Espironolactona)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina; BCCs: bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio; Tiaz&#237;dicos: diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos; IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o controle da press&#227;o arterial e o uso de betabloqueadores em indiv&#237;duos brasileiros hipertensos afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes, considerando o sexo</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas no controle da PA entre os grupos afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes que utilizaram BBs, independentemente do sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria mostrando a raz&#227;o de chances (OR) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC) para perfis de press&#227;o arterial controlada vs. n&#227;o controlada, e para indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino e masculino que utilizam betabloqueadores na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira preta hipertensa inclu&#237;da no estudo entre 2013 e 2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC (95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intercepto</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44 &#8211; 0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Usa</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 - 1,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,840</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o usa</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 &#8211; 1,83</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>As estimativas representam o logaritmo das chances de &#8220;perfil de PA = Controlado&#8221; vs. &#8220;perfil de PA = N&#227;o controlado&#8221;.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria mostrando a raz&#227;o de chances (OR) e o Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC) para perfis de press&#227;o arterial controlada vs. n&#227;o controlada, e para indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino e masculino que utilizam betabloqueadores na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira n&#227;o preta hipertensa inclu&#237;da no estudo entre 2013 e 2015</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis independentes</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC (95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intercepto</td>
                  <td align="center">1,16</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 &#8211; 1,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Usa</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93</td>
                  <td align="center">0,78 &#8211; 1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,433</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o usa</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74 &#8211; 1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,133</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>As estimativas representam o logaritmo das chances de &#8220;perfil de PA = Controlado&#8221; vs. &#8220;perfil de PA = N&#227;o controlado&#8221;</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo mostra que a preval&#234;ncia de HAS n&#227;o controlada foi maior entre indiv&#237;duos brasileiros afrodescendentes, que tamb&#233;m apresentaram valores mais elevados de PAS, PAD e IMC em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afrodescendente. Observamos diferen&#231;as na sele&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos anti-hipertensivos prescritos pelos m&#233;dicos, com maior uso de diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos entre os indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes. No entanto, entre aqueles tamb&#233;m tratados com BBs, n&#227;o foram identificadas diferen&#231;as significativas no controle da HAS entre os grupos afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes, independentemente do sexo.</p>
      <p>De acordo com o &#250;ltimo censo brasileiro, indiv&#237;duos autodeclarados afrodescendentes representam 10,2% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> o que refor&#231;a a relev&#226;ncia do nosso estudo, j&#225; que alcan&#231;amos 17,1% de representatividade na amostra.</p>
      <p>Um estudo recente realizado no Brasil revelou que a probabilidade de desenvolver HAS aumentava com a idade (particularmente entre indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes) e era menor na regi&#227;o Norte do pa&#237;s, independentemente da faixa et&#225;ria ou do sexo. Observou-se maior probabilidade de desenvolver HAS entre mulheres com menor n&#237;vel educacional e estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio, bem como entre homens que vivem com suas esposas e apresentam baixos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m analisou a quest&#227;o do alcoolismo e, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, corroborou os achados de outros estudos semelhantes, os quais indicam que, no Brasil, a maior taxa de incid&#234;ncia dessa condi&#231;&#227;o foi novamente observada entre a popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente. Entre 2013 e 2019, a preval&#234;ncia aumentou entre afrodescendentes (de 16,6% para 19,6%), pardos (de 11,2% para 17,5%) e brancos (de 12,4% para 16,0%), enquanto diminuiu entre asi&#225;ticos (de 14,4% para 12,7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns estudos apontaram maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes tipo 2 e intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose entre pessoas afrodescendentes em compara&#231;&#227;o aos brancos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo brasileiro mostrou que mulheres obesas de pele mais escura apresentaram maior associa&#231;&#227;o com diabetes e intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, independentemente da idade e do IMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Curiosamente, nossos dados revelaram uma preval&#234;ncia quase id&#234;ntica de diabetes entre as popula&#231;&#245;es; entretanto, a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afrodescendente apresentou um tempo maior at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico. Isso pode sugerir que o acesso mais f&#225;cil aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de entre os indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o afrodescendentes favoreceu o diagn&#243;stico precoce e um manejo mais eficaz da doen&#231;a, o que, por sua vez, pode ter ajudado a mitigar os efeitos nocivos do diabetes na progress&#227;o da HAS.</p>
      <p>Os participantes afrodescendentes apresentaram medianas significativamente mais elevadas tanto de PAS quanto de PAD em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o afrodescendentes, destacando uma tend&#234;ncia de valores mais altos de PA nesse grupo. Essa disparidade pode estar relacionada a fatores socioecon&#244;micos e comportamentais, como diferen&#231;as no acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, condi&#231;&#245;es de vida, educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e a influ&#234;ncia de determinantes sociais que afetam desproporcionalmente a popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente, contribuindo para um controle menos eficaz da HAS.</p>
      <p>No estudo de coorte ELSA-Brasil, ao analisar a incid&#234;ncia de HAS por sexo e ra&#231;a, os homens afrodescendentes apresentaram a maior incid&#234;ncia (59,4 por 1.000 pessoas-ano), enquanto as mulheres brancas tiveram a menor incid&#234;ncia (30,5 por 1.000 pessoas-ano). Ap&#243;s o ajuste por idade e hist&#243;rico familiar, a taxa de incid&#234;ncia permaneceu significativamente mais elevada entre os homens afrodescendentes (2,25; IC 95%, 1,65&#8211;3,08), seguida por homens pardos, mulheres afrodescendentes, mulheres pardas e homens brancos, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres brancas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outros estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram n&#237;veis mais elevados de PAD entre popula&#231;&#245;es afrodescendentes em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s n&#227;o afrodescendentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pesquisas gen&#233;ticas evidenciaram o papel de fatores biol&#243;gicos na maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS em popula&#231;&#245;es de ascend&#234;ncia africana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, os fatores gen&#233;ticos parecem exercer menor influ&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira hipertensa afrodescendente, considerando que o efeito das condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas sobre o manejo da HAS tem sido mais evidente.</p>
      <p>Estudos recentes sobre varia&#231;&#245;es no comportamento da PA entre popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o afrodescendentes e afrodescendentes levantaram quest&#245;es sobre a necessidade de estabelecer limites espec&#237;ficos de PA de acordo com a ra&#231;a, o que pode melhorar a estimativa de risco e otimizar o manejo da HAS com o objetivo de reduzir disparidades &#233;tnicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No Brasil, a popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa afrodescendente apresentou uma taxa de controle 9,76% menor em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afrodescendente. Essa diferen&#231;a levanta quest&#245;es importantes sobre os fatores que podem contribuir para a discrep&#226;ncia no controle da HAS.</p>
      <p>Um estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos, utilizando crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos semelhantes para HAS (PAS &#8805; 140 mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805; 90 mmHg), avaliou uma amostra de 213.836 pacientes. A idade m&#233;dia dos participantes foi de 63,1 anos, sendo 55,5% mulheres e 70,8% brancos. O estudo constatou que, sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o por cor autodeclarada, 29,7% dos pacientes apresentavam HAS n&#227;o controlada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro estudo realizado em Londres investigou as disparidades no tratamento e no controle da PA em uma grande coorte de pacientes adultos com HAS (n = 156.290). O estudo revelou que o grupo &#233;tnico afrodescendente tinha menor probabilidade de alcan&#231;ar o controle da PA em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo &#233;tnico branco, concluindo que indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes e pessoas mais jovens s&#227;o menos propensos a atingir o controle da HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos, envolvendo mais de 700.000 pacientes, relatou taxas anuais de HAS n&#227;o controlada variando de 21,2% a 24,2%, sendo essa varia&#231;&#227;o mais comum entre os homens. Os afro-americanos apresentaram a maior taxa (31,3%), enquanto os homens brancos registraram 19,4%. Entre as mulheres, as afro-americanas mostraram 28,6% de HAS n&#227;o controlada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 19,2% entre as mulheres brancas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Paralelamente, um estudo global que avaliou o controle da PA mostrou que a Coreia do Sul, o Canad&#225; e a Isl&#226;ndia apresentaram as maiores taxas de tratamento e controle, com mais de 70% dos casos recebendo tratamento e mais de 50% alcan&#231;ando controle. Da mesma forma, avan&#231;os significativos foram observados em pa&#237;ses de alta renda e em alguns pa&#237;ses recentemente elevados &#224; categoria de renda m&#233;dia-alta, incluindo Costa Rica, Taiwan, Cazaquist&#227;o, &#193;frica do Sul, Brasil, Chile, Turquia e Ir&#227;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos investigou varia&#231;&#245;es no controle da PA entre pacientes afrodescendentes e brancos antes e depois da implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa de melhoria da qualidade. O estudo observou que as disparidades no controle da PA entre pacientes afrodescendentes e brancos diminu&#237;ram, mas n&#227;o foram totalmente eliminadas, mesmo ap&#243;s a introdu&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de melhoria da qualidade voltadas para a redu&#231;&#227;o dessas disparidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Registro Nacional de Controle da Hipertens&#227;o no Brasil, ao avaliar a HAS por meio de medidas realizadas em consult&#243;rio e pelo monitoramento residencial da PA, sem estratifica&#231;&#227;o por ra&#231;a, revelou que o controle da PA em consult&#243;rios, entre uma amostra de brasileiros, foi de 56,3%. Esse percentual aumentou para 61% quando a PA foi medida em casa e foi de 46,4% quando o controle foi observado tanto no consult&#243;rio quanto em casa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos Estados Unidos, as taxas de controle da PA t&#234;m diminu&#237;do na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, particularmente entre grupos raciais e &#233;tnicos. Afro-americanos n&#227;o hisp&#226;nicos apresentaram taxas de controle 10% menores do que seus pares brancos n&#227;o hisp&#226;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise recente das taxas de controle da HAS pelo <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</italic> (NHANES) revelou que as taxas de controle da PA foram menores entre indiv&#237;duos hisp&#226;nicos (40%), afrodescendentes n&#227;o hisp&#226;nicos (39%) e asi&#225;tico-americanos (38%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos brancos n&#227;o hisp&#226;nicos (49%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os afro-americanos nos Estados Unidos apresentam taxas de preval&#234;ncia consideravelmente mais altas e menores taxas de controle da HAS em compara&#231;&#227;o com as popula&#231;&#245;es brancas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a frequente sub-representa&#231;&#227;o de afro-americanos em ensaios cl&#237;nicos cardiovasculares limita a aplica&#231;&#227;o segura dos resultados de diversos estudos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m destacado disparidades &#233;tnicas no controle da HAS, particularmente entre afro-americanos e afro-caribenhos (especialmente entre homens afro-americanos), e t&#234;m demonstrado a necessidade urgente de interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas para enfrentar de forma eficaz tais inconsist&#234;ncias no manejo da HAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora em nosso estudo o n&#250;mero mais comum de classes de medicamentos tenha sido semelhante em ambos os grupos, foram observadas diferen&#231;as nas propor&#231;&#245;es de uso. Por exemplo, os afrodescendentes utilizaram monoterapia com maior frequ&#234;ncia (25,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o afrodescendentes (21,8%). Em contraste, os indiv&#237;duos brancos, proporcionalmente, utilizaram dois medicamentos anti-hipertensivos mais frequentemente do que os afrodescendentes. Finalmente, a popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente, proporcionalmente, utilizou tr&#234;s ou mais classes de medicamentos com maior frequ&#234;ncia do que a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afrodescendente.</p>
      <p>Em uma coorte prospectiva de mulheres norte-americanas (n = 3302; idade entre 42 e 52 anos), verificou-se que as mulheres afrodescendentes tamb&#233;m apresentaram maior probabilidade de utilizar mais de duas classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos (OR, 1,95; IC 95%, 1,55&#8211;2,45) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres brancas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo realizado nos Estados Unidos envolvendo 23825 adultos com idade &#8805;18 anos, que investigou disparidades raciais e &#233;tnicas no uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos entre adultos hipertensos de 2011 a 2018, revelou que a popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente tinha probabilidade significativamente maior de receber terapia combinada e medicamentos de combina&#231;&#227;o em comprimido &#250;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente, em termos de frequ&#234;ncia e sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na an&#225;lise comparativa global, apresentou maior propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em monoterapia.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo revelou que, entre os participantes afrodescendentes, os diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos foram a escolha mais comum (52%), seguidos pelos BB e pelos BRAs. Entre os participantes n&#227;o afrodescendentes, os BRA foram os mais prescritos, seguidos pelos diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos e pelos BBs.</p>
      <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica sobre padr&#245;es de prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos nos Estados Unidos para indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o afrodescendentes indicou que os medicamentos anti-hipertensivos mais comumente prescritos como monoterapia para adultos com HAS sem comorbidades foram os IECAs ou os BRA, seguidos pelos BCCs e pelos BB. As combina&#231;&#245;es duplas mais prevalentes foram diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos com IECA ou BRA, BB com BCC e BCC com IECA ou BRA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Outra revis&#227;o indicou que os diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos foram identificados como os anti-hipertensivos mais frequentemente prescritos em monoterapia, enquanto os IECA ou BRA foram os mais prescritos em outro estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados do Estudo ELSA-Brasil sugerem que, em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros em uso de monoterapia anti-hipertensiva, as diferen&#231;as no controle da PA entre diversos grupos raciais n&#227;o s&#227;o explicadas pela efic&#225;cia potencialmente menor dos IECAs e dos BRAs em indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes. Ressalta-se que a popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente no Brasil apresenta caracter&#237;sticas distintas e que as recomenda&#231;&#245;es devem ser adaptadas ao contexto local, indicando que o menor controle da PA observado em indiv&#237;duos afrodescendentes pode estar mais relacionado aos determinantes sociais do que &#224; classe de medicamento anti-hipertensivo utilizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia de considerar fatores &#233;tnicos e individuais na prescri&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, al&#233;m de quest&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, j&#225; que diferentes grupos &#233;tnicos podem apresentar respostas variadas aos tratamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; evidente que existem diferen&#231;as nas classes de medicamentos prescritos no Brasil em compara&#231;&#227;o com os Estados Unidos. Neste estudo, tamb&#233;m exploramos a hip&#243;tese de que o uso de BBs poderia estar associado a um melhor controle da HAS. No entanto, n&#227;o identificamos diferen&#231;as significativas no controle da HAS entre os dois grupos, independentemente do sexo, o que nos levou a questionar se o uso de BBs em combina&#231;&#227;o poderia ter um efeito menor na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; monoterapia em nossas popula&#231;&#245;es afrodescendentes e n&#227;o afrodescendentes.</p>
      <p>Uma meta-an&#225;lise que avaliou 20 estudos revelou que os BBs, exceto o atenolol, s&#227;o eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, tanto como adjuvantes da monoterapia quanto como parte de uma terapia anti-hipertensiva combinada. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas nos efeitos de redu&#231;&#227;o da PA entre combina&#231;&#245;es com e sem &#946;-bloqueadores (PAS: &#8211;1,3 mmHg [&#8211;5,8 a 3,2]; PAD: &#8211;0,3 mmHg [&#8211;2,7 a 2,1]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em outro estudo envolvendo 11860 participantes, os BBs de segunda e terceira gera&#231;&#227;o reduziram a PA m&#233;dia em 1,75 mmHg (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,16&#8211;2,33; p &lt; 0,001) em todos os participantes analisados, e em 1,93 mmHg (IC 95%: 0,86&#8211;3,00; p &lt; 0,001) especificamente entre africanos hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Compreender por que o uso de &#946;-bloqueadores n&#227;o esteve associado a um melhor controle da PA permanece incerto. No entanto, isso pode estar relacionado ao fato de que muitos indiv&#237;duos hipertensos estavam utilizando mais de duas classes de medicamentos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>&#201; importante observar que a an&#225;lise n&#227;o forneceu informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as raz&#245;es subjacentes &#224;s disparidades sociais, educacionais, econ&#244;micas e comportamentais &#8212; tais como acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, ades&#227;o ao tratamento ou fatores gen&#233;ticos &#8212; o que pode limitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>No que diz respeito ao controle da PA, brasileiros afrodescendentes autodeclarados apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de HAS n&#227;o controlada em compara&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o afrodescendentes. A popula&#231;&#227;o afrodescendente tamb&#233;m apresentou valores mais elevados de PA perif&#233;rica do que a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o afrodescendente. Foram observadas diferen&#231;as nas porcentagens dos medicamentos mais comumente utilizados e na distribui&#231;&#227;o das classes. N&#227;o foram encontradas associa&#231;&#245;es significativas no controle da PA entre os grupos que utilizavam BBs, independentemente do sexo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer &#224; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia pela realiza&#231;&#227;o do Primeiro Registro Brasileiro de Hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    </ack>
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            <given-names>Maicon Borges</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          </name>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Goi&#225;s, &#193;guas Lindas de Goi&#225;s, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s (PUC Goi&#225;s), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; Diretoria Cl&#237;nica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC &#8211; Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota, Macei&#243;, AP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hypertension and Vascular Risk Unit. Hospital Clinic. University of Barcelona, Barcelona &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Maicon Borges Euz&#233;bio Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Medicina - R. 235, s/n. Postal Code 74605-050, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: maiconborges@gmail.com, sebbabarroso@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The prevalence of hypertension (HTN) is high in ethnic communities, particularly among Afro-descendant adults in the United States. Moreover, there is a lack of studies addressing this issue in the Brazilian Afro-descendant population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze blood pressure control and the use of antihypertensive medications among Afro-descendant and non-Afro-descendant Brazilians.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This cross-sectional study evaluated data from the First Brazilian Registry of Hypertension, which included individuals over 18 years of age, self-identified as Afro-descendant or non-Afro-descendant, with HTN for at least four weeks or using antihypertensive medication. Comparisons were performed using t-tests or the Mann-Whitney test. A significance level of p &lt; 0.05 was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 2,643 participants were included, of whom 82.8% were non&#8211;Afro-descendant and 17.1% were Afro-descendant. The rates of uncontrolled HTN were 44.68% among non&#8211;Afro-descendants and 54.64% among Afro-descendants. Median values of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body mass index (BMI) were higher in Afro-descendants compared to non&#8211;Afro-descendants (p &lt; .001). The distribution of antihypertensive medication classes varied between the populations. No significant differences in HTN control were observed between beta-blocker users in the Afro-descendant and non&#8211;Afro-descendant groups, even when stratified by sex.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The Afro-descendant population in Brazil demonstrated a higher prevalence of uncontrolled HTN and higher SBP, DBP, and BMI values compared to the non&#8211;Afro-descendant population. The choice of antihypertensive medications differed between groups, with thiazides more commonly prescribed for Afro-descendants and ARBs for non&#8211;Afro-descendants. However, no significant differences in blood pressure control were observed between groups using beta-blockers, regardless of sex.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of Blood Pressure Values and Antihypertensive Medications Used in Non-Afro-Descendant and Afro-Descendant Brazilians with Hypertension</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Individuals who declared themselves black were considered to be Afro-descendants, and those who declared themselves white, brown (mixed-race) or Asian were considered to be non-Afro-descendants. BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250316-50316-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Race Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Population Characteristics</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension (HTN) is the main modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) worldwide and remains the leading cause of death in the Americas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the United States, ethnic communities such as Afro-descendants, Hispanics, and Asians tend to develop HTN earlier and have lower blood pressure (BP) control rates compared to non-Hispanic whites.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The concept of race is widely debated and, in epidemiological studies, may obscure the true causes of health disparities between racial groups (diverting attention from socioeconomic and environmental factors), which contributes to the lower HTN control rates observed in these ethnic communities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Globally, in 2019, HTN diagnosis rates were 59% among women and 49% among men, while treatment rates were 47% in women and 38% in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Over the past four decades, global HTN patterns have shifted: prevalence has decreased in high-income countries while simultaneously increasing in low-income nations in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the average number of cases per year has remained unchanged in Central and Eastern Europe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prevalence of HTN is significant in ethnic communities, especially among Afro-descendant adults. The mortality rate associated with HTN among men and women of African descent is approximately twice as high compared to other racial/ethnic groups. The origins of these disparities are multifaceted and not fully elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Maintaining HTN control remains a persistent challenge in both clinical practice and public health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the existence of socioeconomic and racial health disparities in Brazil, the implications of segregation on health outcomes have not yet been adequately analyzed in this context. This makes Brazil &#8212; with its similarities and differences compared to the United States &#8212; a particularly relevant setting for investigations in this field.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, the fusion of Afro-descendants and mixed-race groups forms a broad population category known as &#8220;<italic>Negra</italic>,&#8221; with estimates suggesting that the number of people with African ancestry exceeds the simple combination of Afro-descendant and mixed-race groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Currently, 55.5% of the Brazilian population identifies as Black, with self-declared Afro-descendants representing 20.7 million (10.3%) and mixed-race individuals 92.1 million (45.3%). Whites total 88.3 million (43.5%), Indigenous people 1.7 million (0.6%), and Asians 850,000 (0.4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering that a significant portion of the Brazilian population has African ancestry, and that reduced control of HTN is observed specifically within this ethnic community&#8212;highlighting the challenges faced by the State&#8212;understanding such disparities can contribute to the development of fairer public health policies and enhance the effectiveness of clinical care for these vulnerable populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This cross-sectional study used data from the First Brazilian Registry of Hypertension (1RBH),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which was approved by the Ethics Committee on February 17, 2014, under protocol number 532.146. The 1RBH was a multicenter study that analyzed patients diagnosed with HTN. It included participants from all regions of Brazil, from public, private, and mixed healthcare services. Data collection occurred between June 2013 and October 2015.</p>
        <p>The registry was conducted in strict accordance with national and international guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki, CNS Resolution 196/96 and its supplements (CNS/MS), the ICH Good Clinical Practice Guidelines (1996), the Americas Document (2005), and Resolution 466/2012. Each clinical research center submitted the study protocol, the Informed Consent Form (ICF), and all relevant documentation to its institution&#8217;s Research Ethics Committee (REC) for review and approval before initiating any procedures included in the registry.</p>
        <p>After obtaining informed consent, medical records were reviewed, and participants were interviewed at each center by trained researchers to complete an electronic case report form (eCRF).</p>
        <p>The analysis of the absolute frequency and percentage distribution of antihypertensive drug classes used by the population was conducted using the following categories: angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers (BBs), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and loop diuretics. Individuals who self-identified as Black were classified as Afro-descendants, while those who self-identified as White, Brown (mixed-race), or Asian were classified as non-Afro-descendants.</p>
        <p>Following the guideline recommendations at the time of the study, the mean of two peripheral BP measurements taken during the initial visit was used to assess BP control in groups. Participants were classified as having uncontrolled BP if their systolic BP (SBP) was &#8805; 140 mmHg, diastolic BP (DBP) was &#8805; 90 mmHg, or both. Those with controlled BP had SBP &lt; 140 mmHg and DBP &lt; 90 mmHg.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria were: signing the ICF, being at least 18 years old, and having a confirmed diagnosis of HTN for at least four weeks, with SBP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or DBP &#8805; 90 mmHg measured while seated,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> or current use of antihypertensive medication, in addition to regular enrollment in the participating center/institution.</p>
        <p>Exclusion criteria included: the presence of renal failure requiring dialysis, hospitalization at the time of inclusion or within the previous 30 days, hemodynamic instability requiring vasoactive drugs within the last 30 days, heart failure classified as functional class III or IV, pregnancy and/or breastfeeding, severe liver disease, psychiatric disorders preventing protocol adherence, a history of stroke or myocardial infarction within 30 days prior to study inclusion, severe illnesses as assessed by the investigator, and cancers with a survival prognosis of less than one year.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were described using mean and standard deviation, or median (interquartile range), depending on data normality, which was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were presented as counts and percentages. Statistical analyses were conducted in predefined subgroups, with p-values &lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant. Comparative analyses were performed using the Mann&#8211;Whitney test when p &lt; 0.05 and the t-test when p &gt; 0.05. For binary logistic regression analysis, a 95% confidence interval was applied. In this context, uncontrolled BP, non-use of BBs, and female sex were set as reference level 1 to assess whether the use of BBs could be associated with better BP control. Statistical analyses were performed using Jamovi software, version 2.3.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
          <p>The study included 2,643 participants from 45 research centers across all regions of Brazil, of which 2,191 (82.9%) self-identified as non-Afro-descendant and 452 (17.1%) self-identified as Afro-descendant. Patients were treated in public (46.7%), private (31.1%), and mixed (22.2%) healthcare facilities. Detailed information on age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and sex for the general population and the non-Afro-descendant and Afro-descendant groups is available in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the patients included in the study between 2013-2015</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Description</th>
                    <th>n</th>
                    <th>Non-afro-descendant</th>
                    <th>Afro-descendant</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Self-Identified Ethnicity</td>
                    <td align="center">2643</td>
                    <td align="center">2191 (82.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">452 (17.1%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex, female</td>
                    <td align="center">1472 (55.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1212 (55.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">260 (57.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.390</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">62.0 (54.1 - 69.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.9 (54.1 - 69.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.5 (54.2 - 69.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.922</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WC, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">98.0 (90.0 - 107)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.3 (90.0 - 107)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.0 (91.0 - 106)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.788</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">28.7 (25.6 - 32.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.4 (25.5 - 31.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.4 (26.0 - 32.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HTN, duration years</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (4 - 20)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (5 - 20)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (5 - 20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.044</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HTN treatment, years</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (4 - 17)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (4 - 17)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (5 - 20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.072</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes Mellitus (DM)</td>
                    <td align="center">784 (29.66%)</td>
                    <td align="center">656 (29.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">128 (28.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.492</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM duration, years</td>
                    <td align="center">5.1 (3 - 14)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3 - 15)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (2 -10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alcohol consumption</td>
                    <td align="center">197 (7.45%)</td>
                    <td align="center">153 (6.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (9.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">165 (6.24%)</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (6.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (6.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.552</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>DM: Diabetes Mellitus; HTN: Hypertension; BMI: Body Mass Index; WC: Waist circumference. Source: developed by the author.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Peripheral blood pressure values</title>
          <p>Peripheral systolic and diastolic BP values were higher among Afro-descendant individuals compared to non-Afro-descendant individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparative analysis of peripheral BP values in Brazilian hypertensive non-Afro-descendant and Afro-descendant populations, included in the study between 2013-2015</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Blood pressure values</th>
                    <th>n (Non-Afro-descendant and Afro-descendant)</th>
                    <th>Non-Afro-descendant</th>
                    <th>Afro-descendant</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">2191; 452</td>
                    <td align="center">132 (120&#8211;150)</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (129&#8211;151<sup>)</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">2191; 452</td>
                    <td align="center">80.0 (73.5&#8211;90.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">85.5 (80.0&#8211;93.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>* Mann-Whitney test, if p &lt; 0.05. DBP (Diastolic blood pressure measured during the initial visit); SBP (Systolic blood pressure measured during the initial visit); SBP and DBP values are given in mmHg. Source: developed by the author.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Evaluation of blood pressure control in Brazilian hypertensive non-Afro-descendant and Afro-descendant populations</p>
          <p>The Afro-descendant population showed a higher percentage of uncontrolled BP compared to the non-Afro-descendant population (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Percentage of non-Afro-descendant and Afro-descendant individuals with controlled and uncontrolled blood pressure, included in the study between 2013 and 2015.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250316-50316-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Antihypertensive medications used by hypertensive Afro-descendant and non-Afro-descendant populations in Brazil</p>
          <p>Proportionally, the Afro-descendant population used a greater number of classes of antihypertensive medications than the non-Afro-descendant population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribution of the absolute frequency and percentage of antihypertensive medication classes used by non-Black and Black Brazilian populations with hypertension, included in the study between 2013 and 2015</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Number of classes *</th>
                    <th>Non-afro-descendant (n = 2,191)</th>
                    <th>Afro-descendant (n = 452)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (5.00%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (3.50%)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="7">0.967*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">478 (21.80%)</td>
                    <td align="center">115 (25.40%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">793 (36.20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (29.40%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">550 (25.10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (26.50%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">204 (9.30%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (10.40%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (2.10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (3.80%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (0.50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.90%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>* Mann-Whitney test, if p &lt; 0.05.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Classes of antihypertensive medications used by hypertensive individuals in Brazil, distinguishing between non-Afro-descendant and Afro-descendant populations</p>
          <p>The percentage distribution of the first three classes of antihypertensive medications differed between the non-Afro-descendants and Afro-descendants groups, becoming similar only from the fourth class (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Descending order of the percentage of antihypertensive medication classes used by hypertensive Brazilian populations, non-Afro-descendant and Afro-descendant, included in the study between 2013 and 2015</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Order</th>
                    <th>Non-afro-descendant (%) (n = 2,191)</th>
                    <th>Afro-descendant (%) (n = 452)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">1&#186;</td>
                    <td align="center">47.6% (ARB)</td>
                    <td align="center">52% (Thiazides)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">2&#186;</td>
                    <td align="center">47.3% (Thiazides)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.3% (Beta Blockers.)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">3&#186;</td>
                    <td align="center">42.4% (Beta Blockers.)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.1% (ARB)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">4&#186;</td>
                    <td align="center">33.5% (ACE inhibitors))</td>
                    <td align="center">35.6% (ACE inhibitors))</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">5&#186;</td>
                    <td align="center">28.1% (CCBs)</td>
                    <td align="center">35.0% (CCBs)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">6&#186;</td>
                    <td align="center">10.6% (loop diuretics)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.6% (loop diuretics)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">7&#186;</td>
                    <td align="center">7.4% (Spironolactone)</td>
                    <td align="center">9.7% (Spironolactone)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, CCBs: calcium channel blockers, Thiazides: thiazide diuretics</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Association between blood pressure control and the use of beta-blockers in hypertensive Brazilian afro-descendants and non-afro-descendants individuals and sex</p>
          <p>No significant differences were found in BP control were found between Afro-descendant and non-afro-descendant groups using BBs, regardless of sex (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">6</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Binary logistic regression analyses showing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for controlled vs. uncontrolled BP profiles, and for female and male individuals using beta-blockers in the hypertensive Black Brazilian population included in the study between 2013 and 2015</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Independent Variables</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intercept</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">0.44 &#8211; 0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Uses</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70 - 1.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.840</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Does not use</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85 &#8211; 1.83</td>
                    <td align="center">0.254</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>Estimates represent the Log Odds of &#8220;BP profile = Controlled&#8221; vs. &#8220;BP profile = Uncontrolled&#8221;.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Binary logistic regression analyses showing the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for controlled vs. uncontrolled blood pressure profiles, and for female and male individuals using beta-blockers in the hypertensive non-Black Brazilian population included in the study between 2013 and 2015</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Independent Variables</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intercept</td>
                    <td align="center">1.16</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 &#8211; 1.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.039</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Uses</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93</td>
                    <td align="center">0.78 &#8211; 1.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.433</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Does not use</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74 &#8211; 1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.133</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>The estimates represent the Log of the Odds for &#8220;BP profile = Controlled&#8221; vs. &#8220;BP profile = Uncontrolled&#8221;.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study shows that the prevalence of uncontrolled HTN was higher among Brazilian Afro-descendant individuals, who also presented higher values of SBP, DBP, and BMI compared to the non-Afro-descendant population. We observed differences in the selection of antihypertensive medications prescribed by physicians, with greater use of thiazide diuretics among Afro-descendant individuals. However, among those also treated with BBs, no significant differences in HT control were identified between Afro-descendant and non-Afro-descendant groups, regardless of sex.</p>
        <p>According to the latest Brazilian census, self-declared Afro-descendant individuals represent 10.2% of the Brazilian population,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> which reinforces the relevance of our study, as we achieved 17.1% representativeness in the sample.</p>
        <p>A recent study conducted in Brazil revealed that the likelihood of developing arterial HTN increased with age (particularly among Afro-descendant individuals) and was lower in the Northern region of the country, regardless of age group or sex. Notably, a higher probability of developing HTN was observed among women with lower educational levels and a sedentary lifestyle, as well as among men living with their spouses and engaging in low levels of physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study also analyzed the issue of alcoholism and, with statistical significance, corroborated the findings of other similar studies, which indicate that, in Brazil, the highest incidence rate of this condition was again observed among the Afro-descendant population. Between 2013 and 2019, prevalence increased among Afro-descendants (from 16.6% to 19.6%), mixed-race individuals (from 11.2% to 17.5%), and whites (from 12.4% to 16.0%), while it decreased among Asians (from 14.4% to 12.7%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some studies have pointed to a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes and glucose intolerance among Afro-descendant people compared to whites.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Additionally, a Brazilian study showed that obese dark-skinned women demonstrated a higher association with diabetes and glucose intolerance, regardless of age and BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interestingly, our data revealed an almost identical prevalence of diabetes between the populations; however, the non-Afro-descendant population exhibited a longer time to diagnosis. This may suggest that easier access to healthcare services among the non-Afro-descendant individuals favored earlier diagnosis and more effective disease management, which, in turn, may have helped mitigate the harmful effects of diabetes on the progression of HTN.</p>
        <p>Afro-descendant participants showed significantly higher median values of both SBP and DBP compared to non-Afro-descendants, highlighting a trend toward elevated BP in this group. This disparity may be associated with socioeconomic and behavioral factors, such as differences in access to healthcare services, living conditions, health education, and the influence of social determinants that disproportionately affect the Afro-descendant population, contributing to less effective HTN control.</p>
        <p>In the ELSA-Brasil cohort study, when analyzing the incidence of HTN by sex and race, Afro-descendant men showed the highest incidence (59.4 per 1,000 person-years), while White women had the lowest incidence (30.5 per 1,000 person-years). After adjusting for age and family history, the incidence rate remained significantly higher among Afro-descendant men (2.25; 95% CI, 1.65&#8211;3.08), followed by mixed-race men, Afro-descendant women, mixed-race women, and White men, compared to White women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Other studies have also demonstrated higher systolic and DBP levels among Afro-descendant populations compared to non-Afro-descendants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Additionally, genetic research has shown the role of biological factors in the higher prevalence of HTN in populations of African descent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, genetic factors appear to exert less influence on the Brazilian Afro-descendant hypertensive population, considering that the effect of socioeconomic conditions on HTN management has been more evident.</p>
        <p>Recent studies on variations in BP behavior between non-Afro-descendant and Afro-descendant populations have raised questions about the need to establish race-specific BP thresholds, which may improve risk estimation and optimize HTN management with the aim of reducing ethnic disparities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In Brazil, the hypertensive Afro-descendant population showed a 9.76% lower control rate compared to the non-Afro-descendant population. This difference raises important questions about the factors that may contribute to the discrepancy in HTN control.</p>
        <p>A study conducted in the United States, using similar diagnostic criteria for HTN (SBP &#8805; 140 mmHg and/or DBP &#8805; 90 mmHg), assessed a sample of 213,836 patients. The average age of participants was 63.1 years, with 55.5% women and 70.8% White. The study found that, without stratification by self-declared race, 29.7% of patients had uncontrolled HTN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another study conducted in London investigated disparities in treatment and BP control in a large cohort of adult patients with HTN (n = 156,290). The study revealed that the Afro-descendant ethnic group had a lower likelihood of achieving BP control compared to the White ethnic group, concluding that Afro-descendant individuals and younger patients are less likely to attain HTN control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A study in the U.S. involving more than 700,000 patients reported annual rates of uncontrolled HTN ranging from 21.2% to 24.2%, with this variation being more common among men. African Americans had the highest rate (31.3%), while White men recorded 19.4%. Among women, African Americans showed 28.6% uncontrolled HTN, compared to 19.2% among White women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In parallel, a global study evaluating BP control showed that South Korea, Canada, and Iceland had the highest treatment and control rates, with more than 70% of cases receiving treatment and over 50% achieving control. Similarly, significant advances were observed in high-income nations and in some recently elevated upper-middle-income countries, including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A study conducted in the United States investigated variations in BP control between Afro-descendant and White patients before and after the implementation of a quality improvement (QI) program. The study observed that disparities in BP control between Afro-descendant and White patients decreased but were not fully eliminated, even after the introduction of QI strategies aimed at reducing these disparities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Brazilian National Hypertension Control Registry, when evaluating HTN through office measurements and residential BP monitoring, without stratification by race, revealed that BP control in offices among a sample of Brazilians was 56.3%. This percentage increased to 61% when BP was measured at home and was 46.4% when control was observed both in the office and at home.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the United States, BP control rates have declined over the past decade, particularly among racial and ethnic groups. Non-Hispanic African Americans had control rates 10% lower than their non-Hispanic White counterparts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A recent analysis of HTN control rates by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) revealed that BP control rates were lower for Hispanic individuals (40%), non-Hispanic afro-descendant people (NH) (39%), and Asian Americans (38%), compared to non-Hispanic White individuals (49%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Afro-Americans in the United States have considerably higher prevalence rates and lower control rates of HA compared to White populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Moreover, the frequent underrepresentation of Afro-Americans in cardiovascular clinical trials limits the safe application of results from various studies in this specific population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several studies have highlighted ethnic disparities in HTN control, particularly among African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans (especially African American men), and have demonstrated the urgent need for targeted interventions to effectively address such inconsistencies in HTN management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although in our study the most common number of medication classes was similar in both groups, differences were observed in the proportions of use. For example, Afro-descendants more frequently used monotherapy (25.4%) compared to non-Afro-descendants (21.8%). In contrast, White individuals, proportionally, used two antihypertensive medications more often than Afro-descendants. Finally, the Afro-descendant population, proportionally, used three or more classes of medications more frequently than the non-Afro-descendant population.</p>
        <p>In a prospective cohort of North American women (n = 3,302; aged 42 to 52 years), Afro-descendant women were also found to have a higher likelihood of using more than two classes of antihypertensive medications (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.55&#8211;2.45) compared to White women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A U.S. study involving 23,825 adults aged &#8805;18 years, which investigated racial and ethnic disparities in antihypertensive medication use among hypertensive adults from 2011 to 2018, revealed that the Afro-descendant population was significantly more likely to receive combination therapy and single-tablet combination medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In our study, the Afro-descendant population, in terms of frequency and without a statistically significant difference in the overall comparative analysis, showed a greater proportion of individuals using monotherapy.</p>
        <p>Our study revealed that among afro-descendant participants, thiazide diuretics were the most common choice (52%), followed by BBs and angiotensin II ARBs. Among non-afro-descendant participants, ARBs were the most prescribed, followed by thiazide diuretics and BBs.</p>
        <p>A systematic review on medication prescribing patterns in the United States for non-afro-descendants individuals indicated that the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive medications as monotherapy for adults with HTN without comorbidities were ACE inhibitors or ARBs, followed by CCBs and BBs. The most prevalent dual combinations were thiazide diuretics with ACE inhibitors or ARBs, BB with CCB, and CCB with ACE inhibitors or ARBs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Another review indicated that thiazide diuretics were identified as the most frequently prescribed antihypertensives as monotherapy, while ACE inhibitors or ARBs were the most prescribed in another study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The results of the ELSA-Brasil Study suggest that, in a sample of Brazilian adults using antihypertensive monotherapy, differences in BP control among various racial groups are not explained by the potentially lower efficacy of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in Afro-descendant individuals. It is emphasized that the Afro-descendant population in Brazil presents distinct characteristics, and recommendations should be adapted to the local context, indicating that the lower BP control observed in Afro-descendant individuals may be more closely related to social determinants than to the class of antihypertensive medication used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These results highlight the importance of considering ethnic and individual factors in prescribing antihypertensive medications, in addition to socioeconomic issues, as different ethnic groups may have varied responses to treatments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Furthermore, it is evident that there are differences in the classes of medications prescribed in Brazil compared to the United States. In this study, we also explored the hypothesis that the use of BBs could be associated with better HTN control. However, we did not identify significant differences in HTN control between the two groups, regardless of sex, which led us to question of whether the use of BBs in combination may have a lesser effect on BP reduction compared to monotherapy in our Afro-descendant and non-Afro-descendant populations.</p>
        <p>A meta-analysis evaluating 20 studies revealed that &#946;-blockers, except for atenolol, are effective in lowering BP, both as an adjunct to monotherapy and as part of a combination anti-hypertensive therapy. No significant differences were found in the BP-lowering effects between combinations with and without BBs (SBP: -1.3 mm Hg [-5.8 to 3.2]; DBP: -0.3 mm Hg [-2.7 to 2.1]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In another study involving 11,860 participants, second- and third-generation BBs reduced average BP by 1.75 mmHg (95% confidence interval: 1.16&#8211;2.33; p &lt; 0.001) across all participants analyzed, and by 1.93 mmHg (95% CI: 0.86&#8211;3.00; p &lt; 0.001) specifically among hypertensive Africans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Understanding why the use of BBs was not associated with improved BP control remains unclear. However, this may be related to the fact that many hypertensive individuals were using more than two classes of medications.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>It is important to note that the analysis did not provide information on the underlying reasons for social, educational, economic, and behavioral disparities&#8212;such as access to healthcare services, treatment adherence, or genetic factors&#8212;which may limit the interpretation of the results.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>With regard to BP control, self-identified Afro-descendant Brazilians exhibited a higher proportion of uncontrolled HTN compared to non-Afro-descendant individuals. The Afro-descendant population also showed higher peripheral BP values than the non-Afro-descendant population. Differences were observed in the percentages of the most commonly used medications and in the distribution of drug classes. No significant associations were found in BP control among the groups using BBs, regardless of sex.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for conducting the First Brazilian Hypertension Registry.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maicon Borges Euz&#233;bio, from P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s under the protocol number 532.146. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author (Maicon Borges Euz&#233;bio).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
