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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ymcXGkMrDZGhWjT58ysQVZR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025001200302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250270</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto do Volume de Contraste Utilizado Ap&#243;s Procedimentos Coron&#225;rios Percut&#226;neos em Pacientes Predispostos &#224; Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-6170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7620-1752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra M. R</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ribamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Rafaela Andrade Penalva Freitas Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>dra.rafaelapenalva@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>12</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250270</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) &#233; complica&#231;&#227;o frequente ap&#243;s procedimentos angiogr&#225;ficos e pode estar relacionada ao volume de contraste administrado. Permanece incerto se o tipo de contraste tamb&#233;m influencia sua ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a intera&#231;&#227;o entre volume e tipo de contraste (iso-osmolar ou de baixa osmolaridade) no desenvolvimento de NIC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Suban&#225;lise post hoc de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos coron&#225;rios diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos, randomizados 1:1 para contraste de baixa osmolaridade ou iso-osmolaridade. A amostra total (n = 2.268) foi estratificada por volume: Grupo I (&lt; 150 ml; n = 1.985) e Grupo II (&#8805; 150 ml; n = 283), e comparada segundo o tipo de contraste. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi NIC em 48 e 96 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. NIC foi definida como eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 25% ou &#8805; 0,5 mg/dl em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel basal ap&#243;s 48 horas. O efeito do tipo e do volume de contraste foi testado por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com termo de intera&#231;&#227;o, ajustada para s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, creatinina basal, sexo e idade (valor p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 2.268 pacientes consecutivos; dois ter&#231;os do sexo masculino; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em 85%, diabetes melito em 52% e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica em 31%. No Grupo I, o volume m&#233;dio de contraste foi 75,3 &#177; 28,0 ml; no Grupo II, 188,6 &#177; 46,9 ml. A incid&#234;ncia de NIC foi maior no grupo com maior volume (14,8% vs. 17,7%), sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<italic>odds ratio</italic> ajustado = 1,25; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 0,89-1,73; p = 0,191). O modelo com termo de intera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o evidenciou correla&#231;&#227;o entre tipo de contraste e volume (p &gt; 0,999).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de contraste e a ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC, mesmo entre pacientes expostos a maiores volumes de contraste.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Impacto do Volume de Contraste Utilizado Ap&#243;s Procedimentos Coron&#225;rios Percut&#226;neos em Pacientes Predispostos &#224; Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Impacto do Volume de Contraste Utilizado Ap&#243;s Procedimentos Coron&#225;rios Percut&#226;neos em Pacientes Predispostos &#224; Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste.</attrib>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Nefropatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Meios de Contraste</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A nefropatia induzida por contraste (NIC) caracteriza-se pelo surgimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal aguda ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste endovenoso, na aus&#234;ncia de outras causas conhecidas de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda (IRA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#201; apontada como a terceira causa mais frequente de IRA em pacientes internados e associa-se a maior morbimortalidade e prolongamento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A osmolaridade e o volume do contraste figuram entre os principais fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de NIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos n&#227;o estejam completamente elucidados, implicam-se efeitos diretos e indiretos do contraste, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas inerentes aos procedimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia da NIC resulta da sinergia entre toxicidade tubular e isquemia da medula renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste, al&#233;m do efeito t&#243;xico direto sobre o t&#250;bulo renal, altera mediadores da hemodin&#226;mica renal &#8212; como prostaglandinas, &#243;xido n&#237;trico e adenosina &#8212; podendo precipitar isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A medula renal externa, por apresentar press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio relativamente baixa e elevada demanda metab&#243;lica, torna-se particularmente suscet&#237;vel aos efeitos hemodin&#226;micos dos componentes do contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ensaio <italic>Ioxaglate Versus IoDixanol for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy</italic> (IDPC; registro no ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02991742) &#233;, at&#233; o momento, o maior ensaio randomizado (n = 2.268) a comparar contrastes iso-osmolar (iodixanol) e de baixa osmolaridade (ioxaglato) quanto &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de NIC ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) ou cateterismo diagn&#243;stico. O principal achado foi a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois tipos de contraste no desenvolvimento de NIC em popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco submetida a procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos ou terap&#234;uticos em laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica de centro terci&#225;rio. Do mesmo modo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos desfechos adversos combinados (&#243;bito e hemodi&#225;lise) durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
      <p>Destaca-se a baixa m&#233;dia de volume de contraste utilizada em nosso centro &#8212; uma rotina local &#8212;, compar&#225;vel aos 5 anos anteriores ao estudo (89,0 &#177; 48,6 ml), sem varia&#231;&#227;o significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Todos os pacientes, por serem de alto risco para NIC, seguiram protocolo de hidrata&#231;&#227;o previamente descrito no estudo original.</p>
      <p>Nesta suban&#225;lise, avaliamos se o volume de contraste utilizado em procedimentos percut&#226;neos interage com o tipo de contraste (baixa vs. iso-osmolar) no desenvolvimento de NIC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada</title>
        <p>Este estudo &#233; uma suban&#225;lise post hoc do ensaio IDPC, cujo desenho foi previamente detalhado e apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Entre 2016 e 2018, todos os pacientes de alto risco para NIC submetidos &#224; cinecoronariografia diagn&#243;stica ou &#224; ICP, em um &#250;nico centro terci&#225;rio da rede p&#250;blica, foram inclu&#237;dos e randomizados (1:1) para contraste iso-osmolar (iodixanol) ou de baixa osmolaridade (ioxaglato). No per&#237;odo, realizaram-se 16.244 procedimentos coron&#225;rios percut&#226;neos, dos quais 4.874 foram interven&#231;&#245;es; a amostra deste estudo correspondeu a 14% do total. Consideraram-se de alto risco para NIC: idade &#8805; 70 anos, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular [TGF] &lt; 60 ml/min), diabetes melito, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva (ICC), choque ou uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, e procedimentos de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos do estudo</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados ocorreu em tr&#234;s momentos. No dia do procedimento, registraram-se a administra&#231;&#227;o do contraste iodado, o esquema de hidrata&#231;&#227;o utilizado e as informa&#231;&#245;es do procedimento angiogr&#225;fico. Entre 48 e 96 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, avaliaram-se sinais vitais, necessidade de di&#225;lise e n&#237;veis de creatinina s&#233;rica obtidos em consulta ambulatorial ou, quando o paciente permanecia internado, durante a interna&#231;&#227;o; quando havia mais de uma medi&#231;&#227;o nesse intervalo, considerou-se para an&#225;lise o maior valor. Aos 30 dias, a equipe ambulatorial contatou os pacientes para verificar o estado de sa&#250;de, incluindo necessidade de di&#225;lise e condi&#231;&#227;o vital. Al&#233;m disso, imediatamente ap&#243;s a randomiza&#231;&#227;o, coletaram-se dados iniciais &#8212; caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas &#8212; e o valor mais recente de creatinina s&#233;rica medido nas 48-96 horas anteriores.</p>
        <p>A TFG foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula da Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Pacientes com TFG &#8804; 45 ml/min foram hospitalizados 1 dia antes do procedimento para hidrata&#231;&#227;o intravenosa com solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9% (0,5-1 ml/kg por hora, de acordo com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda), mantida por 12 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento; aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal receberam 5 ml/kg e os demais 1 ml/kg. Pacientes com TFG entre 45 e 60 ml/min tamb&#233;m foram hidratados por 4 horas antes e 4 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento, sem necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. O protocolo de hidrata&#231;&#227;o foi seguido de maneira uniforme em todos os pacientes, de forma semelhante entre os grupos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho prim&#225;rio</title>
        <p>Nesta an&#225;lise, avaliou-se a intera&#231;&#227;o entre tipo de contraste (iso-osmolar vs. baixa osmolaridade) e volume utilizado durante os procedimentos. A popula&#231;&#227;o total foi estratificada em dois grupos: Grupo I (&lt; 150 ml) e Grupo II (&#8805; 150 ml). O ponto de corte de 150 ml foi predefinido em protocolo para formar um grupo com maior exposi&#231;&#227;o ao contraste e permitir melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito dessa vari&#225;vel. No estudo ACT, a mediana de contraste foi 100 ml e o terceiro quartil 130 ml.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es de desfechos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC, definida como eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 25% ou &#8805; 0,5 mg/dl em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal, mensurada 48 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram o desfecho combinado de &#243;bito por qualquer causa ou necessidade de di&#225;lise, conforme indica&#231;&#227;o da equipe de nefrologia, ocorridos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o ou em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, e &#243;bito por todas as causas no mesmo per&#237;odo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Por se tratar de an&#225;lise post hoc, n&#227;o houve c&#225;lculo formal do tamanho amostral, embora este estudo represente a maior avalia&#231;&#227;o contempor&#226;nea comparando tipos de contraste em cen&#225;rio de maior volume utilizado. Realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva segundo a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de NIC. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram resumidas por m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o ou por medianas e intervalos interquartis, conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o; vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos utilizaram o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (cont&#237;nuas) ou o teste do qui-quadrado (categ&#243;ricas), excetuando-se creatinina, Cockcroft e TFG, comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. A normalidade foi avaliada por inspe&#231;&#227;o de histogramas e de gr&#225;ficos Q-Q dos res&#237;duos.</p>
        <p>Para estimar o efeito do tipo e do volume de contraste sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC, empregou-se regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com termo de intera&#231;&#227;o, com ajuste para s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, creatinina basal, sexo e idade. Adotou-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (p &lt; 0,05) para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis basais segundo o volume e o tipo de contraste utilizados. As Tabelas 2 e 3 mostram, respectivamente, a compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais conforme a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho (NIC vs. n&#227;o NIC) e conforme a quantidade de contraste (&lt; 150 ml vs. &#8805; 150 ml).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos pacientes por tipo de contraste e categoria de volume</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">Ioxaglato</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Iodixanol</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&lt; 150 ml (n = 994)</th>
                <th>&#8805; 150 ml (n = 139)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>&lt; 150 ml (n = 991)</th>
                <th>&#8805; 150 ml (n = 144)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 &#177; 10,8</td>
                <td align="center">67,1 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,607</td>
                <td align="center">66,9 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center">65,6 &#177; 11,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">612 (61,6)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (65,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,402</td>
                <td align="center">629 (63,5)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (74,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 5,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,468</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ra&#231;a/cor, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,948</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,680</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amarela</td>
                <td align="center">8 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">738 (74,2)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (74,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">728 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (77,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">176 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (18,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">175 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (16,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">56 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (5,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">71 (7,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mesti&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">16 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">12 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">771 (77,6)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (77,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,914</td>
                <td align="center">753 (76,0)</td>
                <td align="center">108 (75,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,835</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">320 (32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,923</td>
                <td align="center">374 (37,7)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,079</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">409 (41,1)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (48,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,099</td>
                <td align="center">378 (38,1)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (40,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,647</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">233 (23,4)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,915</td>
                <td align="center">196 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,911</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrato, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
                <td align="center">16 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,724</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">243 (24,4)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,525</td>
                <td align="center">223 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">313 (31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (33,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,698</td>
                <td align="center">299 (30,2)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (32,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,562</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digital, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
                <td align="center">9 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,613</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasodilatador, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,298</td>
                <td align="center">52 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,780</td>
                <td align="center">127 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,596</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipoglicemiante oral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">418 (42,1)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (38,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,521</td>
                <td align="center">381 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (45,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">840 (84,5)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (88,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,254</td>
                <td align="center">859 (86,7)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (81,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">523 (52,6)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (46,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
                <td align="center">544 (54,9)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (43,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">665 (66,9)</td>
                <td align="center">91 (65,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,773</td>
                <td align="center">633 (63,9)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,577</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">400 (40,2)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (42,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,645</td>
                <td align="center">359 (36,2)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (34,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,781</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">326 (32,8)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (30,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,700</td>
                <td align="center">340 (34,3)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (39,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,225</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,181</td>
                <td align="center">138 (13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,798</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,690</td>
                <td align="center">134 (13,5)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
                <td align="center">28 (2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,415</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">244 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,203</td>
                <td align="center">207 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,742</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">565 (56,8)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (57,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,927</td>
                <td align="center">475 (47,9)</td>
                <td align="center">75 (52,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,373</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (3,0)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
                <td align="center">38 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
                <td align="center">79 (8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,616</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque/BIA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,230</td>
                <td align="center">7 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">383 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (45,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
                <td align="center">371 (37,5)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (43,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,197</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG, ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (mediana [P25; P75])</td>
                <td align="center">73,0 [56,4; 91,6]</td>
                <td align="center">77,4 [57,0; 97,6]</td>
                <td align="center">0,132</td>
                <td align="center">72,3 [55,4; 92,1]</td>
                <td align="center">78,0 [62,8; 100,0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; BCC: bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio; BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes melito; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, observa-se maior propens&#227;o &#224; NIC entre pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pr&#233;via, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal pr&#233;via e choque cardiog&#234;nico. Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, destaca-se o uso mais frequente de volumes &#8805; 150 ml em mulheres (70,0% vs. 62,5%; p = 0,015) e em pacientes com SCA (44,3% vs. 38,0%; p = 0,043), possivelmente em raz&#227;o de procedimentos ad hoc (cateterismo seguido de ICP). Em contraste, volumes menores foram mais utilizados em pacientes com diabetes melito (44,5% vs. 53,8%; p = 0,040), refletindo cuidado adicional com essa popula&#231;&#227;o de muito alto risco.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos pacientes segundo ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">NIC</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Ausente (n = 1.925)</th>
                <th>Presente (n = 343)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">66,7 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">67,2 &#177; 10,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.202 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">236 (68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 7,5</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ra&#231;a/cor, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amarela</td>
                <td align="center">14 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1.410 (73,2)</td>
                <td align="center">271 (79,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">352 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">48 (14,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">122 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (5,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mesti&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">27 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.492 (77,5)</td>
                <td align="center">247 (72,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">659 (34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (35,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,666</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">781 (40,6)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,474</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">419 (21,8)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (21,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrato, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,352</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">456 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (21,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,298</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">590 (30,6)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (33,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,311</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digital, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasodilatador, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">232 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,156</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipoglicemiante oral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">763 (39,6)</td>
                <td align="center">156 (45,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.643 (85,4)</td>
                <td align="center">297 (86,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,617</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.014 (52,7)</td>
                <td align="center">179 (52,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,907</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.265 (65,7)</td>
                <td align="center">220 (64,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,579</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">749 (38,9)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (34,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">646 (33,6)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (35,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,620</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">272 (14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">263 (13,7)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,553</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,618</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">428 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,833</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.010 (52,5)</td>
                <td align="center">185 (53,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG 31-60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">561 (29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (36,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de f&#225;rmaco vasoativo para IC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico/BIA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">741 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">138 (40,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,548</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG, ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (mediana [P25; P75])</td>
                <td align="center">71,0 [54,1; 91,9]</td>
                <td align="center">68,1 [48,2; 92,9]</td>
                <td align="center">0,791</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; BCC: bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio; BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes melito; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas iniciais dos pacientes segundo volume.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>&lt; 150 ml (n = 1.985)</th>
                <th>&#8805; 150 ml (n = 283)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">66,8&#177;10,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,4&#177;10,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,543</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.241 (62,5)</td>
                <td align="center">198 (70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (m&#233;dia &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5&#177;7,4</td>
                <td align="center">28,2&#177;5,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ra&#231;a/cor, n (%)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,871</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amarela</td>
                <td align="center">13 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">1.466 (73,9)</td>
                <td align="center">215 (76,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">351 (17,7)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (17,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">127 (6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (4,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mesti&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">28 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (1,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.524 (76,8)</td>
                <td align="center">215 (76,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,764</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BRA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">694 (35,0)</td>
                <td align="center">87 (30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,181</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">787 (39,6)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (44,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,120</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">429 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,939</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrato, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,802</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">466 (23,5)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (21,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,599</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">612 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">93 (32,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,493</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Digital, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vasodilatador, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insulina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">247 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,923</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipoglicemiante oral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">799 (40,3)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (42,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,518</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.699 (85,6)</td>
                <td align="center">241 (85,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,857</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.067 (53,8)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (44,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.298 (65,4)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (66,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,841</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">759 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">109 (38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,948</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">666 (33,6)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,546</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">275 (13,9)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,459</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CRM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">265 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (17,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar positiva para DAC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,588</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">451 (22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,223</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1.040 (52,4)</td>
                <td align="center">155 (54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,484</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVE pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,306</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque/BIA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SCA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">754 (38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (44,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG, ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (mediana [P25; P75])</td>
                <td align="center">72,6 [55,7; 91,8]</td>
                <td align="center">78,0 [59,7; 100,0]</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>AVE: acidente vascular encef&#225;lico; BCC: bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio; BIA: bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes melito; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ajustou-se um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com termo de intera&#231;&#227;o entre tipo de contraste e volume, a fim de testar se o efeito do contraste depende do volume administrado. O modelo foi tamb&#233;m ajustado por idade, sexo, creatinina basal, ICC e SCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). O termo de intera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativo (p &gt; 0,05), indicando aus&#234;ncia de modifica&#231;&#227;o de efeito pelo volume.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelos com termo de intera&#231;&#227;o para nefropatia induzida por contraste</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Modelo com intera&#231;&#227;o, OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>Modelo com intera&#231;&#227;o ajustado<sup><bold>1</bold></sup>, OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Contraste</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ioxaglato</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Iodixanol</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,75-1,24)</td>
                <td align="center">0,773</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (0,73-1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,618</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume de contraste</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 150 ml</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 150 ml</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,64-1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,796</td>
                <td align="center">1,07 (0,64-1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,796</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intera&#231;&#227;o (Iodixanol &#215; &#8805; 150 ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (0,69-2,60)</td>
                <td align="center">0,397</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (0,70-2,65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,377</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p><sup>1</sup>Ajustado para sexo, idade, creatinina basal, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao remover o termo de intera&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o se identificou efeito independente do tipo de contraste ou do volume sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> mostra a tend&#234;ncia para maior risco com volumes &#8805; 150 ml no modelo n&#227;o ajustado (<italic>odds ratio</italic> [OR] = 1,24; IC 95% 0,88-1,71; p = 0,202) e no modelo ajustado (OR = 1,25; IC 95% 0,89-1,73; p = 0,191). An&#225;lises adicionais tratando o volume como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua tamb&#233;m n&#227;o demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com NIC.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelos aditivos para nefropatia induzida por contraste</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Modelo aditivo, OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
                <th>Modelo aditivo ajustado<sup><bold>1</bold></sup>, OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Contraste</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ioxaglato</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Iodixanol</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,80-1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,974</td>
                <td align="center">0,98 (0,78-1,23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,857</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume de contraste</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 150 ml</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 150 ml</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (0,88-1,71)</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
                <td align="center">1,25 (0,89-1,73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p><sup>1</sup>Ajustado para sexo, idade, creatinina basal, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria agud</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref> ilustram a aus&#234;ncia de rela&#231;&#227;o entre o volume de contraste e a varia&#231;&#227;o da creatinina. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> apresenta o efeito de intera&#231;&#227;o entre volume e tipo de contraste na NIC: a intera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativa no modelo sem ajuste (OR = 1,33; IC 95% 0,69-2,60; p = 0,397) nem no modelo ajustado por sexo, idade, creatinina basal, ICC e SCA (OR = 1,35; IC 95% 0,70-2,65; p = 0,377).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Densidade da varia&#231;&#227;o da creatinina por categoria de volume de contraste.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250270-50270-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dispers&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o da creatinina por categoria de volume de contraste. DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250270-50270-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia de NIC por tipo de contraste e categoria de volume. NIC: nefropatia induzida por contraste; OR: odds ratio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250270-50270-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A NIC permanece uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o relevante em procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos que utilizam contraste iodado, particularmente na ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No presente estudo, o tipo de contraste (iso-osmolar vs. baixa osmolaridade) n&#227;o se associou &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC; o elemento cr&#237;tico parece ser a minimiza&#231;&#227;o do volume administrado e a hidrata&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em popula&#231;&#245;es de alto risco.</p>
      <p>A literatura sugere pap&#233;is relevantes para tipo e volume do contraste no risco de NIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Contudo, n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas entre contrastes iso-osmolar e de baixa osmolaridade, independentemente do volume, lembrando que apenas uma minoria recebeu volumes realmente elevados nesta an&#225;lise. Trabalhos mais antigos apontavam potencial vantagem dos agentes iso-osmolares por menor estresse hemodin&#226;mico e renal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mas evid&#234;ncias recentes indicam que, em pacientes cuidadosamente selecionados e submetidos a protocolos adequados de hidrata&#231;&#227;o, a escolha do agente pode n&#227;o alterar de forma significativa a incid&#234;ncia de NIC. Ademais, a osmolaridade n&#227;o &#233; o &#250;nico determinante da resposta renal ao contraste.</p>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a entre os grupos pode refletir a efetividade das estrat&#233;gias preventivas implementadas. A hidrata&#231;&#227;o intravenosa, amplamente recomendada em diretrizes, associada ao emprego de volumes reduzidos, provavelmente mitigou qualquer impacto do tipo de contraste sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
      <p>A heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica tamb&#233;m merece considera&#231;&#227;o. Fatores como diabetes melito, idade avan&#231;ada e doen&#231;a renal pr&#233;via &#8212; embora ajustados nas an&#225;lises &#8212; podem modular individualmente o risco de NIC e contribuir para a aus&#234;ncia de efeito global.</p>
      <p>Em termos pr&#225;ticos, a escolha do agente de contraste deve ser individualizada, ponderando condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, perfil de risco e disponibilidade local de recursos. Estudos prospectivos, com amostras maiores e delineamentos robustos, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar estes achados e explorar diferen&#231;as potenciais em subgrupos espec&#237;ficos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m da osmolaridade e do volume, outras propriedades dos meios de contraste podem influenciar a ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC; portanto, os resultados n&#227;o devem ser extrapolados para contrastes distintos dos dois avaliados. Ademais, trata-se de ensaio de centro &#250;nico, o que limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados para servi&#231;os que utilizem volumes mais elevados de contraste ou atendam popula&#231;&#245;es diferentes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O tipo de contraste n&#227;o se associou de forma significativa &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de NIC, mesmo entre pacientes expostos a maiores volumes de contraste.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Seeliger E, Sendeski M, Rihal CS, Persson PB. Contrast-Induced Kidney Injury: Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(16):2007-15. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr494.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seeliger</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sendeski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rihal</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Persson</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Contrast-Induced Kidney Injury: Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Prevention</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>2007</fpage>
          <lpage>2015</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehr494</pub-id>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 5859 3116.2.0000.5462. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no link PMID: 37220640 DOI: 1025270.1jic/21.00249 NCT 02991742</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fnFontesdefinanciamento">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250270i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Contrast Volume Used After Percutaneous Coronary Procedures in Patients at Risk for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6401-6170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Rafaela Andrade Penalva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7620-1752</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanajura</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra M. R</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ribamar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Domingos, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Rafaela Andrade Penalva Freitas Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: dra.rafaelapenalva@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="coi-statement">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common complication following angiographic procedures, potentially related to the volume of contrast agent administered. However, it is unclear whether the type of contrast also influences its occurrence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate the interaction between contrast volume and contrast type (iso-osmolar vs low-osmolar) in the development of CIN.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A post hoc subanalysis was performed on patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic coronary procedures who were randomized 1:1 to receive low-osmolar or iso-osmolar contrast media. The overall sample (n = 2,268) was stratified by contrast volume: Group I (&lt; 150 mL; n = 1,985) and Group II (&#8805; 150 mL; n = 283), and groups were compared by contrast type. The primary endpoint was CIN at 48- and 96-hours post-procedure. CIN was defined as a &#8805; 25% or &#8805; 0.5 mg/dL increase in serum creatinine from baseline at 48 hours. The effects of contrast type and volume were tested with logistic regression including an interaction term, adjusted for acute coronary syndrome, ventricular dysfunction, baseline creatinine, sex, and age (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> We included 2,268 consecutive patients; two-thirds were male; hypertension was present in 85%, diabetes in 52%, and chronic kidney disease in 31%. Mean contrast volume was 75.3 &#177; 28.0 mL in Group I and 188.6 &#177; 46.9 mL in Group II. The incidence of CIN was higher with greater volume (14.8% vs 17.7%) but not statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio = 1.25; 95% CI = 0.89-1.73; p = 0.191). The model with the interaction term showed no evidence of an interaction between the type of contrast and volume (p &gt; 0.999).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The type of contrast was not associated with CIN, even among patients exposed to higher contrast volumes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Impact of Contrast Volume Used After Percutaneous Coronary Procedures in Patients at Risk for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Impact of Contrast Volume Used After Percutaneous Coronary Procedures in Patients at Risk for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250270-50270-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Kidney Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Contrast Media</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <funding-statement><bold>Sources of funding:</bold> There were no external funding sources for this study.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is defined as acute kidney dysfunction that occurs after the intravenous administration of iodinated contrast agents, in the absence of other known causes of acute kidney injury (AKI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CIN is the third most common cause of AKI among hospitalized patients, and it is associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality as well as a longer hospital stay.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the main determinants of CIN are contrast osmolarity and administered volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although the pathophysiology is not fully elucidated, both direct and indirect effects of contrast media &#8212; as well as procedure-related hemodynamic alterations &#8212; are implicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> CIN arises from the synergy between tubular toxicity and ischemia of the renal medulla.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In addition to direct tubular toxicity, contrast injection perturbs renal hemodynamic mediators &#8212; such as prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and adenosine &#8212; thereby precipitating ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The outer renal medulla, which operates at relatively low oxygen tension and high metabolic demand, is particularly vulnerable to these hemodynamic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The <italic>Ioxaglate Versus IoDixanol for the Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy</italic> (IDPC; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02991742) trial is, to date, the largest randomized study (n = 2,268) comparing iso-osmolar (iodixanol) versus low-osmolar (ioxaglate) contrast media for preventing CIN after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or diagnostic catheterization. Its primary finding was the absence of a significant difference between contrast types in the incidence of CIN in a high-risk population undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in a tertiary catheterization laboratory. Likewise, there were no significant differences in the composite adverse outcomes (death and hemodialysis) during hospitalization or within 30 days post-procedure.</p>
        <p>A notable feature of our center is the consistently low average contrast volume used&#8212;a local practice&#8212;comparable to the 5 years preceding the trial (89.0 &#177; 48.6 mL), with no significant variation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> All patients, because of their high risk for CIN, received hydration according to the protocol described in the original study.</p>
        <p>In this post hoc subanalysis, we evaluated whether the volume of contrast used during percutaneous procedures interacts with contrast type (low- vs iso-osmolar) in the development of CIN.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This post hoc subanalysis derives from the IDPC trial, whose design has been detailed previously and is summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> From 2016 to 2018, all high-risk patients for CIN undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography or PCI at a single tertiary public center were enrolled and randomized (1:1) to iso-osmolar (iodixanol) or low-osmolar (ioxaglate) contrast. During the period, 16,244 percutaneous coronary procedures were performed, including 4,874 interventions; the present sample accounted for 14% of all procedures. High-risk criteria for CIN were age &#8805; 70 years, chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] &lt; 60 mL/min), diabetes, congestive heart failure, shock or use of intra-aortic balloon, and urgency/emergency procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study procedures</title>
          <p>Data were collected at three time points. On the procedure day, we recorded iodinated contrast administration, the hydration regimen, and angiographic procedural details. Between 48 and 96 hours after the procedure, vital signs, dialysis requirement, and serum creatinine levels were assessed at an outpatient visit or, when applicable, during hospitalization; when multiple measurements were available within this window, the highest value was used for analysis. At 30 days, clinic staff contacted patients to ascertain health status, including dialysis requirement and vital status. Immediately after randomization, baseline demographic and clinical characteristics and the most recent serum creatinine value measured within the prior 48-96 hours were obtained.</p>
          <p>eGFR was calculated using the equation developed by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Patients with eGFR &#8804; 45 mL/min were admitted 1 day before the procedure for intravenous hydration with 0.9% saline at 0.5-1 mL/kg per hour (according to left ventricular function), continued for 12 hours post-procedure; those with renal dysfunction received 5 mL/kg and the remainder 1 mL/kg. Patients with eGFR 45-60 mL/min also received hydration for 4 hours before and 4 hours after the procedure without pre-procedure admission. The hydration protocol was applied uniformly to all patients and similarly across randomized groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary endpoint</title>
          <p>This analysis evaluated the interaction between contrast type (iso-osmolar vs low-osmolar) and the contrast volume used during procedures. The overall cohort was stratified into two prespecified groups: Group I (&lt; 150 mL) and Group II (&#8805; 150 mL). The 150-mL cutoff was defined a priori to delineate a group with higher exposure and to enable clearer assessment of volume effects. For reference, in the ACT study the median contrast volume was 100 mL and the third quartile 130 mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome definitions</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint was the occurrence of CIN, defined as an increase in serum creatinine of &gt; 25% or &#8805; 0.5 mg/dL from baseline, measured 48 hours after the procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Secondary endpoints included a composite of all-cause death or the need for dialysis (as determined by the nephrology team) occurring during hospitalization or within 30 days post-procedure as well as all-cause mortality within the same period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>As this was a post hoc analysis, no formal sample size calculation was performed; however, this study represents the largest contemporary assessment comparing contrast types in a high-volume exposure scenario. A descriptive analysis was conducted according to the presence or absence of CIN. Continuous variables were summarized as means and standard deviations or as medians and interquartile ranges, depending on their distribution; categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Between-group comparisons used the Student&#8217;s t-test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables, except for creatinine, Cockcroft, and eGFR, which were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. Normality was evaluated through histogram inspection and Q-Q plots of residuals.</p>
          <p>To estimate the effects of contrast type and volume on CIN occurrence, logistic regression including an interaction term was used, adjusted for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), ventricular dysfunction, baseline creatinine, sex, and age. A two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> summarizes baseline characteristics by contrast volume and type. Tables 2 and 3 present, respectively, baseline comparisons by outcome (CIN vs no CIN) and by contrast volume (&lt; 150 mL vs &#8805; 150 mL).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics by contrast type and volume category</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Ioxaglate &lt; 150 mL (n = 994)</th>
                  <th>Ioxaglate &#8805; 150 mL (n = 139)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>Iodixanol &lt; 150 mL (n = 991)</th>
                  <th>Iodixanol &#8805; 150 mL (n = 144)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7 &#177; 10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">67.1 &#177; 9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.607</td>
                  <td align="center">66.9 &#177; 10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">65.6 &#177; 11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.214</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">612 (61.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (65.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.402</td>
                  <td align="center">629 (63.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (74.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 5.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.468</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.637</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Race/skin color, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.948</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.680</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">738 (74.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (74.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">728 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (77.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (17.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (18.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">175 (17.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (16.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (5.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">71 (7.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">771 (77.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (77.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.914</td>
                  <td align="center">753 (76.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (75.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.835</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">320 (32.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (31.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.923</td>
                  <td align="center">374 (37.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (29.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">409 (41.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (48.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.099</td>
                  <td align="center">378 (38.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (40.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.647</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">233 (23.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (23.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.915</td>
                  <td align="center">196 (19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (20.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.911</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.724</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">243 (24.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (21.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.525</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">313 (31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (33.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.698</td>
                  <td align="center">299 (30.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (32.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.562</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digitalis, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.613</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasodilator, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.298</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.172</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.780</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (12.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (14.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.596</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral hypoglycemic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">418 (42.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (38.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.521</td>
                  <td align="center">381 (38.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (45.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">840 (84.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (88.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.254</td>
                  <td align="center">859 (86.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (81.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">523 (52.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (46.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148</td>
                  <td align="center">544 (54.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (43.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">665 (66.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (65.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.773</td>
                  <td align="center">633 (63.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.577</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current/former smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">400 (40.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (42.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.645</td>
                  <td align="center">359 (36.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (34.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.781</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior MI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">326 (32.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (30.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.700</td>
                  <td align="center">340 (34.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (39.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.225</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior PCI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (13.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.181</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (13.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (14.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.798</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.690</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (13.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (20.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.415</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">244 (24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.203</td>
                  <td align="center">207 (20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.742</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical inactivity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">565 (56.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (57.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.927</td>
                  <td align="center">475 (47.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (52.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.373</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (3.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.789</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.616</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shock/IABP use, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.230</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">383 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (45.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.138</td>
                  <td align="center">371 (37.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (43.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.197</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (median [P25; P75])</td>
                  <td align="center">73.0 [56.4; 91.6]</td>
                  <td align="center">77.4 [57.0; 97.6]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.132</td>
                  <td align="center">72.3 [55.4; 92.1]</td>
                  <td align="center">78.0 [62.8; 100.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; CHF: congestive heart failure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; ICP/PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; MI: myocardial infarction; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, CIN occurred more often among patients with prior left ventricular dysfunction, pre-existing renal dysfunction, and cardiogenic shock. In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, use of &#8805; 150 mL was more frequent in women (70.0% vs 62.5%; p = 0.015) and in patients with ACS (44.3% vs 38.0%; p = 0.043), likely reflecting ad hoc procedures (diagnostic catheterization followed by PCI). Conversely, lower volumes were more common in patients with diabetes mellitus (44.5% vs 53.8%; p = 0.040), suggesting additional caution in this very-high-risk group.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics by CIN occurrence</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>No CIN (n = 1,925)</th>
                  <th>CIN (n = 343)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">67.2 &#177; 10.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,202 (62.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">236 (68.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 7.5</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.322</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Race/skin color, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.231</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">1,410 (73.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">271 (79.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">352 (18.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (14.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (5.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,492 (77.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">247 (72.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">659 (34.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (35.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.666</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">781 (40.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.474</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">419 (21.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (21.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.776</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.352</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">456 (23.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (21.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.298</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">590 (30.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (33.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.311</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digitalis, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasodilator, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">232 (12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (14.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.156</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral hypoglycemic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">763 (39.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (45.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,643 (85.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">297 (86.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.617</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,014 (52.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (52.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.907</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,265 (65.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">220 (64.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.579</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current/former smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">749 (38.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (34.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior MI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">646 (33.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (35.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.620</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior PCI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">272 (14.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">263 (13.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (14.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.553</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.618</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">428 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.833</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical inactivity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010 (52.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (53.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.639</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.208</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR 31-60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">561 (29.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (36.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of vasoactive drugs for CHF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic shock / IABP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">741 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (40.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.548</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (median [P25; P75])</td>
                  <td align="center">71.0 [54.1; 91.9]</td>
                  <td align="center">68.1 [48.2; 92.9]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.791</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; CHF: congestive heart failure; CIN: contrast-induced nephropathy; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics by contrast volume</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>&lt; 150 mL (n = 1,985)</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 150 mL (n = 283)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.543</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,241 (62.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (mean &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.389</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Race/skin color, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.871</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">1,466 (73.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (76.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">351 (17.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (17.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (6.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (4.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mixed</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,524 (76.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (76.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.764</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ARB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">694 (35.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (30.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE inhibitor, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">787 (39.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (44.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">429 (21.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (21.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.939</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrate, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.802</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">466 (23.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (21.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.599</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">612 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (32.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.493</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Digitalis, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.504</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vasodilator, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.776</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">247 (12.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (12.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.923</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral hypoglycemic, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">799 (40.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (42.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.518</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,699 (85.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (85.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.857</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,067 (53.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (44.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,298 (65.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (66.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.841</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current/former smoking, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">759 (38.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.948</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior MI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">666 (33.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.546</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior PCI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">275 (13.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (12.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.459</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">265 (13.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (17.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.080</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.588</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">451 (22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical inactivity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,040 (52.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (54.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.484</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior stroke, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (3.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.306</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shock/IABP use, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">754 (38.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (44.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (median [P25; P75])</td>
                  <td align="center">72.6 [55.7; 91.8]</td>
                  <td align="center">78.0 [59.7; 100.0]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD: coronary artery disease; CCB: calcium-channel blocker; CIN: contrast-induced nephropathy; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; MI: myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>We fit a logistic regression model including an interaction between contrast type and volume to test whether the effect of contrast type depended on administered volume. The model was adjusted for age, sex, baseline creatinine, congestive heart failure, and ACS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). The interaction term was not significant (p &gt; 0.05), indicating no effect modification by volume.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Logistic models with interaction term for contrast-induced nephropathy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Interaction model OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                  <th>Adjusted interaction model1, OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contrast</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ioxaglate</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Iodixanol</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.75-1.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.773</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (0.73-1.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.618</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contrast volume</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 150 mL</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 150 mL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (0.64-1.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.796</td>
                  <td align="center">1.07 (0.64-1.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.796</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interaction (Iodixanol &#215; &#8805; 150 mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (0.69-2.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.397</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 (0.70-2.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.377</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p><sup>1</sup> Adjusted for sex, age, baseline creatinine, congestive heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome. OR: odds ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>After removing the interaction term, neither contrast type nor volume showed an independent association with CIN. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>, there was a non-significant trend toward higher risk with volumes &#8805; 150 mL in the unadjusted model (odds ratio [OR] = 1.24; 95% CI 0.88-1.71; p = 0.202) and in the adjusted model (OR = 1.25; 95% CI 0.89-1.73; p = 0.191). Additional analyses treating volume as a continuous variable likewise demonstrated no significant association with CIN.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Additive models for contrast-induced nephropathy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Additive model, OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>Adjusted additive model1, OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contrast</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ioxaglate</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Iodixanol</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.80-1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.974</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98 (0.78-1.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.857</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contrast volume</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 150 mL</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 150 mL</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24 (0.88-1.71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.202</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25 (0.89-1.73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.191</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p><sup>1</sup>Adjusted for sex, age, baseline creatinine, congestive heart failure, and acute coronary syndrome. OR: odds ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> depict the lack of relationship between contrast volume and change in serum creatinine. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> shows the volume-by-type interaction effect on CIN, which was non-significant in both the unadjusted (OR = 1.33; 95% CI 0.69-2.60; p = 0.397) and adjusted models (OR = 1.35; 95% CI 0.70-2.65; p = 0.377).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Density of change in serum creatinine by contrast-volume category.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250270-50270-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Change in serum creatinine by contrast-volume category. SD: standard deviation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250270-50270-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Incidence of CIN by contrast type and volume category. CIN: contrast-induced nephropathy; OR: odds ratio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-12-e20250270-50270-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>CIN remains a relevant concern in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that use iodinated contrast, particularly PCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this study, contrast type (iso-osmolar vs low-osmolar) was not associated with CIN; in high-risk populations the critical elements appear to be minimizing administered volume and using pre-procedure hydration.</p>
        <p>Prior research suggests important roles for both contrast type and volume in CIN risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, we observed no significant differences between iso-osmolar and low-osmolar agents, regardless of volume, noting that only a minority received truly high volumes in this cohort. Earlier studies posited a potential advantage of iso-osmolar agents due to less hemodynamic and renal stress,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> but more recent evidence indicates that, in carefully selected patients managed with standardized hydration protocols, agent selection may not meaningfully alter the incidence of CIN. Moreover, osmolarity is not the sole determinant of renal response to contrast.</p>
        <p>The absence of between-group differences may reflect the effectiveness of preventive strategies. Intravenous hydration &#8212; broadly recommended in guidelines &#8212; combined with lower contrast volumes likely attenuated any effect of contrast type on renal function.</p>
        <p>Clinical heterogeneity also warrants consideration. Factors such as diabetes, advanced age, and pre-existing kidney disease &#8212; although adjusted for &#8212; can modulate individual risk of CIN and may contribute to the lack of a global effect.</p>
        <p>In practice, contrast agent selection should be individualized, considering clinical conditions, risk profile, and local resource availability. Prospective studies with larger samples and robust designs are needed to confirm these findings and explore potential differences within specific subgroups.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of study</title>
          <p>Beyond osmolarity and volume, other physicochemical properties of contrast media may influence the development of CIN; therefore, these results should not be extrapolated to agents other than the two evaluated here. In addition, this was a single-center trial, which limits generalizability &#8212; particularly to settings that use higher contrast volumes or serve different patient populations.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Contrast type was not significantly associated with CIN, even among patients exposed to higher contrast volumes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of post-doctoral submitted by Rafaela Andrade Penalva Freitas, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number 5859 3116.2.0000.5462. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The content is available at the link PMID: 37220640 DOI: 1025270.1jic/21.00249 NCT 02991742</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
